CE 132 – Structural Analysis II

Topic Outline
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CHAPTER 2 2.1 Deflections

2.2 Deflection Diagram and the Elastic Curve
Area-Moment Method
2.3 Elastic Beam Theory
2.4 Area-Moment Method
2.5 Moment Diagram by Parts
Instructor: Richelle G. Zafra, PhD

2.1 Deflections Why Determine Deflections?

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Need to limit deflections to prevent

The ability to determine deflection of
cracking
structural elements and that of structures
is very important.

Deflection is caused by many sources
such as loads, temperature, construction
error, and settlements.

www.frpdistributors.com

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 Deflections (Cont.) Deflections (Cont.)
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Excessive deflections/vibrations gives a feeling of
Maximum structure deflection should be known to set
an unsafe structure distance between buildings to prevent pounding during
earthquake
gap

Hotel de Carlo,
Mexico City,
1985

www.nisee.berkeley.edu

2.2 Deflection Diagram and the

Deflections (Cont.)
Elastic Curve
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 In this section and the succeeding two sections, Elastic Curve

how to calculate the deflections of elastic
structures using both geometric and energy
Locus of points defining the displaced
methods will be discussed. position of the member

 Geometric methods use the strain of an elastic
Represented by deflection diagram

structure to determine the deflection.

This curve is easy to sketch but it is necessary
 Energy methods are based on the principle of to know the boundary conditions to consider
conservation of energy. them in the sketch

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 Elastic Curve Elastic Curve (Cont.)
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Legend:
Beam/frame
Elastic curve Elastic Curve of Beams with Different
Support Conditions
Source: Hibbler, 8th Ed. (Source: Hibbler, 8th Edition)

Elastic Curve (Cont.) How to Draw the Elastic Curve?

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In case sketching is difficult, consider drawing the

moment diagram

Use the sign of the moment to determine the
curvature of the structure

Elastic Curve of Frames with Different

Support Conditions
Take note of the point of inflection
(Source: Hibbler, 8th Edition)  Point of zero moment
 Point where concavity of the elastic curve changes

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 Elastic Curve – Example 1 Elastic Curve – Example 2
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Source: Hibbler, 8th Ed. Source: Hibbler, 8th Ed.

Elastic Curve: Practice Problems 2.3 Elastic Beam Theory

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In this section, we will derive two important

differential equations that relate the internal
moment in a beam to the displacement and
(a) slope of its elastic curve.

Consider an elastic beam deformed by a set of
(b) applied loads:

(c)

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 Elastic Beam Theory (Cont.) Elastic Beam Theory (Cont.)
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Loaded Beam y Loaded Beam

y
y

x
x

Deflected Shape Segment of Beam

Deflected Shape Segment of Beam If the angle is small, then tan θ ≈ θ , the slope of the
The elastic curve is very flat and its slope at any elastic curve can be written as: dy (1a)
θ≈
point is very small. dx

Elastic Beam Theory (Cont.) Elastic Beam Theory (Cont.)

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dy
Recall: θ≈ (1a)
dx
y
y Loaded Beam Differentiation of both sides of dθ d 2 y (1c)
the equation gives:
≈
dx dx 2
x (1b)
Recall: ρdθ ≈ ds

Deflected Shape Segment of Beam Because the elastic curve is very flat, ds is practically
equivalent to dx. Hence,
From geometry of the ρdθ ≈ ds (1b)
triangular segment AB, we ρ = radius of curvature 1 dθ dθ 1 d2y (1d)
= ≈ or =
can write : ds = arc length ρ ds dx ρ dx 2

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 Elastic Beam Theory (Cont.) Elastic Beam Theory (Cont.)
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P P

B D B D

dx dx

The change in length of the top dl

By definition, the strain ε at ε= (1f)
fiber dl in terms of dθ and the dl = dθ ⋅ c (1e) the top fiber of the beam is dx
distance c from the neutral axis is:

Elastic Beam Theory (Cont.) Elastic Beam Theory (Cont.)

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Substituting Eq’n. (1e) to (1f), the strain ε is given as If the behavior is elastic, the flexural stress σ can be
related to the strain ε at the top fibers by Hooke’s Law,
dθ σ = Eε
ε= ⋅c (1g)
dx d2y σ
= (1i)
dθ d y 2 dx 2 Ec
Recall: = (1c)
dx dx 2 For elastic behavior, the relationship between flexural stress
σ at the top of the beam and the moment M acting on the
Substituting Eq’n. (1g) to (1c), cross-section is:
d2y ε Mc (1j)
= (1h)
σ=
dx 2 c I

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 Elastic Beam Theory (Cont.) 2.4 Area-Moment Method
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Substituting the expression of σ in Eq’n (1j) to (1i)

gives the basic differential equation of the

A semi-graphical technique for determining the
displacement of an elastic beam slope of the elastic curve and its deflection due
to bending
d2y M M
= y = ∫∫ dx dx (1k)
Particularly advantageous when used to solve
dx 2 EI EI
problems involving beams, especially those
The slope of an elastic beam is given as subjected to

a series of concentrated loads
M
θ = ∫ dx (1l)
segments with different moments of inertia
EI
These eq’ns. are used in the Double Integration Method

Area-Moment Method: Theorem 1 Area-Moment Method

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The change in slope between any two points on the

elastic curve equals the area of the M/EI diagram BM
between these two points.
θ B − θ A = ∫A dx Beam
EI
M M
Proof: θ =∫ dx dθ = dx Let θB / A = θB −θ A
EI EI
Integrating from a certain interval, say from x = A to x = B θB A = area in M/EI Area M/EI
diagram between diagram
θB BM The right side of the equation
∫θ A dθ = ∫A EI dx represents the area under M/EI
A and B

diagram while the left side represents

BM Elastic
θ B − θ A = ∫A dx (2) the change in slope in the elastic
Curve
EI curve between points A and B.

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 Theorem 1: Illustration Area-Moment Method: Theorem 2
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A simply-supported beam of length L is loaded at The vertical deviation of the tangent at point (A) on
the mid-span by a concentrated load P. Assuming the elastic curve with respect to the tangent extended
EI is constant throughout the length of the beam, from another point (B) equals the “moment” of the
area under the M/EI diagram between the two points
determine the change in slope of the beam
(A and B). This moment is computed about the point A
between its supports. (the point on the elastic curve), where the deviation
P
/ is to be determined.

a b

L/2 L/2

Area-Moment Method: Theorem 2 Theorem 2: Derivation

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The figure at the bottom illustrates two “vertical
  = 

based on arc equation [ = 
]
deviations”

From 
=  ; and,   ≅ 


/ = vertical deviation of the tangent at point A 
with respect to tangent at point B

Thus,  = 

Note that the point is at the elastic curve, not in 
the undeformed shape of the beam.
Integrating from x = A to x = B


/ =   


→ / = ̅   


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 Theorem 2 Theorem 2: Illustration
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/ = ̅    (3) For the beam of Illustration 1, determine the

vertical deviation of the tangent at the left support

The right side of the (a) to the tangent at the right support (b).
equation represents the
“moment of the area [of
the M/EI diagram P
between A and B] about a b
A”.

Simply, moment of area L/2 L/2
AB about A

Important Notes Moment-Area Method: Procedure

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Sign convention for both theorems: 1) Determine the support reactions

2) Draw the M/EI diagram

Positive if the moment diagram area is
positive, otherwise, negative. 3) Sketch the elastic curve
4) Indicate in the curve the unknowns

Positive / means that  is measured from
A to B in counter-clockwise rotation. 5) Apply area-moment theorems
 Note that the theorems do not directly return

Positive
/ means that point A in the elastic unknown values
curve is above the tangent at B.  The unknowns should be calculated
analytically using geometric relations

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 Example 1: [Reference 2] Example 2: [Reference 3]
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Based on the beam shown, Based on the beam shown,

a) Sketch the elastic curve.

b) Draw the M/EI diagram.
a) Sketch the elastic curve.
c) Determine the slope at A. b) Draw the M/EI diagram.
d) Determine the deflection at C. c) Determine the slope at B.
Use E = 200 GPa, I = 250x106 mm4. d) Determine the deflection at C.

2.5 Moment Diagram by Parts Moment Diagram by Parts (Cont.)

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In order to apply the theorems of the area-
The method involves construction of moment
moment method, we should be able to diagram for each load
compute easily and accurately the:
 area
under any part of the moment diagram
Also known as bending moment diagram by
 moment of such area about any axis cantilever parts

Our purpose is to discuss a method of dividing

moment diagrams into parts whose areas and
centroids are known

This permits simple numerical calculations

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 Basic Principles of Moment Basic Principles of Moment
Diagram by Parts Diagram by Parts (Cont.)
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1) The resultant bending moment at any section 2) The moment effect of any single specified
caused by any load system is the algebraic sum loading is always some variation of the general
of the bending moments at that section caused equation
by each load acting separately. Algebraically, this y
means y = kx n (5a) x
M = (∑ M )L = (∑ M )R (4) 1
where: Area A= ⋅ b h (5b) y = kx n
n +1 h
(∑ M )L = sum of moments caused by all the
forces to the left of the section 1
Centroid x = ⋅ b (5c) b x
(∑ M )R = sum of moments caused by all the n+2
forces to the right of the section

Table 2.1 Cantilever Loadings Moment-Diagram by Parts: Procedure

(Source: Pytel and Singer, 1987)
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1) Select a point (reference point) in the beam.

2) Solve the support reactions. Reaction at the
selected point is unnecessary to compute.
3) For each load, draw the moment diagram
assuming that it is a cantilever load such that
the reference point is the location of fixed
support.

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 Example 3 Example 4
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Draw the moment diagram by parts of the beam For the beam shown, determine:
shown for each of the selected reference point: a) slope at B
1) Point A b) deflection at C
2) Point C

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Practice Problems Practice Problems (Cont.)

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1) Determine the maximum deflection. E = 10000 3. Determine the slopes and deflections at
ksi, I = 500 in4. points B and D. E = 29000 ksi, I = 6000 in4.

 = 0.0099 ↻
∆ = 1.72 "# ↓
. = 0.0084 ↺
∆ = 0.86 "# ↓
2) Determine the slopes and deflections at points ∆. = 1.44 "# ↓
B and C of the beam shown. Use E = 70 GPa, 4. Determine the slope and deflection at point
I = 500e6 mm4. D. E = 10000 ksi, I = 2500 in4.

 = 0.0514 ↻

) = 0.0771 ↻
∆ = 180 ++ ↓
. = 0.0113 ↺
∆) = 373 ++ ↓ ∆. = 2.04 "# ↑

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 References
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1) Caburnay, J. M. 2nd Sem 2013-2014. CE 132 Lecture

Notes, CE Department, UPLB.
2) Hibbler, R. C. 1995. Structural Analysis. 5th Edition. Thank you for
Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
3) Kassimali, A. 1993. Structural Analysis. 4th Edition.
listening!
PSW Kent: Boston.
4) Pytel, A. and Singer, F. L. 1987. Strength of Materials.
4th Edition. Harper Collins: New York.
5) www.ce.memphis.edu/3121/notes/notes_08a.pdf
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