Scientific Institution: A

root of Research In India

Prof. Sakshum Khanna

Nirma University,
Ahmedabad-Gujarat
RESEARCH IN INDIA
Various Research Field in India

Number of Research Institutes

S.No Areas of Research Total
I.
Agricultural Sciences 66

II. Biological and Medical Sciences 60

III. Chemical Sciences 09

IV. Physical Sciences and Mathematics 16

V. Earth Sciences 16

VI. Engineering Sciences 23

VII. Materials, Minerals and Metallurgy 09

VIII. Multi-disciplinary and Other Areas 17

Total 216
Science in India
 Department of Science & Technology (DST)

• Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), Pune

• Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational-Sciences (ARIES), Nainital
• Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany (BSIP), Lucknow
• Bose Institute, Kolkata
• Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bangalore
• Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bangalore
• Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG), Mumbai
• International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, (ARCI) Hyderabad
• Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali
• Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata
• National Innovation Foundation, (NIF)
• Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore
• Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bangalore
• S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata
• Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum
• The Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology (IASST), Guwahati
• Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC)
• North East Centre For Technology Application & Reach (NECTAR)
• Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun
• Vigyan Prasar (VP), New Delhi
 Indian Institute of Technology
• Indian Institute of Technology Madras
• Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
• Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
• Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
• Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
• Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
• Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
• Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
• Indian Institute of Technology Indore
• Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi
• Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad
• Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
• Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
• Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
• Indian Institute of Technology Patna
• Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
• Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur
Major Research Institute
• Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
• Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC )
• Indian Institute of Science - IISc
 LIST OF CSIR LABS
• CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Bhopal
• CSIR-Central Building Research Institute(CSIR-CBRI), Roorkee
• CSIR-Centre for Cellular Molecular Biology(CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad
• CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute(CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow
• CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute(CSIR-CECRI), Karaikudi
• CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute(CSIR-CEERI), Pilani
• CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute(CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore
• CSIR-Central Glass Ceramic Research Institute(CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata
• CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal Aromatic Plants(CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow
• CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research(CSIR-CIMFR) Dhanbad
• CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute(CSIR-CLRI), Chennai
• CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute(CSIR-CMERI), Durgapur
• CSIR-Central Road Research Institute(CSIR-CRRI), New Delhi
• CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation(CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh
• CSIR-Central Salt Marine Chemicals Research Institute(CSIR-CSMCRI), Bhavnagar
• CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute(CSIR-4PI), Bengaluru
• CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology(CSIR-IGIB), Delhi
• CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology(CSIR-IHBT), Palampur
• CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology(CSIR-IICB), Kolkata
• CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology(CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad
• CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine(CSIR-IIIM), Jammu
• CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum(CSIR-IIP), Dehradun
• CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research(CSIR-IITR), Lucknow
• CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology(CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar
• CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology(CSIR-IMT), Chandigarh
• CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories(CSIR-NAL), Bengaluru
• CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute(CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow
• CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory(CSIR-NCL), Pune
• CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute(CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur
• CSIR-North - East Institute of Science and Technology(CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat
• CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute(CSIR-NGRI), Hyderabad
• CSIR-National Institute For Interdisciplinary Science and Technology(CSIR-NIIST),Thiruvananthapuram
• CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography(CSIR-NIO), Goa
• CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources(CSIR-NISCAIR), New Delhi
• CSIR-National Institute of Science, Technology And Development Studies(CSIR-NISTADS), New Delhi
• CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory(CSIR-NML), Jamshedpur
• CSIR-National Physical Laboratory(CSIR-NPL), New Delhi
• CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre(CSIR-SERC), Chennai
• CSIR-UNIT : Open Source Drug Discovery(CSIR-OSDD), New Delhi
• CSIR-UNIT : Traditional Knowledge Digital Library(CSIR-TKDL), New Delhi
• CSIR-UNIT : Translational Research and Innovative Science Through Ayurveda(CSIR-TRISUTRA), New Delhi
• CSIR-UNIT : Human Resource Development Centre(CSIR-HRDC), Ghaziabad
• CSIR Madras Complex(CSIR-CMC),Chennai
 National Research Centres

1. ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Trichi

2. ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune
3. ICAR-National Research Centre for Litchi, Muzaffarpur
4. ICAR-National Research Centre for Pomegranate, Solapur
5. ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner
6. ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar
7. ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad
8.. ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland
9. ICAR-National Research Centre on Orchids, Pakyong, Sikkim
10. ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati
11. ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi
12. ICAR-National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer
13. ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak, West Kemang
14. ICAR-National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi
15. National Research Centre on Integrated Farming (ICAR-NRCIF),Motihari
 Name of the DRDO Laboratory
• Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group (ANURAG)
• Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment (ADRDE) • Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC)
• Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (VRDE) • Scientific Analysis Group (SAG)
• Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL) • Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL)
• Integrated Test Range (ITR) • Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE)
• Proof and Experimental Establishment (PXE) • Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research (DIBER)
• Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) • Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL)
• Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS) • Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences (CHESS)
• Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR) • Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL)
• Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE) • Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL)
• Defence Bio-engineering & Electro-medical Laboratory (DEBEL) • Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL)
• Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) • Research Centre Imarat (RCI)
• Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) • Defence Laboratory (DL)
• Microwave Tube Research & Development Centre (MTRDC) • Defence Materials & Stores Research
• Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) & Development Establishment (DMSRDE)
• Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL) • Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL)
• Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE) • Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR)
• Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory (DEAL) • Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL)
• Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE) • Armaments Research & Development Establishment (ARDE)
• Centre for Fire, Explosives & Environment Safety (CFEES) • High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL)
• Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS) • Research & Development Establishment (Engrs) (R&DE[E])
• Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR) • Defence Research Laboratory (DRL)
• Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL) • Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL)
• Institute of Nuclear Medicines & Allied Sciences (INMAS)
• Joint Cipher Bureau (JCB)
 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

TIFR is a National Centre of the Government of India,

under the umbrella of the Department of Atomic Energy,
as well as a deemed University awarding degrees for
master's and doctoral programs. The Institute was
founded in 1945 with support from the Sir Dorabji Tata
Trust under the vision of Dr. Homi Bhabha. At TIFR, we
carry out basic research in physics, chemistry, biology,
mathematics, computer science and science education.
Our main campus is located in Mumbai, with centres at
Pune, Bengaluru and Hyderabad. It is the duty of people like us to stay in our own country and build
up outstanding schools of research such as some other countries are
fortunate to possess.
Dr. Homi J. Bhabha

The Institute was founded on 1st June1945 with support

from the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust. The Institute first began
functioning within the Cosmic Ray Research Unit on the
campus of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and
moved to Bombay in October that year.
Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education, Mumbai
HBCSE is the premier institution in the country for
research and development in science, technology and
mathematics education. It is India's nodal center for
Olympiad programmes in mathematics, physics,
chemistry, biology, astronomy and junior science.
The broad goals of the Centre are to reach out to the
public by constructing curricula that can be incorporated in
the undergraduate-level degree coursework. We aim to
promote quality and equity in science and mathematics
education from primary school to introductory college
levels, to support outstanding young people in achieving
excellence in science and mathematics and to encourage
the growth of scientific literacy in the country.
To these ends it carries out a wide spectrum of
interrelated activities:
•Research and Development
•Teacher Education
•Science Popularisation
•Olympiads, NIUS and other Student Nurture
Programmes.
 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC )
Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha conceived the Nuclear Program in India.
Dr Bhabha established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
(TIFR) for carrying out nuclear science research in 1945. To
intensify the effort to exploit nuclear energy for the benefit of the
nation, Dr Bhabha established the Atomic Energy Establishment,
Trombay (AEET) in January 1954 for multidisciplinary research
program essential for the ambitious nuclear program of India.
After the sad demise of Bhabha in 1966, AEET was renamed
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).

Dr. Bhabha established the BARC Training School to cater to the

manpower needs of the expanding atomic energy research and
development program. In Bhabha’s own words "When Nuclear
Energy has been successfully applied for power production in, say
a couple of decades from now, India will not have to look abroad
for its experts but will find them ready at hand". Dr Bhabha
emphasized on self reliance in all the fields of nuclear science and
engineering.

BARC is the mother of the R&D institutions such as IGCAR, RRCAT,

VECC, etc., which carry out pioneering research on nuclear and
accelerator technologies and industrial establishments such as
NPCIL, NFC, ECIL, etc., spearheading nuclear power production,
materials technology, electronics & instrumentation.
 Atomic Energy

Atomic Energy has a key role in reducing the carbon intensity of the overall
Power sector of India. Coal based thermal power contributes 186,293 MW (July
2016), 61% of the total installed power while renewables and nuclear
contribute 44,237 MW (14.5%) and 5,780 MW (1.9%) respectively
(www.powermin.nic.in). While renewable sources of energy are environment
friendly, they are intermittent sources of power. Nuclear power, being a non-
intermittent and concentrated source of power with negligible carbon footprint,
is an essential component of the Indian power-mix to meet the International
environmental commitments of India.

India has limited domestic uranium resources while we have abundant

Thorium. To exploit Thorium, our planners have envisaged the Three Stage
Nuclear Power Program.

Indigenously built Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) form the

backbone of the first stage Indian nuclear power program. PHWRs use
domestic natural uranium (UO2) containing 0.7 % fissile U-235 and 99.3% U-
238 as fuel and Heavy water as moderator and primary coolant.

Reprocessing of the spent fuel from PHWRs and waste management are
important components of the three stage nuclear program. These technologies
were developed with total indigenous efforts. Uranium and Plutonium are
chemically separated and recycled, while the other radioactive fission products
were separated and sorted according to their half lives and radioactivity and
stored with minimal environmental impact.
Pu-239 extracted from the spent fuel serves as the fuel for the Fast Breeder
Reactors (FBRs) - part of the second stage of the nuclear program. FBR fuel is
so designed that a blanket of U-238 surrounds fuel core. U-238 undergoes
transmutation to produce fresh Pu-239. Thus an FBR not only consumes Pu-239
but also breeds more Pu-239 than it consumes. But FBR technology is very
complex and only advanced countries like USA, UK, France, Japan and USSR
have mastered this technology.

India announced its entry into this exclusive club when the 40 MWth Fast
Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) went critical in the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic
Research, Kalpakkam in October 1985.

Th-232, which is abundant in India, is not a fissile material. However, by a

neutron capture reaction, Th-232 transforms into U-233, which is a fissile
material like U-235 and Pu-239. The strategy of the three stage program is to
convert Th-232 into U-233 in the fast reactors. U-233 will be the fuel in the
futuristic third stage of nuclear program. Further, it is proposed to use thorium
along with a small feed of plutonium-based fuel in Advanced Heavy Water
Reactors (AHWRs) which are expected to facilitate large-scale thorium
utilization.

BARC has active groups for Research and Development in Reactor Technologies,
Fuel reprocessing and waste management, Isotope Applications, Radiation
Technologies and their application to health, agriculture and environment,
Accelerator and Laser Technology, Electronics, instrumentation and reactor
control and Materials Science. Strong emphasis on basic and applied research in
a number of core disciplines of Science has made synergy between basic
research and technology development possible.
Atomic Research Centre
 Indian Institute of Science - IISc
Vision and Mission
Vision
IISc aims to be among the world’s foremost academic institutions
through the pursuit of excellence in research and promotion of
innovation by offering world-class education to train future
leaders in science and technology and by applying science and
technology breakthroughs for India’s wealth creation and social
welfare.
Mission
Our mission is to realize our vision by:
•Imparting world-class higher education in an environment of
fundamental and applied research in science and engineering
•Conducting high-impact research, generating new knowledge,
and disseminating this knowledge through publications in top
journals and conferences
•Applying faculty expertise towards the success of national
science and technology initiatives
•Applying deep knowledge in various areas to create knowhow
and developing such knowhow for utilization by industry and
society
 Malignant tumors are increasingly being understood and
interpreted as ecosystems of heterogeneous cellular
entities – a patchwork of cells that look and behave
differently, and cooperate or compete with each other as
the cancer spreads. Understanding the causes and
Nanofiber platform to study muscle disorders consequences of such heterogeneity is a clear and
present challenge for researchers.

Deep Neural Networks have achieved outstanding

success in solving almost any task that we can think of; be
it Alexa in our homes, self-driving cars, or AlphaGo
beating humans. We are currently in an era that has
witnessed progress at a pace faster than ever, leading to
algorithms which progressively blur the line between
human and machine performance.
 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore
They are a relatively young but already well-known multidisciplinary research institute. Our
mandate is to pursue and promote world-class scientific research and training at the
frontiers of science and engineering. The Centre was established in 1989 by the
Department of Science and Technology of the Government of India, to mark the birth
centenary of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. However, the bulk of our growth has been in the
past decade.
Our small size (around 50 faculty members, spread over several disciplines) is an
advantage: not segregated in far-flung labs, our chemists, physicists, biologists and
engineers rub shoulders throughout the day. This fosters a spirit of interdisciplinary
collaboration which is one of the hallmarks of JNCASR.
In addition to our young and dynamic faculty, we have over 300 bright and energetic
graduate students and state-of-the art experimental, computational and infrastructural
facilities.We area Deemed University granting Master’s and Ph.D degrees.

Researchers at the Centre are divided into nine units: Chemistry and Physics of Materials,
Educational Technology, Engineering Mechanics, Evolutionary and Integrative Biology,
Geodynamics, Molecular Biology and Genetics, New Chemistry, Neuroscience, Theoretical
Sciences.Though it is of course difficult to quantify scientific performance, by all numerical
indications (numbers of publications, citations, grants, patents filed, etc.), science at the
Centre is flourishing. In the last few years, the Centre’s faculty members have published
their research in some of the most prestigious scientific journals, including Nature, Nature
Medicine, Science, Evolution, the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Angewandte
Chemie, the Journal of Fluid Mechanics, and Physical Review Letters.The work of the
Centre’s faculty is also being recognized by various awards.
Research Images
 Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali
Vision
To emerge as globally competitive India's foremost research institution in Nano Science and Technology and to contribute to the
society through application of nanoscience and nanotechnology in the field of agriculture, medicine, energy and environment.
Mission
To be a world class research institution by creating state-of-the-art infrastructural facilities, engaging outstanding scientists from
different branches of science and engineering, encouraging them to carry out their individual scientific research to be published
in the best journals along with their mandate to jointly work on interdisciplinary projects to develop devices/technologies based on
nano science and technology. To encourage all aspects of nanoscience and nanotechnology with major thrust on the following
areas: agricultural nanotechnology, sensors, medical nanotechnology, nanotechnology based solutions for energy and
environment
Objectives
•Resource building – Infrastructure and Manpower
•Enhance research activity in Nano Science and Nano Technology
•Training students in PhD programme in Nano Science and Technology
•Foster interactions between leading scientists of the world in Nano Science & Technology
•Impart advanced training courses & laboratory techniques of nanotechnology at the highest level
•Organizing important national and international level seminars and conferences
•Encouraging innovative and challenging technology/product based scientific projects
•Publish scientific papers of high impact factor
•Generating patents in Nano Science and Technology
•Setting up of incubators for translational research (from laboratory to industry)
•Sensitizing public and media about the advantages and safeguards in Nano Science and Technology
UPCONVERSION NANODEVICE-
ASSISTED HEALTHY MOLECULAR
PHOTOCORRECTION CONTROLLED
NANOFABRICATION
OF METAL FREE
SERS SUBSTRATE
ON FEW LAYER
BLACK
PHOSPHORUS BY
LOW POWER
FOCUSED LASER
IRRADIATION
 Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bangalore
In December 1934, the Government of Mysore gifted a plot of land in
Bangalore to Professor Raman for the creation of a research institute.
In the same year, the Indian Academy of Sciences was founded by Prof.
Raman. Some years following the creation of the Raman Research
Institute in 1948, Prof. Raman made a gift of various movable and
immovable properties to the Academy for the use and benefit of the
Raman Research Institute. After the Professor's demise in November
1970, the Academy created a public charitable trust: the Raman
Research Institute Trust. The lands, buildings, deposits, securities, bank
deposits, moneys, laboratories, instruments, and all other movable and
immovable properties held by the Academy for the Raman Research
Institute were transferred to the RRI Trust. The foremost function of
the RRI Trust was to maintain, conduct and sustain the Raman Research
Institute.

Research Areas Achievements

• Astronomy and Astrophysics
• Theoretical Physics
• Light and Matter Physics
• Soft Condensed matter physics
 S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata
• S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences is an Autonomous Research Institute established
under Department of Science and Technology, Government of India in 1986 as a Registered
Society. The Centre was established to honour the life and work of Professor S. N. Bose who was
a colossal in theoretical physics and has made some of the most fundamental conceptual
contributions in the development of Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Statistics.

• In the last 25 years, the Centre has emerged as a major institution for research and development
in Basic Sciences, specifically in the area of physical sciences and related disciplines. The Centre,
while focusing on basic research, has also made a new move to contribute in application driven
basic research, in particular, in areas of national needs.

• Situated on a 15 acre lush-green picturesque campus in Salt Lake, the Centre is engaged in basic
research (theoretical, computational and experimental) in selected areas of Physical and
Chemical Sciences including Theoretical Sciences, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Condensed
Matter Physics and Material Sciences, Nanosciences and Chemical and Biological Physics.

• The Centre has advanced research facilities such as high performance computing facilities, advanced facilities for materials synthesis and
characterization at nanoscopic level, and clean room facilities for nanolithography with features down to 20nm and related
nanofabrication facilities. The Centre also has advanced experimental facilities at low temperature with high magnetic field, ultrafast and
high frequency spectroscopy including femto-second systems, time resolved MOKE and Tera-Hertz Spectroscopy.

• The Centre is also a major hub of advanced manpower training and linkage in this crucial area of Science and Technology. The Centre
offers residential programme leading to PhD and has a vigorous Visitors & Linkage programme.
 Major Research Areas
• Astrophysics & Cosmology
Quantum Optics Information theory, Astrophysics around black holes, Cosmology, Observational &
Experimental Astrophysics

• Chemical, Biological & Macro-Molecular Sciences

Study of complex molecular and hybrid systems (including biomolecules) using Experiments and Simulations,
ultrasensitive & ultrafast spectoscopy techniques.

• Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences

Experimental, theoretical and computational studies on Physics of materials, from nano dimension to bulk,
Nanolithography and devices

• Theoretical Sciences
Cosmology, Gravity, Quantum Field Theory, Lattice Gauge Theory, Granular Physics, Cognitive Science,
Mathematical Physics, Statistical Physics, Nonlinear Physics
CSIR- Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research Labs
 CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
The National Physical Laboratory is the National
Metrology Institute of india and a Premier Research
Laboratory in the field of Physical Sciences. The National
Physical Laboratory was conceptualized in 1943 by the
Governing Body of Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR), with a view to pave way for using
science and technology as a means for industrial growth
and development, as well as to give fillip to the fledgling
Indian industry. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime
Minister of India, laid the foundation stone for the
laboratory on January 4, 1947 and it was one of the first
National Laboratory to be set-up under the CSIR. On
January 21, 1950, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the then
Deputy Prime Minister of India, inaugurated the NPL
building. Over the years, the Laboratory has more than
realized its primary mandate as the keeper of
Measurement Standards for the nation while also
substantially expanding its research activities to emerge
as a leading national institution for research in a whole
gamut of areas in the Physical Sciences.
NPL Charter

NPL Past:

The National Physical Laboratory is one of the earliest national laboratories set up under the Council of Scientific &
Industrial Research. Late Shri Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation stone of NPL on the 4th January 1947. Late Dr.
K. S. Krishnan, FRS, was the first Director of the laboratory.The main building of the laboratory was formally opened
by Late Deputy Prime Minister. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. on the 21st January 1950.The Silver Jubilee Celebration
of the Laboratory were inaugurated by Late Prime Minister, Shrimati Indira Gandhi, on 23rd December 1975.

NPL Charter:

The main aim of the laboratory is to strengthen and advance physics-based research and development for the
overall development of science and technology in the country. In particular its objectives are:
To establish, maintain and improve continuously by research, for the benefit of the nation, National Standards of
Measurements and to realize the Units based on International System (Under the subordinate Legislations of
Weights and Measures Act 1956,reissued in 1988 under the 1976 Act).
To identify and conduct after due consideration, research in areas of physics which are most appropriate to the
needs of the nation and for advancement of field
To assist industries, national and other agencies in their developmental tasks by precision measurements,
calibration, development of devices, processes, and other allied problems related to physics.
To keep itself informed of and study critically the status of physics.
 CSIR-Central Building Research Institute(CSIR-CBRI), Roorkee
• The Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee,
India, has been vested with the responsibility of
generating, cultivating and promoting building
science and technology in the service of the
country.
• Since it’s inception in 1947, the Institute has been
assisting the building construction and building
material industries in finding timely, appropriate
and economical solutions to the problems of
building materials, health monitoring and
rehabilitation of structures, disaster mitigation, fire
safety, Energy efficient rural and urban housing.
The Institute is committed to serve the people
through R&D in the development process and
maintains linkages at international and national
level.
 R&D Projects
• Evaluation of "Smart care" Branded water proffing Coating
• Feasibility studies on Development of valueadded building components using fluro gypsum
• Recycling of Silt from Storm water drains, sludges from water treatment Plant/ Sewage treatment Plant ash from wast to
energy plant in to useful products
• Development and Charcterization of Lime based hemp Concrete
• Evaluation of Arvind Brand FRP Pultruded Composite Section/Panels and Their Use in Warehouse Construction
• Studies on Fire Behaviour of Load Bearing RC Walls
• Fire Safety of Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital
• Fire Safety Audit of Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital :Hostels, Laundry , Ward Building
• Fire Safety Audit of Expansion of Nehru Hospital at PGIMER
• Fire Safety Audit of JICS Building, Smt.Sucheta Kriplani and Kalawati Saran Hospital
• TPQA Work for the work of East Delhi Campus of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University at Surajmal Vihar, Shahdara, Delhi
• Third Party Inspection/Quality Assurance for Setting up of physical Infrastructure of NICF at Ghitorni, New Delhi
• Proof Checking / Verifying Structure Design for SDRF, Jolly Grant, Dehradun
• Technical Examination on Structural Safety of UNESCO World Heritage CSTM Building (GM Building), Mumbai
• Technical Guidance on Structural Safety of Heritage DRM Building (Annexe Building), Mumbai
• Structural Assessment and Rehabiliation of Buildings Affected during Construction of Wet Well at Mahigran, Roorkee
• Quality Control and Checking of Architectural and Structural Drawings
• Detailed Condition Assessment of Structures of Stage I of TSTPS, Kaniha
• Detailed Condition Assessment of Steel and Concrete Structures at Coal Handling Plant of NTPC, Kaniha
 CSIR-Centre for Cellular Molecular Biology(CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad

CCMB was set up initially as a semi-autonomous Centre on April 1, 1977

with the Biochemistry Division of the then Regional Research Laboratory
(presently, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, IICT) Hyderabad
forming its nucleus and Dr P M Bhargava heading the new Centre. Earlier,
the Governing Board of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) New Delhi, the apex body which constituted 44 research institutions
in the country, approved the proposal in 1976 to establish such a Centre in
view of the importance of research in the frontier and multi-disciplinary
areas of modern biology. During 1981-82, CCMB was accorded status of a
full-fledged national laboratory with its own Executive Committee and
Scientific Advisory Council. With major expansion plans, it was decided to
relocate the Centre to a spacious campus.

Research Area

Work on antimicrobial peptides at CCMB

The ongoing research programmes at the CCMB are in three major categories – high quality basic research in the frontier areas of
modern biology, research relevant to societal needs, and application-oriented research towards commercialization. These include the
areas of evolution & development, gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, host-parasite interactions, membrane biology,
protein structure, stem cell biology, neurobiology, bioinformatics, functional genomics, ecology and ecosystems.
Technological achievements

• The first DNA Fingerprinting picture reported in Indian judiciary

• Developed the DNA Fingerprinting Technology in India; and made India the third country in the world to have its own
fingerprinting technology
• Developed the universal primer technology that can identify the species of source animal from any animal product
• Discovered the heart disease mutation, carried by 6 crore people among Indians
• Developed the first genetically engineered, gene knockout mouse in India
• Demonstrated the first artificial insemination in spotted deer
• Developed a systematic screening and validation programme for anti-cancer drugs in India
• Discovered the uniqueness of Indian population through genomic studies
• Discovered the origin of the Andaman tribes
• Commercially delivered, recombinant DNA technology based diagnostic kit for detection of pathogens causing ophthalmic
infections
• Discovered high yielding disease resistant Improve Samba Mahsuri rice
• Discovered native bacteria, Indibacter alkaliphilus used to generate enzymes and bio-molecules in the industrial
biotechnology sector
• Discovered the functionality of microsatellites (simple sequence repeats) among non-coding DNA
• Discovered the gene CPA1, which causes chronic pancreatitis, in collaboration with Asian Institute of Gastroenterology
 CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute(CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore

CSIR−Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore (A constituent

laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi) came into
existence during 1950 with the great vision of its founders, and a network of inspiring as
well as dedicated scientists who had a fascination to pursue in-depth research and
development in the areas of food science and technology. Research focus of CSIR-CFTRI
has been revolved around broadly into the following areas:

• Engineering Sciences
• Technology Development
• Translational Research
• Food Protection and Safety

Research Areas

• A Novel Process For Preparation Of Green Amla Powder

• Ultra High Pressure System For Food Preservation
• Non-Aqueous Applications Of Membrane Technology
• Smart Packaging
• MPACK Software
• Shell-Life Extension Of Prasadams
• Vacuum Frying System
• Bottling Of Beverages
• Advanced Drying Techniques
 CSIR-Central Glass Ceramic Research Institute(CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata
Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI) originally proposed to be named as
Central Glass & Silicate Research Institute is one of the first four laboratories decided to
be set up under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, the other three being
National Chemical Laboratory,Pune; National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi and Central
Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad. Even though it started functioning in a limited way in
1944, the Institute was formally inaugurated on August 26, 1950.
At the initial stages most of the work was directed towards identifying suitable mineral
resources within the country and their suitability for specific product development. The
quality control aspects in glass and ceramic received due attention and so was the work
on glass forming machines and glass-lined equipment.

Technology Developed
Areas of Research
•Dense silicon nitride and sialon wear resistant components
•Reaction bonded silicon nitride
•Reaction bonded silicon nitride components
•Reaction bonded silicon carbide
•Hexagonal boron nitride powder
•Dense silicon nitride
•Dense reaction bonded silicon carbide composite materials (covered
•Carbon fibre reinforced silicon carbide
by : Indian Patent, 226270, 16 December, 2008)
•CNT reinforced structural ceramic composites
•Carbon fibre reinforced silicon carbide components
•Porous Silicon Carbide Ceramics and Composites
•Biomorphic SiC ceramic composite materials
•Biomorphic Silicon Carbide Ceramic Composites
•Porous SiC ceramics
•High temperature gas filtration
•SiSiC ceramic composite using processed bio-precursors
•Mechanical behaviour at very high strain rate
•Ultra high temperature ceramics
 CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute(CSIR-CMERI), Durgapur

The Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) is

the apex R&D institute for mechanical engineering under the aegis of
the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). CMERI·s
mandate is to serve industry and develop mechanical engineering
technology so that Indians dependence on foreign collaboration is
substantially reduced in strategic and economy sectors.

R & D Area

• Heat Pipes
• Nanotechnology
• Robotics
• Actuators
• Sensors
• Micro-manufacturing
 R & D Groups
Energy & Environment
•Energy Research and Technology Group
•Environmental Engineering Group
•Surface Engineering and Tribology Engineering Design & Analysis
•Centre of Excellance for Farm Machinery
Agricultural Machinery •Design Management and System Engineering Group
•Advanced Design and Analysis Group •Surface Engineering and Tribology
•Centre of Excellance for Farm Machinery
•Design Management and System Engineering Group Mechatronics
•Design Management and System Engineering Group
Manufacturing & Material Processing •Robotics and Automation
•Advanced Design and Analysis Group
•Centre for Advanced Manufacturing and Metrology Industrial and Technical Consultancy
Group •Centre for Advanced Manufacturing and Metrology
•Design Management and System Engineering Group Group
•Industrial Service and Research Group •Industrial Service and Research Group
•Material and Structural Evaluation Group •Material and Structural Evaluation Group
•Materials Processing & Microsystems Laboratory •Surface Engineering and Tribology
•Surface Engineering and Tribology
 • CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation(CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh

CSIO Established in October 1959, CSIO was chartered to stimulate the growth of indigenous
instrument industry in the country through development of contemporary technologies and other
scientific & technological assistance.
Initially located at New Delhi, CSIO moved to Chandigarh (the City Beautiful) in 1962. CSIO
Campus (spread over an area of approximately 120 acres) comprises of Office Buildings, R&D
Laboratories, Indo-Swiss Training Centre and a Housing Complex. An austere four-story building
and the accompanying workshops were inaugurated in December 1967.Another four-story block
was added in 1976 for housing R&D Divisions,Library, etc. During mid-eighties, the laboratory
buildings and infrastructural facilities were modernized in order to gear the Institute towards taking
up development projects in challenging and emerging areas of technology.
R & D Area

• Agrionics
• Biomedical Instrumentation
• Photonics
• Mechanical Systems Design
• Nano Science and Nano Technology
• Optical Design and Spectroscopy
• Computational Instrumentation
Drogue Probe System for Air to Air Refuelling of LCA 6MeV Medical Linear Accelerator

Optical Gun Sight for Dornier DO-228 Aircraft

Energy
Management
System(EMS)
 Research Projects:
• Hand Held Moisture Meter for the Made Tea
• Development of an Automated Soil Nutrient Sensing • Design of Low-Cost Functional Materials for Selenium in
System Water
• Smart Phone Imaging Dip-Stick Platform for Heavy • Development of Mobile Soil Sensing System and Digital
Metals Detection in Water Spatial Repository for Precision Agriculture using Fusion of
• DEEP-Development of an Efficient Photo electrode for Proximity Sensors and Geo-static Modeling
Hydrogen Fuel from Water • Development of Algorithms for the River Water Quality
• 2D Materials Engineering for Simultaneous Hydrogen Index Monitoring Using
Hyperspectral Imaging and Machine Learning Technique
Production and Emerging Pollutants Degradation
• Smart Electrochemical Tongue (e-Tongue) to Detect Heavy
• Investigation of Nanostructured SERS Substrate for Metal Ions in Potable Water
POPs Detection in E-Waste Recycling Site • Magnetic Graphene Coated Polymeric Stationary Phase
• Narcotics Detection and Management System for Ion-Exchangers for Ion Chromatographic Separations
Rehabilitation • Electrostatic Coating System for Fruits and Vegetables
• Design and Development of a System for Climb-Free • Multifunctional High Range Electrostatic Sprayer
Coconut Harvesting • Electrostatic Spraying Technology for Societal and
• Upgradation of the Existing Model of Conventional Industrial Applications
Sprayer to Electrostatic Sprayer • JIGYASA: A Student-Scientist Connect Program
 • CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology(CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar

CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IMMT) was

established on 13.04.1964 as Regional Research Laboratory,
Bhubaneswar in the eastern part of India under the aegis of the
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi.
It was renamed in 2007 with a renewed research focus and
growth strategy to be a leader in the areas of mineral & material
resource engineering. The institute has expertise in conducting
basic research and technology oriented programs in a wide range • R & D Area
of subjects to address the R&D problems of mining, mineral and
metals industries and ensure their sustainable development. For • Mineralogy and Materials Engineering in Mining
the last one decade, the main thrust of R&D at CSIR-IMMT has • Mineral/Bio-Mineral Processing
been to empower Indian industries to meet the challenges of • Minerals Process Engineering
globalization by providing advanced and zero waste process • Metal Extraction and Materials Characterization
know-how and consultancy services for commercial exploitation • Pollution Monitoring and Control
of natural resources through the public-private-partnership (PPP) • Marine and Forest Production
approach. Today, CSIR-IMMT is the first choice for many mineral
based industries. It is also carving out a niche in processing of
advanced materials for greater value addition and working on
resource use efficiency of critical raw materials.
 CSIR-IMMT Technology Area
• Hydro & Electrometallurgy
• Battery grade materials from spent catalysts, sludges, secondaries, effluents, primary and low-
grade ores
• High pure metals from spent catalysts, sludges, secondaries, effluents, primary and low-grade
ores
• High pure tellurium powder from anode slime

• Process Modeling & Instrumentation

• EYE-ON-PELLET : Online Pellet Size Analyzer for Pelletization Industries
• Modelling and Simulation of Mineral and Material Processing Unit Operations
• Design and development of domestic and community cookstoves starting from for a small
family of 5 member upto 1000 member of big community
• Biomass CookStove Test Center

• Environment & Sustainability

• Bricks and blocks from fly ash, red mud, crusher dust and mineral/mining wastes

• Central Characterization
• Pollutants removal from industrial waste water
• Materials Chemistry
• Solar hydrogen generation technology
• Industrial coatings by electrophoretic deposition
• Graphene based supercapacitor

• Design & Project Engineering

• Hydraulic Transportation of High Concentration Slurry
• Rheometry Techniques for scale-up design of slurry pipelines
• Low Concentration Slurry Transportation
• Hydraulic transport of manganese nodule slurry in vertical pipe lines
• Gasification of powdery biomass coal industrial wastes through Entrained mode
• Post-harvest Technologies (Paddy Thresher, Solar & Biomass Dryers)
• Terafilred clay water purification media
• Energy efficient multi-fuel portable cook stoves (Harsha)
 CSIR-Central Road Research Institute(CSIR-CRRI), New Delhi
CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), a premier national laboratory
established in 1952, a constituent of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) is engaged in carrying out research and development projects on design,
construction and maintenance of roads and runways, traffic and transportation
planning of mega and medium cities, management of roads in different terrains,
improvement of marginal materials, utilization of industrial waste in road
construction, landslide control, ground improvements environmental pollution,
road traffic safety and analysis & design, wind, fatigue, corrosion studies,
performance monitoring/evaluation, service life assessment and rehabilitation of
highway & railway bridges. The institute provides technical and consultancy
services to various user organizations in India and abroad. For capacity building of
human resources in the area of highway Engineering to undertake and execute
roads and runway projects, Institute has the competence to organize National &
International Training Programmes continuing education courses since 1962 to
disseminate the R&D finding to the masses.
R & D Facilities
• Accelerated Pavement Testing Facility
• Skid Resistance Tester • Noise, Vibration & Harshness
• Bump Integrator
• Abrasion Testing Machine • Pavement Condition Monitoring
• Dipstick Road Profiler
• CAPO Test • Roughometer
• Dynamic Heavy Testing
• Ultrasonic Pulse Echo Test System • Skid Resistance
• Expansion Joint Testing
• Universal Testing Machine • Walking Profiler
• Falling Weight Deflectometer
• Mobile Bridge Inspection Unit • Wheel Weigh Pads
• Geosynthetic Pull-out Test Apparatus
Areas of R&D
• Application of Advanced Composites for Bridge Construction/ Rehabilitation
• Bridge Distress Diagnostics and Rehabilitation
• Development of Bridge Management System for Highway Bridges
• Characterization of Various Loads (Temperature/wind/ earthquake) for Bridge Design
• Concrete Technology & Corrosion Studies in bridges and other civil structures
• Creation of Complete Range of Independent Facility for Testing of Expansion Joints
• Design and Development of Mobile Bridge Inspection Unit
• Development of Robot for underwater inspection of bridges
• Fatigue studies on bridge components
• Wind tunnel studies on bridges and other structures
• Field Instrumentation and Health monitoring of Bridges
• Live Load Characterization for bridge design and evaluation
• Vibration studies of structures
• Assessment of present prestressing force in PSC bridges
• Bridge Aerodynamics

Core Activities/ Consultancy

• Analysis and Design of Bridges and other Civil Infrastructures
• Bridge maintenance management system
• Development of software for structural applications
• Monitoring of structures using instrumentation including long term monitoring
• Evaluation of Load carrying capacity of bridges
• Health (Condition) Assessment of bridges and rating of bridges
• Repair and rehabilitation of bridges
• Evaluation of load carrying capacity of Road and Railway Bridges
• Quality Assurance during bridge construction
CSIR-Central Salt Marine Chemicals Research Institute(CSIR-CSMCRI), Bhavnagar
• In April 1948, the Government of India constituted a Salt Expert Committee under the chairmanship of
Shri P.A. Narielwala to advise the Government on the measures necessary to place the Indian salt
industry on a sound footing. After examining a number of salt works in India, the Committee came to
the conclusion that if the quality of salt is to be improved and the salt works are to operate economically
and efficiently, it would be necessary (i) to devote more attention to research, (ii) that model factories
be set up in the principal salt producing centers to serve as demonstration units for both small scale and
large scale manufacture, and (iii) that research stations be established to investigate methods of
improving the quality and the yield of salt and also of recovering the byproducts.
• In September 1951, Shri C.C. Desai, the then Secretary of the Ministry of Works, Production and Supply,
proposed that a Central Salt Research Institute be established under the aegis of CSIR for carrying out
research on marine salt, and salt from inland lakes and sub-soil brine. It was suggested that the Institute
be located at some centre in Saurashtra; the Ministry of Works, Production and Supply would support
any proposal for a grant from the Salt Development Cess for setting up the Institute.
• Meanwhile the Government of Saurashtra made a generous offer to place any of their buildings in
Saurashtra at the disposal of the CSIR for housing the Institute. If no building was found suitable, the
Saurashtra Government offered to pay for the building, provided the Institute was located in Saurashtra.
• This offer from the Saurashtra Government was considered by the CSIR, particularly in view of the proposal from the Ministry of Works,
Production and Supply that the Institute should be located in Saurashtra. Shri P.N. Kathju, the Planning Officer of the proposed Institute,
carried out a preliminary survey of possible sites, both in the north coast and south coast of Saurashtra, for the location of the Institute.
Bhavnagar, which being a flourishing centre of higher education in Saurashtra was considered to be suitable for locating the Institute. The
Saurashtra Government offered to place at the disposal of the CSIR a magnificent building, "Raj Hotel", for housing the Institute, two
bungalows and 125 acres of land for the Experimental Salt Farm (ESF). In view of the facilities offered by the Saurashtra Government for
the establishment of the Institute, the CSIR decided to set up the Institute at Bhavnagar.
Research activity
• Molecular sensors for selective recognition of cations/anions
• Recognition of analytes and neutral molecules in physiological condition
• Supramolecular metal complexes to study photo-induced energy/electron transfer processes
• Nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
• Smart Materials
• Tailored and modified electrodes.
• Green Chemistry
• Polymer Chemistry and development of novel drug delivery system
• Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Natural products
• Recovery of precious metal ions from natural sources
• Crystal engineering
• Computational Study
• Electrochemical/chemical value addition processes
• Development of polyethylene based inter polymer membranes and design of electrodialysis units

Technology developed
• Preparations of nutrient-rich salt of plant origins
• Electrodialysis domestic desalination system
• Preparation of novel iodizing agent
• "CleanWrite" writing chalk
• Preparation of low sodium salt of botanic origin
• Plastic Chip Electrodes.
 CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology(CSIR-IICB), Kolkata
The Institute was established in 1935 as the first non-official centre in India for biomedical
research and was included within the aegis of CSIR in 1956. CSIR-IICB today is engaged in
research on diseases of national importance and biological problems of global interest,
employing sophisticated state-of-the-art technology in keeping with the rapid and
unprecedented momentum that life science research has gained globally over the last 50
years. The scientific staff has expertise in a variety of areas including chemistry,
biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, neurobiology and immunology which
promotes productive interdisciplinary interaction.

leishmaniasis and cholera, along with the development of technologies for the diagnosis, immunoprophylaxis, and
chemotherapy of the diseases. A neurobiology group is involved in research on the development of the vertebrate brain and
also the genesis of human movement disorders. Bioactive substances from natural sources and chemically synthesized new
molecules are being explored as potential drugs. Other areas being actively pursued are gastric hyperacidity and ulcer,
muscular dystrophy and related disorders, macromolecular structure function analysis, development of targeted drug
delivery systems, sperm biology and protein chemistry and enzymology.

The institute has developed an oral vaccine for cholera, herbal products for controlling gastric ulcer, empirical treatment for
vitiligo, diagnostic kits for malignancy and hormonal disorders, fungal enzymes of industrial importance,
radiopharmaceuticals for evaluation of the functional status of renal and hepatobiliary systems and a device for early
detection of Parkinson’s disease. Although the strength of CSIR-IICB has always been basic biomedical research, during the
last decade emphasis is being given on goal oriented research directed towards commercial exploitability. Efforts are now on
to convert the knowledge gained over the years through high quality basic research into wealth.
CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology(CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad
The CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) is one of the oldest National
Laboratories under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR). It started as the Central
Laboratories for Scientific & Industrial Research (CLSIR) by the then princely State of Hyderabad in
1944. CSIR-IICT during its seventy year journey has made its mark as a dynamic, innovative and
result oriented R&D organization. The clientele spans all comers of the globe. In India it is the
reliable destination of chemical and biotech industries. The reputation that CSIR-IICT could establish
amongst the industrial clients as a reliable R&D partner, can be largely attributed to its rich pool of
scientists with expertise in broad ranging research areas and simple and effective business
development strategies.

The Transformation from CLSIR to CSIR-IICT

For a laboratory with Global presence, it had a humble beginning when the princely state of Hyderabad was planning to create a
research Centre. A first step in the direction of creating applied research appears to have been taken by Hyderabad State when the
Industrial Laboratory was set up by the then Government in 1920s which became the forerunner of CLSIR. Its work involved 'scientific
help and advice, analytical services, and investigations and research on industrial problems. The areas of investigation on laboratory
scale in 1940s, for example, included: synthesis of known drugs; organic acids from vegable wastes; denaturants for alcohol used as
motor spirit; graphite and mica purification; fire-proof enamels and glass for bangles; and examination of fibers. Similar laboratories
were later set up in some British provinces.

Activities
The research and development programmes of IICT relate to the development of technologies for pesticides, drugs, organic
intermediates, fine chemicals, catalysts, polymers, organic coatings, use of low-grade coals, and value-added products from vegetable
oils. Process design and mechanical engineering design form an integral part of technology development and transfer. IICT is also actively
engaged in basic research in organic synthesis and catalyses.
 Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bangalore
The Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS) is an autonomous research institute under
Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India. DST provides core support to the
Centre in the form of a grant-in-aid for conducting basic and applied research in nano and soft matter
sciences. CeNS is located at Jalahalli, Bengaluru.

The Centre is engaged in materials research at all relevant length scales. Specifically, the current
activities are focussed on a variety of metal and semiconductor nanostructures, liquid crystals, gels,
membranes and hybrid materials. It has close interactions with many Institutions and Industry, in India
and abroad.

The Centre was established in 1991 by an eminent liquid crystal scientist, Prof. S. Chandrasekhar, FRS.
It was then known as Centre for Liquid Crystal Research, a registered scientific society in Karnataka
with the objective to build a centre of excellence in line with the international trend those days on
liquid crystal materials and devices. In 1995, it became an autonomous institute under the Department
of Electronics (DOE), Government of India and in 2003, was brought under DST. Subsequently in the
year 2010, the name was changed to Centre for Soft Matter Research. Recently in 2014, the Centre has
further widened the scope of research activities to embrace nanoscience and technology and is now
known as Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS). It is being mentored by Nano-Mission of
the Government of India.

CeNS housed on the BEL campus, is surrounded by lush greenery dotted with beautiful flowering
trees. The ambience is ideal for the research community to carry out the activities in a serene
atmosphere. Shortly, the campus will be expanded on a site near Nelamangala.
 Research Highlights
Achiral non-linear mesogens
Bent-core nematics composed of smectic nanoclusters
Fabrication of oxide nanostructures using GLAD for Device applications
Ferroelectric nematics
Gas Sensors
Geometric confinement
Graphene and graphene based composites
Liquid Crystal composites
Liquid crystal Gels
Magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic memory applications
Metal Oxide nanomaterials
Nano-Soft composites
Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials for energy applications
Nanostructures in Soft matter
Perovskite Solar Cells
Photo-driven effects
Photo-sensitive organogels
Quantum dot - liquid crystal nanocomposites
Reduced graphene oxide based hybrid films
Resistive switching
Scanning probe microscopy
Soft Anisotropic Metamaterials
Transparent conducting electrode materials
 Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bangalore
The origin of Indian studies in astronomy can be traced to a private observatory established by William
Petrie (died: 1816), an officer of the East India Company. He set up that private observatory in his residence
located in Egmore, Chennai (formerly Madras), India. The main aim of the observatory, according to Petrie,
was

"to provide navigational assistance to the company ships and help determine the longitudes by observing
the eclipses of Moon and satellites of Jupiter".

In 1790, this private observatory was taken over by the East India Company, with Michael Topping (1747–
96) as an astronomer. In 1792, the observatory was expanded and shifted to a complex in Nungambakkam
Researchers at IIA
area of Chennai. This was the first modern observatory outside Europe.
• Sun & Solar system
• Stellar Astronomy
As early as 1881, Mr. Blanford, then Meteorological Reporter to the government of India, recommended • Galactic Astronomy
"the improvement of the work of solar observations in order to obtain accurate measures of the sun’s • Extragalactic Astronomy & Cosmo
heating power at the earth’s surface and its periodic variations". In May 1882, the government astronomer • Theoretical Astrophysics & Physics
at Madras, Norman Robert Pogson, proposed the need for photography and spectrography of the sun and • Techniques & Instrumentation
the stars using a twenty-inch telescope, which could be at a hill station in South India. • Space Astronomy

On 20 July 1893 following a famine in Madras Presidency, which underscored the need for a study of the sun to better understand monsoon
patterns, a meeting of the U.K. Secretary of State, Indian Observatories Committee, chaired by Lord Kelvin, decided to establish a solar physics
observatory at Kodaikanal, based on its southern, dust free, high altitude location. Michie Smith was selected to be superintendent. Starting in
1895 there was a rapid transfer of work and equipment from the Madras Observatory to Kodaikanal and the observatory was founded on 1
April 1899. Later this Kodaikanal solar observatory become the foundation of modern Indian institute of Astrophysics.
 Areas of research
(I) Solar Interior Dynamics and Helioseismology
Modeling studies related to understanding the interior of the Sun, the sunspots on its surface, the sunspot cycle, and its relation to energetic
eruptions from the Sun are the key research areas on the theoretical front. Three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations
with high performance computing (HPC) facilities within the country as well as abroad are used for some of these studies.

(II) Solar Magnetic Fields, Magnetohydrodynamics and Radiative Transfer

Magnetic fields are responsible for the activity of the Sun and therefore it is important to understand the physical processes underlying the
generation of magnetic fields and their interaction with the atmospheric medium.

(III) Lower Solar Atmosphere — Waves and Transients

Multiwavelength studies combining imaging, spectral, and polarimetric observations with ground-based and space-based instruments are
carried out to investigate the dynamics of sunspot regions and the different layers of the solar atmosphere. Statistical studies of the solar
activity and its variability using the 100 years of unique data on sunspot and chromospheric activity (Ca K) from the Kodaikanal observatory,
theoretical/observational studies of Sun as a star, and solar-stellar connections are also carried out.

(IV) Solar Coronal Studies Coronal heating, acceleration of the solar wind, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and the related disturbances in the
near-Earth space (i.e. space weather).

(V) Solar Radio Astronomy

(VI) Solar Instrumentation
(VII) Solar System and Solar-Terrestrial Studies
In the area of solar system studies, kinematics and structural deformities inside the Earth’s crust, understanding of the mass, angular
momentum, magneticfield structure of different planets of the solar system are carried out.
 International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New
Materials, (ARCI) Hyderabad
International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and
New Materials (ARCI) established in the year 1997, is an Autonomous
Research and Development Centre of Department of Science and
Technology (DST), Government of India with main campus at
Hyderabad spread about 95 acres of land and with operations in
Chennai and Gurgaon.
ARCI's mandate is
•Development of High Performance Materials and Processes for Niche
Markets
•Demonstration of Technologies at Prototype / pilot scale
•Transfer of Technology to Indian Industry

The activities are pursued through 11 Research Centres, with main focus on development of nationally unique
technologies and application oriented programmes. Synonymous to its name, ARCI is also open to collaborate
with Indian and foreign laboratories, universities and industries for successful achievement of its goals.
ARCI has successfully transferred 15 technologies to 27 receivers and few other technologies are under
transfer.
 R & D Area

• Nanostructured Materials
• Carbon Nanomaterials
• Nanocomposite Coatings
• Engineered Coatings
• Laser Surface Treatment
• Sol-gel Nanocomposite Coatings
• Oxide Ceramics
• Non-Oxide Ceramics
• Solar Energy Materials
• Fuel Cell Technology
• Laser Processing
• Laser Processing of Materials
• Automotive Energy
• Automotive Energy Materials
 Technology Acquisition and Transfer (CTAT)

• Nano titanium dioxide based textile finishes for self cleaning and UV protection applications
• Manufacturing of Silica Aerogel Flexible Sheets
• Aerogel Flexible Sheet Technology
• Ceramic Honeycomb Based Energy Efficient Air Heaters and Eco-friendly Sanitary Napkin Incinerators
• Low and medium temperature solar selective absorber coatings on SS 304 substrate
• Super hydrophobic easy-to-clean coating on PV panels
• UVC based disinfection cabinet to fight against COVID-19
• Transparent photo sensors
• UVC based tunnel baggage disinfection system for disinfection of baggage to fight COVID-19
• UVC based disinfection trolley to fight against COVID-19 by rapid cleaning of hospital environment.
• Hypochlorous acid solution and its qualification for surface disinfection
• Disinfection system for currency notes based on UVC radiation to fight against COVID-19
• Photocatalyst-assisted copper-based mineral self-disinfecting paint PCMP
• Synthesis of electro-catalysts for use in fuel cells
• Electro Spark Coating (ESC) Equipment
• Magnesia Aluminate Spinel
• Energy Efficient Air Heaters from Ceramic Honeycombs
• Detonation Spray Coating (DSC)
• Reinforced Graphite Sheets and Seals
• Calcium Aluminate Cements and Furnace Sealants
• Nano silver Impregnated Ceramic Water Filter Candles to Impart Antibacterial Function
• Heat Pipes Heat Sinks
• Nano titanium dioxide based Textile Finishes for Self Cleaning Applications
• Ceramic Honeycomb Molten Metal Filters
 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata
Founded on July 29, 1876 by Dr Mahendra Lal Sircar, IACS is the oldest institute in India
devoted to the pursuit of fundamental research in the frontier areas of basic sciences.
Professor C V Raman worked at IACS during 1907 to 1933, and it is here that he discovered
the celebrated Effect that bears his name and for which he was awarded Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1930.

Activities of the Association at 210 Bowbazar Street, Calcutta, in the very early years were
supported by generous public contributions. It was conceived and planned in the backdrop
of the great cultural and intellectual awakening of the nineteenth century Bengal and was
desired by its founder to be an institution 'solely native and purely national'.

intellectual The original objective of the Association, which continues even today, was to cultivate science in all its departments with a
view to its advancement by original research and its varied applications to the arts and comforts of life. In the early phase, the list of
lecturers in Science in IACS included all the luminaries of the era: Father Lafont, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Asutosh Mukherjee, Chunilal
Bose and Pramathanath Bose. Pandit Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar and Kesab Chandra Sen were among the members of the first Trustee
Board of IACS, with Dr. Sircar himself as the first Honorary Secretary. Apart from these great scholars, the stalwart public figures like
Gurudas Banerjee, Rajendralal Mitra and Surendranath Banerjee were its patrons. Raja Peary Mohan Mukherjee was the first Indian to
take the position of the President of IACS in 1912. His other distinguished successors have been Dr. Nilratan Sircar, Jnan Chandra Ghosh
and Satyendra Nath Bose.
Apart from the works of C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan in Optics, IACS has produced several important paradigms in modern science. IACS
has a very strong group in theoretical chemistry and quantum chemistry. Debashis Mukherjee developed the Mk-MRCC method to account
for electron correlations in molecular systems which is considered as a "gold-standard" in computational chemistry. Another important
discovery has been in the area of solvation dynamics of molecules and particular the dynamics of water molecules around the surfaces of
membranes. These experiments performed by Professor Kankan Bhattacharyya have provided a fundamental insights into the behavior of
water near biological surfaces and led to the coining of the word "biological water" in the physical chemistry community.
 The Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology (IASST), Guwahati
• Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) is a premier scientific
research organization in the north-east region, IASST was conceived and nurtured by
the Assam Science Society in its initial years and was inaugurated by Noble Laureate
Dorothy C. Hodgkin on 3rd November 1979. Subsequently, it was supported by the
state govt. as its only autonomous R&D institute till March 2009. The institute was
taken over in March 2009 by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt of India
as one of its autonomous R&D Institutes.
• The Institute is engaged in multidisciplinary research activities, both in fundamental
and applied, across frontier areas of science and technology such as Plasma Physics,
Polymer Sciences, Biochemistry, Drug Design & Development, Nano-science,
Medicinal Plants, Seri Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Environmental
Sciences, Microbial Fuel Cell, etc.

Research Area
• Effect of traditional dietary habits on human gut microbes: dairy products of Nepali population and traditional rice beer of tribes
of Assam on gut bacterial profile
DBT’s Unit of Excellence in Biotechnology at NE Region of India
• Development of Plasma modified bio-membrane and low loaded catalyst for fuel cell by plasma process.
• Development and elucidation of mechanism of action of herbs to treat Diabetic neuropathic pain
• Impact assessment of Jhuming on native plants and soil microbiota and restoration of sustainable Jhum agro-ecosystem in
Northeast India
• Investigating physicochemical properties of new hybrid carbon nanomaterials and its applications as sensorsDr. Debasish
Chowdhury
• Exploration of microbial resources of north-east India: Generation of metagenomic DNA bank, construction of metagenomic
libraries and screening for gene of interest
Technologies Developed

•
An efficient bio-film for hardness removal
• Surface protection of copper based alloys using plasma based coating technology

• Optical detection of cholesterol

• Optical detection system for checking the presence of organic sulphur in milk thus analyzing quality
of milk
• Solid state sensors for efficient detection of sulphur dioxide vapour

• A water soluble polyelectrolyte poly-2-vinyl pyridine hydroiodic acid

• A cost effective chemiresistor for nitroaromatic vapors using silk fibroin-carbon nanoparticle
composites
• Quantam dots as superselective and ultrasensitive sensors for pa
• Development of thermistor device from the liquid crystalline polymers
• Electrical sensing of ammonia vapour
 Central Manufacturing Technology Institute
• CMTI is an R & D organization focusing its efforts mainly on harnessing
know-how in the manufacturing technology sector to practical purposes
and assisting technological growth in the country. CMTI has the role of
being a Catalyst and a Key Player in manufacturing technology growth in
the country.
• The establishment of Central Machine Tool Institute at Bengaluru in the
1960's by the Government of India was a major event in the history of
the Indian Machine Tool Industry. The Institute changed its name to
Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI) in 1992 in tune with
its current role in the manufacturing scenario in which the machine tool
has become just a part of the entire gamut of concerns in the productive R & D Area
endeavors of the manufacturing industries.
• The Institute was conceived in 1960, and became functional in the year • Precision Manufacturing / Engineering
1965 under the technical Collaboration with Institute for Machine Tools • Surface Engineering
and Production Engineering (VUOSO), Czech Republic formerly • Micro and Nano machining
Czechoslovakia. Various types of machine tools numbering about 40 • Additive Manufacturing
were supplied by the Czechoslovakian government under this tie-up. • Sensors and Vision Technology
• Mechatronics & Automation
• Metrology and Characterization
Research and Development

• Development of Micro Stereo Lithography System

• Design & Development of a Intelligent Ultra precision Turning machine
• Development of Thermal Error Compensation Modules for Ultra Precision Machines
• Design and Development of Laser Dressing System for Ultra Precision Grinding
Machine
• Silicon Nano machining in Ductile Regime
• Development of Technology for Nano Composite Structure using CNTs and Ceramics
• Application of MEMS in Machine Tools
• Nano Manufactured coating and Lubricant using programmable Nano particles for
Machining
• Development of Abrasive Flow Machining System
• Determination of Nano-Scale Feature Dimensions Using Imaging Tool
• DST Project on “Hard Turning of Hard Chrome plated surface”
 Products developed by CMTI and available for Technology Transfer to Industries

• Ultra Precision Turning Machine (Nanoshape T250)

Nanoshape T250 is a highly stiff & Precision Turning machine, developed by CMTI, capable of Single Point Diamond Turning
(SPDT) & Ultra precision hard turning equipped with state of the art technologies for producing non-ferrous, ferrous and IR
material components with optical quality surface finish (surface finish in the order of few nanometers and form accuracy in
sub-micron range). The Nano level surface finishes achieved on components are in the magnitude of ≤ 2 nm Ra. The machine
has excellent static, dynamic and thermal behaviour and has accuracies in order of nanometres.

• Abrasive Flow Finishing Machine (AFFM-150D)

AFFM-150D is a Non-traditional super finishing technology developed by CMTI, The machine is capable of finishing, deburring
and polishing complex and difficult to finish precision components. The process involves extruding an Abrasive filled semisolid
media through a work piece passage.

• Ultra precision Hydrostatic slide (Nano Slideway HS 200)

The vast experience of CMTI in the field of Ultra precision engineering led us to the development of Hydrostatic Bearing based
Nano-slideway. Nano slideway delivers excellent performance in linear motion with very high stiffness & damping, ideally
suited for ultra precision turning, milling, boring & grinding applications.
Defense Research and Development Labs
RESEARCH
Research in the department ranges across the most challenging problems in condensed-matter and materials
science, nanoscience and nanotechnology, astronomy and astrophysics, atomic, molecular and optical physics,
the physics of biological systems, and the computational physics of complex systems. The department also
maintains strong links with the Centre for High-Energy Physics.
Please click on the following for more details:

•Astronomy and Astrophysics

•Atomic and Optical Physics

•Biocrystallography and Bioinformatics

•Experimental Condensed Matter Physics

•Condensed Matter Theory
 Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group (ANURAG)
Advanced Numerical Research and Analysis Group (ANURAG) is a laboratory of the Defence
Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Located in Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, it is
involved in the development of computing solutions for numerical analysis and their use in other
DRDO projects.
ANURAG was established on 2 May 1988, to development of indigenous supercomputer.later in
1991,ANURAG became a part of defense R&D Organization.support aeronautical design work,
with the mandate of executing specific, time-bound projects leading to the development of
custom designed computing systems and software packages for numerical analysis and other
applications.

Research Area
• Parallel processing technology.
• Scientific Data Visualisation
• System engineering, integration.
• General purpose microprocessors.
• 1 micrometre CMOS fabrication technology.
• Design and development of VLSI chips & SOC development.
• Processor related technology.
• System software development for custom made processors.
• Analog, RF and Mixed-signal ASIC design
 Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment (ADRDE)
Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment Agra was started in Kanpur during the
later part of 1950s, consisting of two Aerial Delivery Sections, namely - Chief Inspectorate of
Textiles & Clothing (CIT & C) and Chief Inspectorate of General Stores (CIGS) under the control of
Director General of Inspection (DGI).

Primarily, these two sections were responsible for the indigenization of parachutes and related
equipment's for paradropping of men and materials. Subsequently, these sections moved over to
Agra during 1965 and transfigured into a full-fledge establishment called Chief Inspectorate of
Aerial Delivery Equipment (CIADE). This DGI establishment came under the fold of DRDO in May
1968 and ADRDE was established in January 1969 at Agra. During the resurgence of DRDO in
1980, the activities of this establishment were reviewed and ADRDE was brought under cover of
Directorate of Aeronautics.

Significant projects undertaken by ADRDE during the last two decades include:
•Armament delivery parachutes
•Space recovery parachutes
•Balloon barrage and surveillance systems
•Airships and related applications
 Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (VRDE)
In 1947, the Establishment was shifted to Ahmednagar and was renamed
as Technical Development Establishment (Vehicles), popularly known as
TDE (V). In 1962, the engineering wing was separated with the
establishment of an independent establishment at Pune, named as
Research & Development Establishment (R&DE).

Further in 1965, the activities were bifurcated between ‘R&D’ and

‘Inspection’ and two separate establishments viz. Vehicle Research &
Development Establishment (VRDE) and Controllerate of Inspection
Vehicles (CIV), now known as Controllerate of Quality Assurance Vehicles
(CQAV), came into existence. A detachment of VRDE was created at Avadi,
Madras in 1966, to assist in a production of main battle tanks at Heavy
Vehicles Factory, Avadi which eventually led to the formation of CVRDE
and further bifurcation of roles. The current director of VRDE is Mr.
Sangam Sinha
 Technologies developed
• Agni Series Missile Launchers
• 105mm Self-Propelled Gun
• Rajendra RADAR
• Trishul Missile Launche
• Akash Missile Launcher
• NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier)
• Diesel Electric Parallel Hybrid Vehicle
• Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV)
• Expandable Mobile Shelter (EMS)
• Light Armoured Wheeled Vehicle (LAWV)
• Infantry Combat Vehicle (ICV) ‘Abhay’
• High Specific Power Engines for DRDO Nishant UAV
• RV & LCR Vehicles for Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher
• Vehicle Platforms & Shelters for Samyukta EW System
• Vehicle Platforms for Bridge laying system “Sarvatra”
• BMP Urban Survival Kit
• Containerised Operation Theatre & Wards on Wheels
• Bulletproof Vehicles
• Riot Control Vehicles
• Mobile Decontamination System
• NBC Recce Vehicle
• Armoured Amphibious Dozer (AAD)
• Armoured Ambulance
• Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle (AERV)
 Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL)
NMRL was established in 1953 as the Naval Chemical and Metallurgical
Laboratory, an in-house laboratory of the Navy, located at the Naval Dockyard,
Mumbai. It was brought under the administrative control of DRDO in the early
1960s.[1] The laboratory is located in its own technical-cum residential complex
at Ambernath, Maharashtra. The laboratory still has its erstwhile infrastructure
intact in Naval Dockyard, Mumbai, without any physical scientific or
administrative presence.
Areas of work
• Fuel Cell Power Pack TechnologyAdvanced Protection Technology in Marine
Environment
• Electrochemistry & Electrochemical Processes
• Polymer and Elastomer Science and Technology including Stealth Material
• Processing Technologies for Speciality Metallic and Non-metallic Materials
• Chemical and Biological Control of Marine Environment

Technologies for Civilian use

• Bio-emulsifier - for Bio-remediation of floating oil.
• Arsenic removal kit - NMRL has developed a low-cost arsenic removal filter to remove arsenic from contaminated drinking water.
The filter is made of stainless steel, and the filter medium is a processed waste of the steel industry. The filter works on the principle
of co-precipitation and adsorption, which is followed by filtration through treated sand.
 Proof and Experimental Establishment (PXE)
In March 1894, the first proof testing in India was carried out, with there being fired six inch
(152 mm) Bag Loader Howitzers and 12 Pounder Shrapnel shells under the command of Captain
R.H. Mahon. He recommended the creation of a dedicated department for this purpose. The Proof
Department in India was sanctioned in May 1895. It was established on 7 November 1895, with
headquarters at Balasore and Lt. R.T. Moorre as the head.
Later, the establishment was renamed to the Proof & Experimental Department, and later still was
renamed as PXE. The establishment was organised under the Directorate General of Ordnance
Factories (DGOF), India and subsequently came under the supervision of the Inspection
Organisation under the DGOF. After Independence, PXE was under the administrative control of
DGI up to 1958. On 15 July 1947, Lt. Col. B.N. Mitra became the first Indian to head the
organisation. The establishment was brought under the administrative control of the DRDO in
October 1958.

Projects and products

•Established high speed photography techniques for study of sabot discarding phenomena in sub
caliber projectile
•Spin measurement of projectiles by Doppler Radar and High Speed Photography Technique
•Ballistic Evaluation of gun propellants by comparative as well as absolute ballistics methods.
•Measurement of Height of Burst of Proximity fuze by Photography technique
•Easy and faster method of barrel changing in T-72 Tanks
•Recovery technique of fired projectiles both over water and over wet sand
•Recording of full trajectory data of artillery projectiles
Areas of work
• PXE is the main non-Army Proving ground and research establishment for design and developmental trials of
guns, mortars, rockets, RCL, tank guns and their ammunition, including Naval guns and ammunition.It also
conducts technical evaluation trials for imported weapons and ammunition as well as R&A trials for compilation
of Range Tables.

• PXE also conducts performance evaluation trials for tank armour and ammunition, as well as proof of armour
plates, tank turrets, ICVs, proximity fuzes, etc. and also weapons and ammunition produced by the Indian
Ordnance Factories. PXE has conducted tests of the Arjun MBT Armour[4] as well as tests of indigenous
Explosive reactive armour. The lab has also conducted tests of other armaments such as the Indian Field Gun
and the Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher System.

• PXE also conducts comparative propellant and ballistics parameters testing and is involved in the establishment
of propellant standards, in their periodical check firing and in Quality Assurance through periodic checks of
ammunition that are held in Army and Naval Depots.
 Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR)
• Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) was
established in Oct 1986. Its research focus was initially in the
areas of artificial intelligence, robotics, cognition and control
systems.
• In November 2000, R&D groups of Electronics and Radar
Development Establishment (LRDE) working in the areas of
Command Control Communication and Intelligence (C3I)
systems, Communication and Networking, and
Communication Secrecy were merged with CAIR.
• CAIR, was operating from different campuses across
Bangalore, is now located in a single verdant 15-acre
modern campus, in 2006.

Projects
• DRDO NETRA, software to intercept online communications.
• SecOS, Secure Operating System
• Muntra - unmanned ground vehicle manufactured at the Ordnance Factory
Medak.
 Defence Bio-engineering & Electro-medical Laboratory (DEBEL)
• The Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory was formed in April 1976 by
bringing together the Aero Electroengineering Unit of Aeronautical Development
Establishment and the Electromedical Instrumentation Division of the Electronics and
Radar Development Establishment, located nearby. Since 23 June 1992, the facility has
been functioning at its own independent premises located at the Aeronautical
Development Establishment campus.
• It is one of the few Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories
dedicated to research and development work for the services and also spin off use to
the civilian population.

Projects and products

• One man HAPO bag.
• HAPO[clarification needed] Bag for high altitudes with light weight automation unit
• Battery heated gloves, insoles, jackets and trousers
• Combat paratroopers jump suit
• Pilot's dress for LCA[clarification needed]
• Anti G[clarification needed] suit
• Smart vest

Areas of work
•Indian Army advanced uniforms
•Indian Navy advanced and safe under water suits
•Indian Space Research Organisation suits for Gaganyaan mission
 Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL)
• TBRL was envisaged in 1961 as a modern armament research laboratory under
the Department of Defence Research & Development. It became fully operational
in 1967 and was formally inaugurated in January 1968 by the then Defence
Minister.
• While the main laboratory is situated in Chandigarh, the firing range, spread over
an area of 5,000-acre (20 km2), is located at Ramgarh in Haryana, 22 km away
from Chandigarh.

Areas of work
• TBRL conducts basic and applied research in the fields of high explosives, detonics
and shock waves. It is also involved in evolving data and design parameters for
new armaments, as well as assessing the terminal effects of ammunition.
• Performance of armour defeating projectiles and immunity profiles
• Studies of ground shock, blast damage, fragmentation and lethality
• Preparation of safety templates for various weapons
• Studies of underwater detonics and pressure wave propagation
• Explosive forming, cladding and welding.
• Detonation dynamics of high explosives.
Projects and Products

• Baffle Ranges/ Practice Firing Ranges for Small Arms

• Indigenous Plastic Bonded Explosive
• Indigenous Digital Blast Data
• Indigenous Transducer for Blast-Measurement
• Impulse Generator
• Bund Blasting Device (BBD)
• Shivalik Multi Mode Grenade
• Riot control Non-lethal Bullet
• IGLOO Magazine
• Bulletproof Panels/Jackets testing

Technologies for Civilian use

• TBRL has developed a Non-lethal Riot control Plastic bullets for use by paramilitary forces and police,
including usage for crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir manufactured by the Indian Ordnance Factories.
 Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE)
After the Independence of India, the Chief Inspectorate of Mechanical Transport Establishment
(MTE), which was previously located in Chaklala, Pakistan, was moved to Ahmednagar. It was
later renamed as Vehicle Research & Development Establishment (VRDE), Ahmednagar.

In 1965, the Heavy Vehicles Factory under the Ordnance Factory Board was set up at Avadi to
manufacture Vijayanta Tanks. A detachment of VRDE was established there to provide R&D
support. In March 1976, the VRDE detachment at Avadi was split off from VRDE and re-
designated as Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE), as an
independent DRDO laboratory responsible for Research & Development of Armoured Fighting
Vehicles.

Projects and Products

CVRDE is the main research lab responsible for the development of the Arjun MBT, 248 of which have been ordered by the Indian
Army. It has also developed the Tank-EX, Bhim Self Propelled Artillery, based on the Arjun Chassis, and the Combat Improved Ajeya,
an upgrade of the Indian Army's T-72 Tanks.

Apart from these, CVRDE has also developed other combat and Engineering Vehicles, like Armored Cars, Bridge-layer Tanks,
Armoured Recovery Vehicles[5] and a Mortar Carrier based on the BMP-2 chassis.

CVRDE is also working on many technologies related to Armoured Fighting vehicles. CVRDE has a division dedicated to
development of Automatic transmissions for Armored Fighting Vehicles. It has developed transmissions of various power ranges
viz. 1500, 800, 150 hp. It has developed various subsystems of transmission like torque converter, Fluid coupling and retarder,
Steering units, Final drives etc. Muntra, India's first ever unmanned armored vehicle was developed here.
 Centre for Fire, Explosives & Environment Safety (CFEES)
The Centre for Explosive and Environment Safety (CEES) was established in 1992 by merging
three DRDO establishments; DRDO Computer Centre, Delhi, The Directorate of Explosives
Safety, DRDO HQ, and the Fire Adviser's Office, DRDO HQ. In 2000 another DRDO lab,
"Defence Institute of Fire Research (DIFR)" was merged with CEES. In order to emphasise the
importance of fire science, the Government renamed CEES as CFEES in 2003.

Projects and Products

• Fire Detection and Suppression Systems for AFVs

• Water Mist based Fire Protection
• IR signature suppression of plume emitted by exhaust of Naval ships
• Air cargo bay
• Electronic cabinet fires
• Fuel –air explosion suppressions

• Intelligent Fire Sensor

• Fire extinguishing chemicals
Areas of Work
CFEES works in the area of Explosive safety, Fire protection and environmental safety.[3] In addition to developing technologies to
protect against these threats, it also trains personnel in these areas, and enforces safety standards in the use of hazardous
materials- toxic, explosive and flammable. CFEES also designs and develops sensors to detect these threats.

Explosive Safety - CFEES helps in the Siting of explosive processing and storage dumps and the design, testing and evaluation of
safe explosive storage houses. Additionally, it trains armed forces personnel and DRDO scientists in the safe use of explosives and
ordnance, and enforces compliance of safety rules. Simulation and risk modeling is also carried out, in order to aid in Disaster
Management.

Environment Safety - CFEES develops treatment and disposal techniques for hazardous Heavy Metal Wastes, as well as
Photodegradable Polyethylene for use as packaging material at high altitudes, which prevents the pollution in mountainous areas
where the Indian Army operates, such as Kargil and Siachen.

CFEES also plays an active role in formulating the phase-out strategy for halon and other ozone layer threatening gases. The
National Halon Management Programme, funded under bilateral programme, is implemented by CFEES, supported by Ozone Cell,
India.[4] Halons are one of the six categories of chemicals that are covered under the phase-out programme of the Montreal
Protocol. The Montreal Protocol, to which India is a signatory, has called upon the parties to phase out the CFCs, halons and other
man-made ozone-depleting chemicals.[5] In this regard, the lab is researching into alternative chemicals for fire suppression and
other uses.

Fire Safety - CFEES is involved in the development of automatic fire and explosion detection and suppression systems for armoured
vehicles, and water mist based fire protection Systems for various applications. It also develops lightweight fire protection clothing.
A smoke test tunnel for creating fire signatures under various conditions has been installed.
Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS)
Research in military physiology began in 1950 through a small group of scientists and medical
physiologists at Defence Science Laboratory, Delhi. In 1962, a full-fledged laboratory was
established with the thrust area of high altitude physiology, nutrition and biochemistry of human
in severe stress environment and ergonomic assessment of workstations and man-machine
interface.
DIPAS was officially established on 20 September 1962. In 1968, the laboratory was relocated
within the premises of Army base Hospital, Delhi Cantonment. In 1993, the lab was shifted to its
present permanent premise at Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi.
Dr Shashi Bala Singh, DS & DG (LS) served as Director, DIPAS from 1 December 2010 to 30
November 2016 and after that Dr Bhuvnesh Kumar,OS Served as Director DIPAS till 31 August
2020. Dr Rajeev Varshney, Sc G assumed the charge of Director DIPAS w.e.f 1 Sep 2020.

Research Area
High & Extreme Altitude Physiology Heat, Cold & Polar Physiology Exercise
Physiology Neurophysiology Yoga & Adaptogens for Performance improvement
Clinical and cellular Biochemistry Anthropometric Database of Indian Soldiers
Nutrition for Armed Forces Man-Machine Interface: Ergonomics Occupation
Health & Toxicology Herbal Intervention - Phytochemistry Immunomodulation &
Vaccine agents Genomics & Proteomics: Molecular markers Biomedical
Engineering & Nanotechnology
Introduction to Science and Technology

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Introduction
Science and Technology deals with how our social, political and cultural values affect
scientific research and technological innovation, and then how these results are displayed
in society, politics, and culture in broader perspective.
Similar to people in any other part of the world, India has a rich legacy of scientific research
and innovation. A desire to know the unknown, accompanied with experimentation and
observation, has always generated scientific temper. This has led to the assumption that
truth resides in the real world with all its diversity and complexity. It has been the
responsibility of scientists to unravel the mystery behind a truth and utilize the available
resources for the progress of humanity.

• Development of Science in Ancient India

• Scientific and Technological Developments in
Medieval India
• Science And technology development Post-
Independence
 Atomic research
The Atomic Energy Commission was established in August 1948. It became the full-fledged
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in 1954 under Homi Jehangir Bhabha. He was the founder
of the atomic energy programme in India. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre was set up at
Mumbai in 1967. India used atomic energy for the peaceful purpose of power generation. The
fi rst nuclear power station at Tarapur started generating power on October 1969. Two such
centres were constructed at Kota in Rajasthan and Kalpakkam near Chennai in Tamil Nadu. The
fourth one was set up at Narora in Uttar Pradesh. Besides the availability of hydroelectric
power, these centres generate power which is very essential for industrial development. India
carried out peaceful nuclear explosions at Pokhran in Rajasthan on 18 May 1974 and 11 May
1998.
Department of Science and Technology
Department of Science and Technology (DST) was established in May 1971, with the objectives
of promoting new areas of science and technology and to play the role of a nodal department
for organizing, coordinating and promoting S&T activities in the country.

Science and engineering Research Board (SERB)

The department identifies and promotes front-line and priority areas with support from the
Science and Engineering Research Council. The Science and Engineering Research Board was
set up in 2010 to enhance the level of basic research and also impart the necessary autonomy,
flexibility and speed in shaping the basic research programs and delivery of funds to
researchers.
SERB is a statutory body established through an Act of Parliament by the Department of
Science and Technology (DST), Government of India. The board also gives special attention to
scientists below the age of 35 years who want to undertake independent research in emerging
and frontier areas of science and engineering.
The board also offers the JC Bose National Fellowship to scientists and engineers for
outstanding performance and contribution, and the Ramanujan Fellowship for brilliant
scientists and engineers from across the world to take up scientific research positions in India
and especially to those who want to return to India from abroad.
The board also provides financial assistance for presenting research paper in international
scientific events, such as conferences, seminars, symposiums and workshops held abroad.
SERB extends partial financial support, on selective basis, for organizing scientific events. In
order to promote industrial research in the country, the Prime Minister’s Fellowship Scheme
for Doctoral Research has been launched jointly by the Science & Engineering Research
Board (SERB) and Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) under Public- Private-Partnership
(PPP) mode. The maximum fellowship amount under the scheme will be 6 lakh per annum
per candidate.
innovation in Science pursuit for inspired
Research (INSPIRE)
Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE), a flagship program of the department was
developed and implemented nationally by the Department of Science & Technology.
It aims to attract, attach, retain and nourish talented youth for strengthening the R&D base. INSPIRE has
three schemes as follows:
1. Scheme for Early Attraction of Talents for Science (SEATS),
2. Scholarship For Higher Education (SHE) and
3. Assured Opportunity for Research Careers (AORC) with fi ve components including the
INSPIRE Award, INSPIRE Internship, INSPIRE Scholarship, INSPIRE Fellowship and
INSPIRE Faculty Award.
In other schemes, the fellowships named after J. C. Bose, Ramanujan and Raman are being
awarded to different categories of researchers.
The other programs aimed at HRD are as follows:
• BOYCAST fellowships
• SERC student fellowships
• Young scientist fellowships
• Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana was initiated in 1999 to encourage secondary school students to
stick on to a career in science. The Women Scientists Scheme was launched in 2002 to encourage woman
scientists to continue their service in scientific profession.
It was approved by the Government of India in the 11th Plan and is being continued in the
12th Plan.
 Important Autonomous Bodies, Boards and
Undertakings
The Technology Development Board was constituted in 1996. It provides financial assistance to
industrial concerns and other agencies for attempting development and commercial application
of indigenous technology or adapting imported technology for wider domestic applications in
the following areas:
• Health and medicine
• Engineering and electronics
• Chemicals and lubricants
• Agriculture and biotechnology
• Information technology
• Road/air transport
• Energy and waste utilization
• Telecommunication
Some of the technologies successfully produced and marketed include:
• Genetically engineered Hepatitis B vaccine
• Bio-fertilizer from maize waste
• Gluten with the brand name Suryamin
• DL-2-Amino-1-butanol
• Cefixime recombinant hepatitis B vaccine
• CAL reagent for detection of bacterial endotoxin
 Autonomous Institutions
• National Centre for Cell Science, Pune.
• National Brain Research Centre, Manesar.
• Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad.
• National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi.
• Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar.
• Institute of Bio-resources and Sustainable Development, Imphal.
• Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Biotechnology Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
• RGCB-Hindustan Life Care Limited Joint Technology Development
Incubator for Diagnostics, Kerala.
• Institute of Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru.
• Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad.
• National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani.
• Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Gurugram.
• National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali.
 •Scientist, in a broad sense, is a
person engaging in a systematic
activity to acquire knowledge.

•So many people in this world have

changed the way we live and think,
with their inventions and work. Here
is a list of some of the famous
scientists in history, and a brief about
them.

Scientists And Their

Contributions
All our discoveries today
are based on the ideas
of peoples who lived
before us; and without
their round work,
modern inventions would
have been impossible.
Some of the Famous Scientist
What we have received from inventions

computer air-conditioner
TV

How did you

spend your
summer holiday?
plane train car
I put forward
the theory
about black
holes.
 Isaac Newton
• Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March
1726) was an English physicist and mathematician.

• Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and

universal gravitation, which dominated scientists' view of
the physical universe for the next three centuries.

• Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and

developed a theory of colour based on the observation
that a prism decomposes white light into the many
colours of the visible spectrum.
Some Law’s
 Albert Einstein
• Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a
German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the
general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern
physics (alongside quantum mechanics). He Postulated
photons travel in discreet energy packets (individual
photons)

• Einstein is best known in popular culture for his mass–

energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been
dubbed "the world's most famous equation").
 Mass

 Perform precise experiments in

most controlled conditions of his
time with his wife

 Eventually learn that substances

can be
burned, squeezed, shredded, bu
t not destroyed. That the total
mass throughout the universe
remains the same.

 Lead to the Law of Conservation

of Mass
Antoine Lavoisier
 Energy

Through vigorous experiments:

 He found, as the amount of

electricity went up the available
magnetism went down

 Discovered all types of energy are

intertwined and can be measured

 Lead to the Law of Conservation of

Energy

Michael Faraday
 Speed Of Light
 Comes from the Latin word celeritas translated as
“swiftness” or “speed”

 670,616,629 mph (constant used was 670 mil. mph)

 DuChâtlete  Robert Recorde

Squared and Equality

 Einstein
• Thinks out of the Box:
•It was THOUGHT that
energy and mass were
separate, but he connects
them with the speed of light
•Shuttle example
•Discovers:
•When someone watches an
object recede away from
them the object will be seen
to undergo mass
dilation, length changes,
and time dilation.
•Basically means that the
mass of one object is a
measure of its energy (and
vice versa)

•Publishes Theory of Relativity

in 1905
Some illustrations

Moving object
Theory and comparison
 The Formula in History
 NuclearWeapons
 The Sun (Payne)
 Black Holes (Chandrasekhar)
 Creation and eventual
destruction of the Earth
 EiffelTower
 Smoke Detectors
 Exit Signs
 Pet Scans
 RadiationTreatments
 Cobalt
 Carbon Dating
 Carbon 14
 Marie Curie
• Marie Skłodowska Curie (7 November 1867 – 4
July 1934), born Maria Salomea Skłodowska,
was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and
chemist who conducted pioneering research on
radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a
Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to
win twice, the only person to win twice in multiple
sciences.
• Her achievements included the development of
the theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined),
techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and
the discovery of two elements, polonium and
radium.
Some Illustrations
Henri Becquerel

• 1852-1908

• Discovered natural radiation in uranium in 1896

• Unit of radiation named after

• 1 disintegration/second = 1 Bq

• Shared Nobel Prize with the Curies in 1903

 Stephen Hawking
• Stephen William Hawking (8 January 1942) is an
English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author and
Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical
Cosmology within the University of Cambridge.
• His scientific works include a collaboration with Roger
Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the
framework of general relativity, and the theoretical
prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called
Hawking radiation.
• Hawking's scientific works included a collaboration
with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity
theorems in the framework of general relativity and the
theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often
called Hawking radiation.
• Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. By the late
1970s and following the publication of further research,
the discovery was widely accepted as a significant
breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was the first
to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of
the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.
Idea to the Theory
 Archimedes
• Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) was an
Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer,
inventor, and astronomer.
• In the 3rd Century BC, Archimedes: invented the sciences
of mechanics and hydrostatics.
• discovered the laws of levers and pulleys, which allow
us to move heavy objects using small forces.
• invented one of the most fundamental concepts of
physics the center of gravity.
• calculated pi to the most precise value known. His upper
limit for pi was the fraction 22⁄7. This value was still in use
in the late 20th century, until electronic calculators finally Give me a place
laid it to rest. to stand on, and
• discovered and mathematically proved the formulas for I can move the
the volume and surface area of a sphere. earth.
Some Principles
 Nikola Tesla

• Nikola Tesla (10 July 1856 – 7

January 1943) was a Serbian American
physicist, inventor, electrical engineer,
mechanical engineer and futurist best
known for his contributions to the
design of the modern alternating
current (AC) electricity supply system.
• His work fell into relative obscurity after
his death, but in 1960 the General
Conference on Weights and Measures
named the SI unit of magnetic flux
density the tesla in his honor.
 Some Facts
His alternating current (AC) induction motor
and related polyphase AC patents, licensed
by Westinghouse Electric in 1888.
Attempting to develop inventions he could
patent and market, Tesla conducted a range
of experiments with mechanical
oscillators/generators, electrical discharge
tubes, and early X-ray imaging. He also built
a wireless-controlled boat, one of the first-
ever exhibited. Tesla became well known as
an inventor and demonstrated his
achievements to celebrities and wealthy
patrons at his lab, and was noted for his
showmanship at public lectures. Throughout
the 1890s, Tesla pursued his ideas for
wireless lighting and worldwide wireless
electric power distribution in his high-
voltage, high-frequency power experiments
in New York and Colorado Springs.
 C. V Raman

C.V. Raman, in full Sir Chandrasekhara

Venkata Raman, (born November 7, 1888,
Trichinopoly, India—died November 21,
1970, Bangalore), Indian physicist whose
work was influential in the growth of
science in India. He was the recipient of
the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for the
discovery that when light traverses a
transparent material, some of the light
that is deflected changes in wavelength.
This phenomenon is now called Raman
scattering and is the result of the Raman
effect.
The Famous Experiment

Krishnan started the experiment at the beginning of January 1928.On 7 January Krishnan
discovered that no matter what kind of pure liquid he used, it always produced polarised
fluorescence within the visible spectrum of light. As Raman saw the result, he was astonished
why he never observed such phenomenon all those years.[That night they named the new
phenomenon as "modified scattering" with reference to the Compton effect as unmodified
scattering. On 16 February they sent a manuscript to Nature titled "A new type of secondary
radiation", which was published on 31 March.
On 28 February 1928, Raman and Krishnan obtained spectra of the modified scattering
separate from the incident light. Due to difficulty in measuring wavelengths of light, they had
been relying on visual observation of the colour produced from sunlight through prism.
Raman had invented an instrument for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves
called a spectrograph.That moment they could employ the instrument using monochromatic
light from a mercury arc lamp which penetrated transparent material and was allowed to fall
on a spectrograph to record its spectrum. The lines of scattering could now be measured and
photographed.
 Thomas Edison
• Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18,
1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He
developed many devices that greatly influenced life
around the world, including the phonograph, the motion
picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric
light bulb.

• He also invented the electric chair, in order to prove that

alternative current is also harmful, not only benefic.
Electric Chair lightbulb Phonograph

Motion Pictures
 Michael Faraday

• Michael Faraday (22 September

1791 – 25 August 1867) was an
English scientist who contributed to
the fields of electromagnetism and
electrochemistry. His main
discoveries include those of
electromagnetic induction,
diamagnetism and electrolysis.
• It was by his research on the
magnetic field around a conductor
carrying a direct current that
Faraday established the basis for
the concept of the electromagnetic
field in physics.
 Max Planck

• Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858 – 1947),

was a German theoretical physicist who
originated quantum theory, which won him the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.

• This was not only Planck's most important work

but also marked a turning point in the history of
physics.

• A constant (Planck’s constant) and an institute

bear his name.

E = hν h = Planck’s constant
It is not the possession of truth, but the
success which attends the seeking after
it, that enriches the seeker and brings
happiness to him. Max Planck
 Alfred Nobel
• Alfred Bernhard Nobel (21 October 1833 – 10
December 1896) was a Swedish chemist,
engineer, innovator, and armaments
manufacturer.
• He was the inventor of dynamite. Nobel also
owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its
previous role as primarily an iron and steel
producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and
other armaments. Nobel held 355 different
patents, dynamite being the most famous. His
fortune was used posthumously to institute the
Nobel Prizes. The synthetic element nobelium
was named after him. His name also survives in
modern-day companies such as Dynamit Nobel
and AkzoNobel, which are descendants of
mergers with companies Nobel himself
established.
 Alessandro Volta
• Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio
Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745 –
5 March 1827) was an Italian
physicist, chemist, and a pioneer of
electricity and power, who is credited
as the inventor of the electrical battery
and the discoverer of methane.
• With this invention Volta proved that
electricity could be generated
chemically and debased
• the prevalent theory that electricity
was generated solely by living beings.
Volta's invention sparked a great
amount of scientific excitement and led
others to conduct similar experiments
which eventually led to the development
of the field of electrochemistry.
 Benjamin Franklin

•
Benjamin Franklin (1706 January
6, 1705 – April 17, 1790) was one of
the Founding Fathers of the United
States.
•
Franklin's discoveries resulted from
his investigations of electricity.
Franklin proposed that "vitreous" and
"resinous" electricity were not
different types of "electrical fluid" (as
electricity was called then), but the
same electrical fluid under different
pressures. He was the first to label
them as positive and negative
respectively, and he was the first to
discover the principle of conservation
of charge.
 Blaise Pascal

• Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 –

19 August 1662) was a French
mathematician, physicist,
inventor, writer and Christian
philosopher.
• Pascal's earliest work was in
the natural and applied
sciences where he made
important contributions to the
study of fluids, and clarified the
concepts of pressure and
vacuum by generalizing the
work of Evangelista Torricelli.
 James Watson

• James Dewey Watson (born April 6,

1928) is an American molecular biologist,
geneticist and zoologist, best known as
one of the co-discoverers of the structure
of DNA in 1953 with Francis Crick.
Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were
awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine "for their
discoveries concerning the molecular
structure of nucleic acids and its
significance for information transfer in
living material“.
 Galilei Galileo
• Galilei Galileo (1564- 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician,
astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific
Revolution.

• His achievements include improvements to the telescope and

consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism.

• Because of his criticism of an earth centered universe, Galileo was

placed under house arrest.

• In 1992, the Catholic church apologized for their censure-ship of

Galileo. Until the time of Galileo, European scientists relied largely on
Aristotle's approach of philosophical analysis to explain physical
phenomena.

• Galileo demonstrated the advantages of experimentation, and argued

that physics should be a mathematics-based.

• After developing the first telescope useful for astronomical research,

this ground breaking scientist discovered the four moons of Jupiter.
 Niels Bohr

• Born in Copenhagen in 1885

• Researched structure of the atom
• First to postulate that electrons travel around nucleus
of atom.
• Predicted splitting of uranium atoms
• Gave lectures, never “boring”
• Won Nobel prize in physics in 1922
 Sir Ernest Rutherford
• Born in Nelson, New Zealand, 1871
• Discovered alpha and beta particles in 1898
• Devised method of counting alpha particles
with H Geiger
• Investigations of alpha scattering in 1910 led
to the discovery of the nucleus
• Won Nobel prize in chemistry, 1908
 Enrico Fermi

• Born in Rome, 1901

• Contributed to early theory of beta decay
and neutrino.
• Demonstrated nuclear transformation with
neutrons in elements.
• Led experiment that performed first
controlled nuclear reaction.
 Otto Hahn

• Born Frankfurt-on-Main, Germany, 1879

• Discovered radiothorium, radioactinium, and
mesothelium.
• Developed methods of separating radioactive
particles.
• Discovered fission by bombarding uranium
and thorium with neutrons, 1938 with
Strassman.
• Won Nobel prize in chemistry in 1944.
 Lise Meitner

• Born in 1978
• Isolated protactinium with Otto Hahn in
1917
• Worked with Hahn on behavior of beta rays
• Helped discover fission with Hahn and
Strassman
• “Meitnerium” named after her (elm 109)
 John Dalton
• John Dalton (1776 – 1844) was an English chemist,
meteorologist and physicist. Later, Thompson,
Rutherford Bohr, Schrodinger and many others
contributed to our present model of the atom.

• While parts of Dalton’s atomic theory were correct,

today’s model of the atom with electrons, protons
and neutrons did not emerge until the middle of the
20th century.

• In the modern era, who revived and formalized

the concept of atoms originally proposed in
ancient Greece by Democritus? For 2000
years prior to this revival, the commonly
accepted concept that matter is continuous
has been attributed to Plato and Aristotle.
 James Clerk Maxwell

• James Clerk Maxwell (1831 – 1879) was a Scottish theoretical

physicist.
• His theory of electromagnetism united all previously unrelated
observations, experiments, and equations of electricity, magnetism,
and optics into a consistent theory.
• Maxwell's equations demonstrate that electricity, magnetism and
light are all manifestations of the electromagnetic field.
• Maxwell's achievements have been called the "second great
unification in physics", after the first one realized by Isaac Newton.

In Science, it is when we take some interest in the

great discoverers and their lives that it becomes
endurable, and only when we begin to trace the
development of ideas that it becomes fascinating.
Maxwell's Demon refers to
James Maxwell
the hypothetical creature
that James Clerk Maxwell
postulated, who could
bend the Second Law of
Thermodynamics.
 Wallace Hume Carothers
• Wallace Hume Carothers (1896 – 1937) was an American
chemist, inventor and the leader of organic chemistry at
DuPont and was credited with the invention of nylon and
helped lay the groundwork for Neoprene
• Carothers had been troubled by periods of mental depression
since his youth.
• Despite his success with nylon, he felt that he had not
accomplished much and had run out of ideas. His unhappiness
was compounded by the death of his sister, Isobel, and in 1937
he committed suicide.
• As Nobel prizes are not granted posthumously, the suicide
eliminated the high probability of a Nobel prize for Carothers.
 Aryabhatta-I
Earth’s Rotational Time

•At age of 23, he noted down the observations and

calculations for a mathematical system to figure out
the working of universe

•In his book, stated Earth was Spherical in shape, rotate on its
axis
and like other planets, revolve around sun in elliptical orbit.
•This happened 1500 year and 2000 year before Copernicus
and Galileo.

•He also calculated that the Earth takes 23 hours 56 minutes

and 4.01 sec to complete one rotation.

•Modern value of this is 23:56:4.091 And he also gave Zero

 Bhrama Gupta
Rules for Zero
•Bhramahguta gave zero its exalted status as a
number in mathematics.

•He framed rules of operations

•In his book, Bhramasphuta Siddhanta, he

explained addition or subtraction of zero

•To any quantity leaves it unchanged. Product of any

quantity with zero leaves zero and division of any quantity
by zero is infinity
He gave thefollowing formula used in GP series
a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ----

Area of cyclic quadrilateral with sides a, b, c , d

= √(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d) where 2s = a+b+c+d
 Nagarjuna
-I
Discovery of alloys
• Discovered process of alloying in 2nd BC.

• His book Rasarathnakara, retains notes

on process of extraction of silver, tin
and copper from their ores and their
purification.

• Also mentioned process of distillation,

sublimation, calcination and coloring
of metals.
 Maharshi Kanada

Atomic Theory
• Stated that, Everything in this world is made
up of pramanu [atom], the real entities
which are obtained when a matter is divided
and subdivided until further division is not
possible.

• It believed that kanada was the earliest

proponent of atomic concept in universe and
it was Just 2500 years before John Dalton.
 Bhaskara-II

Gravity
• He was first to conceive and write on the notion
of gravity and effort of its force

• In his book, Surya Sidhanta, he mentioned :

objects fall on earth due to a force of attraction
by the earth. Therefore, the earth. Planets,
Constellations, moon and sun are held in orbit
due to this attraction

• This happened 500 years before the famous

apple fell on Sir Isaac Newton’s head.
 Some Other Famous Scientist

Light Bulbs
Thomas Edison
Levi
Strauss
JamesNaismith
 Nathaniel Wyeth

The plastic
soda bottle
Elisha Otis

Otis elevator
Orville & Wilbur Wright
Alexander
Graham
Bell
Innovation to Society
 Chindogu
• ‘Chindogu' is the Japanese word
meaning the art of useless idea.
• A Chindogu cannot be for real use.
• A Chindogu must exist.
• Chindogu are tools for every day life.
• Chindogu are not for sale.
• Chindogu cannot be patented.
The noodle eater’s hair guard
DUSTER SLEEPER
FOOD COOLER
 Back Scratcher's T-Shirt.
The solution to infernal itching
 Portable office
Finally the essential accessory of the businessman's uniform, the neck tie, is of
practical use.
Personal rain saver
Hay Fever Hat
Portable Zebra Crossing
Solar powered lighter
Conclusion

“We progress when we

-Plato
think more and better.”
NOW IT’S
YOUR
TURN!
Events in Science and
Technology

Prof. Sakshum Khanna

Nirma University
 What is an Events ?
 An event can be described as a public assembly for the
propose of celebration, education, marketing or reunion.

 Something that happens or is regarded as happening, an

occurrence, especially of some important to a sizable group
with motive of entertainment or information, making it
noteworthy or memorable.
What are the types of events ?

1. Leisure events 2. Cultural events

3. Organizational events 4. Personal events

 Leisure Events :-
 This category includes stage, music, ghazal, dance, mimicry
shows, live concert leisure sports and other recreational and
entertainment activities.

 Involves higher cost and advanced infrastructure as these

events are generally telecasted on television.

Cultural Events:-

 Popular cultural event includes ceremonial, religious, art,

social galleryshow, heritage, theme parties, charitable shows.

 India having rich in heritage and a strong cultural

background holds a varity of festival throughout the year.
Organizational Events:-
 Organizational events includes trade biz, B2B, B2C shows,
national and international seminars, training programs,
incentive tours, executive meeting award ceremony.

 They provide great opportunities for exposure.

Personal Events:-

 The famous personal events include wedding ceremonies,

birthday, marriage anniversary, annual picnics and other
occasional functions.

 Adding professional expertise to such occasion not only

make such events special but also relieves families from the
extra burden of handling responsibilities.
 5 W’s Concept for an event
 Why
‘Why’ means, why u want to organize the event
i.e. event objective what do you want to get
from the event? Defining event objectives at
the very start of event planning is very
important as it gives you the direction in which
you should proceed to accomplish your
objectives. Organizing an event without clear
objectives is a huge waste of both time and
resources.

 What
‘What means what you are going to do in the
event i.e. what will be the: Event name, Food
and Beverage, Type of entry, Program menu,
Event budget.
 When
• When you are going to the event (Date & Time):
Target audience, working days, examination, festival
time, no clash dates, climate conditions.

 Where
• Where are you going to organize the event i.e. the
venue.

 Who
• Who will be organizers, sponsors, partners, client
and target audience. How many target audience are
you expecting to visit the event and why. You must
have very good reason to this ‘Why’ as you will
have to convince your prospective organizers and
sponsors for that why particular number of people
will attend the event.
Types of Organizational events
•Conference
•Symposium
•Seminar
•Colloquium
•Workshop
•Roundtable
 Conferences
• Conferences can be large society meetings (e.g. SACNAS, ACS, AAAS),
smaller annual conferences for Centers or targeted focus groups
Attendees/participants are students, academic, industry or government
researchers, sometimes administrators
• Participants submit abstracts to present data (oral or poster), engage colleagues,
get feedback, learn to hone presentation skills, learn from others in the field,
network
• Attendees could be a speaker in one session and a learner/participant in another
session
• Conferences usually have one or more keynote or plenary speaker(s). These
speakers are lecturers who present a high level overview of their own work or
career.

IT IS A FORMAL MEETING OF PEOPLE WITH

A SHARED INTEREST , TYPICALLY ONE THAT
TAKES PLACE OVER SEVERAL DATS.
DISCUSSES MATTERS OF COMMON
INTEREST.
TYPES OF CONFERENCE
• Academic Conference
• Business Conference
• Peace Conference
• Settlement Conference
• Parent-Teacher
Conference
• News Conference
• Athletic Conference
• Web Conference.

4
 Academic CONFERENCE
• Conference for researchers and people of academic background
• To present and discuss their work and results
• Us scientific and academic journals
• Provide channel for exchange of information between researchers

• There are 3 types of conference

• Themed conference
• Small conferences organized around a particular topic
• General conference
• A conference with a wider focus
• Often organized by regional, national or international learned society
• Session on wide variety
• Held annually or on some other regular basis
• Professional conference
• Large Conferences
• Not limited to academics
• Related to academically related issues 4
Business CONFERENCE
• Organized to discuss about business related matters
• Events organized to discuss a pressing issue
• Event organized by an association , individual or private company
• Organized for networking, education or to discuss business topic

Sports CONFERENCE
• Collection of sports team
• Playing competitively against each other
• In many cases conferences are subdivided into smaller divisions
• Best team can compete at higher levels
• Not always include teams from same geographic region.
4
Web Conference
• Telephone call in which calling party have more than one called party
• Often referred as ATC (AUDIO TELECONFERENCE)
• Conference call can be used for entertainment or social purposes
• Business use conference call to meet with remote parties internally and
outside of their company.

NEWS Conference
• IT is media event
• Also known as press conference
• Newsmakers invite journalists to hear them and ask questions
• Joint press conference is held between two or more talking sides
• Sometime no question arises only statements occur
• Conference with no questions and no statements is called as photo
opportunity
HISTORICAL CONFERENCES
o ATLANTIC BETWEEN CHURCHILL, ROOSEVELT
HOPKINS (Aug 9th – 12th, 1941)
o TEHRAN BETWEEN CHURCHILL, ROOSEVELT &
STALIN (28th Nov – 1st Dec,1943)
o YALTA BETWEEN CHURCHILL ROSEVELT &
STALIN (30th Jan – 2nd Feb1945)
o POSTDAM BETWEEN STALIN, TRUMAN 7 ATTLEE
(17th Jul – 2nd Aug,1945)
o BERMUDA CONFERENCE, (19 APRIL, 1943).
o HAGUE CONFERENCE.
o VERSAILLES PEACE CONFERENCE.
o IMPERIAL CONFERENCE

“READING MAKETH A FULL MAN, CONFERENCE A

READY MAN AND WRITING AN EXACT MAN.”
FRANCIS BACON
Importance of Conference
• The importance of a conference is manifold
• Communicate crucial internal decisions
• Communicate some results or decisions or actions of a company to
general public
• Conferences are also a part of strategy marketing
• Publicity coverage which conference receives, give a company media
exposure
• Social learning occurs through conversations about the content
SYMPOSIUM
A Symposium is a meeting or small scale conference in an academic
setting where participants are experts in their fields. The experts present
or deliver their opinions or viewpoints on a chosen topic for discussion.
Symposia are particularly good for student speakers as it allows them to
practice and get feedback on their own work.
A meeting of number of experts in a particular field. Will usually have
more than one speaker.
 SEMINAR
Anacademic instruction either at a university, or a
commercial or professional organization.
Seminars, Colloquium

•Seminars are a type of conference

or other meeting typically
designed for training. Departments
often host regular seminars of
student speakers or invited guests.

EXAMPLES
o Clinical legal education seminars.

o Seminar on women and children rights.

WORKSHOP

Taken from the language of manufacturing, the term workshop

indicates a brief intensive educational program for a small
group of people that focuses on techniques and skills in a
particular field. In academia, it is adopted to describe meetings
reserved for small groups of specialists who come together for
concerted activities or discussion.
It Includes All The Elements Of A Seminar,
But A Sizeable Portion Is In Form Of A
Laboratory Work, Or Hands In Practice Held
On A Defined Area Of Concern. It Has A
Smaller Group Of People Who Meet
Together For Over A Short Period Of Time.
COLLOQUIUM
•Colloquia are informal meetings or seminars on
a broad topic usually led by a different lecturer
at each meeting.
It is usually an academic meetings at which
specialists deliver addresses on a topic or
related topics, and then answer questions
directed at them.
SUMMIT

A MEETING BETWEEN HEADS OF

GOVERNMENTS.
EXAMPLE:
 MADRID SUMMIT
 G – 7 SUMMIT
 BRICS SUMMIT
 G-20 SUMMIT
 NAM SUMMIT
 NATO SUMMIT
 ADB ANNUAL MEETINGS
CHIEF GUEST
• The Main Guest Of The Event, Who Is Usually A Good Orator.
• He Is Invited To Benefit The Audience With His Views And
Improve Popularity.

GUEST OF HONOUR
The Most Important Person, After The
Chief Guest, At An Event.

Distinguished Guest
Means A Guest Who Is
Very Different From
Other Guests, In A Good Way,
At Any Event.
KEY-NOTE SPEAKER
A Person Who delivers a speech that
Sets Out the Central theme of the
Conference.
SPECIAL GUESTS

A Typically Well Known Person Who

Is Invited To Appear or Perform at an Event or
Show.

PLENARY SPEAKERS
A Plenary Speaker is a speaker who is often
from within an organization, the same industry
or a related industry, as opposed to a
professional speaker or independent expert on
a subject who is brought in to be a
marquee keynote speaker.
Things to Remember
FOUR THINGS FOR THE SUCCESS OF
ANY MEETING.

o NOTICE
o AGENDA
o PARTICIPANTS
o TIME MANAGEMENT
o MINUTES

AND YES, REFRESHMENTS TOO.

 Key steps in event Management
STAGE-1

 Feasibility: Possibility of event, time, funds, people involved and venue

STAGE-2

 Timing: Clash of an other major event, well spaced if its of same kind.

 Finance: Source of revenue, figure out expected expenditure and plan the
budget.

STAGE-3

 Marketing: Marketing strategies to be applied, sponsorship, advertising

ticket sales.

 Operational: Facilities, equipment and sequence of event should be

continuously monitored.
 The 5 C’s of Event
Conceptualization
Conceptualization of creative idea.

Costing
Calculation of cost of production and margin.

Canvassing
For clients and sponsors, customer, audiences and networking.

Customization
Bases on the preference of customer and marketing objective of organization.

Carrying – out the event

The execution of the event as planned
Fellowships in India
Funds
Institutional

Federal

Private

Funding Sources for Graduate Students

National Science
Foundation (NSF)
Am I Eligible for GRFP?

Categories of applicants that are always ineligible:

• Those who do not hold US citizenship, national, or permanent resident
status by the application deadline.
• Those who were previously awarded a fellowship from the NSF
Graduate Research Fellowship Program and accepted it.
• Those who have declined the offer of the NSF Graduate Research
Fellowship and who did not notify NSF by the published deadline for
accepting the Fellowship.
• Those who have earned any graduate or professional degree, except
applicants who have completed a joint BS/MS program and have not
completed any further graduate study outside the joint program.
• Current NSF employees.
NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP)
Full Proposal Deadline Dates:
November 4, 2021
• Engineering; Computer and Information Sciences and
Engineering; Materials Research
November 5, 2021
• Mathematical Sciences; Chemistry; Physics and Astronomy
November 7, 2021
• Social Sciences; Psychology; STEM Education and Learning
November 8, 2021
• Life Sciences; Geosciences
NSF Review Criteria
Broader Impact Criteria of S-STEM Proposals

• Number of students and faculty affected

• Likely career paths for students
• Possible long-term effect at the institution
• Diversity
• Dissemination
• Evaluation plan to assess outcomes
 Ratings
Excellent - outstanding, highest priority. May have a
few flaws that can be improved
Very Good - has merit, fund if possible. Flaws can be
corrected
Good - has some merit, not a high priority but could
fund
Fair - lacking in several critical aspects; an active
recommendation against funding even if money were
available
Poor – many serious deficiencies; a waste of time for
both the proposer and the reviewer
 •Fellowships in India
• Fellowships in India are meant to encourage students towards
the field of research. Unlike scholarships, which offer financial
assistance for school and college level of education, fellowships
offer financial aid to students to get ahead in their career after
completing their graduation or post graduation. These can be
short-term or long-term depending on the requirement of the
programme applied for. Both government and private
organizations offer fellowships to allow students to get deeper
insights in their respective fields of interests.
• What types of fellowships are available in India?
• Who is offering these fellowships?
• When and how can students apply for these fellowships?
• What are the eligibility conditions for these fellowships?
• What will be funding and the amount of scholarship/fellowship?
 List of Fellowships
There are a variety of fellowships in India
offered by government departments, private
organizations and reputed
colleges/institutions of higher education.
These can be broadly categorized into Junior
Research Fellowships (JRF), Senior
Research Fellowships (SRF), and Post-
Doctoral Fellowships. Besides these, various
short-term fellowships are also offered to
students. Institutions like IITs, IIMs, IISERs,
etc., offer fellowships for different research
projects they conduct. The table given below
highlights the list of key fellowships in India
along with their provider detail and tentative
application period.
 List of Fellowship in India
Name of the Fellowship Provider Detail Application Timeline*
Department of Biotechnology, Ministry
Tata Innovation Fellowship of Science and Technology, Government Between October and November
of India

SBI Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship State Bank of India Between September and October
IDEX Fellowship IDEX Accelerator Between August and November
Azim Premji Foundation Fellowship Azim Premji Foundation Between August and September

Ashoka University’s Centre for Social

CSIP Research Fellowship Between August and September
Impact and Philanthropy (CSIP)

The Institute of Mathematical Sciences Institute of Mathematical Sciences,

Runs throughout the year
Post-Doctoral Fellowships (PDF) Chennai

Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship Ministry of Human Resource

Runs throughout the year
(PMRF) Development, Government of India

National Fellowship and Scholarship for Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of

Between September and November
Higher Education of ST Students India

UGC National Fellowship for Scheduled

University Grants Commission (UGC) Between May and July
Caste Students (NFSC)

Tata Institute of Social Science (TISS) School of Habitat Studies, Tata Institute
Between April and May
Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship of Social Sciences (TISS)
 List of Fellowship in India
Name of the Fellowship Provider Detail Application Timeline*

Haryana State Council for Science,

HSCST Fellowship Programme Between May and June
Innovation and Technology (HSCSIT)

National Fellowship for Persons with

University Grants Commission (UGC) Between January and February
Disabilities
Abdul Kalam Technology Innovation Indian National Academy of
Between May and June
National Fellowship Engineering (INAE)

Google PhD Fellowship India Program Google India Between May and June

Science and Engineering Research

SERB Ramanujan Fellowship Runs throughout the year
Board (SERB)

CSIR Nehru Science Postdoctoral Council of Scientific and Industrial

Runs throughout the year
Research Fellowship Research (CSIR)

Council of Scientific and Industrial

CSIR Bhatnagar Fellowship Runs throughout the year
Research (CSIR)

SBI Youth for India Fellowship State Bank of India (SBI) Between March and April

UGC-NET Junior Research Fellowship University Grants Commission (UGC) Between March and April

Ashoka University Young India

 Name of the Fellowship Eligibility Criteria
•Candidates below 55 years of age are eligible.
•They must hold a PhD degree in Agriculture, Life Sciences, and Veterinary
or have a Master’s degree in Medical Sciences or Biotechnology or
Tata Innovation Fellowship equivalent degree.
•They must have a permanent position in an
Organization/Institute/University engaged in research and development.
•Candidates having a PhD degree in Banking/Finance/Economics/IT related
to the BFSI sector are eligible.
•They must be between 28 and 40 years of age.
SBI Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship •They must have a minimum of 3 years of post-qualification experience in
research work/teaching at Premier Institution/University.
•They must also have a consistently good academic record and
demonstrated research skills.
•Bachelor’s and master’s degree holders are eligible.
•They must have a minimum of 1 to 3 years of work experience.
•They must have a proven track record of leadership responsibilities.
IDEX Fellowship •They must have passion and desire to work or learn about emerging
markets and use social enterprise principles to solve global issues.
•They must be able to quickly adapt and work in resource-constrained
environments.
•Candidates having 4 to 10 years of work experience are eligible.
•They must have a degree in any discipline.
Azim Premji Foundation Fellowship •The age of the candidates must be less than 35 years.
•They must be proficient in English and one of the local languages (Hindi,
Kannada, Tamil or Telugu).
•Indian nationals who demonstrate an interest and relevant background in
philanthropy are eligible.
•They must have the capacity to undertake rigorous research during the
CSIP Research Fellowship fellowship period.
•They should be able to produce a working paper of publishable quality.
•They can be individual researchers or individuals who work with small
grassroots non-profit organisations in India.
•The candidates who have completed PhD in their respective disciplines can
The Institute of Mathematical Sciences Post-Doctoral
apply.
Fellowships (PDF) •Candidates who have submitted their doctoral thesis are also eligible.
 •The candidates who apply for a PhD programme at one of the PMRF
granting institutions either through direct entry channel or lateral entry
Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship (PMRF) channel are eligible.
•They must fulfil the respective academic requirements for both direct
and lateral entry channels.
•The candidates belonging to ST category are eligible.
For Fellowship:
•They must have passed post graduation.
•They must get admitted or registered for a regular full-time MPhil/PhD
National Fellowship and Scholarship for Higher Education of ST Students programme in UGC recognized institutions.
For Scholarship:
•The candidates must have taken admission in a UG/PG programme at
institutions notified and identified by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
•The annual family income must be less than INR 6 lakh from all sources.
•SC category students pursuing research leading to the award of
UGC National Fellowship for Scheduled Caste Students (NFSC) MPhil/PhD degree are eligible.
•They must have qualified the UGC-NET-JRF or CSIR-NET-JRF examination.
•The candidates who hold a PhD degree or are waiting for a PhD degree
award are eligible.
Tata Institute of Social Science (TISS) Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship
•They must have adequate knowledge in the field of forest rights and
governance.
•Candidates who hold a MSc or equivalent degree in any of the science
subjects like Life Science, Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences,
Mathematical Science and Engineering Sciences with minimum 55%
HSCST Fellowship Programme marks are eligible.
•They must be below 28 years of age.
•They must have qualified JRF-NET (CSIR/UGC) and LS-NET in joint CSIR-
UGC Test for JRF and LS (NET).
•The fellowship is open for students with disabilities.
National Fellowship for Persons with Disabilities •They must have been admitted to an MPhil/PhD degree in a recognized
University/Academic Institution.
•Indian nationals working in India in various capacities of the engineering
profession in public-funded institutions are eligible.
•They must possess adequate professional qualification and hold at least
Abdul Kalam Technology Innovation National Fellowship
a bachelor’s degree.
•They must have a minimum of 5 years of service left in the parent
organization as on the date of the award.
 •Brilliant scientists or engineers from abroad who are below 40 years of
age are eligible.
•They must possess a higher degree or equivalent, such as a PhD in
Science/Engineering, Masters in Engineering or Technology/MD in
SERB Ramanujan Fellowship Medicine, etc.
•They must have adequate professional experience.
•They must have a proven/outstanding track-record as evident from their
research publications and recognition’s.
•They must be working abroad at the time of nomination.

•Indian citizens who hold a PhD degree can apply within three years of
CSIR Nehru Science Postdoctoral Research the award of PhD degree.
Fellowship •Candidates who have submitted their PhD thesis can also apply.
•They must not be more than 32 years of age.
•Indian citizens below 67 years of age are eligible.
•They must associate with a mission or thrust area program of CSIR or an
CSIR Bhatnagar Fellowship area of interest to CSIR.
•They must be active scientists/technologists.

•The fellowship is open for highly motivated young professionals or fresh

graduates out of college.
•They must be between 21 and 32 years of age as on the
commencement of the programme.
SBI Youth for India Fellowship •Applicable for Indian citizens or Overseas Citizens of India.
•They must be team players with proactive approach and strong
leadership skills.
•They must be willing to commit to a 13-month long rural fellowship
programme and adapt to life in challenging rural conditions.

•The fellowship is open for candidates who have qualified UGC-NET or

UGC-CSIR joint test.
•They must hold a master’s degree in Humanities, Science and Social
UGC-NET Junior Research Fellowship Science stream with at least 55% marks.
•The age of the candidates must not be more than 30 years.
•Candidates who are in the final year of Master’s degree whose results
are awaited can also apply.
 •Candidates having a recognized undergraduate or postgraduate degree in any
discipline are eligible.
•They must be below 28 years of age.
Ashoka University Young India Fellowship •They must have an above-average academic record combined with extra-
curricular engagement.
•They must have strong written and verbal communication skills.
•Candidates below 30 years of age are eligible.
•They must have a commitment to conservation.
For Master’s Degree –
•Candidates should hold a bachelor’s degree and apply for a master’s degree in
ecology or conservation.
Ravi Sankaran Fellowship Program For Internship –
•Candidates should hold a bachelor’s degree.
For Small Grants Program –
•Candidates who are recipients of initial grant income and looking for a follow-
up funding are eligible.
•Candidates who are registered for their PhD at an Indian institution are eligible.
Fulbright-Nehru Doctoral Research •They must have done adequate research in the relevant field, especially in the
identification of resources in India and the US.
Fellowships •They must upload a published/presented paper or extracts from the
Master’s/MPhil thesis in the online application form.

•Indian nationals who are scholars or writers are eligible.

New India Foundation Fellowships •They must be working on different aspects of the history of Independent India.
•Past NIF fellows may also apply.
•Undergraduate students in the third, fourth or fifth year of the program or
older are eligible.
ICTS – S.N. Bhatt Memorial Excellence •They must be students of science, mathematics or engineering.
Fellowship Program •Exceptional undergraduates in their second year, Master’s Degree students
and those who have completed their undergraduate programme can also apply
for this fellowship.
•The fellowship is open for regular scientists of CSIR.
•They must be having high academic qualification, i.e., post graduation in
Engineering and PhD in Natural Science.
•They must have a research experience of at least 5 years in CSIR.
Raman Research Fellowship •They must be presently working in high priority areas.
•They must have contributed to research/innovation in the proposed area of
international level.
•The age of the candidates must not be more than 45 years.
Name of the Fellowship Award Details
Tata Innovation Fellowship INR 25,000 per month and INR 6,00,000 per annum

SBI Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship Monthly stipend up to INR 1 lakh and other benefits

IDEX Fellowship Multiple awards

Azim Premji Foundation Fellowship INR 35,000 per month and other benefits

CSIP Research Fellowship INR 1,00,000 per month

The Institute of Mathematical Sciences Post- Up to INR 40,000 per month and a contingency grant of INR
Doctoral Fellowships (PDF) 32,000 per year

Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship (PMRF) Stipend of up to INR 80,000 per month and other benefits

For Fellowship:Up to INR 28,000 per month and other

National Fellowship and Scholarship for Higher benefits
Education of ST Students For Scholarship:
Full tuition fee or up to INR 2.5 lakh and other benefits

UGC National Fellowship for Scheduled Caste Fellowship up to INR 35,000 per month and a contingency
Students (NFSC) grant of up to INR 25,000 per annum
Tata Institute of Social Science (TISS) Post-Doctoral
Fellowship of INR 35,000 and contingency grant of INR 60,000
Research Fellowship
HSCST Fellowship Programme Up to INR 35,000 per month and other benefits

National Fellowship for Persons with Disabilities Fellowship up to INR 28,000 per month and other benefits

Abdul Kalam Technology Innovation National

Monthly fellowship of INR 25,000 and other benefits
Fellowship
Google PhD Fellowship India Program USD 50,000 for 4years
Fellowship of INR 1,35,000 pm and research grant of INR
SERB Ramanujan Fellowship 7,00,000 pa

CSIR Nehru Science Postdoctoral Research Fellowship INR 65,000 per month and other benefits

CSIR Bhatnagar Fellowship Up to INR 50,000 per month

SBI Youth for India Fellowship Monthly stipend of INR 15,000 and other benefits

Up to INR 14,000 per month, contingency grant up to INR

UGC-NET Junior Research Fellowship 25,000 per annum and other benefits
Ashoka University Young India Fellowship Up to full tuition fee waiver
Ravi Sankaran Fellowship Program A fixed stipend and other benefits
Fulbright-Nehru Doctoral Research Fellowships Variable awards
New India Foundation Fellowships INR 1.5 lakh per month
ICTS – S.N. Bhatt Memorial Excellence Fellowship
Stipend and accommodation
Program
Raman Research Fellowship Variable awards
Change in Fellowship over the Decades
 Research Fellowship (2010-2018)

•Research Fellowship (2017- Onwards)

Prof. Sakshum Khanna
Nirma University
Gujarat
Introduction
 Research funding is a term generally covering any
funding for scientific research, in the areas of both
"hard" science and technology and social science.
 Sources of research funding,
o corporations
o government
 Some smal amounts of scientific research are car ied out
by charitable foundations.
 Total research funding in most developed countries is
between 1.5% and 3% of GDP
 Government-funded research

Many governments of developed countries

provide considerable funds for scientific
research as well as social science research.
 Much of this is not intended to provide concrete
results that may be commercialisable, although
research in scientific fields may lead to results
that have such potential.
Most university research is aimed at gaining
publication in peer reviewed academic journals.
Government-funded research allows
basic science.
Government-funded research into such matters
as the nature of quantum mechanics or the
existence of water on Mars.
For example, Decades of research into
quantum mechanics have made possible work on
quantum computing, which is now expected to
be an even greater leap forward in computing
technology than the development of the
microchip.
 Northern and Central America
 US
 National Institutes of Health: biomedical research.
 National Science Foundation: fundamental research and
education in all the non-medical fields of science and
engineering.
 Canada
 Canada Foundation for Innovation: research infrastructure.
 Canadian Institutes of Health Research: health research.
 Genome Canada: genomics.
 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council: natural
sciences and in engineering.
 Networks of Centers of Excellence : partnerships between
university, government and industry.
 Minister of Research and Innovation (Ontario)
 Asia
 INDIA
 AllIndia Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
 Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO)
 Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)
 Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani,
Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH)
 Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
 Department of Coal (DOC)
 Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)
 Department of Science and Technology (DST)
 Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR)
 Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
 India Meteorological Department (IMD)
 Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
 Ministry of Communications & Information Technology
(MOCIT)
Department of Information Technology
 Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF)
 Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MFPI)
 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
 Ministry of Power, Central Power Research Institute (CPRI)
 Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment (MOSJE)
 Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR)
 Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA)
 University Grants Commission (UGC)
Pakistan
National ICT R&D Fund (Pakistan): The
Government of Pakistan has mandated that a
certain percentage of gross revenue generated by
all telecom service providers be allocated to
development and research of information and
communication technologies.
 Europe (EU)
UK
 Arts and Humanities Research Council
 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
(EPSRC)
 Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
(BBSRC)
 Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)
 Medical Research Council (MRC)
 Science and Technology Facilities Council Charities
Ireland
 Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and
Technology
 Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social
Sciences (IRCHSS)
 Science Foundation Ireland
Switzerland
 Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).
 The innovation promotion agency CTI (CTI/KTI) .

 Ressortforschung des Bundes.

 Eidgenössische Stiftungsaufsicht.

Netherlands
 Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
(NWO).
 Agentschap NL.
Corporate And Private Research

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, most

scientific and technological research was carried
out by individual inventors using their own funds.
A system of patents was developed to allow
inventors a period of time to commercialize their
inventions and recoup a profit, although in
practice many found this difficult.
In the twentieth century, scientific and
technological research became increasingly
systematized, as corporations developed, and
discovered that continuous investment in research
and development could be a key element of
success in a competitive strategy.
Privately-funded research is profit oriented.
INSPIRE PROGRAM
 Indo-US fellowship STEMM

The Department of Science &

Technology (DST), Govt. of India and
Indo-U.S. Science & Technology
Forum (IUSSTF) jointly announce a
new fellowship program for Women
“Indo-U.S. Fellowship for Women in
STEMM (WISTEMM)” (Science,
Technology, Engineering, Mathematics
and Medicine). The program aims to
provide opportunities to Indian Women
Scientists, Engineers & Technologists
to undertake international collaborative
research in premier institutions in
U.S.A, to enhance their research
capacities and capabilities. The
deadline for submission of applications
is 28th February 2020.
Indo-US BASE fellowship
 AICTE

The All India Council for Technical Education

(AICTE) is a Statutory Body established by the
Government of India through Act No. 52 of 1987
with a view to proper planning and coordinated
development of Technical Education (TE) system
throughout the Country.
Technical Education includes the fields of
Engineering, Technology, Architecture, Town
Planning, Management, Hotel Management &
Catering Technology, Pharmacy and Applied Arts &
Crafts.
 Schemes operated by the AICTE

Travel Grant : Enables meritorious teachers to interact

at international level Conference / Seminar / Symposium
etc. Teachers from AICTE approved Technical
Institutions / University departments are eligible for this
grant.
Seminar Grant : provides a forum for interaction of
academicians and working professionals and opportunity
for sharing of innovations and inventions. AICTE
approved Technical Institutions / University
departments are eligible for this grant. Professional
bodies, registered societies, national agencies are also
eligible provided that the seminar is organized in
collaboration with AICTE approved Technical
Institutions / University departments imparting
technical education.
 Career Award for Young Teachers : identifies young
talented teachers for promoting their professional growth by
enabling them to devote maximum time in research and study
with minimum teaching responsibility.
 Post Graduate Scholarship Scheme : In pursuance of the
policy framework for Promotion of Post-Graduate Education and
Research in Technical Education as announced by Ministry of
Human Resource Development, AICTE is implementing and
running PG Scholarship scheme in the field of technical
education for the study of post graduate students in Engineering
and Technical institutions. The students who qualify GATE
examination get valid score card in different subject fields and
become eligible for GATE scholarship under existing PG
Scholarship Scheme. A valid GATE scorer receives scholarship.
 Completed application should be sent
to :-

The Adviser (FD)

All India Council for Technical Education
4thFloor, NBCC Place, Bhishma Pitamah Marg
Pragati Vihar, New Delhi – 110 003
Fax No.: 011 – 24369632
EPABX No.: 011 – 24369619-22
E-mail : [email protected]
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research

Foreign Travel Grant (for young Scientist /

Research Scholars not in regular
employment)
Symposium Grant :The applications must be
received at least three months before the event.
The Award of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar
Prize For Science and Technology
RESEARCH GRANTS
CSIR Program on Youth for Leadership in
Science
 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize

The Prize is given each year for outstanding contributions

to science and technology
SSB Prizes, each of the value of Rs 5,00,000 (Rupees five
lakh only), are awarded annually for notable and
outstanding research, applied or fundamental, in the
following disciplines: (1)Biological, (2) Chemical, (3)
Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary, (4)
Engineering, (5) Mathematical, (6) Medical, and (7)
Physical Sciences.
Any citizen of India engaged in research in any field of
science and technology up to the age of 45 years
,Overseas citizen of India (OCI) and Persons of Indian
Origin (PIO) working in India are also eligible.
FPM (Fellowship Programme in Management)

Fellow Programme in Management or FPM is a

doctoral programme which offers studies in various
fields of business and management. Offered by the
Indian Institute of Management and other top B-
schools, FPM is a four-year residential programme that
aims to train participants for research and teaching.
FPM is mainly pursued by candidates who plan to
make a career as teachers/lecturers or make a career in
the research field.
The programme is open for postgraduate students who
have a good academic record along with a good score in
entrance exams like CAT/GMAT/GRE/UGC-
NET/GATE/CSIR. Seats are offered on the basis of the
candidate’s academic profile, entrance exam score,
group discussion, personal interview and work
experience (in some institutes).
FPM is usually of four years divided into two stages.
The first stage consists of the first two years in which
the candidate is exposed to the basic disciplines of
management to build a solid base for thesis.
In the last two years, the candidate chooses a topic for
his/her thesis and is placed under the guidance of a faculty
member or advisory committee. For thesis, candidates can
choose topics from Economics, Finance, Human Resource
Management, Public Policy, Information Systems,
Marketing, Organisational Behaviour, Production,
Operations, Strategic Management, Decision Science, etc.
Fellowship students are offered a monthly fellowship of a
certain amount along with fee waiver throughout their four
years of the course. In the third year, the candidates also get
the option to start working as research/training assistants
for which they are paid extra amount.
 FPM Eligibility Criteria

For FPM, the candidate must have a master's degree or its

equivalent in any discipline with at least 55% marks (50%
for SC/ST candidates)
In graduation or equivalent, the candidate must have
scored east 60% marks (55% for SC/ST candidates)
Candidate with five/four-year integrated master's degree
programme in any discipline, with at least 55% marks (50%
for SC/ST candidates), obtained after completing higher
secondary schooling (10+2) or equivalent can also apply for
FPM
Candidate with BE/BTech degree or its equivalent with at
least 60% marks (50% for SC/ST candidates) with 2 years of
relevant work experience are also eligible to apply
 CSIR RESEARCH GRANTS

The assistance is provided by way of grants to

Professors/Experts in regular employment, in the
universities, IITs, post-graduate institutions,
recognised R&D laboratories both in public and
private sectors.
Investigators working in Government Research
Laboratories/ Establishments are generally not
eligible for the grant.
Applications for research grants can be submitted at
any time during the year.
CSIR JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP
(JRF)
 A certain number of JRFs are awarded each year by
CSIR to those holding MSc or equivalent degree,
with minimum 55% marks after qualifying the
National Eligibility Test ( NET) conducted by CSIR
twice in a year.
STIPEND
 Rs 31000/ p.m for a period of 2 years.
 On Completion of two years as JRF, the stipend may
be increased to Rs. 38000/- p.m for the 3rd and
subsequent year
 CSIR SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP (SRF)
 MSc, BE, BTech with minimum 60% marks and at least two years
of post MSc, BE, BTech, research experience. OR
 ME, M.Tech or equivalent degree in Engineering/Technology
with minimum 60% marks
 OR
 MBBS or BDS (with 1 year if internship) with first division
 OR
 BPharm/BSc (Ag) or equivalent degree with minimum 60%
marks and at least three years of research experience.
 Research workers who have had requisite training in methods of
research along with above qualification and who have proved
their aptitude for original research are eligible for this
Fellowship.
AGE LIMT : The upper age limit for SRF shall be 32
years.
STIPEND
 Rs.31000/- pm for 1st, 2nd, 3rd years.
 Rs.38000/- for the subsequent years depending on
progress of research having been assessed as
satisfactory.
 U.G.C

The Travel Grant Scheme for College

Teachers/Vice Chancellors/Commission
Members
Research Funding Council for Major and
Minor Research Projects during the Tenth
Plan Period
Major Research Project in Sciences including
Engineering & Technology, Medical, Pharmacy
Agriculture etc. - Rs. 12 lakh.
Major Research Project in Humanities, Social
Science, Languages, Literature, Arts, Law and allied
disciplines - Rs. 10 lakh.
Minor Research Project - Rs. 1 lakh.
 Research Workshops/Seminars/Symposia and
Conferences in Colleges
 Seminars : The maximum assistance under the category
'Seminar' is limited to Rs. 70,000/- only.
 State and National Level Conferences : he UGC
assistance in case of State Level Conferences should be limited
to Rs. 80,000/- and that for a National Level Conference to
Rs. 1.00 lakh.
 International Conferences : The UGC assistance will be of
Rs. 1.5 lakh only.
 Ceiling of Financial Help by UGC :
I. Regional Level Seminar/Workshop Rs. 70,000/-
II.State Level Conference/Workshop Rs. 80,000/-
III.National Level Conference/Workshop Rs. 1.00 lakh
IV.International Level Conference/Workshop Rs. 1.50 lakh
 GUJCOST

Minor Research Project

Student Science and Technology(SCI-TECH)
Project
 All Research & Development Institutions in the State
approved by Government of India
Department/Agency/University/Deemed University
will be eligible for the assistance.
 maximum of Rs. 38000/- per project.

App Form
 References

UGC- www.ugc.ac.in
ICMR-www.icmr.nic.in
CSIR- www.csir.res.in
DST-www.dst.gov.in
AICTE- www.aicte.ernet.in
GUJCOST: www.
dst.gujarat.gov.in/gujcost
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_funding
THANK YOU