Lecture 7 – Arrays (1)

PGT 106 : C PROGRAMMING 1

 Outline

1. Introduction
2. Arrays of Data
3. Array Declaration
4. Array Initialization
5. Operations on Array
6. Multidimensional Arrays
7. Index out of bound

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 What is an Array?

• An array is a collection/group of a fixed number of

components wherein all of the components are of the
same type referred to a same name

Sa m e
da ta
Sa m e
type
na m e

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 What is an Array? (Example)
n Example: 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25.

n Previously we would declare five

variables:
int iNum1, iNum2, iNum3, iNum4, iNum5;

n By using array,
int aiNum[5];

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 What is an Array? (Example)

aiNum n 5 components or
elements
5 aiNum[0]
10 aiNum[1] n Elements are referred to
index.
15 aiNum[2]
20 aiNum[3] n Element aiNum[2] has
index 2 and value 15.
25 aiNum[4]

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 Arrays of Data

• Engineering applications usually involve large

chunk of data (of common type)
• Arrays provide easy and efficient concept for
data storage or management
• Arrays are usually processed through loops
(processing is very common)
• Arrays are accessed by indicating an address or
index/subscript

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 Arrays in C

• Arrays can take any type (including the

primitive data types)
int, char, string, double, float, etc.
• Like any other instances, arrays must be
declared before use.

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 Array Declaration

n Format:
n data_type array_name [int value];

n int aiList[5]; n const int Max_List_Size = 6;

char acAlp[Max_List_Size];
n const int Max_Size = 10;
int aiHours[Max_Size]; n #define N 10
double adB[N];
n const int SIZE = 100;
double adAmount[SIZE];

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 Multiple Instances vs. Array

// multiple instance
int iValue1, iValue2, iValue3, printf (“Enter fourth value: “);
iValue4, iValue 5; scanf(“%d”, &iValue4)

printf (“Enter first value: “); printf (“Enter fifth value: “);
scanf (“%d”, &iValue1); scanf(“%d”, &iValue5)

printf(“Enter second value: “);

scanf(“%d”, &iValue2);

printf (“Enter third value: “);

scanf(“%d”, &iValue3);

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 // array
int aiValue[3];

for(int iCount=0; iCount<3; iCount++)

{
printf (“Enter value : ”);
printf (“%d : ”, iCount+1);
scanf (“%d”, &aiValue[iCount]);
}

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 Arrays - Memory Allocation

n Arrays are allocated int aiValue[8]; index aiValue

aiValue[0]=23; 0 23
bulk memory 56
aiValue[1]=56; 1
n Single reference used aiValue[2]=100; 2 100
for multiple locations aiValue[3]=0; 3 0

n Items are accessed aiValue[4]=12; 4 12

aiValue[5]=234; 5 234
based on index
aiValue[6]=666; 6 666
(address) with aiValue[7]=4; 7 4
reference to first item

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 Arrays Arithmetic

• Operations on arrays are similar to that on

basic variables.
• iSum = aiNum[0] + aiNum[1] + aiNum[2] +
aiNum[3];
• iMult = 3 * aiNum[1];
• iRemainder = aiNum[3] % 3;
• iTotal = aiNum[1] * aiNum[2];

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 Array Initialization

• Arrays can be initialized directly, but assignments are

done using loops
• Like any other simple variable, arrays can also be
initialized while they are being declared.
double adSales[5] = {12.25, 32.50, 16.90, 23, 45.68};
adSales[0]=12.25, adSales[1]=32.50,
adSales[2]=16.90, adSales[3]=23.00,
adSales[4]=45.68;

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 Array Initialization (cont…)

• Initializers:
– If not enough initializers, rightmost element becomes 0
int aiN[ 7 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; => aiN[5] = aiN[6] = 0
– All elements = 0
int aiN[ 5 ] = { 0 } ;
▪ If size is omitted, initializers determine the size
int aiN[ ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
5 initializers, therefore 5 element array

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 Sample Program
Initializes the first 2 elements of the Because no array size is given (the
#include <stdio.h> aiA[]array. All the other elements are brackets are empty) and three values are
int main() then automatically set to zero given in braces, the array is
automatically declared to have a size of 3
{ with the value shown being the initial
int aiA[3]= {11,22}, aiB[]={44, 55, 66},iLoop; element values.
double adX[2],adY[10];

printf(“aiA[0]=%2d, aiA[1]=%2d, aiA[2]=%2d \n"

“aiB[0]=%2d, aiB[1]=%2d, aiB[2]=%2d \n\n",
aiA[0],aiA[1],aiA[2],aiB[0],aiB[1],aiB[2]);

printf("Please enter two real numbers\n");

scanf("%lf %lf",&adX[0], &adX[1]);
printf(“adX[0] = %.1lf adX[1] = %.1lf\n\n", adX[0], adX[1]);

for (iLoop=0;iLoop<10;iLoop++)
{ Using a loop to fill all the
adY[iLoop]= iLoop*100.0; elements of the adY[] array.
printf(“adY[%1d]=%.2lf\n", iLoop, adY[i]);
}
return 0;
}

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 Sample Program
• Output:

aiA[0]=11, aiA[1]=22, aiA[2]= 0

aiB[0]=44, aiB[1]=55, aiB[2]=66

Please enter two real numbers

77.0 88.0
adX[0] = 77.0 adX[1] = 88.0

adY[0]=0.00
adY[1]=100.00
adY[2]=200.00
adY[3]=300.00
adY[4]=400.00
adY[5]=500.00
adY[6]=600.00
adY[7]=700.00
adY[8]=800.00
adY[9]=900.00

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 Array Initialization During Declaration

• When declaring and initializing arrays, it is not

necessary to specify the size of the array.
• The size of the array is determined by the
number of initial values in the braces.
double adSales[] = {12.25, 32.50, 16.90, 23, 45.68};

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 A simple example

• The program declares and initializes the

array aiY. It uses a ‘for’ loop with index iLoop
to access the successive elements of aiY.
For each loop iteration, the value accessed id
is added to the variable iTotal which is finally
displayed. Note that the loop index iLoop
starts from 0 to 4 (not from 1 to 5). Also, note
that the array size n is declared in the define
statement.
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 A simple example (cont..)
#include<stdio.h>
#define n 5 // define number of n in the array

void main()
{
int iLoop, iTotal = 0; // variable declaration
int aiY[n]={9,6,20,5,12}; // array declaration and
// initialization
for (iLoop=0;iLoop<n;iLoop++)
iTotal = iTotal + aiY[i];
printf ("\nTotal = %d\n”, iTotal);
}

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 Notes

• The defined constants, #define is used to ease

any future amendments of the codes, for instance,
if the array is to be widen to an n of 10 instead of
5, it would be adequate by modifying the line:
#define n 5  #define n 10
there is no need to make any other changes to
the program, thus making the life of programmer
easier.

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 Operations on Array

• Reading data in an array

for (iIndex = 0; iIndex < 10; iIndex++)
scanf (“%d”, &aiSale[iIndex]);

• Printing an array
for (iIndex = 0; iIndex < 10; iIndex++)
printf (“%d ”, aiSale[iIndex]);

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 Parallel Arrays

• Two (or more) arrays are called parallel if

their corresponding components hold
related information.
int aiStudentId[50];
char acStudentGrade[50];

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 Multi-Dimensional Arrays

• Arrays can have multiple dimensions

• Most used is the 2-dimensional array (for
matrix implementation)
• Actual implementation is a single array
(segmented)
• Nested loop structure usually used to
access items

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 2-Dimensional Array (Example)

int aiValue[4][2];
index aiValue
0
aiValue[2][1]=5; Row 0
1
Column
2
0 1 Row 1
3
0
4
1
Row 5 5
2 5 6
3
7

Address Resolution = Row*(MaxCol) + Col

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 Multi-Dimensional Arrays (cont..)

• A collection of the same type of data

stored in contiguous and increasing
memory locations.
• Declaration of multi-dimensional array:

– array_type
int aiB[2][3] = {51,
array_name
52, 53, 54, 55, 56};
Array dimension = 2

two rows
three columns first row second row
initial values initial values

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 Multi-Dimensional Arrays (cont..)

• Multi-dimensional array can be initialized directly in

the declaration statement.
• For example:
– int aiB[2][3] = {51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56};
which initializes the elements to be
aiB[0][0] = 51 aiB[0][1] = 52 aiB[0][2] = 53
aiB[1][0] = 54 aiB[1][1] = 55 aiB[1][2] = 56
* note that C begins its subscripts at 0. The rightmost
subscript is incremented first.

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 Multi-Dimensional Arrays (cont..)

• can use braces ({ }) to separate rows in 2-dimensional arrays.

• For example: 3 columns

– int aiC [4][3] = {{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6},
rows {7, 8, 9}, 4 rows
columns
{10,11,12}};
– int aiC [4][3] = {{1, 2},
{4, 5, 6},
{7},
{10,11,12}};
initializes aiC[0][2], aiC[2][1] and aiC[2][2] to be zero
– int aiC [ ][3] = {{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6},
{7, 8, 9},
{10,11,12}};
implicitly declares the number of rows to be 4

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 Notes on Arrays

• Arrays enable better and easier data

management system
• Closely related to loops
• Indexing is zero-based
(0 to n-1 for an array with n locations)
• Multi-dimensional arrays require nested
loop structure
(e.g. 2-dimensional array)

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 Index out of bounds

• ‘Out of bounds’ is when (index < 0) or

(index > arraySize - 1)
• It is a run-time error, happens when an
index is outside the valid boundaries of the
array. Example:
int aiA[10]; int iX = 10
aiA[9] = 3 ; //ok
aiA[iX] = 4 ; //10 is not within the range 0..9
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 Index out of bound

• In C, no guard against this problem

– Does not check whether index value is within
range or not
– Can result in accessing data of wrong
memory location

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 How to overcome?

• Use defined loops

for (iLoop = 0; iLoop < 10; iLoop ++)

aiList [ iLoop ] = 0;

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End – Arrays (1)
Q & A!

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