Theor

igi
noft
heRozv
i

-t
her
ear
etwov
iewont
het
heor
igi
noft
heRozv
ist
ate.

- accordi
ng t o oral t
radi
ti
on the Rozvi stat
e was f
ounded by
Domborakonachi
ngwando(
Dombo)ofthemoyotot
em.

-
oralt
radi
ti
onhasi
tt hatDomboworkedasacat t
leher
derunderMut
apa
Mukombweandwasrewarded f
orhi
sperf
ormancebyMukombwe.

-Dombowasgi
vencat
tl
eandsomel
andt
hatbecamet
hebasi
sofhi
scar
eer
.

-Dombo managed t o at
tractand gat
herf
oll
ower
s ar
ound hi
msel
fand
decl
aredi
ndependencef
rom MutapaMukombwe.

-asamil
it
arygeni
us,heorgani
sedanarmyofaboutt
hreehundr
edr
ecr
uit
s
andmov
edSouthwestint
oTorwaareaofBut
ua.

-Dombo at
tacked and conguered t
he Tor
wa and Kal
anga peopl
e.He
est
abl
i
shedhiscapi
tal
atDanangombe.

-the f
oll
owers ofDombo became known as t
he ROZVIwhi
ch means
pl
under
ersordestr
oyer
s.

-thewor dRozv icamef r

om t heShonawordKUROZVA whi chmeanst o
defr
audortoplunderandtheyweregivent
hisnamebecauseofthenat
ureof
thei
rconquestofthesubj
ectpeopl
e.

-accor
dingt
othi
svi
ewt
heRozv
iwast
heof
fshootofMut
apast
ate.

-thesecondvi
ewmaint
ainsthatt
heRozv
ist
ateand theTorwast at
ewere
oneandthesamet
hingandthatDombowasnotanext
ernali
nvaderfr
om t
he
Mutapa.

-inthi
svi
ew,t
heTor
waev
olv
edofi
tsownaccor
dandassumedt
henew
name.

-Dombowasjustasuccessf
ulcl
aimantt
othet
hroneandcamef
rom af
ami
l
y
wit
hmil
it
aryandrel
i
giousimpor
tance.

-theRozvirul
ersassumedt he tit
leChangamir
eorMamboandMwoy
o
t
otem wastheRozv
iident
it
ythatpr
omotedunit
y.

Chi
- efdom conqueredbyChangamir
e include:Bar
we , Many
ika,
Sedanda,
Mut
ema, Chikanga,Makoni
,Marange,
Ny ashanu,Bocha.

Theexpansi
onoft
heRozv
i.

-
Changami
reDombobr
okeawayf
rom Mut
apast
ateunderMukombwe.
Ther
e
wasacivi
lwarandDombowasf
orcedt
omi
grat
etot
heSout
h-west
ern
Zi
mbabwe.

-
Hedefeatedt
heTor
waandKal
angapeopl
eandest
abl
i
shedapower
fulst
ate
i
ntheButuaar
ea.

-Hebuil
thi
scapitalatDanangombeinthe1680s.Domboembar
kedonan
expansi
oni
stpol
i
cyconqueri
ngsurr
oundi
ngareas.

-Heattackedandr
educedtheMut apast
atei
ntoav
erysmal
lstat
einDande
area.Domboconquer
edthekingdomsofUtev
eandManyi
kai
ntheEasti
nthe
1690s.

-He al
so conquer
ed and absorbed t
he Venda i
nt he sout
h.Dombo al
so
att
acked,
conqueredandabsorbedthepeopleofBuhera,
Bocha,Dumaet
c.

-
Changamire Dombo dr ov
e away the Por
tuguese fr
om t hei
rf ei
ras at
Dambarar
e,TeteandMany ikai
n1693.Dombof orgedamil
i
taryall
iancewith
MutapaNy akunembi
riand by1695 thePortuguesehad abandoned t
heir
tr
adi
ngstati
onsinthei
nteri
or.

-
TheRozv ibecamet hesupremepoweront heZimbabweanplateau.After
these war
st he Por
tuguese accept
ed Rozviov
erlordshi
pint he int
eri
or.
ChangamireDombodi edi
n1695l eav
ingbehi
ndaverystr
ongst
ate.

-Chir
isamhur
u,hi
ssonbecamet henewMamboandconti
nuedtoexpandthe
kingdom.By1700t heRozviki
ngdom wasatit
speakcover
ingthewholeof
theZimbabweanplateauf
rom Zambezit
otheLi
mpopo.

-TheRozvimambomai nt
ainedav er
ylargearmyandf orcedmanyv assal
statestopayt
ri
but
efrom the1690sunti
ltheperi
odofMf ecane.TheRozvi
succeededtor
ulet
hewholeofZimbabwedirect
lyori
ndi
rectl
ythroughv
assal
chiefs.

Reasonsf
ort
her
iseofRozv
ist
ate

-
TheRozvicontr
olledlongdi
stancetr
adeal
ongt heZambeziv
all
ey.Cont
rolof
t
rade made the king more power
fuland guns wer
e al
so obtai
ned f
rom
f
orei
gner
s.

-
Successfulagri
cul
tur
eal soledtoitsri
se.Successfulagricul
tur
eenhanced
foodsecuri
tyandensuredthatt
hepopulati
onwassust ai
nedi nter
msoffood.
Grai
nscouldalsobeusedt opaytr
ibut
eandf ori
nter
naltrade.

-Themi l
itaryprowessoft heRozvil
edtoit
sr i
se.TheRozviwereskil
lf
ul
fight
erswhower eabl
etodefeatandi
ncor
por
atesever
alShonagr
oups.They
alsodefeatedthePort
uguesewhoagreedt
ocomeunderthem.
-Weal
thinfor
m ofcat t
lemadet heRozvithedomi
nantst
ateinthearea.
Possessi
onofcatt
lepromotedpolygamyascat
tl
ewereusedtopaylobol
a
andthi
spromotedpopul
ati
onincr
ease.

-
Reli
gional
soplayedar oleofuni
fyi
ngpeopl
e.Thecommonbel
i
efi
nMwar
i
br
oughtpeopl
etogetherandpeaceandhar
monyprev
ail
ed.

-TheNdau,ZezuruandKarangapeopl
evol
unt
ari
l
yjoi
nedt
heRozv
ist
atef
or
prot
ect
ionagainstt
hePor
tuguese.

-
Inter
mar r
iagesmadet heRozv itoextendtheirrul
etononRozv ipeople.
I
ntermarri
ages act
ed as the soci
altoolt o cementsoci
alrel
ati
ons and
minimizechancesofrebel
l
ion.Int
ermarri
agesremovedthesti
gmaofdefeat
f
rom theconqueredcommuniti
es.

-WeaknessesofMut apasalsoledtotheriseoft heRozvistate.Dombo

assert
edhisindependenceduetotheweaknessesoft heMutapa.Hetook
advantageoft
hecrumblingMut
apatofor
m av i
brantst
ate.

-Thepersonalqual it
iesofChangami reDombowasal soi
mpor t
antinther i
se
oftheRozv i
state.Or alt
radit
ionhasi tthatDombohaduni
quemagi calpowers
andpolit
icalmat ur i
ty.
Itisclaimedt hatDombocouldchanget hecol orof
l
ivest
ock,andt hismadehi m achar i
smat i
candfear
somefigur
e.Hei ssaidto
havepossessedpower st ocallforr ainduri
ngper
iodsofneed.Itwast hi
s
chari
smat hatattracted tohi m alargenumberofpeopl
e.

-Paymentoft ri
butebythesubduedcommunit
iessuchasTorwa,Manyika
andUtevealsopr omotedtheri
seoftheRozvi.
Thecongeredgr
oupswer e
absor
bedandt heywereobli
gedtopaytr
ibut
et oshow l
oyal
tyandtr
ibute
promotedeconomicstabl
i
ty.

-absorpt
ionofconquer
edgroupswasalsoimpor
tantbecauseitcreat
eda
poolofy oungmenwhobecamethebackboneoft
hearmyandpr omotedthe
avail
abil
i
tyofmenandwomenwhowoul dworktoboostproducti
onont he
l
and.

Pol
it
icalOr
gani
zat
ion

-
Attheapexoft
hepoli
ticalhi
erar
chywast
heChangamir
eorMamboorKing.
Ki
ngshi
pwasheredi
tar
y.TheMambohadt obel
ongtotheMoy
ondi
zvot
otem.

-
Themambowast
hecommanderi
nchi
efoft
hear
my.

-
Theki
ngwasi
nchar
geofr
eli
gion.

-TheTumbarewast
hechiefr
epresentat
iveoft
hear
myandwast hemi
li
tar
y
commander.Hewasav erypowerfulmani nt
hest
ate.Accor
dingtoRozvi
tradi
ti
ons,whenamambodi edandnosuccessorwasi mmediatelyappoi
nted,
theTumbar ewast ot akeov erasar egentuntilamambowasel ect
ed.The
houseoftheTumbar eusedt oprovidet hehighestgener
alofallRozviar
mies
andwast hechi eftr
ibutecol l
ect
or.Mor eso,incaseofay oungermambo,
Tumbar ealsoactedasr egentuntilthey oungermamboi sgrownenought o
rule.

-
Theki
ngwast hechi
efdi
stri
but
erofl
and,Themambowast
hechi
efj
udge,
whomadeal
lthefi
nal
deci
sionsi
ncour
tcases.

-
Theki
ngspowerr
est
edi
nthepower
ful
army
.

-Themambowasassi stedi nt
hedayt odayadmini
strat
ionofthest ateby
council
ors[Dar ereMagot a].TheDareconsist
edofr epr
esentat
ivesoft he
pri
ests,prov
incialgovernors,mil
it
aryl
eader
sandsoon.Thecounci lactedas
advi
sorstot hemambo.Thepr i
estwhowasequall
ypowerfulwasresponsibl
e
forinstal
l
ingt heking.Thepr i
estcouldwarnorrepr
imandamambowho
misbehaved.

-Provincesfel
lunderadminist
rati
onofpr
ovi
nci
alchi
efs.Someoft
hepost
sof
provincialchi
efswereher edit
ary.Mambowasconsul tedandr
epr
esent
ed
duringt hei
nstal
l
ati
onofthesechi ef
s.

-Tr
aditi
onalchi
efsalso pr
esided ov
erthe i
nst
all
ati
on oft
hese chi
efs.I
n
cert
ain speci
alcir
cumstances,the mambo could al
so i
nstal
lhis own
candidat
es.

-Allvassalchiefspaidtri
but e[
annual
ly]tothemamboi nform ofgol d,i
vory
,
cloth,beads,f oodstuffs,hoes,catt
leandani malst oshow l oyalt
yt othe
mambo.Chi efs who fail
ed to paytribut
e werel abel
ed rebels and were
seriouslypunished.Tumbar esarmywasr esponsi
bleforcol
lecti
ngt r
ibuteand
punishingallrebel
s.

-Seni
orwi
vesoft
heChangami
real
sopl
ayedani
mpor
tantadv
isor
yrol
etot
he
king.

-the i
ntel
l
igence net
work whi
ch composed ofv
any
aii
nfor
med t
he ki
ng
aboutt
hedevelopmentsi
nthestat
e.

-Ther
eexist
edast
andi
ngar
my.Thi
smadet
hepuni
shmentofr
ebel
squi
ck
andeasy
.

Quest
ion:I
dent
if
yanyf
ivegov
ernmentof
fi
cial
soft
heRozv
ist
ate.

Gover
nmentof
fi
cial
sint
heRozvist
ate:

-
King/
Mambo/
Changami
re -
Tumbar
e -
Prov
inci
al
chi
efs

-
Dist
rict
chi
efs -
Queenmot
her -
Kingssons
i
nlaw

-
Spir
it
mediums -
Cour
t counci
l
lor
s
-
Vil
l
ageheads

Ti
tl
esgi
vent
oRozv
irul
ers:

-
Dondo -Mambo -
Dyembeu

-
Changami
re -
Chi
kar
awady
ambeu

Mi
li
tar
yor
gani
sat
ionoft
heRozv
i

-
Thechangami
rehadastandingarmyofupt
o3000soldi
ers.Thechangamir
e
wast
hecommanderinchiefofthear
my.Hewasdeput
isedbyaTumbar e.

-The ki
ng kepta smal
lbodyguar
df orhi
sown per sonaldef
ense.These
soldi
ers wer
e per
manentl
yarmed and wer
e cal
l
ed Ngwanangwana [wide
awake].Thebulkofthearmywascomposedofy oungmenandunmar r
ied
cadres.Thi
sarmywaswel lequi
ppedwit
hbows,arrows,assegai
s,shi
elds,
battl
eaxesandsoon.

-
The ar
myunder wentspeciali
sed mil
i
tar
yt r
aini
ng.Thi
st rai
ning i
nvol
ved
mil
i
tar
yexer
ciseandarcher
y[techni
queofshoot
ingef
fect
ivel
y].

-Thearmywasv er
ystrong,ef
fi
cientandwell
-di
scipli
nedandthisenabl
editto
conquernei
ghboursandr ul
ethem foralmost150y ears[
1680-1850]
.Because
ofit
seffect
iveness[pr
owess]inbattl
e,t
hePor t
ugueseendedupaccusingt hi
s
armyofusingsupernatural
power sagai
nstenemies

-Accordi
ngtoPor t
ugueseaccount s,theRozvicoul
dsendt heirenemiesto
sleepduri
ngbatt
les.Theirassoci
ationwithsuper
nat
uralpowersclearl
ygave
theirar
miesavastpsychologi
caladvantageovert
hei
rpotent
ialopponent
s.

-
Thi
sstr
ongarmyprovi
dedthem wi
thani
mpor
tantdi
plomat
icandpol
i
tical
l
i
ver
ageovert
hei
renemi
es.

-
Inthe19t h Cent
uryt
hisar
myal
so possessed gunst
heyacqui
red f
rom
Por
tuguesetr
ade.

-
Dur i
ngbat
tlesthearmyusedmor eorl
essTshakasfi
ghtingtechni
ques.Whil
e
otherswer
eadv anci
ngtowardstheenemy,
otherswouldbet aki
ngcareofthe
wounded,r
eplenishi
ngfoodstuf
fsandmakingcert
ainthatthoseinfr
ontwont
retr
eat.

-
Thear
mywasusedt
oconquerot
hert
err
it
ori
esandext
endRozv
iEmpi
re.The
armyr ai
ded neighbouri
ng stat
esf orcatt
leand gr ai
n. Thearmyal
so
defendedthestatefrom i
ntr
udersorforei
gnattacks.Thear
myalsocol
l
ect
ed
tr
ibuteandpunishedthosewhof ai
l
edt opaytr
ibute.

Soci
alOr
gani
zat
ion.

Thesoci
alorganisat
ionoft
heRozviwassi
mil
art
othatofot
herShonast
ates
suchasGreatZimbabwe,MutapaandTor
wa.

-Ownershi
pofcat t
lewasregar
dedasasymbolofstat
us.Thisownershi
pof
cattl
ewasdef i
nit
elynotuni
for
m.Ther
ewerethosewit
hpl ent
yofcattl
eand
thosewithfew.Thosewit
hmorecat
tl
eoccupi
edahighstat
usinsoci
ety.

-Theypract
icedloani
ngofcat tl
e.Thosewi
thmanycatt
leoft
enloantothose
without(kuronzer
a).This system hel
ped t
o cementsoci
al,pol
it
icaland
economicbondsoft hepeople.

-Theypai
dbr i
depri
ce(l
obol
a)infor
m ofcat
tl
etothei
rinl
aws.Thosewi
th
manycattl
ewer einaposit
iontomarrymanywiv
es.Thuspolygamywas
accept
edinthi
sstat
e.

-
Thesocietywaspat
ri
archal(
maledomi
nat
ed)
.Iti
sther
efor
ecl
eart
hatt
he
Rozv
isociet
ywasoneofunequal
s.

-Therewassocialstr
ati
fi
cati
onintheRozvistat
e.Therulerscont
roll
edthe
wayofl i
feofthei
rsubjectsandtheywerethedominantgroupinthestate.
There was also strati
fi
cati
on based on speci
ali
sati
on, for example,
blacksmi
ths,
weavers,pot
tersandsoon.

-
Theypr
act
icedt
henhi
mbesy
stem.

-
Incestandbest
ial
i
tywer
etaboos.

-
Theycel
ebr
atedt
hebi
rt
hofanewchi
l
dandt
hecomi
ngofanewdaught
eri
n
l
aw.

-
Theybeli
evedinthehi ghGod( Mwar i
).Mwariwasbeli
evedt ospeakint he
t
hunderand manifesthimselfinl i
ghtni
ng.Mwarialso expressed hi
mself
t
hroughphenomenal i
keearthquakes.Thehi
ghGodwasappr oachedthrough
t
hespiri
tsofthedead.I nthesemedi umswerebeli
evedtobet hemenand
womenpossessedbyt hespiri
tsofthedeadki
ngsordeadchiefs.

-
Themambowasbel i
evedt ohav ebeenaveryrel
i
giouspersonwithadivi
ne
ori
gin.I
twas beli
eved thatt he mambo was a descendantfr
om Mwar i.
BecausehewasconnectedtoGod, hi
sopi
nionscouldnotbequesti
oned.Thi
s
wasbecausedi
sobeyi
nghi m coul
dbeseenasdisobeyingGod.

-
TheRozv
ibel
i
evedi
nthepowerandgui
danceoft
heancest
ralspi
ri
tswho
wereprai
sed,consul
tedand appeased onaregularbasi
sand especi
all
y
dur
ingt
imesofcri
sisl
ikedr
ought,f
amineandwars.

-
Theybel
i
evedi
nfami
l
y,r
egi
onal
andnat
ional
spi
ri
tmedi
ums.

-
Theybel
i
evedt
hatsomespi
ri
tsl
i
vedi
nthi
ckf
orest
s,pool
sandmount
ains.

-
Ther
ewaswi
despr
eadbel
i
efi
nwi
tchcr
aft
.

QUESTI
ON:I
dent
if
yanyf
ivedut
iesofSpi
ri
tMedi
umsi
ntheRozv
ist
ate

Dut
iesofSpi
ri
tMedi
ums

-
choosi
ngofki
ng

-
inst
all
ati
onofki
ngs

-
prov
idedmedi
cines

-
off
ici
atedatcer
emoni
es

-
prov
idedt
hel
i
nkbet
weent
hel
i
vingand t
hedead

-
consul
teddur
ingnat
ural
disast
ers

-
didcl
eansi
ngcer
emoni
es

-
adv
isedt
heki
ng

-
wer
epar
toft
hecounci
loft
heki
ng

Por
tugueseRel
ati
onswi
thot
herpeopl
e

-
theRozv
ifor
cedal
ltheShonapeopl
etopayt
ri
but
e

-
thosewhocameunderRozv
iwer
e gi
venl
andandpr
otect
ion

-
Rozviatt
imeshadhost
il
e r
elat
ionswi
tht
hePor
tuguesewhom t
heydr
ove
outoft
heplat
eau

-
Shonagr
oupswhi
chwer
enotl
oyal
tot
heRozv
iwer
erai
ded

-
Shonagr
oupswhi
chwer
eloy
alt
otheRozv
iwer
erewar
ded

-
The Rozvigav
ethe Mut
apa mi
l
itar
yhel
p agai
nstt
hei
renemi
es eg t
he
Por
tugues

-
TheRozv
ifoughtt
heNdebel
ebutt
heywer
edef
eat
ed

-
theRozv
itr
adedpeacef
ull
ywi
thShonagr
oupsandt
hePor
tuguese
-t
heRozv
icoul
dal
somar
ryt
henonMwoy
ogr
oupst
ocementsoi
alr
elat
ions.

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heRozv
i

-Croppr oduct
ionwasoneoft hemajoreconomi cact
ivi
ti
esofthepeopl eof
theRozv istat
e,justl
iket hoseofGr eatZimbabwe,TorwaandMut apa. The
Rozv i
,likeev erybodyel sei ntheShonawor l
d,dependedoncul t
ivati
onof
crops.Theygr ew cropsl ikerapoko,mill
etandl at
eronmai ze. Mor eoften
theyplant eddroughtr esistantcrops.Theyalsoplant
ednewcr opsli
kesugar
cane,rice.

-
Livestockproducti
on-wasanot herpil
l
aroftheRozvieconomy.Theyherded
l
argeher dsofcat t
le.Theusesofcat tl
eincl
udedpay mentofbr i
depr i
ce
[
lobola],pr
ovidi
ngsecur i
tyagai
nstdroughtandf amineandthepaymentof
t
ribute.Catt
lealsopr ov
idedmanure,meatandmi l
kandwer eanimportant
f
or m ofwealt
h.Portuguesedocumentsalsost
ressedtheimport
anceofcattl
e
i
nt heRozvistat
e. TheRozv ial
sokeptsheepandgoat sf
ormeatandmi l
k.

-Mini
ng-wasanotherbr
anchoft heRozv
ieconomy.Themainmineralmined
wasgoldfortr
adeandjeweller
ymaking.Butoverandabovegoldtheyalso
minedir
on,copperandlead.Ir
onwasusedf ormakinghoes,assegai
sand
axes.

Trade-wasdonebyt hepeopleofRozvist
ate.Inter
nal
l
ytheytradedamong
themselves.Theyalsodidexter
naltr
adewi t
ht hePort
uguese.Inret
urnfor
,pr
eciousanimalski
ns,gol
dandivor
y,l
ocalpeoplegotmachi
ra[cl
oth]
,beads,
guns,seashell
sandcandles.

-Sincemostoft hesewer eluxurygoods,t heymaynothav ebeenv er y

i
mpor tantt othe generali
tyoft he peopl e.The mambo i s sai
dt o have
exerci
sedast r
ictmonopol yofallexternaltr
ade.Tr adetookplaceatplaces
call
edf ei
ras(tradi
ngpost s)Themai npost sest abl
i
shedi ntheinter
iorwere
Dambar are,Rimuka,Chitombor wizi
,Luanze,Masekesa,Tet e,Sena,Zumbo
andSof al
a.Thef ei
rasbecamet hef ocalpoint
sf orallPor
tuguesecommer cial
i
ntercourse[tr
ade].

-Fi
shing-wasalsodonebythepeopl
eofRozvist
ateusi
ngi
ronhooksand
baskettr
aps.Fi
shi
ngsuppl
ement
edthei
rdi
et.

-
Raidi
ng-wasanot
hereconomi
cact
ivi
tyoft
heRozv
i.Theyr
aidedweaker
nei
ghbour
sforl
i
vest
ock,
grai
nandwomen.

-
Tri
butepayment-wasanot hereconomicact i
vi
tyoft heRozvi.Thestat
e
l
evi
edtri
buteonal
litssubjectsandont hePortuguese.Thesubj
ectspai
d
t
ri
buteannual
l
yinf
orm ofcattl
e,gr
ain,goats,
sheep,preci
ousski
ns,gol
dand
i
vory.ThePor tuguesepaidi nform ofbeadsandcloth.Tributewaspai dt
o
show all
egiancet ot heking.Itwasal sobeli
evedthatitemscol lect
edas
tr
ibut
ewer eredist
ributedt
ot hepeoplei
ntimesofcri
sisl
ikedr ought
.

-Hunti
ng-wasdonebyt heRozv i.Li
ket heMut apapeople,theyusediron
weaponsl i
kespearsandarrowst ohuntbot hl
argeandsmal lani
mals. They
alsousednet stotr
apani
mal s.Trencheswer ealsodugtotraplargeani
mals
l
ikeelephants.I
tmustbenot edthatelephanttuskswerearoyalmonopolyas
thesewereimpor t
anti
ntradewi ththePor t
uguese.Hunti
ngwasamascul i
ne
acti
vi
ty.

-Gatheri
ng-Theygatheredwil
dfr
uit
s,root
s,vegetabl
es,mushroom andso
on.Gat her
ingwasl
argelydonebywomen.Thi spracti
cesupplement
edthei
r
dietthoughmuchofthef oodwasobtai
nedfrom cropcult
ivat
ionandani
mal
reari
ng.

-Basketr
y-Theymadedi
ff
erentt
ypesofbasket
ssuchast
hewi
nnowi
ng
baskets.

-Pot
terywasalsodone.Womenmadedi
ff
erentt
ypesofpot
sforcooki
ng,
carr
yingandst
ori
ngwater
.

-Bl
acksmi
thi
ng-wasdonebytheRozv
i.Theymadetool
ssuchashoes,axes,
spear
sandarrowswhi
chcoul
dbeusedtoperf
ormvari
oust
asks.

Reasonsf
ort
hedecl
ineoft
heRozv
i

I
nter
nalf
act
ors

-depl
eti
onofresourcesespecial
l
ygoldandi
vor
yleftmanypeopl
ewithouta
meanstosur
vive.I
nt heabsenceofgol
dandi
vor
ytradewast
hreat
ened.

-Occurance ofdr
ought
s also led t
ot he demise oft he Rozvi
.The area
experi
enced successi
vedr ought
sint helat
e18thcent ur
yandintheear l
y
19th centur
yand thi
s negativ
elyaffect
ed crop producti
on and l
i
vestock
producti
on.

-the death ofChangamire Dombo af

fect
ed t
he Rozvi
.The kings t
hat
suceededDombodi dnotcommandanobv i
ousfol
l
owingbecausetheydid
notpossesthequal
i
tiesofDombo.

-successiondisputesandciv
ilwar
sweakenedthestat
e.Ci
v i
lwarscr
eat
ed
div
isi
onamongpeopl ewhichi
nturnweakenedt
hestat
e.Ci
vilwar
sdisr
upt
ed
cult
ivat
ion,har
vesti
ng,t
radi
ngandmini
ngthusunder
minedt
heeconomy.

-t
hev ast
nessoft
heki
ngdom wasal
soaf act
orwhichledtoi
tsdemi
se.The
ki
ngdom hadbecometoolar
geanddif
fi
culttocontr
ol.Themamboslosta
fi
rm gr
ipont hesubj
ectpeople.Somet r
ibut
aryst
atesst
oppedt opaytri
bute
and some chief
doms like Mangwende and Many ika decl
ared their
i
ndependence.TheKalangaalsotookadvant
ageoftheweaknessandrebeled.

-new dynasti
esli
keSeke,Mangwende,Chi
namhor
aandChihot
aemer
ged
wi
thnoal l
egencetotheRozviandthi
sledt
omassivemov
ementfr
om t
he
st
atehenceleadi
ngtoi
tsdownfal
l.

Ext
ernalf
act
ors

-t
hemf
ecanepr
ovi
dedt
hef
inal
blowt
hatdest
roy
edt
heRozv
ist
ate.

-Themfecanesubj
ectedt
heRozvit
oNguniandSothor
aidandthi
sweakened
thest
ate.Six NguniandSot hogroups,t
hatis,Ngwane,Zwangendaba,
Nyamazana,NxabaandtheNdebel
eatt
ackedtheRozvii
nadecadeandt hi
s
wasunbearabl
e

-t
helastmambonamedChi r
isamhuruwaskil
l
edbyNy
amazanawhowasa
womanwarr
ioranddpar
tofZwangendabagr
oup.

-thedeathofChir
isamhur
umar kedthecol
lapseoftheRozv
istate.Nxaba
Ngonicamein1836andconti
nuedtoatt
ackanalr
eadyweakst
ate.

-theNdebelecamein1840sanddef
eat
ed MamboTohwechi
piwhohad
t
akenoverthest
atef
rom hi
sfat
her
.

-ther
eaf
ter
,theRozvionl
yexi
stedi
nnameast
hepeopl
ewer
eabsor
bedi
nto
thenewNdebeleki
ngdom.

NamesofRozv
iki
ngs/
Changami
res

-
Dombo - Chi
ri
samhur
uI
-
Nechagadzi
ke

-
Rupandamanhanga -
Gomor
emv
ura
-
Gumboreshumba

-
Tohwechi
pi -
Chi
ri
samhur
uII -
Rupengo
-
Dlembeu

Rozv
iTowns/
Rozv
iCapi
tal
s

-
Danangombe/
Dhl
odhl
o -
Nal
etal
e -
Many
anga-

-
Khami -
Nhav
ayaTumbar
e -
Mat
ender
e

-
Insukami
ni -
Munekwani