!

"#$%&'()*+$'(%,)+-
!"#$%&'"#()$&(*+,-$.(/&0#-(/$%&#"(12#,("34,4$.56()&$7(8$(9,0&'-(*&"##:

!"#$%&'"#()$&(*+"(#"'$,-("-.*.$,(/&"(+"&"0(12-(3$4"(*$(5,$6(6+/*(7$%(*+.,5(/8$%*(97*+$,
:&/#+(:$%&#";(<3"/#"('$,#.-"&(*/5.,=(/(8&.")(#%&4"70(1)(7$%2-(3.5"(*$(5,$6(6+",(/--.*.$,/3
&"#$%&'"#(/&"(/4/.3/83">(7$%('/,(#.=,(%<()$&("?/.3(,$*.@'/*.$,#(+"&"0

!"#$%&"'()*)+,-.%/0)12
!"#!$%&'()*
!"#+$%&,-,.)/%&'()*
!"#0$%1,-)2'-3.%1,45,6
!"#"$%7)8324,.569
!"#:$%;'4,<3452%=3()-*
!"#>$%?@,%AB*
!"#B$%?C.))%A52)
!"#D$%1'-45E-52345,6

F32G%4,%*,-'45,6*H

!"#!$%&'()*
;%6'<().%.35*)/%4,%4C)%4C5./%E,@).%5*%3%!"#$H%I-,4%4C)%J.*4%JK)%2'(52%6'<().*L%36/%4C)6%E-,4%4C)
J.*4%"MMM%2'(52%6'<().*H

I-,44569%"%2'()*$

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

# Define data.
x_values = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
cubes = [1, 8, 27, 64, 125]

# Make plot.
plt.scatter(x_values, cubes, edgecolor='none', s=40)

# Customize plot.
plt.title("Cubes", fontsize=24)
plt.xlabel('Value', fontsize=14)
plt.ylabel('Cube of Value', fontsize=14)
plt.tick_params(axis='both', labelsize=14)

# Show plot.
plt.show()

N'4E'4$

I-,44569%"MMM%2'()*$

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

# Define data.
x_values = list(range(5001))
cubes = [x**3 for x in x_values]

# Make plot.
plt.scatter(x_values, cubes, edgecolor='none', s=40)

# Customize plot.
plt.title("Cubes", fontsize=24)
plt.xlabel('Value', fontsize=14)
plt.ylabel('Cube of Value', fontsize=14)
plt.tick_params(axis='both', labelsize=14)
plt.axis([0, 5100, 0, 5100**3])

# Show plot.
plt.show()

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!"#+$%&,-,.)/%&'()*
;EE-O%3%2,-,.<3E%4,%O,'.%2'()*%E-,4H

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

# Define data.
x_values = list(range(5001))
cubes = [x**3 for x in x_values]

# Make plot.
plt.scatter(x_values, cubes, edgecolor='none', c=cubes, cmap=plt.cm.BuGn, s=40)

# Customize plot.
plt.title("Cubes", fontsize=24)
plt.xlabel('Value', fontsize=14)
plt.ylabel('Cube of Value', fontsize=14)
plt.tick_params(axis='both', labelsize=14)
plt.axis([0, 5100, 0, 5100**3])

# Show plot.
plt.show()

N'4E'4$

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!"#0$%1,-)2'-3.%1,45,6
1,/58O%%&'()*"+,-./%(O%.)E-32569% plt.scatter() %@54C% plt.plot() H%4,%*5<'-34)%4C)%E34C%,8%3%E,--)6
9.356%,6%4C)%*'.832)%,8%3%/.,E%,8%@34).L%E3**%56%4C)% rw.x_values %36/% rw.y_values L%36/%562-'/)%3
linewidth %3.9'<)64H%P*)%"MMM%56*4)3/%,8%"MLMMM%E,564*H

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from random_walk import RandomWalk

# Keep making new walks, as long as the program is active.

while True:
# Make a random walk, and plot the points.
rw = RandomWalk(5000)
rw.fill_walk()

# Set the size of the plotting window.

plt.figure(dpi=128, figsize=(10, 6))

point_numbers = list(range(rw.num_points))
plt.plot(rw.x_values, rw.y_values, linewidth=1)

# Emphasize the first and last points.

plt.scatter(0, 0, c='green', edgecolors='none', s=75)
plt.scatter(rw.x_values[-1], rw.y_values[-1], c='red', edgecolors='none',
s=75)

# Remove the axes.

plt.axes().get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
plt.axes().get_yaxis().set_visible(False)

plt.show()

keep_running = input("Make another walk? (y/n): ")

if keep_running == 'n':
break

N'4E'4$

?C)%*2344).%E-,4*%3EE)3.%()C56/%4C)%-56)*H%?,%E-32)%4C)<%,6%4,E%,8%4C)%-56)*L%@)%236%'*)%4C)% zorder
3.9'<)64H%I-,4%)-)<)64*%@54C%C59C).% zorder %K3-')*%3.)%E-32)/%,6%4,E%,8%)-)<)64*%@54C%-,@).
zorder %K3-')*H

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from random_walk import RandomWalk

# Keep making new walks, as long as the program is active.

while True:
# Make a random walk, and plot the points.
rw = RandomWalk(5000)
rw.fill_walk()

# Set the size of the plotting window.

plt.figure(dpi=128, figsize=(10, 6))

point_numbers = list(range(rw.num_points))
plt.plot(rw.x_values, rw.y_values, linewidth=1, zorder=1)

# Emphasize the first and last points.

plt.scatter(0, 0, c='green', edgecolors='none', s=75, zorder=2)
plt.scatter(rw.x_values[-1], rw.y_values[-1], c='red', edgecolors='none',
s=75, zorder=2)

# Remove the axes.

plt.axes().get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
plt.axes().get_yaxis().set_visible(False)

plt.show()

keep_running = input("Make another walk? (y/n): ")

if keep_running == 'n':
break

N'4E'4$

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!"#"$%7)8324,.569
?C)%<)4C,/% fill_walk() %5*%-)694COH%&.)34)%3%6)@%<)4C,/%23--)/% get_step() %4,%/)4).<56)%4C)
/5.)245,6%36/%/5*4362)%8,.%)32C%*4)EL%36/%4C)6%23-2'-34)%4C)%*4)EH%Q,'%*C,'-/%)6/%'E%@54C%4@,%23--*
4,% get_step() %56% fill_walk() $

x_step = get_step()
y_step = get_step()

?C5*%.)8324,.569%*C,'-/%.)/'2)%4C)%*5R)%,8% fill_walk() %36/%<3G)%4C)%<)4C,/%)3*5).%4,%.)3/%36/

'6/).*436/H

%+0123'&+,4-./5

from random import choice

class RandomWalk():
"""A class to generate random walks."""

def __init__(self, num_points=5000):

"""Initialize attributes of a walk."""
self.num_points = num_points

# All walks start at (0, 0).

self.x_values = [0]
self.y_values = [0]

def get_step(self):
"""Determine the direction and distance for a step."""
direction = choice([1, -1])
distance = choice([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
step = direction * distance
return step

def fill_walk(self):
"""Calculate all the points in the walk."""

# Keep taking steps until the walk reaches the desired length.
while len(self.x_values) < self.num_points:

# Decide which direction to go, and how far to go in that direction.

x_step = self.get_step()
y_step = self.get_step()

# Reject moves that go nowhere.

if x_step == 0 and y_step == 0:
continue

# Calculate the next x and y values.

next_x = self.x_values[-1] + x_step
next_y = self.y_values[-1] + y_step

self.x_values.append(next_x)
self.y_values.append(next_y)

N'4E'4$

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!"#:$%;'4,<3452%=3()-*
1,/58O%1)$-./%36/%1)!$'()*"+,-./%(O%.)E-32569%4C)%-5*4%@)%'*)/%4,%*)4%4C)%K3-')%,8% hist.x_labels %@54C
3%-,,E%4,%9)6).34)%4C5*%-5*4%3'4,<34523--OH%S8%O,'T.)%2,<8,.43(-)%@54C%-5*4%2,<E.)C)6*5,6*L%4.O
.)E-32569%4C)%,4C).% for %-,,E*%56%1)$'()*"+,-./%36/%1)!$'()*"+,-./%@54C%2,<E.)C)6*5,6*%3*%@)--H

!"#$%678)*6*82",16*+/6926321):/61)$'()*"+,-./;602961)$-./-678)*6&),,6#$6!2%%$!9$16)06:"9"%$6.%)09)0<*-

1)$'()*"+,-./5

import pygal

from die import Die

# Create a D6.
die = Die()

# Make some rolls, and store results in a list.

results = [die.roll() for roll_num in range(1000)]

# Analyze the results.

frequencies = [results.count(value) for value in range(1, die.num_sides+1)]

# Visualize the results.

hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of rolling one D6 1000 times."

hist.x_labels = [str(x) for x in range(1, die.num_sides+1)]
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('D6', frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('die_visual.svg')

1)!$'()*"+,-./5

import pygal

from die import Die

# Create two D6 dice.

die_1 = Die()
die_2 = Die()

# Make some rolls, and store results in a list.

results = [die_1.roll() + die_2.roll() for roll_num in range(1000)]

# Analyze the results.

max_result = die_1.num_sides + die_2.num_sides
frequencies = [results.count(value) for value in range(2, max_result+1)]

# Visualize the results.

hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of rolling two D6 dice 1000 times."

hist.x_labels = [str(x) for x in range(2, max_result+1)]
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('D6 + D6', frequencies)

hist.render_to_file('dice_visual.svg')

4,E

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&.)34)%3%*5<'-345,6%*C,@569%@C34%C3EE)6*%58%O,'%.,--%4@,%)59C4#*5/)/%/52)%!MMM%45<)*H%S62.)3*)%4C)
6'<().%,8%.,--*%9.3/'3--O%'645-%O,'%*43.4%4,%*))%4C)%-5<54*%,8%O,'.%*O*4)<T*%23E3(5-545)*H

import pygal

from die import Die

# Create two D8 dice.

die_1 = Die(8)
die_2 = Die(8)

# Make some rolls, and store results in a list.

results = []
for roll_num in range(1000000):
result = die_1.roll() + die_2.roll()
results.append(result)

# Analyze the results.

frequencies = []
max_result = die_1.num_sides + die_2.num_sides
for value in range(2, max_result+1):
frequency = results.count(value)
frequencies.append(frequency)

# Visualize the results.

hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of rolling two D8 dice 1,000,000 times."

hist.x_labels = [str(x) for x in range(2, max_result+1)]
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('D8 + D8', frequencies)

hist.render_to_file('dice_visual.svg')

U,4)$%?C5*%*,-'45,6%,6-O%'*)*%3%-5*4%2,<E.)C)6*5,6%8,.%4C)% hist.x_labels %E3.3<)4).H%Q,'%<59C4

@364%4,%4.O%.)E-32569%4C)%,4C).%-,,E*%@54C%2,<E.)C)6*5,6*%3*%@)--H

N'4E'4$

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!"#B$%?C.))%A52)
S8%O,'%.,--%4C.))%A:%/52)L%4C)%*<3--)*4%6'<().%O,'%236%.,--%5*%0%36/%4C)%-3.9)*4%6'<().%5*%!BH%&.)34)
3%K5*'3-5R345,6%4C34%*C,@*%@C34%C3EE)6*%@C)6%O,'%.,--%4C.))%A:%/52)H

import pygal

from die import Die

# Create three D6 dice.

die_1 = Die()
die_2 = Die()
die_3 = Die()

# Make some rolls, and store results in a list.

results = []
for roll_num in range(1000000):
result = die_1.roll() + die_2.roll() + die_3.roll()
results.append(result)

# Analyze the results.

frequencies = []
max_result = die_1.num_sides + die_2.num_sides + die_3.num_sides
for value in range(3, max_result+1):
frequency = results.count(value)
frequencies.append(frequency)

# Visualize the results.

hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of rolling three D6 dice 1,000,000 times."

hist.x_labels = [str(x) for x in range(3, max_result+1)]
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('D6 + D6 + D6', frequencies)

hist.render_to_file('dice_visual.svg')

U,4)$%?C5*%*,-'45,6%,6-O%'*)*%3%-5*4%2,<E.)C)6*5,6%8,.%4C)% hist.x_labels %E3.3<)4).H%Q,'%<59C4

@364%4,%4.O%.)E-32569%4C)%,4C).%-,,E*%@54C%2,<E.)C)6*5,6*%3*%@)--H

N'4E'4$

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!"#D$%1'-45E-52345,6
VC)6%O,'%.,--%4@,%/52)L%O,'%'*'3--O%3//%4C)%4@,%6'<().*%4,9)4C).%4,%9)4%4C)%.)*'-4H%&.)34)%3
K5*'3-5R345,6%4C34%*C,@*%@C34%C3EE)6*%58%O,'%<'-45E-O%4C)*)%6'<().*%56*4)3/H

import pygal

from die import Die

# Create two D6 dice.

die_1 = Die()
die_2 = Die()

# Make some rolls, and store results in a list.

results = []
for roll_num in range(1000000):
result = die_1.roll() * die_2.roll()
results.append(result)

# Analyze the results.

frequencies = []
max_result = die_1.num_sides * die_2.num_sides
for value in range(1, max_result+1):
frequency = results.count(value)
frequencies.append(frequency)

# Visualize the results.

hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of multiplying two D6 dice. (1,000,000 rolls)"

hist.x_labels = [str(x) for x in range(1, max_result+1)]
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('D6 * D6', frequencies)

hist.render_to_file('dice_visual.svg')

U,4)$%?C5*%*,-'45,6%,6-O%'*)*%3%-5*4%2,<E.)C)6*5,6%8,.%4C)% hist.x_labels %E3.3<)4).H%Q,'%<59C4

@364%4,%4.O%.)E-32569%4C)%,4C).%-,,E*%@54C%2,<E.)C)6*5,6*%3*%@)--H

N'4E'4$
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!"#$%&'()%*'$%()+),'-).%/0%1#-23/%4'()$%3$#+(%-")%5'06'+%-")6)%/0%7'$8+%98+(: