Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

Module I

REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL INFORMATION

 Refrigeration is a branch of science that deals with the process of reducing and maintaining the
temperature of a space or material below the temperature of the surroundings.

 Refrigeration is used to describe thermal systems that maintain process space or material at a
temperature less than available from ambient conditions.

 Joule-Thomson Effect is expansion of liquid into mixture of liquid and vapor at constant enthalpy.

 Condensers are high-pressure vapor heat exchangers.

 Evaporators are low-pressure vapor heat exchangers.

 Expansion valves or capillaries are throttling devices that transport refrigerant from high-pressure
condition (condenser) to low-pressure condition (evaporator).

 Compressors are pressure-raising devices.

 Coefficient of Performance (COP) is defined as refrigerant effect divided by network input, where the
refrigerant effect is the absolute value of the heat transferred from the lower temperature source, and
the network input is the absolute value of the heat transferred to the higher temperature sink minus
this refrigerant effect.

 COP is also defined as the ratio calculated by dividing the total heating capacity in Btu/hr provided by
the refrigeration system, including fan heat, but excluding supplementary resistance, by the total
electric input in watts times 3.412. This definition applies primarily to heat pumps.

 Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) is a ratio calculated by dividing the cooling capacity in Btu/hr by the
power input in watts and any set of rating conditions, expressed in Btu/Watt-hr. It is also defined as
the amount of heat removed from the cooled space in Btu for one Watt-hour of electricity consumed.

 EER could be expressed in terms of COP with the following equation:

Useful Re frigerating Effect,Btu / Hr

EER   COP  3.412 
Net Energy Input, W

Where, 1 Watt = 3.412 Btu/hr

 Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) is the anticipated performance of a refrigerating device
over an average season, used primarily for residential and commercial air conditioning; it also
expressed in Btu/kW-hr.

 Heating Season Performance Factor (HSPF) is the anticipated performance of a heat pump device
during heating season, primarily used for residential and commercial heat pump; expressed in
Btu/kW-hr.

1
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

 Reversed Cycle – is a system that receives heat from a colder body and delivers heat to a hotter
body, not in violation of the Second Law of thermodynamics, but by virtue of work input.
 Refrigeration cycle – is a reversed cycle whose objective is to extract heat from the low temperature
reservoir.

 Heat pump – is a reversed cycle whose objective is to supply energy to the high temperature
reservoir.

 Standard Rating of a refrigeration machine, using a condensable vapor, is the number of standard
TR it can produce under the following conditions:
 Liquid only enters the expansion valve and vapor only enters the compressor or the absorber of
an absorption system;
 The liquid entering the expansion valve is sub-cooled at 9 oF (5 oC) and the vapor entering the
compressor or absorber is superheated at 9 oF (5 oC), these temperatures to be measured within
10 ft (3.05 m) of the compressor cylinder or absorber;
 The pressure at the compressor or absorber inlet corresponds to a saturation temperature of 5 oF
(-15 oC);
 The pressure at the compressor or absorber outlet corresponds to a saturation temperature of 86
o
F (30 oC).

 British Unit of Refrigeration – corresponds to a heat absorption rate of 237.6 Btu/min (4.175 kW) with
inlet and outlet pressures corresponding to saturation temperature of 23 oF (-5 oC) and 59 oF (15 oC),
respectively.

 KW – the unit to specify refrigeration loads, as standard practice in Europe.

 Frigorie – the unit of refrigeration capacity, occasionally used in Europe. 1 Frigorie = 50 Btu/min =
0.8786 kW; 1 Frigorie = 0.25 x std TR.

METHODS OF REFRIGERATION

1. Ice Refrigeration
 A refrigeration method of lowering and maintaining the temperature of a material or space by the
use of a literal ice (water or other substance, say, dry ice).

2. Mechanical Refrigeration
 A method of refrigeration using mechanical components composing a system known as vapor-
compression refrigeration system.

3. Absorption Refrigeration
 A method of refrigeration through the use of a system or cycle known as Absorption Refrigeration
System or Cycle.

4. Steam Jet or Vacuum Refrigeration

 A method of refrigeration system using water as refrigerant; lowering and maintaining of system
temperature is attained by creation of vacuum condition through the action of steam jet.

5. Air Cycle Refrigeration

 A method of refrigeration using air as refrigeration; the system is normally called as Air Cycle
Refrigeration system.

2
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

APPLICATIONS OF REFRIGERATION

 The following are some of the common applications of refrigeration:

1. Food preservation (Cold Storage)
2. Ice making
3. Air conditioning for summer comfort
4. Industrial Applications
o Examples are: Making “cold rubber”, to improve wearing quality; Oil refinery processes;
Treatment of steel; Liquefying of gases; and Manufacture of chemicals
5. Cryogenics – very low temperature refrigeration
6. Heat pump – heating the building

Units and Constant

o Units of Force
1 kgf = 9.8066 N 1 lbf = 4.4484 N 1 lbf = 0.4536 kgf

o Units of Pressure
1 Pa = 1 N/m2 1 Atm = 101.325 kPa 1 Bar = 100 kPa
1 Atm = 1.033 kgf /cm2 1 psi = 6895 Pa 1 Atm = 14.699 psi

o Units of Energy and Work

1 Joule = 1 N-m 1 Cal. = 4.187 J 1 Btu = 252 Cal = 1055 Joules

o Units of Power
1 Watt = 1 J/s 1 Hp = 0.746 kW = 42,4 Btu/min

o Gas Constant
Air, R = 0.28708 kJ/kg-oK Water, R = 0.4615 kJ/kg-oK

UNIT OF REFRIGERATION CAPACITY

 Ton of Refrigeration (TR) – is the rate of cooling required to freeze one ton of water at 32 oF into ice
at 32 oF in one day or 24 hours.
 1 TR = (2000 lb) (144 Btu/lb) / (24 hr) = 12000 Btu/hr = 200 Btu/min
 1 TR = (12000 Btu/lb) (252 Cal/Btu) = 3024 kCal/Hr = 50.4 kCal/min
 1 TR = (200 Btu/min) (1055 J/Btu) = 211 kJ/min = 3.517 kW

Properties of Water

 Specific heat of liquid water, Cp = 4.187 kJ/kg-oK = 1.0 Btu/lb-oR

 Specific heat of ice water, Cpi = 2.0935 kJ/kg-oK = 0.5 Btu/lb-oR
 Specific heat of water vapor (steam), Cp = 1.88 kJ/kg-K
 Latent heat of evaporation, hfg = 2257 kJ/kg = 970.3 Btu/lb
 Latent heat of fusion of ice, hi = 335 kJ/kg = 144 Btu/lb

STANDARD REFRIGERATION CYCLE

 The following temperatures standard design temperature conditions are applicable for a vapor-
compression refrigeration system
 Evaporation temperature 5 oF = - 15 oC
 Condensing temperature 86 oF = 30 oC

3
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

ICE REFRIGERATION

 Diagram below, Figure 1.1, represents the transformation of ice into liquid; to determine the amount
cooling provided by the ice to the material in ice refrigeration.

Figure 1.1. Ice Refrigeration

t1 tf = 0 oC t2

Ice Solid Liquid Water

Water 2
t2
a Melting b 0 C o

Ice 1
t1

 Amount of Cooling Provided by the ice

q  m cpi t a - t1   m hi  m cpw t 2 - t b 

Where, cpi = specific heat of ice, kJ/kg-oK, Btu/lb-oR

cpi = 2.0935 kJ/kg-oK = 0.5 Btu/lb-oR
cpw = specific heat of liquid water, kJ/kg-oK, Btu/lb-oR
cpw = 4.187 kJ/kg-oK = 1.0 Btu/lb-oR
hi = heat of fusion of ice, kJ/kg, Btu/lb
hi = 335 kJ/kg = 144 Btu/lb-oR

REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE/ENGINE OR CARNOT REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

 Reversed Cycle – is a cycle that receives heat from a colder body and delivers heat to a hotter body,
not in violation of the second law, but by virtue of a work input.

 Refrigeration Cycles are cycles used to pump heat from low to high-temperature regions; or cycles
with the objective of extracting heat from the low-temperature reservoir.

 Heat Pump and Refrigerator are devices that operate in a cycle and transfer heat from a low-
temperature region to a high-temperature region with work input to the system.

 Heat pump is a cycle with the objective of supplying heat to the high temperature reservoir.

 Thermal Reservoir is a body with large heat capacity such that when heat is removed or added to the
reservoir, the temperature of the reservoir does not change.

Clausius Statement
 “It is impossible to construct a cyclic device that will cause heat to be transferred from a low-
temperature reservoir to a high-temperature reservoir without the input of work”; or if heat energy
4
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

is to be transferred from a low-temperature body to a high-temperature body, external work must

be supplied.

 Figure 1.2 below represents the schematic diagrams, and Figure 1.3 represents the Ts diagram of
reversed Carnot cycle/engine or Carnot Refrigeration System.

Figure 1.2. Schematic Diagram, Carnot Refrigeration System

QH High-temperature
Reservoir, TH
Condenser
QH
Reversed
Expander Carnot Engine W
W
QL
Evaporator Low-temperature
Compressor
Reservoir, TL
QA

Figure 1.3. Ts Diagram, Carnot Refrigeration Cycle

T
TH 3 2

TL
4 1

s4 = s3 s2 = s1 s

 From Figure 1.3, the processes that composed the Carnot refrigeration cycle are as follows:
o 1 – 2: Adiabatic or Isentropic Compression Process (S = C)
o 2 – 3: Isothermal Heat Rejection Process (TH = C)
o 3 – 4: Adiabatic or Isentropic Expansion Process (S = C)
o 4 – 1: isothermal Heat Addition Process (TL = C)

Cycle Analysis

 Heat Input to the Reversed Engine

W = QH – QL

 Coefficient of Performance (Refrigerator), COPR:

Heat Extracted from the Low - Temperature Reservoir

COPR 
Work Input for the Refrigeration Cycle

5
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

Q  QL 1
COPR   L   
W QH - QL QH
-1
QL

COPR 
s1 - s 4  TL 
TL
s1 - s 4 TH - TL  TH - TL

 Coefficient of Performance (Heat Pump), COPHP

Heat Extracted from the High Temperature Reservoir

COPHP 
Work Input for the Cycle

Q
COPHP   H
 QH s 2 - s 3  TH TH
  
W  QH - QL s 2 - s 3 TH - Tl  TH - TL

SOLVED PROBLEMS

Ex. # 1 - 4] A refrigerating system, operates on a reversed Carnot cycle. The higher temperature of the
refrigerant in the system is 49 oC and the lower temperature is –12 oC. The capacity is 20 tons. Neglect
energy losses. [Board Problem: October 1986]

1. What is the COP of the system?

a) 4.28 b) 4.82 c) 2.48 d) 2.84

2. Determine the heat rejected from the system, in kW

a) 85.76 kW b) 86.75 kW c) 87.56 kW d) 87.65 kW

3. What is the net power input, in kW?

a) 16.43 kW b) 14.63 kW c) 13.64 kW d) 16.34 kW

4. What is the Hp input?

a) 22.02 Hp b) 20.22 HP c) 22.20 Hp d) 2.22 Hp

Solution:

TH = 322 K T
3 TH = 322 K 2
QH

4 TL = 261 K 1
QL s
s4 = s3 s2 = s1
TL = 261 K

6
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

1) For the COP of the system

QL TL 261
COP     4.28 ans.
QH  QL TH  TL 322  261

2) For the heat rejected by the system

QH 
QL
 QL 
203.517  203.517  86.75 kW
COP 4.28

3) For the power input of the system

W  QH  QL  86.75  70.32  16.43 kW

4) For the Hp input:

 1 Hp 
W  16.43 kW     22.02 Hp ans.
 0.746 kW 

Ex. # 5 - 6] A refrigeration system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The minimum and maximum
temperatures are – 25 C and 72 C, respectively. The heat rejected at the condenser is 6000 kJ/min.

5. Find the power input required, in kW

a) 28.09 kW b) 29.08 kW c) 20.89 kW d) 20.98 kW

6. Determine the tons of refrigeration required.

a) 44.02 TR b) 20.44 TR c) 40.24 TR d) 42.04 TR

Solution:
T
3 TH = 345 K 2

4 TL = 248 K 1
s
s4 = s3 s2 = s1

5) For the power input required

QL TL 248
COP     2.56
Q H  Q L TH  TL 345  248

COP Q H  2.566000
QL    4314.61 kJ/min
1  COP 3.56

W  Q H  Q L  6000  4314.61  1685.4 kJ/min  28.09 kW

7
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

Other Solution:

Q H 6000
S    17.39 kJ/min - K
TH 345

W  STH  TL   17.3972  25  1686.83 kJ/min  28.11kW

6) For the Tons of Refrigeration

QL STL  17.39248
TR     20.44 tons
3.517 3.517 603.517

Ex. # 7- 8] A reversed Carnot cycle has a refrigeration COP of 4.

7. What is the ratio Tmax / Tmin?

a) 1.25 b) 1.35 c) 1.45 d) 1.55

8. If the work input is 6 kW, what will be the maximum refrigerating capacity, kJ/min., & TR.
a) 20 kW, 5.67 TR b) 24 kW, 6.83 TR
c) 26 kW, 7.39 TR d) 28 kW, 7.96 TR

Solution:

Tmax T

QH 3 Tmax 2

4 Tmin 1
QL
s
s4 = s3 s2 = s1
Tmin

7) Solving for ratio Tmax / Tmin

TL 1 1
COP   
TH  TL TH  1 Tmax  1
TL Tmin

Tmax 1 1
  1   1  1.25
Tmin COP 4

8) For the value of heat rejected, QL

QL  COPW  46  24 kW  6.83TR

Ex. # 9-11] Reversed Carnot cycle is used for refrigeration and rejects 1000 kW of heat at 340 oK while
receiving heat at 250 oK.
8
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

9. Determine the COP.

a) 2.78 b) 3.78 c) 1.78 d) 4.78

10. Determine the power required.

a) 256.54 kW b) 264.55 kW c) 255.64 kW d) 246.55 kW

11. What is the refrigerating capacity, in TR?

a) 209.17 TR b) 219.07 TR c) 207.19 TR d) 297.10 TR

Solution:
QH = 1000 kW T
3 TH = 340 oK 2

4 TL = 250 oK 1
s
s4 = s3 s2 = s1

9) Solving for the COP

TL 250
COP    2.78 COPHP = COPR + 1
TH  TL 340  250

10) Determination of the power required

QL QL
Solving for the QL, COP  
W QH  QL

QL 
COP Q H 
2.781000
 735.45 kW
COP  1 2.78  1

Solving for the W,

W  Q H  Q L  1000  735.45  264.55 kW

11) Solving for the Refrigerating Capacity

735.45
QL   209.17 TR
3.516

REFRIGERANTS
 Refrigerant is a fluid used for energy exchanges in a refrigerating or heat pump system. It is the
transport fluid that conveys the heat energy from the low-temperature level to the high-temperature
level where it can in terms of heat transfer gives up its heat.

 Montreal Protocol is an international agreement that took effect in 1989, and the New Clean Air Act
that was signed in 1990, that limit the production and regulate the use and disposal of
chlofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants.

9
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

 CFC is the Montreal Protocol designation for Chlorofluorocarbons that cause ozone-layer depletion.

 HCFC or HFC is the designation for other refrigerants that are chlofluorocarbons but cause little or no
ozone destruction.

 HCFC stands for Hydrochlorofluorocarbon

 HFC stands for hydrofluorocarbon

 ODP – Ozone Depletion Potential – is the ozone-destroying power of a substance measured relative
to refrigerant 11 (R-11 or CFC-11).

 GWD – Global Warming Potential – is a relative measure of the ability of a substance to cause an
increase in the temperature of the atmosphere by absorbing solar and earth radiation that is relative
to the effect of refrigerant 11.

Desirable Thermal Properties of the Refrigerants

1) Convenient evaporation and condensation pressures
2) High critical and low freezing temperatures
3) High latent heat of evaporation and high vapor specific heat
4) Low viscosity and high film heat conductivity

Desirable Practical Properties

1) Low cost
2) Chemical and physical inertness under operating conditions
3) Non-corrosiveness toward ordinary construction materials
4) Low explosive hazard both alone and mixed with air

Thermodynamic Characteristics
1) High latent enthalpy of evaporation
2) Low freezing temperature
3) Relatively high critical temperatures
4) Positive evaporating pressure
5) Relatively low condensing pressure

Physical and Chemical characteristics

1) High dielectric strength of vapor
2) Good heat transfer characteristics
3) Satisfactory oil solubility
4) Low water solubility
5) Inertness and stability

Safety Characteristics
1) Non-flammability
2) Non-toxicity
c) Non-irritability

Effects on the Environment

1) Ozone depletion potential
2) Global warming potential

Other characteristics
1) Low cost
b) Easy to detect in case of leaks
10
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

Specific Characteristics of Some Refrigerants

1. Air Refrigerant
o It was one of the earliest refrigerants and was widely used whenever a completely nontoxic
medium was needed.
o It is used for aircraft refrigeration systems
o Air is free of cost and completely safe
o It has a low coefficient of performance

2. Ammonia
o It is one of the oldest and most widely used of all the refrigerants
o It is highly toxic and flammable
o It has a boiling point of - 28 oF (- 33.33 oC) and a liquid specific gravity of 0.684 at atmospheric
pressure
o Its wide application is in large industrial and commercial reciprocating compression systems
where high toxicity is secondary.
o It has low volumetric displacement; low cost; and low weight of circulated per TR; and high
efficiency.
o It is also widely used in absorption refrigeration systems.

3. Carbon Dioxide
o It is a colorless and odorless gas, and is heavier than air.
o It has a boiling point of – 109.3 oF (- 78.5 oC) and a liquid specific gravity of 1.56 at atmospheric
pressure.
o It is nontoxic and nonflammable but has extremely high operating pressures
o It has a limited usage because of its high Horsepower requirements per TR and high operating
pressures.
o In former years carbon dioxide was selected for marine refrigeration, for theater air conditioning
systems, and for hotel and institutional refrigeration instead of ammonia because it is nontoxic.
o At present time its use is limited primarily to the manufacture of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).
o It has also been for very low-temperature work by adapting it to a binary or “cascade” cycle.

4. Methyl Chloride
o It is a colorless liquid with a faint, sweet, nonirritating odor.
o It was introduced about 1920 in the U.S. for refrigeration purposes.
o It has a boiling point of – 10.6 oF (- 23.67 oC) and a liquid specific gravity of 1.002 at atmospheric
pressure
o Methyl chloride is, to a certain degree, both flammable and toxic.

LIST OF SOME SELECTED REFRIGERANTS BASED ON SERIES OR GROUPS

 Methane Series
R-11 Trichlorofluoromethane C Cl3 F
R-12 Dichlorodifluorometahne C Cl2 F2
R-13 Chlorotrifluoromethane C Cl F3
R-14 Carbon tetrafluoride C F4
R-21 Dichlorofluoromethane CH Cl2 F
R-22 Chlorodifluoromethane CH Cl F2
R-23 Trifluoromethane CH F3
R-50 Methane CH4

11
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

 Ethane Series
R-114 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane C Cl F2 C Cl F2
R-123 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane CH Cl2 C F3
R-124 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane CH Cl F C F3
R-125 Pentafluoroethane CH F2 C F3
R-134a 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane CH2 FCF3
R-143a 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane CH3 CF3
R-152a 1,1-Difluoroethane CH3 CHF2
R-170 Ethane CH3 CH3

 Propane Series
R-290 Propane C3 H8

 Butane Series
R-600 Butane C4 H10
R-601 Iso-butane C4 H10

 Inorganic
R-702 Hydrogen H2
R-704 Helium He
R-717 Ammonia NH3
R-718 Water H2O
R-728 Nitrogen N2
R-729 Air
R-732 Oxygen O2
R-744 Carbon dioxide CO2
R-764 Sulfur dioxide SO4

 Zeotropes
R-400 R-12/114

 Azeotropes: An azeotropic mixture of two substances is one which cannot be separated into its
components by distillation.
R-502 R-22/115 (48.8 % / 51.2 %)
R-400 R-12/114 (must be specified)

 Hydrocarbon Refrigerants
R-50 Methane CH4
R-170 Ethane C2H6
R-290 Propane C3H8
R-600 Butane C4H10

 CFC Refrigerants
 R-11
 R-12
 R-113
 R-114
 R-115

 HCFC Refrigerants (less resistant than CFC’s)

 R-22 or HCFC-22 Chloro-difluoromethane, CHCLF2
 R-123 or HCFC-123 Dichloro-trifluoroethane, CHCL2CF3
 R-124 or HCFC-124 Chloro-tetrafluoroethane, CHCLFCF3

12
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

 R-141b or HCFC-141b
 R-142b or HCFC-142b

 HFC Refrigerants (least harmful to ozone layer)

 R-125 or HFC-125 Pentafluoroethane, CHF2CF3
 R-134a or HFC-134a Tetrafluoroethane, CH2FCHF3
 R-152a or HFC-152a Difluoroethane, CH3CHF2
 R-32 or HFC-32 Difuoromethane, CH2F2
 R-23 or HFC-23 Trifluoromethane, CHF3
 R-143a or HFC-143a Trifluoroethane, CH3CF3

 Replacement Refrigerant Compounds

Current Replacement
Refrigerants Refrigerants Formula
R-11 (CFC-11) HCFC-123 CHCl2CF
R-12 (CFC-12) HFC-134a CH2FCF3
R-13 (CFC-13) HFC-23 CHF3
R-502 R402A, Blend
R404A
R-22 HCFC-22 CHClF2

 Halocarbon Refrigerants – refrigerants that contain one or more of the three halogens chloride,
fluorine, and bromine.
 R-11 CCl3F Trichloromonofluoromethane
 R-12 CCl2F Dichlorodifluoromethane
 R-13 CClF3 Monochlorotrifluoromethane
 R-22 CHClF2 Monochlorodifluoromethane
 R-40 CH3Cl Methyl Chloride
 R-113 CCl2FCClF2 Trichlorotrifluoroethane
 R-114 CClF2CClF2 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

ASHRAE Refrigerant Designation System

a. The first digit on the right is the number of fluorine, F, atoms in the compound.
b. The second digit from the right is one more than the number of hydrogen (H) atoms in the
compound.
c. The third digit from the right is one less than the number of carbon, C, atoms in the compound.
When this digit is zero, it is omitted from the number.

d. Blends are designated by their respective refrigerant numbers and weight proportions, named in
the order of increasing normal boiling points of the components, for example R-22/12 (90/60).
e. Zeotropic blends that have been commercialized are assigned an identifying number in the 400
series accompanied by the weight proportions of the components, for example R-400 (90/10) for
mixture of R-12 and R-114.
f. Azeotropes that have been commercialized are assigned and identifying number in the 500 series
with no composition shown.
g. Organic refrigerants are assigned serial numbers in the 600 series.
h. Inorganic compounds are designated by adding 700 to their molecular mass
i. The letter C is used before number designations to identify cyclic derivatives. Lower case letters
are appended after numbers to distinguish isomers-refrigerants with the same chemical
composition but with differing molecular structures.

13
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

Refrigerant Numbering System

o Refrigerant Number: Formula: R  #  C  1H  1 (F)

o Methane Series
C  one atom carbon means methane series
Total number of atoms = C + H + Cl + F = 5 atoms
Form: CHClF
Name Format: Chloro Fluoro Methane

o Ethane Series
C  Two atoms carbon means ethane series
Total number of atoms = C + H + Cl + F = 8
Form: CHClF CClF
Name Format: Chloro Fluoro Ethane

Ex. # 12] Determine the chemical formula and the name of refrigerant, R-143

Solution:
Determination of the number of atoms of C, H, and F: R  #  C  1H  1 (F)

For the number of atoms,

F:  F = 3 atoms
H:  (H + 1) = 4  H = 4 – 1 = 3
C:  (C – 1) = 1  C = 1 + 1 = 2  ethane series
Number of atoms = C + H +CL+ F = 2 + 3 + 3 = 8 atoms
Cl:  Cl = 0

For the chemical formula (CHClFCClF, CHClF), CH3CF3 or C2H3F3

For the refrigerant name,

Name: Trifluoroethane  (HFC) = hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant

Ex. # 13] Determine the chemical formula and the name of refrigerant, R-152

Solution:

From the R # formula (C – 1)(H + 1)(F)  R - 152

C = 2  ethane series
H=4
F=2

Since C + H + F = 8, Cl = 0

Chemical Formula: CH3CHF2  CH3 = 4 and CHF2 = 4

Refrigerant name: Difluoroethane  HFC = hydrofluorocarbon

Ex. # 14] Determine the chemical formula and the name of refrigerant, R-22.

Solution:
From the R # Formula, (C – 1)(H + 1)(F)

14
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

F=2
H=1
C = 1  methane series (with 5 total number of atoms)
Cl = 1

Refrigerant name: Chlorodifluoromethane or Monochlorodifluoromethane

Chemical Formula: CHClF2  HCFC = hydrochlorofluorocarbon

Ex. # 15] Determine the chemical formula and the name of refrigerant, R-23

Solution:
From the R # Formula, (C – 1)(H + 1)(F)
F=3
H=1
C = 1  methane series (with 5 total number of atoms)
Cl = 0

Refrigerant Name: Trifluoromethane  HFC = hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant

Chemical Formula: CHF3

Ex. # 16] Determine the name and number of refrigerant, CH3CF3.

Solution:
For the refrigerant number, R  #  C  1H  1 (F)
F=3
(H + 1) = 3 + 1 = 4
(C – 1) = 2 – 1 = 1
C = 2  Ethane Series

Therefore, R number is R-143

Refrigerant Name: Trifluoroethane

TRIVIA EXAMINATION

INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading
the box corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided. STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. Use
pencil No. 1 only.

1. It is a term used to describe thermal systems, which maintains a process space or material at a temperature less than
available from ambient conditions. What is this term?
a) Heat transfer b) Air Conditioning
c) Refrigeration d) Cooling and humidifying

2. The process involved in the expansion valve, which is called as throttling process, is at constant enthalpy. The said process
is also known as:
a) Kelvin-Planck effect b) Joule-Thomson Effect
c) Refrigerating effect d) Maxwell Effect

3. How do you call the high-pressure vapor heat exchanger in a refrigeration system?
a) Condenser b) Evaporator
c) Flash tank d) Liquid receiver

4. In a vapor-compression refrigeration system, evaporator is a component normally called as:

15
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

a) High-pressure vapor heat exchanger b) Low-pressure heat exchanger

c) Throttling device d) Pressure-raising device

5. In a vapor-compression refrigeration system, what do you call the component normally called as pressure-raising device?
a) Compressor b) Expansion valve
c) Condenser d) Evaporator

6. What do you call the throttling devices in a refrigeration system?

a) Expansion valves or capillaries b) Condensers
c) Evaporators d) Compressors

7. It is defined as refrigerant effect divided by the net work input, where refrigerant effect is the absolute value of the heat
transferred from the lower temperature source, and the net work input is the absolute value of heat transferred to the higher
temperature sink minus the refrigerant effect. How do you call this ratio?
a) Energy Efficiency ratio (EER) b) Coefficient of Performance (COP)
c) Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) d) Heating Season performance Factor (HSPF)

8. This is a ratio calculated by dividing the cooling capacity in Btu per hour by the power input in Watts at any set of rating
conditions, expressed in Btu/W-Hr. What is this ratio commonly called?
a) Energy Efficiency ratio (EER) b) Coefficient of Performance (COP)
c) Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) d) Heating Season performance Factor (HSPF)

9. What is the corresponding heat absorption rate for a standard Tons of Refrigeration?
a) 288 000 Btu/day b) 200 Btu/min
c) 3.5168 kW d) All of these

10. It corresponds to a heat-absorption rate of 237.6 Btu//min (4.175 kW) with inlet and outlet pressures corresponding to
saturation temperatures of 23 oF (- 5 oC) and 59 oF (15 oC) respectively.
a) Standard Ton of Refrigeration b) British Unit of Refrigeration
c) Frigorie d) None of these

11. These are the transport fluids, which convey the heat energy from the low-temperature level to the high-temperature level,
where it can, in terms of heat transfer, give up its heat. How do you call these fluids?
a) Working substance b) Refrigerants
c) Ammonia liquids d) None of these

12. What is an International Agreement that took effect in 1989 and the International New Clean Air Act that was signed into law
in 1990 to limit the production and regulate the use and disposal of chlorofluorocarbons?
a) New Clean Air Act b) Montreal Protocol
c) ISO Standard d) ASME Standards and Code

13. What is the designation for chlorofluorocarbons that cause ozone-layer depletion?
a) CFC-type materials b) HCFC-type materials
c) HFC-type materials d) Inorganic materials

14. What are the refrigerants that are chlorofluorocarbons but cause little ozone destruction?
a) CFC Refrigerants b) HCFC Refrigerants
c) HFC Refrigerant d) Inorganic Refrigerants

15. What are the refrigerants that cause no ozone destruction?

a) CFC Refrigerants b) HCFC Refrigerants
c) HFC Refrigerant d) Hydrocarbon Refrigerants

16. What HCFC stands for?

a) Chlorofluorocarbon b) Hydrochlorofluorocarbon
c) Hydrofluorocarbon d) Hydrogen Fluorocarbon

17. How do you call the ozone-destroying power of a substance that is measured relative to refrigerant 11 or CFC-11?
a) Global Warming Potential (GWP) b) Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
c) Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) Potential d) Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Potential

18. This is a relative measure of the ability of a substance to cause an increase in the temperature of the atmosphere by
absorbing solar and earth radiation that is relative to the effect of refrigerant 11. How do you call this ability of a substance?
a) Global Warming Potential (GWP) b) Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
c) Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) Potential d) Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Potential

16
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

19. In accordance with the Montreal protocol, R-11 or CFC-11 refrigerant is to be replaced by which of the following
refrigerants?
a) HCFC-123 b) HFC-134a
c) HFC-23 d) HCFC-22

20. Refrigerant R-12 or CFC-12 is to be replaced by new refrigerant known as:

a) HCFC-123 b) HFC-134a
c) HFC-23 d) HCFC-22

21. Which of the following is not a desirable property of refrigerant?

a) High critical and low freezing temperatures
b) High latent heat of evaporation and high vapor specific heat
c) Low viscosity and high film heat conductivity
d) None of the above

22. Flash intercooler in a refrigeration system is also called as:

a) Heat exchanger b) Economizer
c) Flash tank d) Receiver tank

23. It is a component in the refrigeration system that returns the lubricating oil, carried over by the refrigerant vapors, to the
compressor. How do you call this component?
a) Liquid receiver b) Oil separator
c) Accumulator d) Capillary tube

24. These are compressors used where discharge temperatures are high, as with ammonia, and on larger industrial units. How
do you call these compressors?
a) Air-cooled compressors b) Water-cooled compressors
c) Rotary compressors d) Kinetic compressors
25. How do you call these compressors that include high-speed centrifugal and axial flow machines, usually multi-staged, and
jet-entrainment devices?
a) Kinetic compressors b) Rotary compressors
c) Air-cooled compressors d) Water-cooled compressors

This is a compression process in which cooling is obtained during compression by spraying liquid refrigerant into the
compressor cylinder; the de-superheating of the compressed vapors results in better heat transfer in condenser and more nearly
isothermal compression. What is this compression process?
a) Dual compression b) Wet compression
c) Dry compression d) Isothermal compression

This compression may be used when refrigeration at two temperatures is desired. The compressor takes vapor from a lower
temperature expansion coil during the first part of its intake stroke, and from a higher temperature expansion coil at or near the
end of the stroke. How do you call this compression?
a) Dual or multiple effect compression b) Wet compression
c) Dry compression d) Isothermal compression

26. It is condenser in which the refrigerant vapor is condensed as it passes through tubes over which water is sprayed; the
water is then evaporated by air flowing over the wet tubes. How do you call this condenser?
a) Flooded-type condenser b) Water-cooled condenser
c) Evaporative condenser d) Shell-and-tube type condenser

27. These two components must be carefully matched to the operating system to prevent pump cavitation, liquid droplet
carryover, and gross liquid overflow due to surges of liquid that may occur as a result of equipment operations such as
defrosting pressures. What are these two components?
a) Compressor and oil separator b) Receiver and circulating pump
c) Accumulator and compressor d) Accumulator and circulating pump

28. This is a refrigeration control that regulates the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator and also serves as the pressure
barrier between the high operating pressure of the condenser and the lower operating pressure of the evaporator. How do
you call this control?
a) Liquid control b) Pressure control
c) Temperature control d) Vapor control

29. This refrigeration control is a type of liquid control used in maintaining a constant evaporator pressure. What is this liquid
control?
a) Capillary tube b) Constant-pressure expansion valve
c) Thermal expansion valve d) Low-side float liquid control
17
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

30. This refrigeration control is a type of liquid control used in maintaining a constant superheat leaving the evaporator; and the
standard liquid control for most commercial applications. What is this liquid control?
a) Capillary tube b) Constant-pressure expansion valve
c) Thermal expansion valve d) Low-side float liquid control

31. This liquid control is used with a flooded evaporator operating at evaporator (low) pressure, consists of a float-operated
valve to admit liquid refrigerant to the evaporator in accordance with demand so that a constant liquid level is held in it.
a) Low-side float liquid control b) High-side float liquid control
c) Constant-pressure expansion valve d) Thermal expansion valve

32. This liquid control is often used with a single-flooded evaporator; the float operating the valve between the evaporator and
the condenser is in a float chamber containing liquid refrigerant at the condenser (high-side) pressure. What is this liquid
control?
a) High-side float liquid control b) Low-side float liquid control
c) Thermal expansion valve d) Constant-pressure expansion valve

33. It is a refrigeration system in which the evaporator is placed in the space which is to cooled. How do you call this system?
a) Indirect expansion system b) Direct expansion system
c) Cascade system d) Absorption system

34. This refrigeration system used a secondary fluid (brine) that is cooled by contact with the evaporator surface, and the
cooled brine goes to the space which is to be refrigerated. What is this system?
a) Indirect expansion valve b) Direct expansion valve
c) Cascade system d) Absorption system

35. This fluid is a secondary refrigerant used for industrial refrigeration and usually an aqueous solutions of calcium chloride,
ethylene glycol, or undiluted methylene chloride, and silicone-based alkylated fluids. How do you call this fluid?
a) Water b) Refrigerant
c) Brine d) Ammonia

36. What is an instrument used to measure the density of brine?

a) Hydrometer b) Salinometer
c) Pitot tube d) Hydrometer

37. This brine is used in various strengths from 15 to 50 % by weight for refrigeration temperatures down to – 1 oF (- 18 oC). It is
toxic and its usage is not recommended in food or beverage processing equipment where a leak can contaminate the
product. What is this brine?
a) Ethylene glycol brine b) Propylene glycol brine
c) Methylene chloride brine d) Sodium chloride brine

38. This brine, 15 to 35 % weight strength, is considered nontoxic and often used in brewing and other food and beverage
applications. It is more viscose (10 centipoise at – 6.7 oC for 30 % weight solution) than ethylene glycol brine. What is this
brine?
a) Ethylene glycol brine b) Propylene glycol brine
c) Methylene chloride brine d) Sodium chloride brine

39. This brine is often used in systems requiring – 20 to – 125 oF (- 30 to – 87 oC) low temperatures; and has low flammability.
Hydrolysis and water contamination must be prevented to avoid equipment corrosion. How do you call this brine?
a) Ethylene glycol brine b) Propylene glycol brine
c) Methylene chloride brine d) Sodium chloride brine

40. The usage of this brine is being reduced due to its corrosibility and its relatively high freezing point. What is this brine?
a) Ethylene glycol brine b) Propylene glycol brine
c) Methylene chloride brine d) Sodium chloride brine

41. This type of brine cooler is the most widely used, the brine flowing through the tubes which are surrounded by the
evaporating refrigerant. Tubes may be arranged for multipass operation. How do you call this type of brine cooler?
a) Shell-and-tube type brine cooler b) Shell-and-coil type brine cooler
c) Double pipe type brine cooler d) Flooded-type brine cooler
42. This type of brine cooler is usually of 2-inch (50-mm) inner or brine-flow pipe and 3-inch (75-mm) outer pipe. Its commercial
rating is 15 to 20 ft (5 to 6 m) length of coil per ton of refrigeration. What is the cooler commonly called?
a) Shell-and-tube type brine cooler b) Shell-and-coil type brine cooler
c) Double pipe type brine cooler d) Flooded-type brine cooler

18
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

43. This means that the refrigerant remains in its original chemical form under the conditions imposed by the operation. How do
you call this characteristic of a refrigerant?
a) Thermal characteristic b) Stability or refrigerant
c) Viscosity of refrigerant d) Viability of refrigerant

44. It is any refrigerant that exists as a liquid under normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, and must be vaporized
under a pressure below atmospheric. How do you call this refrigerant?
a) Vacuum refrigerant b) Halogenated hydrocarbon
c) Freon refrigerant d) Brine refrigerant

45. This refrigerant is any one of a group of new refrigerants that have been developed since about 1925 to overcome the
irritating or toxic effects of refrigerants, such as ammonia and sulfur dioxide and the high condensing pressures required
with carbon dioxide. How do you call this refrigerant?
a) Halogenated hydrocarbon b) Vacuum refrigerant
c) “Freon” refrigerant d) Ammonia

46. What is the trade name of refrigerants produced by the Carrier Corporation?
a) Freon refrigerants b) Carrene Refrigerants
c) Genetron refrigerants d) Isothron refrigerants

47. What is the trade name of refrigerants produced by E. I. do Pont de Nemours and company?
a) Freon refrigerants b) Carrene refrigerant
c) Genetron Refrigerants d) Kulene refrigerants

48. What is the trade name of refrigerants produced by General Chemical, a division of Allied Chemical Corporation?
a) Freon refrigerants b) Carrene refrigerant
c) Genetron Refrigerants d) Kulene refrigerants

49. What is the trade anme of refrigerants produced by Industrial Chemicals, Division of Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co.?
a) Isotron refrigerants b) Kulene refrigerants
c) Ucon refrigerant d) Freon refrigerant
t
50. Determine the coefficient of performance (COP) for a Carnot heat pump operating a condenser temperature of 30 oC and
an evaporator temperature of – 10 oC.
a) 7.575 b) 7.557
c) 5.775 d) 5.577

51. Determine the coefficient of performance (COP) for a Carnot-cycle refrigerating machine operating between a condenser
temperature of 30 oC and an evaporator temperature of – 10 oC.
a) 5.675 b) 6.575
c) 7.655 d) 5.765

52. Determine the volumetric efficiency of a R-134a compressor designed with 5 % clearance and operating between
condenser temperature of 30 oC and evaporator temperature of – 10 oC. From R-134a Table: at 30 oC, psat = 0.77020 kPaa;
at – 10 oC, psat = 0.20060 kPaa; k = 1.30.
a) 90.93 % b) 93.90 %
c) 90.39 % d) 93.09 %

53. Determine the mass flow rate of a refrigerant that flows through a 10-TR 134a system, operating with dry compression and
neither liquid subcooling nor superheating of the evaporator vapor, when the suction pressure is 0.77020 MPaa.
a) 0.3228 kg/s b) 0.2328 kg/s
c) 0.2238 kg/s d) 0.2832 kg/s

54. A Carnot Refrigeration system is used to maintain a cold storage room at – 12 oC when cooling water at an entering
temperature of 20 oC. If the temperature drop from storage room to refrigerant in the evaporator is 6 oC and from refrigerant
in condenser to mean cooling water temperature is 5 oC, and if the temperature rise of cooling water is 5 oC, calculate the
COP of the system.
a) 5.604 b) 4.605
c) 6.504 d) 5.460
55. A compressor discharges isentropically compressed vapor at a rate of 20 lb/min and with an enthalpy of 700 Btu/lb. If the
enthalpy gain of the refrigerant during passing through the evaporator is 200 Btu/lb and if work of compression is 1 Hp per
lb/min, calculate the enthalpy of the refrigerant as it leaves the condenser.
a) 457.6 Btu/lb b) 547.6 Btu/lb
c) 546.7 Btu/lb d) 475.6 Btu/lb

19
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

56. It is defined as the ratio of the refrigerating effect and the network input, where the refrigerating effect is the absolute value
of the heat transferred from the lower temperature source, and the network input is the absolute value of heat transferred to
the higher temperature sink minus this refrigerant effect. What is this ratio?
a) Coefficient of performance b) Energy efficiency ratio
c) Seasonal Energy efficiency ratio d) Heating season performance factor

57. It is a ratio calculated by dividing the cooling capacity in Btu/hr by the power input in watts and any set of rating conditions,
expressed in Btu/W-Hr. How do you call this ratio?
a) Coefficient of performance or COP b) Seasonal energy efficiency ratio or SEER
c) Energy efficiency ratio or EER d) Heating season performance factor or HSRF

60. This factor refers to the anticipated performance of a refrigerating device during an average season, used primarily for
residential and commercial air conditioning, expressed in Btu/kW-hr. What is this factor?
a) Seasonal energy efficiency ratio or SEER b) Energy efficiency ratio or EER
c) Heating season performance factor or HSPF d) Coefficient of performance or COP

61. It is a ratio pertaining to the anticipated performance of a heat pump device during heating season, primarily used for
residential and commercial heat pump; expressed in Btu/kW-hr. How do you call this ratio?
a) Energy efficiency ratio (EER) b) Coefficient of performance (COP)
c) Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) d) Heating season performance factor (HSPF)

62. This thermodynamic system receives heat from a colder body and delivers heat to a hotter body, not in violation of the
second law of thermodynamics but by virtue of work input. Guess, what is this system?
a) Carnot Engine b) Reversed engine
c) Heat engine d) Heat pump

63. The main objective of this reversed cycle is to supply energy to the high temperature reservoir. How do you call this cycle?
a) Reversed Carnot cycle b) Carnot refrigeration cycle
c) Heat pump d) Refrigeration cycle

64. This ratio is calculated from the quotient of the refrigerating capacity and the power input to the compressor. What is this
ratio?
a) Refrigerating effect b) Coefficient of performance
c) Energy efficiency ratio d) Performance rating

65. Which of the following is the equivalent of one ton of refrigeration?

a) 288 000 Btu/day b) 12 000 Btu/min
c) 200 Btu/s d) 33 500 Btu/hr

66. These are the refrigerants, designated by Motreal Protocol, that cause ozone-layer depletion. How do you call these
refrigerants?
a) HCFC refrigerants b) HFC refrigerants
c) CFC refrigerants d) Inorganic refrigerants

67. Which of the following are refrigerants that cause little or no ozone destruction?
a) HCFC refrigerants b) HFC refrigerants
c) CFC refrigerants d) HCFC or HFC refrigerants

68. It is defined as the ozone-destroying power of a substance measured relative to refrigerant 11 or R-11.
a) Ozone addition potential (OAP) b) Ozone depletion potential (ODP)
c) Ozone destruction index (ODI) d) Green House Effect Potential (GHEP)

69. This is defined as the relative measure of the ability of a substance to cause an increase in the temperature of the
atmosphere by absorbing solar and earth radiation that is relative to the effect of R-11. How do call this?
a) Global warming potential (GWP) b) Radiation absorption potential (RAP)
c) Greenhouse effect potential (GEP) d) Ozone depletion potential (ODP)

70. Which of the following is not a desirable thermal property of refrigerant?

a) Convenient evaporation and condensation pressures
b) High latent heat of evaporation and high vapor specific heat
c) Low viscosity and high film heat conductivity
d) Low explosive hazard both alone and mixed with air
71. What is the code name of ammonia as refrigerant?
a) R-502 b) R-717
c) R-114 d) R-134a

20
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

72. It is a fluid used for energy exchanges in a refrigerating or heat pump system. What is this fluid commonly known?
a) Brine b) Ammonia
c) Water d) Refrigerant

73. What is the designation for other refrigerants that are chlorofluorocarbons but cause little or no ozone destruction?
a) CFC b) HCFC
c) HFC d) HCFC or HFC

74. It is an international agreement that took effect in 1989, and the new clean air act that was signed in 1990, that limit the
production and regulate the use and disposal of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants. What is this agreement?
a) World Trade Organization (WTO) b) Montreal Protocol
c) ISO Standard d) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

75. Can you guess, which of the following is not true for wet compression refrigeration?
a) Desuperheating of the compressed vapors results in better heat transfer in condenser
b) More nearly isothermal compression could be attained
c) The compressor capacity is reduced
d) There will be no problem with the amount of injection

76. These are refrigerant blends comprising multiple components of different volatilities that, when used in refrigeration cycles,
do not change volumetric composition or saturation temperature as they evaporate (boil) or condense at constant pressure.
How do you call these refrigerants?
a) Azeotropes b) Zeotropes
c) Inorganic compounds d) Hydrocarbons

77. These refrigerants are blends of multiple components of different volatilities that, when used in refrigeration cycles, change
volumetric composition and saturation temperatures as they evaporate (boil) or condense at constant pressure. What do
you call these refrigerants?
a) Hydrocarbons b) Inorganic compounds
c) Zeotropes d) Azeotropes

78. What is the code name or commercial name of trifluoroethane?

a) R-125 b) R-123
c) R-143 d) R-152

79. What is the chemical formula of monochlorodifluoromethane?

a) CHClF2 b) CH3CF3
c) CHCl2CF3 d) CH2F2

80. What is the chemical name of R-23?

a) Trifluoromethane b) Dichlorofluoromethane
c) Dichlorotetrafluoroethane d) Trichlorofluoromethane

81. What is the efficiency of a compressor for a 90 TR system that has a compressor input of 0.97 kW per TR and COP of 5?
a) 72.5 % b) 75.2 %
c) 74.5 % d) 73.5 %

82. Determine the mass flow rate of chilled water for a 100 TR system that is used to produce chilled water from 22 oC to 2 oC.
a) 4.2 kg/min b) 3.2 kg/s
c) 2.4 kg/s d) 2.4 kg/min

83. Determine the refrigerating effect, in kW, of a reversed Carnot cycle that has a refrigeration COP of 4..
a) 24 kW b) 18 kW
c) 12 kW d) 30 Kw

84. An evaporator has a temperature of 3 oC with entrance enthalpy of 357.75 kJ/kg. At 3 oC, hf = 319.56 kJ/kg and hg = 642.45
kJ/kg. What is the amount of flashed vapor refrigerant before entering the evaporator?
a) 0.1028 kg/kg b) 0.2018 kg/kg
c) 0.1208 kg/kg d) 0.1820 kg/kg
85. A refrigeration system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The minimum and maximum temperatures are – 25 oC and
72 oC, respectively. If the heat rejected at the condenser is 6000 kJ/min, determine the power input required.
a) 31.45 kW b) 27.81 kW
c) 31.11 kW d) 28.06 Kw

86. A refrigeration system operates on the Reversed Carnot cycle. The minimum and maximum temperatures are minus 24°C
and 72°C, respectively. If the heat rejected to the condenser is 6,000 KJ/min, find the power input required.
21
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

a. 25 KW b. 26 KW
c. 28 KW d. 30 KW

87. In problem # 86, what is the Tons of Refrigeration required?

a. 20.5 b. 22
c. 28 d. 25

88. A refrigerating system operates on the Reversed Carnot cycle. The highest temperature of the refrigeration system is 49°C
and the lower temperature is -12°C. The capacity is 30 tons. Neglect all losses, determine the horsepower input.
a. 23 b. 28
c. 33 d. 39

89. A refrigeration system operates on the Reversed Carnot cycle with a refrigerant higher temperature of 50°C. The COP is 5
and the capacity is 50 tons. Determine the change of entropy in KJ/min-K.
a. 39.2 b. 32.0
c. 92.3 d. 23.9

90. In problem # 89, if the engine works as a heat pump, what is its COP?
a. 5 b. 5.5
c. 6 d. 6.5

91. A refrigerator is maintained at 5°C. Heat is removed from the stored food at the rate of 330 KJ/min. What is the refrigerator’s
coefficient of performance if the necessary power input to the refrigerator is 3.5 kW?
a. 2.57 b. 8.95
c. 0.45 d. 1.57

92. Given COP = 4.2 and input power of 1.5 KW. Find the heat rejected.
a. 9.62 kW b. 6.29 kW
c. 7.8 kW d. 10.2 Kw

93. A reversed Carnot cycle is used for refrigeration; it receives heat at 290 K and rejects 1.5 MW of heat at 375 K. Determine
the COP.
a. 4.31 b. 3.41
c. 1.34 d. 4.13

94. The power requirement of a Carnot Refrigerator in maintaining a low temperature region at 238.9 K is 1.1 KW per ton. Find
the condensing temperature.
a. 213.5 K b. 460.2 K c. 204.8 K d. 313.6 K

95. How many tons of ice can a 120-ton ice plant produce in 24 hours?
a. 120 b. 240 c. 60 d. 720

96. In a vapor compression system of refrigeration, the heat enthalpy of the refrigerant leaving compressor is 210 KJ/kg and the
enthalpy leaving evaporator is 180 KJ/kg and enthalpy leaving condenser is 64 KJ/kg. What is the COP?
a. 3.5 b. 3.85 c. 4.02 d. 4.75

97. A simple vapor compression cycle develops 70.32 KW of refrigeration using ammonia refrigeration at 24°C condenser
temperature (hf = 312.87 KJ/kg) and an evaporator temperature of minus 18°C (h g = 1439.94 KJ/kg). If the enthalpy of the
refrigerant leaving compressor is 1657 KJ/kg. What is the required power per ton of refrigeration (KW/ton)?
a. 0.766 b. 0.667 c. 0.677 d. 0.776

98. A vapor compression cycle develops 13 tons of refrigeration. Using ammonia as refrigerant and operating at 0°F
evaporating temperature (h = 611.8 Btu/lb) and 75°F condensing temperature (h = 706 Btu/lb, h f = 126.2 Btu/lb) and
assuming that compressions are isentropic and gas leaving the condenser is saturated, find the circulation rate of
refrigerant in lbs/min.
a. 5.35 b. 3.55 c. 5.53 d. 6.25

99. In problem # 98, determine the compressor power in hp.

a. 10.5 b. 12 c. 13 d. 8

100. An ammonia compressor operates at an evaporator pressure of 316 KPa and condenser pressure of 1514.2 KPa. A
twin-cylinder compressor with the bore and stroke unity is to be used at 1200 rpm. Assuming a 5% clearance for the
compressor and the refrigerant volume flow rate at compressor suction of 0.0322 m 3/sec, determine the size of the
compressor in mm.

22
Refrigeration Review Manual: (JRF, PME) MODULE I: REFRIGERATION FUNDAMENTALS

a. 100 b. 95
c. 120 d. 150

101. In a refrigerating plant, the enthalpy of the refrigerant as it leaves the condenser is 124 KJ/kg and as it leaves the
evaporator, it is 336 KJ/kg. Assuming a mass flow rate of 4.3 kg/min, for the refrigerant, determine the refrigerating capacity
in KW.
a. 17.25 b. 32.4
c. 12.185 d. 15.195

102. What is the coefficient of performance of a vapor compression refrigeration system having the following data: Enthalpy
entering the compressor is 181.79 KJ/kg; after the compressor is 207.3 KJ/kg; after condensation the enthalpy is 58.2 KJ/kg
and throttled from 0.19 MPa to 0.18 MPa.
a. 5.8 b. 4.8
c. 3.2 d. 5.6

103. A refrigeration system using R-22 has a capacity of 320 KW of refrigeration. The evaporating temperature is negative
10°C and the condensing temperature is 40°C. Calculate the fraction of vapor in the mixture before the evaporator.
Properties from R-12 Table: at -10°C hg = 401.6 KJ/kg & hf = 188.426 KJ/kg; at 40°C hf = 249.686 KJ/Kg
a. 0.287 b. 0.315
c. 0.245 d. 0.227

104. A refrigeration plant stored 8 metric tons of vegetables initially at a temperature of 15°C and preserved it by cooling it to
minus 8°C. The specific heat of the vegetables above and below freezing is 0.95 and 0.4 Btu/lb-R, respectively, and the
latent heat of fusion is 68.5 Btu/lb-R. The vegetables freezing temperature is minus 3°C and cooling takes place in 12
hours. Calculate the refrigerating capacity in tons of refrigeration.
a. 24.5 b. 16
c. 17.5 d. 19.5

105. Five hundred kilograms of beef is to be cooled from an initial entry temperature of 20°C to a final storage temperature
of -15°C in 8 hours. Find the total amount of heat removed in KJ if freezing occurs at -2°C. Additional data: specific heat
before freezing = 3.22 KJ/kg-K; specific heat after freezing and latent heat of fusion = 232.44 KJ/kg.
a. 160,000 b. 162,560
c. 165,000 d. 172,000

106. What is the TR required to cool 15,000 lbs of fresh pork from a temperature of 89°F to 32°F in 24 hours? Specific heat
above freezing of fresh pork is 0.68 Btu/lb-°F and the fresh pork freezing temperature is 28.4°F.
a. 2.02 b. 3.52
c. 1.68 d. 5.64

107. A refrigerating system is rated 20 tons capacity. How many kilograms of air will it cool from 32°C to 21°C at constant
pressure in an hour?
a. 22872 b. 27900 c. 25675 d. 24850

108. In an ice plant where it takes 48 hours to bake the water to ice before harvesting, it is possible to harvest ice every 24
hours This statement is:
a. True b. False c. Cannot be proven d. Not Appliable

109. The zero point on the absolute temperature scale, 459.69 degrees below the zero of the Fahrenheit scale, 273.16
degrees below the zero of the Centigrade or Celsius scale.
a) Absolute zero b) Datum temperature
c) Reference temperature d) Zero Temperature

110. A material which, due to an affinity for certain substance, extracts one or more such substances from a liquid or gaseous
medium with which it is in contact, and which changes physically or chemically, or both, during the process.
a) Absorber b) Absorbent
c) Insulator d) Thermal conductor

23