BASIC ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
(BTEE– 101-18)
Presented by:
Dr. Manvinder Sharma
Associate Professor
Syllabus as per IKG-PTU
Module 1: DC Circuits- Electrical circuit elements (R, L and C), voltage and current
sources, Kirchoff’s current and voltage laws, analysis of simple circuits with dc
excitation. Superposition, Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems. Time-domain analysis of
first-order RL and RC circuits.
Module 2: AC Circuits- Representation of sinusoidal waveforms, peak and rms values,
phasor representation, real power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor.
Analysis of single-phase ac circuits consisting of R, L, C, RL, RC, RLC combinations
(series and parallel), resonance. Threephase balanced circuits, voltage and current
relations in star and delta connections.
Module 3: Electrical Machines- Magnetic materials, BH characteristics, ideal and
practical transformer, equivalent circuit, losses in transformers, regulation and
efficiency. Auto-transformer and three-phase transformer connections. Generation of
rotating magnetic fields, Construction and working of a three-phase induction motor,
Significance of torque-slip characteristic. Loss components and efficiency, starting and
speed control of induction motor. Single-phase induction motor. Construction,
working, torque-speed characteristic and speed control of separately excited dc
motor. Construction and working of synchronous generators.
Module 4: Electrical Installations- Components of LT Switchgear: Switch Fuse Unit
(SFU), Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB), Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB), MCCB,
Contactors, Types of Wires and Cables, Earthing. Types of Batteries, Important
Characteristics for Batteries. Elementary calculations for energy consumption, power
factor improvement and battery backup.
Electrical v/s Electronics
Electrical devices take the energy of electric current and
transform it in simple ways into some other form of energy
In contrast, electronic devices do much more. Instead of just
converting electrical energy into heat, light, or motion,
electronic devices are designed to manipulate the electrical
current itself to coax it
An Electrical circuit is that which is a connection of
conductive wires and other devices whereby the flow of
electrons occurs.
An Electronic circuit is that which contains at least one
active element in a single circuit; whereby the flow of
electrons is controlled by another electrical signal. (either
voltage or current) In short, an electronic circuit is that in
which electricity controls electricity.
Voltage
The definition of voltage is the electrical potential difference between two
points in a circuit expressed in volts.
Assume two containers connected with a channel. When one is higher
than the other one, as shown in the figure below, the water in the higher
container starts running from the top one to the bottom one creating a
current. This happens because the water in the higher level relative to
ground has a higher potential energy.
Voltage is the potential energy that makes the electrical current flow in a
circuit by pushing the electrons around. The unit of voltage is volt shown as
'v'.
Electric Current
The electric current is the amount of charge per unit time that
passes through a surface
Q
I .
t
Direction of Current Flow
Electric current is a flow of electrons. In a circuit, electrons actually flow
through the metal wires.
Conventional electric current is defined using the flow of positive charges.
It is customary to use a conventional current I in the opposite direction to the
electron flow.
Resistance
Resistance is the opposition to flow of current.
Electrical resistance may be defined as the basic property of
any substance due to which it opposes the flow of electric
current through it
The resistance, R, of a conductor is defined as the ratio of
the potential difference V across it to the current I flowing
through it.
Resistance = Potential Difference
Current
Laws of Resistance
The laws of resistance states that, electrical resistance R of a
conductor or wire is:
1st law of resistance
The resistance of conductor is directly proportional to the length of
the conductor. Greater is the length of conductor greater will be the
resistance, similarly smaller is the length, and smaller will be the
resistance of the conductor.
directly proportional to its length, l i.e.
R∝l
2nd law of resistance
The resistance of the conductor is inversely proportional to the cross
sectional area of the conductor. Greater is the cross sectional area
smaller will be the resistance and when smaller is cross sectional area
greater will be the resistance
inversely proportional to its area of cross – section, a i.e.
Combining these two laws we get,
Laws of Resistance
3rd law of resistance
The resistance of the conductor depends upon the nature of
the conductor. Two wire having the same gauges, but different
material will have different resistance.
4th law of resistance
The resistance of the conductor depends upon the
temperature of it. Resistance of metallic conductor increase
with increase in temperature of the conductor.
Conductance
Conductance is reciprocal of resistance.
A measure of a material's ability to conduct electric charge
Electrical conductance measures how easily electricity flows
along a certain path through an electrical element.
The resistance (R) of an object is defined as the ratio of
voltage across it (V) to current through it (I), while the
conductance (G) is the inverse:
