Double Block and Bleed Isolation
Double Block and Bleed Isolation
by Angus Bowie
STATS, Aberdeen, UK
Organized by
Clarion Technical Conferences
and Tiratsoo Technical
and supported by
The Professional Institute of Pipeline Engineers
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Double Block and Blleed Isolatio
on
Howeveer, although ““Double Blocck and Bleedd” is a univerrsally used te
erm to speciffy a level of iisolation,
the defin
nition of the term is by n
no means un iversal. For example:
Figure 1: Double Bloc k and Bleed Diagram – Two Valves
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Testing and monito oring the efffectiveness oof the Isolattion is specified in this guidance document
which sttates (ref. artticle 165):
“Prove tthe integrityy of all isolattion points oof an isolatio
on scheme before
b proceeeding with intrusive
work (un nless your rissk assessment has indicaated that the e use of non‐proved isolaation is accep
ptable):
BP – Guidance on Practice for SSafe Isolationn and Reinstatement of Plant specifiies Double B
Block and
Bleed ass:
“Double Blo
ock and Bleed consists of the clossure of two block valvees in series with an
all be testedd separately and the
intermediate bleed valvve. The integgrity of both valves sha
bleed valve will then be left in the cl osed positio on between p periodic integgrity checks..”
Most other operators have similar specificattions, howevver there is an acceptannce on many that the
bleed caan be left op
pen to accom mmodate accceptable up pstream valvve leak ratess. Some even specify
the size of the ventt to ensure that
t ot generate pressure in the void
the acceeptable leakk rate will no
between n the valves.
Figure 2: Single Doubble Block and
d Bleed Valve
e Diagram
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The accepted requirement for such valvess is that botth upstream and downsstream barriiers hold
pressuree in the correect direction
n. “Exampless of such valvves are suitably specifiedd double wed dge gate,
parallel expanding gate,
g e seating baall valves etcc. Double piston seal baall valves where the
double
cavity pressure provvides the dow wnstream poositive seal, should not normally be used and if they are
to be used then theyy require spe ecific Techniccal Authorityy approval.
Figure 3: Split Gatee Double Blo
ock and Bleed
d Valve
Before w
we can lookk at how temporary isoolation toolss can be asssessed to prrovide an eq
quivalent
“Doublee Block and B Bleed Isolatioon” we needd to define aa consistent definition w which covers the high
end intent while accommodat
a ting the praacticalities of
o pipeline systems in which valvves have
acceptabble leak ratees.
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Double Block and Bleed – Definition
The baseline definition for incumbent valves is two valves, tested and proven to full line pressure in
a direction consistent with the required isolation with the void between them vented and monitored
for pressure rise. Although this is idealistic other than on brand new plant, it does form a starting
point for assessment.
The intent of this level of isolation is that no single failure can invalidate the isolation.
Failure (or inadvertent operation) of the primary valve would only allow pressure to enter
the bled zone between the valves. The second valve would prevent any hydrocarbons (or other
pipeline pressure) from affecting the worksite.
Failure (or inadvertent operation) of the secondary valve would only open the ambient void
to the work site offering no direct risk. The primary valve would prevent any hydrocarbons (or other
pipeline pressure) from affecting the worksite.
The requirement for the secondary valve to be tested to verify the isolation capacity is key to
ensuring that any bypass of the primary valve is retained.
The requirement for the void between the valves to be vented to ambient is necessary to ensure
that any pressure build up from a passing primary valve will be detected and that it can be vented to
a safe area, whist being retained by the secondary valve. Preventing any hydrocarbons or pressure
from affecting the worksite.
This is a simple concept which is complicated by the reality of plant design and valve wear. The result
is that most of the time two leak tight valves are not available.
As a result some practical compromise is usually required when incumbent pipeline valves are used
to provide double block and bleed isolation. The first part of this is the definition of acceptable leak
rates on valves. Most operators have an acceptable leak rate criteria based on pipe diameter,
pressure, and hazardous nature of the fluid being isolated. Other factors such as available vent
capacity and even fire fighting capacity can also be used when assessing what leak rate can be safely
accommodated. With this compromise, the secondary valve (downstream) is tested using pipeline
pressure to validate it is sealing within the documented acceptable leak rate. The void between the
valves is vented and locked in to measure the primary valve (upstream) leak rate. Once the leak
rates are accepted as within allowable levels, the bleed is opened to flare to ensure no differential
pressure builds across the downstream valve.
Where a single valve is to be used to offer equivalent isolation, the same rules should be applied.
Where the valve design energises both the upstream and downstream seals with the upstream
pressure, the valve can be considered for double block and bleed. However the single modes of
failure require to be assessed to ensure that sufficient safeguards are put in place to mitigate against
these failure modes.
One of the main single failure points is that a single actuator function can remove both the primary
and secondary seals at once, it is critical that inadvertent or accidental operation of the valve
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actuatorr must be prrevented from occurringg , preferable ng or lockingg the actuator, while
e by removin
the isolaation is in plaace.
As mostt pipeline vallve seats are
e pressure asssisted, it is important th
hat the valvee integrity is tested in
the corrrect direction
n, although we still see too often th he valve cavity being de pressurised to check
both thee seats of a D
DBB valve at the same timme.
Temporary Isolation
n Techniquess
There are many occcasions whe ere the incuumbent valves in a piping system aare not suffficient to
provide the required isolation and
a the praccticality of venting the pipeline
p presssure does not
n make
that opttion desirablle or in som
me cases eveen viable. An
n example off this is ESD
DV maintenance on a
subsea ggas pipeline w where the ve enting of sevveral hundre ed kilometress of 40” pipee is not viable e.
Even whhere the pipeeline can be vented to aambient, flash off from condensate oor pipe bore deposits
need to be kept awaay from the wworksite.
Temporaary pipeline isolation haas been perrformed by a variety of methods too various de
egrees of
integrityy for decadees. The earliest isolatioon techniques were cru
ude with lim
mited capab bility and
integrityy. Examples include a mu ud pack, wh ich needed tthe pipe ven nted in orderr to install, ccould not
be effecctively tested
d and would not resist anny substantiaal pressure th hat could bu ild from flash.
Figure 44: Mud Pack Isolation
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Figure 5: Linne Stop Tool with Gas Bag
g
Two linee stop tools in series witth a vent beetween would be required for a douuble block and bleed
level iso
olation
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The major advance iin this technology was faail safe features:
Self Eneergisation
Fiigure 6: Isolaation Plug Self Energisatio
on
An axial load balancee over the se
eal shows a ppressure inte
ensification o
on the seal r ubber pressu
ure:
Fp – Ejecction Load = Pipeline Pre
essure x Crosss Sectional A
Area of Pipe
Fs – Seal Load = Seall Rubber Pressure x Cros s Sectional A
Area of Set Se
eal
Balance of forces Fp p = Fs
Note: Thhis is looking aat seal pressurre intensificattion and does not take acco n pressure
ount of Hydrauulic actuation
Cross Secctional Area oof Pipe
Seal Rubberr Pressure =
= Pipeline PPressure x
Cross Sectional Area off Set Seal
ows that as the isolated p
This sho ber pressure in the seal increases
pipeline presssure increasses, the rubb
by a facttor >1. This ffactor is defined by the sseal bore in the seal desig
gn and is norrmally in the
e order of
1.5.
The resu
ult of this design featurre is that thee isolation will
w be maintained by thhe isolated pressure,
p
even wiith a total failure
f he hydraulic system, providing a minimum
of th m diff
fferential preessure is
maintainned across th he plug. Thiss makes this isolation system fail safee.
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Passive Unset
In the caase on loss o
of hydraulicss, in the earlyy days this ccould be caused by a hyddraulic tetheer failure,
the pluggs were dessigned to pa
assively unsset when thhe pressure differential is removed
d. As the
pipeline pressure can normally n not be removved, this passive unset is achieved byy raising the pressure
inboard of the plug, which can o only be achie ved when th he pipeline in
ntegrity is resstored.
FFigure 7: Diagram and Phhoto of Earlyy Single Seal Isolation Plu g
The seco
ond generattion of this plug
p design added a seccond compreession seal bbetween the e primary
seal and
d the lock boowl. The two compressioon seals are sseparated byy an annuluss ring which is ported
through the hydrauulic tether too offer a bl eed and mo bility. Both tthese seals are fully
onitor capab
energiseed by the pip
peline pressu ure as well ass the hydraulic activationn.
Figure 8: Dual Seal Tecno Plug™
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There are two plug designs currently on the market, one with two lock and seal modules, each
similar to the original design, and the other based on the dual seal and single lock array. We will look
at how the two designs compare to the Double Block and Bleed Isolation definition later in this
document.
STATS has also taken the isolation plug self energised, fail safe, seal design to develop a hot tap
installed isolation tool which can be installed through a single hot tap penetration and offer the
advantages of both the mechanical isolation plug and line stop tooling.
The other mechanism which is used for temporary isolation is the use of freeze plugs, where a liquid
–optimally water ‐inside the pipe is frozen, normally by the application of liquid Nitrogen. The
solidifying process would generate an ice plug which both seals and grips the pipe. This isolation
technique is attractive as it does not require full bore access to the pipe bore for installation and
recovery, but does have some challenges, particularly the loading on the pipe from both the ice
expansion and the cryogenic effect on pipe. There is also the asphyxiation potential with the
Nitrogen evaporation and the potential total loss of isolation if the cooling system is compromised.
Double Block and Bleed Isolation Tooling
Double Block and Bleed is a valve definition, so all temporary isolation techniques and devices
require to be risk assessed to validate that they offer an equivalent isolation level in the required
application. In order to assess the comparison of isolation provided, we need first to identify the
requirements.
Temporary isolation techniques offer different challenges to valves so can’t be assessed in a directly
equivalent manner.
Valves are designed to be installed in pipes for many years and a high number of operations
between maintenance. As a result they are normally provided with acceptable leak rates higher than
those of a new valve. This, results in minimum bleed capacities being specified where an open bleed
is used. The wear, erosion and corrosion associated with old valves can cause many concerns,
although valves in good condition should always at a minimum provide a secure mechanical
restraint.
Temporary isolation devices on the other hand are not permanently connected to the pipework and
can be inspected and tested immediately before use and tend to be maintained after very few
operations. The seals can be replaced for every deployment so offering a consistent level of seal
integrity. The only limitation on this is pipe bore condition where the temporary isolation device
seals against. All the high pressure isolation devices identified here do apply some local stresses to
the pipe at the set location which need to be assessed.
The ability of the isolation integrity to be monitored is critical in the temporary isolation assessment.
With valves, where an open bleed is used, the monitoring of the isolation is minimal, as a rise of
pressure would indicate a loss of control over the isolation rather than an indication of deterioration
of either the primary barrier or vent capability. The high specification of the BP requirement above,
with the bleed locked in will offer the full monitor but may not be viable with valve leak rates.
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The independence of control systems to ensure no single operation could invalidate both barriers,
which is a cause for concern in the single double block and bleed valve, must be addressed in the
assessment of temporary isolation devices.
Accidental operation, which causes restrictions in the use of ESDV valves in double block and bleed,
is easier to control in temporary isolation systems since they tend to be independent of automated
plant systems, however needs to be covered in a risk assessment.
Where assessing the integrity of an isolation, we therefore need to assess the following:
Two independent barriers
Ability to test both barriers in the correct direction to verify the isolation integrity
Any single failure modes are understood and addressed. E.g. single bulkheads such as in
double block and bleed valves
Bleed limitations
Monitoring capability
Seal integrity
Restraint integrity
Exposure to single seal
Stability of isolation under unstable loading from pressure fluctuations
Effect on the piping system
These are all assessed initially in a FMECA for the tooling then a HAZID on the deployment for STATS
supplied equipment.
This paper will look at the STATS Tecno Plug™ and BISEP™ in detail then compare with alternative
technology.
Tecno Plug™
The current Tecno Plug™ is derived from the dual seal tethered isolation plug deployed by
Tecnomarine Systems since the mid 1980’s. The basic concept is for two compression seals mounted
in series outboard of a taper lock array. There are several configurations from single to triple
module with the multi module configurations being connected by structural ball joints. The basic
loading and operation is the same for all varieties.
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F
Figure 9: Rem
mote Controll Tecno Plug™
™ in Pigging Configuratioon
The mosst compact p plug is the sin
ngle modulee dual seal Te ecno Plug™. This plug is ddesigned to be set in
tight spaces, e.g. between two o valves or bbetween a pig trap valvve and prodduction tee to allow
production to be maaintained wh hile the valv e maintenan nce is progre essed. This pplug can how wever, be
pigged rround 3D ben nds so can also be used ffor long distaance pigging jobs.
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Figurre 10: Tecnoo Plug™ Seal Verification Cycle
Once inboard pressure is fully vvented the TTecno Plug™ secondary b barrier is tessted in situ tto above
the pipeeline pressurre in the correct orientattion. This pro oves the inteegrity of thee secondary seal. The
annulus is then ventted to the tail pressure aand locked in n. This allowss the primaryy seal to be ttested to
the full differential pressure. Altthough the annulus will settle at a ffew bar aboove the small volume
(~3 litrees for a 30””) plug combined with the low pressure (~5 bar/ ~70 pssi) does nott offer a
substanttial risk.
The isolation is then d for an exteended period prior to breaching
n monitored b thee pipe integgrity. The
standardd period is 12 hours for aa high pressuure isolation..
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This offers the closest monitoring to the valve scenario. Both barriers are proven in‐situ to full
pipeline pressure and the void between the seals is bled to ambient and locked in for monitoring. As
the isolation plugs offer high integrity sealing, this annulus pressure is not anticipated to require
venting during the isolation. However, if the annulus pressure did rise, then the loading on the seal
would be unchanged and the system has already been tested to the secondary seal loading so does
not go outside the tested condition.
Once the isolation certificate is issued, the control system is put in watchdog mode which
automatically monitors the Tecno Plug™ sensors and transmits changes to alert the operator. The
plug will not accept any command which will change the status while in watchdog which locks the
system from inadvertent operation. The hydraulic unset is also limited and high pressure isolations
can’t be unset hydraulically without equalising the pressure first.
Single failure assessment of this plug is to the extent that the ¼” outboard monitor is protected by a
shuttle valve to protect from a leaking fitting.
Comparing this to the Double Block and Bleed Criteria:
Both primary and secondary seal are capable and tested to the pipeline pressure in the
correct direction during the deployment
Annulus between the seals is vented and locked in minimising exposure from loss of
secondary seal integrity
Effect of the loading on the pipe is well understood and engineered for the application. All
plugs are tested in equivalent pipe to Hydro‐test pressures
Both seals and the locks are fully activated by the differential pressure and by hydraulic
activation pressure. Two totally independent actuation systems
Control system locked from inadvertent operation
Automatic monitor of outboard pressure, inboard pressure, annulus pressure, hydraulic set
pressure, hydraulic unset pressure. These sensors would give advance notice of any change
of status in the system. There is the ability to intervene in a controlled manner if required
Looking at the Failure Modes:
The pressure head is a steel disc similar in design to a blind flange with the design to 1.5 times the
isolation plug design pressure. As the standard Tecno Plug™ working pressure is in excess of 3000 psi
and most deployments are less than 2000 psi, then this offers additional contingency. Every isolation
tool is tested in similar pipe to the code hydro‐test pressures prior to deployment. This compares to
valve gates which only require a 1.1 times MAOP test pressure.
The front compression seal is the primary barrier. This seal is held activated by both the differential
pressure and hydraulic set pressure, both of which would require to be lost to invalidate the
activation. Failure modes assessed are a leak developing and a catastrophic loss of seal. These are
highly unlikely events, however the consequences need to be assessed. A leak past the primary seal
would only restore the annulus pressure to the pre‐vented plug status which had already been
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tested. The secondary seal is proven as a full barrier. The Tecno Plug™ control system allows
controlled venting of this pressure if required. A catastrophic failure of the primary seal could allow
movement of the pressure head towards the taper locks. The Tecno Plug™ is therefore designed to
accommodate this movement to the extent of the full loss on the primary seal rubber volume.
However, additional to this defence, the seal would not extrude onto the pipeline pressure as the
pipeline pressure is acting against it. Extrusion towards the secondary seal would be limited by the
free volume around the annulus ring so a full seal loss is not possible. The plug design has however
been designed to accommodate total loss of this seal.
The annulus ring is a solid steel plate under compression which is supported across the surface with
the compression seals and is designed of sufficient thickness to retain rigidity.
The rear compression seal is the secondary seal. This seal activation is maintained by both the
differential across the plug and the hydraulic set pressure, whether there is pressure between the
seals or not. The seal is tested as part of the Tecno Plug™ deployment and held during the isolation
with minimal pressure locked in the annulus. This seal is assessed for two failure scenarios. Firstly a
leak developing. A leak in this seal would be identified by the loss of the small pressure in the
annulus. The small volume and pressure minimises the potential hazard. The second hazard assessed
is the catastrophic loss of the secondary seal. Like the primary seal the Tecno Plug™ stroke is
designed to accommodate this movement. However like the primary seal, the seal movement is
limited. For the seal to move forward into the annulus, the limited free annulus volume would
prevent seal loss. If the seal moved backwards, the movement would be limited by the locks. Hence
the catastrophic seal failure also protected against by the nature of the design.
The lock bowl is a solid steel ring designed to take the full test pressure in a similar manner to the
annulus ring and pressure head.
The taper lock segments have more than 100% contingency arrayed around the lock bowl. This
ensures that eccentric pipe surface degradation (e.g 6 o’clock corrosion) can be accommodated. The
locks are fully engaged by both the hydraulic set pressure and the differential pressure across the
plug in a similar manner to the seals. These locks are tested to the full pressure during the isolation
plug deployment and the loading from the differential pressure is constant with pipeline pressure.
The alternative of axially separating the contingency locks, placing a set between the seals, would
result in the loading on the lock grip changing if the annulus between the seals changes‐ offering the
potential on an untested condition being generated during an isolation. STATS have assessed this
risk as being more hazardous than a single fully tested and stable grip.
Tecno Plugs™ have been accepted by most major operators over the last 20 years.
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Tecno Plug™ Examp
ples
In 2001 Tecnomarine deployed a a 40” remotee plug for Staatoil, isolatin
ng a 110 bar gas pipeline
e, 800 km
long to aallow a weld
ded in ESDV vvalve to be sstripped and maintained. This was thhe first remo ote Tecno
Plug™ deployment aand was pre eceded by a 3 day HAZO OP to assess the risks. Ass a result of this first
deploymment Statoil iisolated 2 further 40” expport lines the following yyear.
Figure 11: Remote Plug Being LLoaded into P
Pig Trap
Figure 12
2: 38” Tecno Plug™ after Sour Gas De
eployment
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BISEP™ – Branch Insstalled Self E
Energised Pluug
The BISEEP™ is the Double Block and Bleed li ne stop tool which has b
been developped by STATS. It uses
Tecno Plug™ seals mmounted on aa spherical h ead to provide the dual barrier isolattion.
Figgure 13: BISEEP™
The BISEEP™ offers alll the dual se
eal advantagees of a Tecno
o Plug™ but with some aadditional fea
atures.
The pressuree head, prim mary seal annnulus ring and secondary seal operatee in a similarr manner
to the Tecnoo Plug™.
The BISEP™ is however installed throough a hot ttap penetration so insteaad of the tap per locks,
ed by two soolid clevis arms,
the BISEP™ is restraine a each of
o which cann resist the full test
pressure.
The BISEP™™ also has a secondary leak tight pressure
p heaad mountedd to the reaar of the
secondary seeal.
The BISEP™ had permanent hydrauulic connection through the launcheer. This wou uld allow
continuous ssafe venting of any primaary seal bypaass.
The BISEP™ can accomm modate back pressure to test the com mpleted pipeework.
The BISEP™ can be utilissed in conjunnction with aa Tecno Plug g™ to allow hhot tap fittin
ngs to be
removed so removing th he hazard of welding onto live lines a and the long term securitty of split
welded fittin
ngs.
STATS h
have develop ped a system
m, first usedd to remove an 18” dead leg for BPP in the UK, where a
mechanical hot tap clamp is used to providde a cold wo
ork branch. The clamp iis a dual seaal variety
which allows the asssembly on the
t pipe to be pressure e tested. A hot
h tap macchine and va alve then
generatees a penetration in the p pipe for the ddeployment of the BISEP™.
mp and pipe with hot tap
The clam p penetratio n can then b
be removed under the Teecno Plug™ iisolation.
In the 18” applicatio
on there wass a flange brreak immediately on the
e 36” by 18” tee allowingg a quick
and permmanent soluution. This Te
ecno Plug™ wwas designedd with a mecchanical lock
k and retentio
on which
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Figurre 14: BISEP™
™ Deployme
ent During Te
esting
Figu P™ Isolating PPipeline On‐Site with Dead Leg Cut A
ure 15: BISEP Away
Figure 16: BISEP™ Head aafter Successful Set on H
Hot Tap Swarrf
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and Integrity Ma nagement confe erence. Copyrightt ©2012 by Clarioon Technical Con
nferences,
Tiratsoo Tecchnical (a divisioon of Great South
hern Press) and th
he author(s).
All rights reserveed. This document may not be reprroduced in any fo orm without permmission from the ccopyright ownerss.
Pip
peline pigging and integrity maanagement con
nference, Houstton, February 22012
The com
mpetitive design with tw wo lock and seal module es required half the pippeline pressuure to be
trapped between the seals. Op perationally this makes testing botth seals in ssitu to full pressure
impractiical. The loaading on eacch module w
will also chaange as the pressure beetween the modules
changess, potentiallyy to an untestted conditio n.
wo Lock and Seal Modulees
Figure 17: Competition Deesign with Tw
The volu
ume betweeen the modu
ules at half the pipeline
e pressure (O
Orange in skketch) is sign
nificantly
larger th
han the Tecn
no Plug™ andd is only isolaated from the e worksite by a single seaal.
ug™ & BISEP™
Tecno Plu ™ are Trade M
Marks of STATSS (UK) Ltd
Proceedings of the 2012 P Pipeline Pigging a
and Integrity Ma nagement confe erence. Copyrightt ©2012 by Clarioon Technical Con
nferences,
Tiratsoo Tecchnical (a divisioon of Great South
hern Press) and th
he author(s).
All rights reserveed. This document may not be reprroduced in any fo orm without permmission from the ccopyright ownerss.
Pipeline pigging and integrity management conference, Houston, February 2012
Proceedings of the 2012 Pipeline Pigging and Integrity Management conference. Copyright ©2012 by Clarion Technical Conferences, Tiratsoo Technical (a division of Great Southern Press) and the author(s).
All rights reserved. This document may not be reproduced in any form without permission from the copyright owners.
Pipeline pigging and integrity management conference, Houston, February 2012
Proceedings of the 2012 Pipeline Pigging and Integrity Management conference. Copyright ©2012 by Clarion Technical Conferences, Tiratsoo Technical (a division of Great Southern Press) and the author(s).
All rights reserved. This document may not be reproduced in any form without permission from the copyright owners.
Pipeline pigging and integrity management conference, Houston, February 2012
Proceedings of the 2012 Pipeline Pigging and Integrity Management conference. Copyright ©2012 by Clarion Technical Conferences, Tiratsoo Technical (a division of Great Southern Press) and the author(s).
All rights reserved. This document may not be reproduced in any form without permission from the copyright owners.
Pipeline pigging and integrity management conference, Houston, February 2012
Proceedings of the 2012 Pipeline Pigging and Integrity Management conference. Copyright ©2012 by Clarion Technical Conferences, Tiratsoo Technical (a division of Great Southern Press) and the author(s).
All rights reserved. This document may not be reproduced in any form without permission from the copyright owners.
Pipeline pigging and integrity management conference, Houston, February 2012
Proceedings of the 2012 Pipeline Pigging and Integrity Management conference. Copyright ©2012 by Clarion Technical Conferences, Tiratsoo Technical (a division of Great Southern Press) and the author(s).
All rights reserved. This document may not be reproduced in any form without permission from the copyright owners.