SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

SURVEY OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT -
Swachh Bharat
SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

ABSTRACT

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) or Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

(SBA) or Clean India Mission was a country-wide campaign from 2014 to 2019, to
eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management (SWM) in urban and
rural areas in India. The objectives of the mission also included eradication of manual
scavenging, generating awareness and bringing about a behavior change regarding
sanitation practices, and augmentation of capacity at the local level. Initiated by the
Government of India, the mission aimed to achieve an "open-defecation free" (ODF)
India by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi. The
core objectives of the first phase of the mission were to reduce open defecation and
improve management of municipal solid waste in both urban and rural areas.[citation
needed] Elimination of open defecation was to be achieved through construction of
individual household level toilets (often twin pit pour flush pit latrines), toilets and
public toilets. For improving solid waste management, cities were encouraged to
prepare detailed project reports that are bankable and have a financial model.The
second phase on the other hand focuses on sustaining gains of the first phase and
improving management of the solid and liquid wastes.

Keywords : Swachh Bharat Mission, open-defecation free, Municipal solid waste,

processing, disposal of solid waste, sweeping, collection and transportation
SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

INTRODUCTION
Swachh Bharat “One Step towards Cleanliness”

The campaign's official name is in Hindi. In English, it translates to "Clean India

Mission". The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New
Delhi by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is India's largest cleanliness drive to date
with three million government employees and students from all parts of India
participating in 4,043 cities, towns, and rural communities. At a rally in Champaran,
the Prime minister called the campaign Satyagrah se Swachhagrah in reference to
Gandhi's Champaran Satyagraha launched on 10 April 1916.
The mission was split into two: rural and urban. In rural areas
"SBM - Gramin" was financed and monitored through the Ministry of Drinking Water
and Sanitation; whereas "SBM - urban" was overseen by the Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs. As part of the campaign, volunteers, known as Swachhagrahis, or
"Ambassadors of cleanliness", promoted indoor plumbing and community approaches
to sanitation (CAS) at the village level. Other activities included national real-time
monitoring and updates from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as The
Ugly Indian, Waste Warriors, and SWACH Pune (Solid Waste Collection and
Handling).Swachh Bharat Abhiyan set a lot of objectives to achieve so that India
could become cleaner and better. In addition, it not only appealed the sweepers and
workers but all the citizens of the country. This helped in making the message reach
wider. It aims to build sanitary facilities for all households. One of the most common
problems in rural areas is that of open defecation. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan aims to
eliminate that.Moreover, the Indian government intends to offer all the citizens with
hand pumps, proper drainage system, bathing facility and more. This will promote
cleanliness amongst citizens.
Similarly, they also wanted to make people aware of health and
education through awareness programs. After that, a major objective was to teach
citizens to dispose of waste mindfully.In short, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a great start
to make India cleaner and greener. If all the citizens could come together and
participate in this drive, India will soon flourish. Moreover, when the hygienic
conditions of India will improve, all of us will benefit equally. India will have more
tourists visiting it every year and will create a happy and clean environment for the
citizens.


SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

Strategy

The focus of the Strategy is to move towards ‘Swachh Bharat’ by providing flexibility
to State governments, as sanitation is a State subject, to decide on their
implementation policy, use of funds and mechanisms, taking into account State
specific requirements. The Government of India’s role is essentially to complement
the efforts of the State governments through the focused programme being given the
status of a Mission, recognizing its dire need for the country.

The key elements of the Strategy include

1. Augmenting the institutional capacity of districts for undertaking intensive behaviour

change activities at the grassroots level.
2. . Strengthening the capacities of implementing agencies to roll out the programme in a
time-bound manner and to measure collective outcomes.
3. Incentivizing the performance of State-level institutions to implement behavioral change
activities in communities.

Monitoring Mechanisms

A robust monitoring arrangement has been put in place to monitor Open Defecation
Free status of a village, the implementation of Solid and Liquid Waste Management
projects as well as the construction and use of household toilets, school and
Anganwadi toilets, and Community Sanitary Complexes.

The monitoring also uses a robust community led system, like Social
Audit.Community-based monitoring and vigilance committees will help in creating
peer pressure. States decide the delivery mechanisms to be adopted to meet the
community needs.
SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

Sanitation Technologies

Appropriate participation of the beneficiary/communities, financially or otherwise in

the setting up of the toilets is advised to promote ownership and sustained use, both at
the household and community levels. The built-in flexibility in the menu of options is
to give the poor and the disadvantaged families’ opportunity for subsequent upgrading
of their toilets depending upon their requirements and financial position and to ensure
that sanitary toilets are constructed, which ensure safe confinement and disposal of
faeces. An illustrative list of technology options, with cost implications is provided to
meet the user preferences and location-specific needs. While the Government
provides flexibility in choosing the toilet technology considering area’s topography,
soil conditions etc., properly constructed Twin-Pit is considered the most preferred
technology.

The Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi had said that “cleanliness is more
important than freedom for humans”.

Benefits of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan :-

 If India becomes completely clean then it will have many benefits. Due to this,
the maximum private investors will invest in our country, which will increase the
GDP of India, besides increasing the number of tourists, increase employment etc.

 Under this, Narendra Modi has asked every citizen of the country to deliver 100
hours of cleanliness in a year so that the country can be made clean and beautiful.

 Along with this, 0.5% sanitation has been imposed on various items by the
government so that all citizens can contribute to the cleanliness of the country and
it can become a completely clean country of India by 2019.

 With the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, the Government of India not only wants to
fulfil the goal of general cleanliness but also it wants to solve the problems of
waste management and the problems of open defecation because these problems
are stops the country to move forward.

 The main goals of this campaign are the elimination of open defecation,
conversion of unsanitary toilets, manual scavenging, complete disposal and reuse
of solid and liquid wastes.

In this way, the country will be made completely clean.

SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

Need for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan:

Until the goal of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is achieved in India, citizens will have to
continue efforts to keep cleanliness because if our environment is clean then we
remain healthy.

A healthy person is very important for the country because this development can
contribute far more than an unwell person.

Given below are some of the reasons that make this campaign necessary:

 Many people in India expel in the open, so this problem has to be got rid of
and this campaign is necessary to provide toilet facilities in the house to all.
 In India, this campaign is needed to convert the sanitary toilet into a flush
toilet.
 This is necessary to implement proper waste management through scientific
processes, clean disposal, reuse and recycling of municipal solid waste.
 This campaign is necessary for the behavioral change lane among the Indian
people.
 Also, this campaign is needed to make India clean and green.
 It is necessary to improve the quality of life of people in rural areas.

Swachh Bharat Mission reaches urban areas in urban areas:

The Swachh Bharat Mission for the urban areas aims to make about 1.04 crore
households clean so that they can be provided 2.6 lakh public toilets, 2.5 lakh
community toilets in every city.
Community toilets are planned to be constructed in residential areas where the
availability of individual household toilets is difficult and there are public toilets at
designated places including bus stations, tourist spots, railway stations, markets, etc.It
is planned to complete the cleanliness program in urban areas in five years by 2019.
To make this campaign successful, the government allocated a total of 14000 crore
rupees for it, which will be spent in different areas in these 5 years.

Gramin Swachh Bharat Mission:

Rural Swachh Bharat Mission is a mission to implement sanitation programs in

rural areas.

Earlier, the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was established in 1999 by the Government of
India to make rural areas clean but has now been reorganized into the Swachh Bharat
Mission.Although both campaigns have the same goal, this time this campaign is
getting more preference from the people.The goal of this campaign is to make the
rural areas open defecation free till 2019, for which the following estimate of one lakh
thirty-four thousand thousand cores has been spent for the construction of about 11
cores 11 lakh toilets in the Country. There is a big plan to convert waste into bio-
fertilizer and make it useful in energy forms. This mission includes the participation
of Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti and Zilla Parishad.
SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

The objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) are as follows:

 To improve the quality of life of people living in rural areas.

 Motivating people to meet the goals of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan by 2019.
 Contract to provide desired facilities to the employees in the villages.

Swachh Bharat Cess:

 Swachh Bharat Cess is an additional 0.5 per cent tax imposed on every service
which the Finance Ministry has imposed to collect some amount from every
citizen for Swachh Bharat Mission to make this campaign a success.
 Under this, the citizen will have to pay 50 paise as service tax for every rupee.

 The very first aim of the mission is to construct individual and community toilets.
 The other objective is to reduce or eliminate open defecation from the country.
Open defecation results in the deaths of thousands of children every year due to
unhygienic living conditions and diseases.
 It also aims at creating an accountable mechanism of monitoring the use of
toilets besides constructing them.
 The objective of the mission is to educate people and create awareness of the
repercussions of open defecation.
 The mission aims at recruiting ground staff that can train and bring about the
behavioral change in the mindset of the rural population to use toilets.
 This mission also aims at liquid and solid waste management.
 The objective is also to lay water pipelines in all the villages across the nation.
SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

SWACHH SARVEKSHAN

A Swachh Sarvekshan, an annual cleanliness survey commissioned by Ministry of

Urban Development, is carried out by Quality Council of India. It is an extensive
survey pertaining to sanitation that is carried out across many cities in order to study
the impact and progress of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. The aim is also to foster a sense
of competition among different cities of the country. Following are the five
parameters on the basis of which the performance of each city is evaluated –

 Open defecation
 Education, information, behaviour change and communication
 Municipal solid waste management, sweeping, collection and transportation.
 Provision of community and public toilet seats.
 Disposal of solid waste and processing.
 Capacity building and e-learning.

Survey methodology :

The survey is carried out by the Quality Council of India, which in 2020 covered 4242
cities and towns, In include 5 Lakhs+ ULB Document Evidence captured, 24 Lakhs+
Geo-tagged Photos captured from field and feedback from 1.9 crore people.Survey in
2020 was weighted on 6000 points. The criteria and weightages for different
components of sanitation related aspects used for the survey were:

a) Service Level Progress-1300 marks.

b) Citizen feedback – 1500 marks.

c) Direct observation – 1500 marks.

d) GFC (SWM) 1,000 Marks; ODF /ODF+ / ODF++ 500 Marks.

e) Average ranking of Quarterly Assessments (April 2019 to June 2019, July 2019 to
Sep 2019, Oct 2019 to Dec 2019)-200 Marks.

The primary goal of Swachh Survekshans is to encourage large scale citizen

participation and create awareness amongst all sections of society about the
importance of working together towards making towns and cities better places to
reside in.Conducted under the ambit of the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban), the
annual survey has managed to mobilise people, resources and authorities in an effort
to prove that their city, of all cities in India, is the cleanest and that sustainable
practices, both by citizens and ULBs, are being encouraged and promulgated.
SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

WHAT IS WASTE ?

Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which
is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A by-product
by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value. A waste product
may become a by-product, joint product or resource through an invention that raises a
waste product's value above zero.

Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous waste,

wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and
surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others.

Types of waste :

Generally, waste could be liquid or solid waste, and both could be hazardous. Liquid
and solid waste types can also be grouped into organic, reusable, and recyclable waste.

Let us see some details below:

 Liquid type: Waste can come in the non-solid form. Some solid waste can also
be converted to a liquid waste form for disposal. It includes point source and non-
point source discharges such as storm water and wastewater. Examples of liquid
waste include wash water from homes, liquids used for cleaning in industries, and
waste detergents.

 Solid type: Solid waste mostly is any garbage, refuse or rubbish that we make in
our homes and other places. These include old car tires, old newspapers, broken
furniture, and even food waste.

 Hazardous type: Hazardous or harmful waste are those that potentially threaten
public health or the environment. Such waste could be inflammable (can easily
catch fire), reactive (can explode), corrosive (can eat through metal),
or toxic (poisonous to humans and animals). In many countries, it is required by
law to involve the appropriate authority to supervise the disposal of such
hazardous waste. Examples include fire extinguishers, old propane tanks,
pesticides, mercury-containing equipment (e.g. thermostats) and lamps (e.g.
fluorescent bulbs), and batteries.

 Organic type:Organic waste comes from plants or animal sources. Commonly,

they include food waste, fruit peels, vegetable peels, flower trimmings, and even
dog poop can be classified as organic waste. They are biodegradable (this means
they are easily broken down by other organisms over time and turned into
manure). Many people turn their organic waste into compost and use it in their
gardens.

 Recyclable type: Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new,

useful products. It is done to reduce the use of raw materials that would have
been used to produce new things.
SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

 Biomedical waste : Biomedical waste comprises of all liquid and solid wastes
generated from medical establishments and activities involving biological
materials. Besides health care, the relevant activities include clinical research,
research involving animals, animal farms, dead animals, and others. The
generation of biomedical waste is not restricted to specific activity or
organization. It can originate from homes during dialysis and using insulin
injections, animal health activities in rural areas, butchering of sick animals in
butcher houses, medical shops, use of sanitary napkins and ear buds, use of
diapers, and air ports when passengers through away restricted medicines without
prescription.

Waste collection :

Waste collection is a part of the process of waste management. It is the transfer of

solid waste from the point of use and disposal to the point of treatment or landfill.
Waste collection also includes the curbside collection of recyclable materials that
technically are not waste, as part of a municipal landfill diversion program.

The dry refuse is generally collected in bins they are ;

 one bin system is collection of solid state and liquid .
 two bin system is collection of hazardous waste .
 three bin system collection of e waste.

Further the waste is transported to the disposal site using different type of vehicles
according to the type of waste collected. Examples : Tucks, Mini Vans, Tractors etc…
SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

Waste Disposal and Methods :

Though waste disposal has been a matter of concern for
several decades, the main problem has been taking massive proportions due to growth
in population and industrialization, the two major factors that contribute to waste
generation. Though some advancement is being made in waste disposal methods, they
are still not adequate.

Types of waste disposal methods :

 Incineration.
 Composting.
 Sanitary Landfill.
 Disposal in Ocean/Sea.
 Plasma Gasification.

Incineration :- Incineration features the combustion of wastes to transform them

into base components, with the generated heat being trapped for deriving energy.
Assorted gases and inert ash are common by-products. Pollution is caused by varying
degrees dependent on the nature of waste combusted and incinerator design. The use
of filters can check pollution. It is rather inexpensive to burn wastes and the waste
volume is reduced by about 90%.

Composting :- It involves the decomposition of organic wastes by microbes by

allowing the waste to stay accumulated in a pit for a long period of time. The nutrient-
rich compost can be used as plant manure. However, the process is slow and
consumes a significant amount of land. Biological reprocessing tremendously
improves the fertility of the soil.

Sanitary Landfill :- This involves the dumping of wastes into a landfill. The
base is prepared of a protective lining, which serves as a barrier between wastes and
groundwater, and prevents the separation of toxic chemicals into the water zone.
Waste layers are subjected to compaction and subsequently coated with an earth layer.
Soil that is non-porous is preferred to mitigate the vulnerability of accidental leakage
of toxic chemicals. Landfills should be created in places with low groundwater levels
and far from sources of flooding. However, a sufficient number of skilled manpower
is required to maintain sanitary landfills.

Disposal in ocean/sea :- Wastes generally of radioactive nature are dumped in

the oceans far from active human habitats. However, environmentalists are
challenging this method, as such an action is believed to spell doom for aquatic life by
depriving the ocean waters of their inherent nutrients.

Plasma Gasification :- Plasma gasification is an environment-friendly waste

disposal method. It is used to convert commodity recyclables extracted from the
municipal solid waste in the landfill into energy.
SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

RECYCLING
Recycling serves to transform the wastes into products of their
own genre through industrial processing. Paper, glass, aluminum, and plastics are
commonly recycled. It is environmentally friendly to reuse the wastes instead of
adding them to nature. However, processing technologies are pretty expensive.

Benefits of Recycling

 Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators.

 Conserves natural resources such as timber, water and minerals.
 Increases economic security by tapping a domestic source of materials.
 Prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials.
 Saves energy.
 Supports American manufacturing and conserves valuable resources.
 Helps create jobs in the recycling and manufacturing industries in INDIA.

For the environment:

 Recycling conserves finite natural resources - this is critical as population

continues to grow exponentially.
 Recycling conserves fresh water up to 95% in the mining and manufacturing
process for many materials.
 Recycling prevents waste from going into oceans - it is proven, when there is a
strong recycling culture, there is less litter and less waste going into ocean.
 Significantly reduces use of fossil fuel energy and reduces CO2 emissions.
 Protects forests which help to reduce CO2 emissions.
SURVEY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT - Swachh Bharat

CONCLUSION
The government comprise of the people. The government can't
do anything unless we, the citizens cooperate. Swachh Bharat Swachh Bharat reflects
the mindset of Modern India to create a clean and sanitary environment for current
and future generations of India. Cleanliness and Hygiene are mandatory for all aspects
of health. Health consists of physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual aspects.
Health in all its forms can only flourish if cleanliness is maintained at personal, family,
social and national levels. Cleanliness is important to control and eradicate infections
and diseases. A mental state of happiness and healthy rational thinking also needs an
atmosphere of cleanliness and hygiene. Cleanliness is mandatory in all spiritual
practice and rituals

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