Revolutionary Effect on Second-Hand Clothing: An Investigation of Market

Patronage among Senior High School Students of San Lorenzo Ruiz National

High School

Roxanne M. Abletes

Rose Anne M. Abletes

Princess Aira E. Federico

Ira Maricar R. Dajero

John Aries J. Segui

Jeloh F. Rada

Jessamine Anne Casey D. Molina

Dianne O. Gueta

Leslie M. Brondial

Brian J. Efondo

Laurence U. Manaog

Jezil A. Magdaraog

Angelo A. Aquino
Acknowledgement

First and foremost, praise and gratitude to God, the Almighty, for his

many gifts during our research and conclusion.

The researchers would also want to convey their heartfelt gratitude to

Mrs. Maricel Delos Reyes, our research teacher for providing with

essential guidance and support. We would also like to express our

gratitude for her empathy, patience, and knowledge. Working and studying

under her direction was a great honor and privilege.

Our gratitude and appreciation also to our respondents who freely

assisted with their full participation allowing the research study to be

completed smoothly.

Lastly, to our parents for their financial consideration and unwavering

support during the research study’s development, as well as for their

words of support during all the late night research sessions.

 Table Of Contents
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER I: The Problem and Its Background ............................................................................................... 1
Background of the study ........................................................................................................................... 1
Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................................................ 2
Hypothesis................................................................................................................................................. 2
Scope and Limitations of the Study .......................................................................................................... 3
References ................................................................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER II: Review of Related Literature And Studies ................................................................................ 5
Review of Related Studies......................................................................................................................... 5
Foreign ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Local .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Review of Related Literature .................................................................................................................... 9
Local .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Foreign .................................................................................................................................................... 11
Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art ............................................................................................................ 14
Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................................... 17
Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................................................... 21
Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................................. 21
CHAPTER III: Research Methodology .......................................................................................................... 24
Method of Research................................................................................................................................ 24
Population, Sample Size, and Sampling Technique ................................................................................ 24
Description of the Respondents ............................................................................................................. 25
Research Instrument ............................................................................................................................... 25
Data Gathering Procedure ...................................................................................................................... 26
Statistical treatment of data ................................................................................................................... 26
References .............................................................................................................................................. 27
CHAPTER IV: Analysis and Interpretation of Data....................................................................................... 29
Profile of the Respondents ..................................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER V: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation......................................................................... 35
Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 35
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 35
Recommendations .................................................................................................................................. 35
Bibliography ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER I: The Problem and Its Background

Background of the study

Ukay-ukay is most commonly used to refer to the industry that

specializes in the sale of secondhand imported garments. It

originated in Baguio City, where it was known as wagwagan, and

was later adopted in other places. The industry began with sidewalk

stalls, and in just two years, the ukay-ukay business has generated

a daily gross income of PhP1.2 million, according to reports

(Cabreza 2001). Later, wagwagan became the colloquial wagwag,

which has the same meaning as ukay-ukay. Ukay-ukay nowadays

is a very affordable source of fashionable yet durable clothing for

those with relatively low incomes. Some people resort to buying

ukay-ukay items because the latter are relatively homogenous with

the brand new garments and accessories that may be bought in

relatively high-class stores and shopping malls. Philippine-made

textiles and garments are said to be 30% more expensive than their

market counterparts, owing to inefficient local production and

technology processes, as well as their relatively low productivity

(Go 2002). The textile and garment industry still requires adequate

provisions for worker training as well as incentives, technological

efficiency, market production development, and the establishment

of regulating bodies. It will be more difficult for these local

businesses to compete with ukay-ukay vendors.

1
 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to explore what senior high school students in

San Lorenzo Ruiz experienced in buying second-hand clothes and

their actions before buying it. Another reason is to find out why they

enjoy second-hand clothes.

It aims to answer to answer following questions

1. What is the respondents profile in terms of:

a. Gender

b. Age

c. Strand

2. How often does the respondents buy second-hand clothing.

3. How satisfied the respondents in buying second-hand clothes.

4. How much money does the respondents spend in buying second-

hand clothes.

Hypothesis

The senior high school students of San Lorenzo Ruiz prefer to

buy secondhand clothing due to the quality and affordable price.

2
Scope and Limitations of the Study

The research study focuses on the experiences of the

students within the second hand clothing trade in the Philippines.

The researchers selected Senior high school as the respondents of

the proposed study. The age of the selected students ranges from

seventeen - nineteen (17-19) from both genders. The researchers

choose the current academic year 2021-2022 so that the study will

be chosen limited only to their chosen participants. The results of

this study are applicable only to the students that belongs for this

research but not to other student who doesn't belong on the

population of the selected participants.

Significance of the Study

Every company has its own unique culture. A company’s

organizational culture is important because it influences the

organization’s actions and approaches to conducting business. This

research will provide new insights into the revolutionary effect on

second-hand clothing. Through this research, the community learns

more about the benefits of buying secondhand is the cost savings.

You can often find secondhand goods up to 50% cheaper than you

could if you were buying new. It can also find name brand clothing,

shoes, purses, and more for a fraction of the cost and how this kind

of business works. Specially, this research will benefit start-up

3
clothing enterprises in deciding which marketing strategy they

should employ. Long-time clothing enterprises may also consider

the result of this research to review their current marketing strategy

and also to spread knowledge on the share of an individual

consumer’s experience in an industry or retail sector that is spent at

one company.

References

Ukay-Ukay Shopping Buiseness. (2016, Apr 21). Retrieved from

https://studymoose.com/ukay-ukay-shopping-buiseness-essay

4
CHAPTER II: Review of Related Literature And Studies

Review of Related Studies

Foreign

Understanding the Expansion of Circular Markets: Building

relational legitimacy to overcome the stigma of Second-Hand

Clothing (Valor, et Al.., 2022). Regardless of proof appearance that

the extension of round business sectors, especially recycled

clothing markets, might be compelled by purported green disgrace,

how we might interpret the degree to which shame can be

diminished is restricted. By zeroing in on the social development of

the mass recycled clothing market in an European country, this

study exhibited that the enthusiastic and approach work completed

by institutional entertainers. According to The International Second-

Hand Clothing Trade. (Brooks, 2013). The large scale international

trade in second hand-clothing garments exposed from the global

north to Africa is one of the world economy's understanding

geographies. In the underdeveloped world, clothing collected by

charities and commercial recycles is sold. The production of

secondhand clothing commodities in the United kingdom, the

international economic geography of the used clothing trade and

labor activities in Mozambique are all examine in this article. The

Increasing Phenomenon of Second-Hand Clothes Purchase:

5
Insights from the literature. ( Halimin Herjanto Et Al.., 2016)

Second-hand clothes (SHC) consumption is on the rise globally and

shows no signs of showing down. This tendency has had a

significant impact on the garment business in practically every

country and will continue to do so. The number of studies on SHC.

However, is still small and the conclusions are variable and

ambiguous. In Addition, the role of social embarrassment,

sustainability, familiarity and perception of hygiene in Second-Hand

Clothing purchase experience. ( Susana Costa e Silva et. Al, 2021).

Researchers and practitioners are becoming increasingly interested

in secondhand clothing (SHC). Despite all of the advantages that

this sector offers, consumer compliance still has a lot of room for

improvement. Several research have looked at the key elements

that encourage people to buy secondhand clothes (SHCs) but few

have looked into the aspects that discourage them form doing so.

As a result, the global of this study is to identify barriers in

Secondhand clothing purchasers by comparing the perception of

experienced and inexperience consumers. Stated by ( Mika Yrjölà

et Al.., 2021). Marketers must develop new ways to orient and

manage their business models when new markets emerge, where

items and resources are reused and redistributed. This study

focused on one such development: the life of old products by

redistributing ownership. While past research has primarily focused

6
on the consumer side of the second-hand economy, a systematic

knowledge of value generation in this sector is weak; thus, this

study used a business viewpoint to create a typology of second-

hand business models.

Local

Something old, Something used: Determines of women's

purchase of vintage fashion vs. Second-Hand fashion. (Cervellon et

Al..2012). Vintage has recently become a popular fashion trend,

with major fashion companies presenting collections inspired by

vintage pieces and premium haute-couture houses reviving

historical designs from their archives. However, as this industry

grows, little is known about the consumer profile and motivations for

buying vintage. This research examines the validity of a number of

assumptions about vintage consumption, such as the consumption

of used, previously owned clothing by nostalgic, ecologically

conscious or value conscious consumers. Moreover, Motivations for

and Against Second-Hand Clothing Acquisition. (Laitala and Klepp,

2018). Pre-owned clothing is one option for shoppers looking for

more environmentally friendly clothes. The reasons of costumers for

clothing reuse are examined in this article, including why they

choose or do not choose to purchase used clothing. First, a

taxonomy of motivation categories is offered based past research.

7
This demonstrates how identical features might be used to support

or against the purchase of used apparel. Also, Modeling the

Hierarchical Structure of Second-hand Clothing Buying Behavior

Antecedents of Millennials. ( Medals, et Al, 2020) . It's critical to

understand the mechanics of millennials secondhand clothing

(SHC) buying behavior, given their growing dominance in the

industry despite its importance, it has received little attention in the

present literature. This article tries to fill that gap by investigating

the antecedents of millennials SHC purchasing behavior. Defined

by Salaula: The World of Secondhand Clothing and Zambia (Karen

Transberg Hansen, 2000). We rarely consider what will happen to

our unwanted clothes when we donate them to charity: who will sift

and sell them, and then who will revive and wear them. Karen

Transberg Hansen takes us around the world in this intriguing look

at the multi-billion dollar secondhand clothes industry, from the

west, where clothing is donated to salvage houses in North America

and Europe, where it is sorted and compressed to Africa in this

case Zambia. And lastly, Refashioning commodities: women and

the sourcing of secondhand clothing in the Philippines (Milgram,

2004). The increased export of old apparel from the West to

southern regions since the mid-1990s may appear to be another

indicator of northern exploitation at first glance. However, thinking

about the southern flow of this item in this way reduces people to

8
passive recipients of global commodity networks and ignores the

options they generate in terms of attire and work practices. This

paper argues that by incorporating cultural practices into a global

trade that is marginal to state influence and focusing on women's

roles in the secondhand clothing industry in the Philippines, traders

and consumers reconfigure the logic of the market and the meaning

of this transnational commodity.

Review of Related Literature

Local

The economics of secondhand retail trade: An analysis of the

market for ukay-ukay ( Abueg, 2005) . In recent years the market

for secondhand clothing in Baguio City, Province of Benguet, has

expanded. Despite the fact that Republic act No. 4653 (ratified July

1966) was enacted, no concrete application of the law (e.g

confiscation and/or burning of such imported commodities) has

occured. People clearly see this market as an alternative to

counterpart goods. With soaring prices. However, when laws

prohibiting the importation and sale of secondhand garments are

enacted, consumers of such commodities have different reactions

and propose alternative solution in order to avoid being negatively

impacted. Meanwhile, Customers Preferences in Buying

Secondhand clothing in Digos city. ( TE et,Al ,2021) Trading utilized

9
pieces of clothing is something that has been finished for a

surprisingly long time. Lately, the fast development of recycled item

utilization stood out enough to be noticed of specialists as the

modest tracks down terminated for the sake of industrialism and the

opposition is turning out to be noticed of specialists as the modest

tracks down terminated for the sake of industrialism and the

opposition is turning out to be tight. Moreover, style are changing

every once in a while and the ascent of RTWs has turned into a

danger to the recycled business as RTWs are considerably more

reasonable contracted with previously. Therefore, Investigating

Secondhand fashion trades and consumption in the Philippines:

Expanding existing discourses. ( Veronica L Isla 2013) . It shows a

nations particular discourse is an expression of its socio- economic

context. However, since the used clothing trade is a global

phenomenon that transcends national boundaries, used clothing

traders, retainers and consumers. Unite in challenging the beliefs

driven by institutions that regulates and compete with this trade.

The response of these institutions has blurred the boundaries

seperating the formal and informal, the legal and illegal and the

Philippines examplifies this. On the other hand, Tag Archives:

Ukay-ukay in Ph The visayan term “ukay-ukay, ” which means “to

dig up,” is often used in the local setting to refer to second-hand

clothes and apparels, the shop or venue where they are purchased,

10
the act of buying themselves, and even the local industry of selling

secondhand garments (Abueg,2005). The ilokano term “wagwag,”

which means “to shake and sell or buy," is another name for such

goods. Wagwag is associated with Segunda Mano (SM) or

secondhand, which unknowingly lends to elegance and finesse to

these things, as SM stands for shoemart the Philippines' largest

retail company (Locsin,2017). According to Zerrudo (2013), ukay -

ukay items arrived in the philippines as donations for refugees and

disaster victims. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). Saw its

potential as a commercial endeavor and began collecting discarded

clothing, particularly from well- known brands, and sending it to the

Philippines in balik-bayan boxes. Their relatives or acquaintances

would then buy in bulk and sell the garments piece by piece. (

Bautista et Al..., 2018). In the 1980s, OFWs, particularly women

would buy old garments either their own or from the salvation army

thrift shop, and resell them in Baguio ( Locsin, 2017 ) this marked

the beginning of ukay-ukay things being sold and resold in the

Philippines.

Foreign

Rebirth fashion- Secondhand Clothing Consumption Values

and Perceived Risks (Eunsuk Hur, 2020). The Circular economy of

alternative consumption models for secondhand items has risen to

11
prominence in recent years. However, there has been very little

research done to gain a through knowledge of the negative and

positive consumer secondhand clothes consumptions as a result,

the purpose of this research is to look into the perceived hazards

and barriers of wearing secondhand clothes, as well as the enabling

and disabling factors that influence its life. As believed by, ( Maria

EK Styren, Marcelo M. Mariani 2020). Attitude towards buying

secondhand is positively influenced also by distance from the

system and in turn has a strong positive influence on behavioral

intention to buy secondhand clothes. Sharing economy (SE)

platforms are increasingly providing an effectiveness means of

connecting providers and users of secondhand goods. While media

emphasize that the trend of selling/buying secondhand has been

growing due to the consolidation and development of peer to peer

(P2P). There are three major antecedents of consumer’s attitude

towards buying secondhand clothes on P2P - SE platforms.

Moreover, the impact of the second-hand clothing trade on

developing countries (Sally Baden, Catherine Barber 2005). The

Second- hand clothing industry has grown into a significant

economic force in Ghana and Tunisia employing over a hundred

thousand people add to it the fact that second-hand clothing is

widely accepted in both nations and across all socioeconomic

classes. According to Wang et.al (2019) Proposal a sustainable

12
fashion index model that aims to measure that sustainability of

fashion companies. Ukay-ukay is a term used both for the cut of

shopping by digging up files of used or pre-loved clothes until one

make a good find. The Sustainable fashion theory posts that for

fashion to be sustainable, it must strive to achieve and balance

specific, economic, environmental l, cultural, and social obejectives.

(Brianna,2020).Thus, Understanding the expansion of circular

markets: building relational legitimacy to overcome the stigma of

second-hand clothing ( Valor et Al,, 2022). Despite evidence that

so-called green stigma may hinder the spread of circular markets,

particularly second-hand clothing marketplaces; our understanding

of the extent to which stigma might be reduced is limited. This study

revealed that institutional actors - i,e..., participants (vendors) media

and consumers - construct the relational legitimacy of the market,

which eventually leads to market expansion, by focusing on the

cultural construction of the mass second-hand clothing market in a

European country. The findings of this study offer a fresh

explanation for market expansion by revealing a critical mediating

process. The formation of a new habitus, which then supports the

construction of relational legitimacy judgements of circular business

models by overcoming green stigma.

13
Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

The first ukay-ukay was believed to have been founded in the

early 1980s in Baguio. When calamities frequented the Philippines

during that year, the Philippine Salvation Army would send

secondhand garments and other goods to the refugees and victims

as humanitarian assistance to the victims of the calamities. The first

ukay-ukay was believed to have been founded in the early 1980s in

Baguio. When calamities frequented the Philippines during that

year, the Philippine Salvation Army would send secondhand

garments and other goods to the refugees and victims as

humanitarian assistance to the victims of the calamities. Selling of

branded second hand clothes and apparels has become one of the

lucrative micro-businesses in the Philippines today because many

Filipinos love to enjoy these so called “ukay-ukay” (a Visayan term

for dig-up) products. Recycling these used products from other

countries might have inherent risks yet many consumers continue

to patronize them. Thus, this investigation was made primarily to

identify the factors that give rise to the patronage of “ukay-ukay”

commodities in Davao City, Philippines. With the aid of researchers-

made questionnaire, surveys were administered to 388 purposively

chosen respondents whose bulk is composed of 16 to 20 year old

(55%) and students (58%). Results of the study revealed that

affordability is the major factor why the respondents bought from

14
“ukay-ukay” shops and this could be attributed to their low level of

monthly family income – estimating below Ten Thousand Pesos

and not yet earning their own money because they are still

studying. The other factors included conventional reasons such as

durability, wide array of choices and availability of branded products

at a low cost. More so, clothes are best buys for occasional

shopping. Group references, like relatives, friends and co-workers,

influenced the respondents in buying “ukay-ukay” products. When

Wang et al. (2019) developed a sustainable fashion index model

with the goal of measuring the sustainability of companies in the

fashion industry; they used a sustainable fashion theory as the

basis. First, there has to be a clear-cut definition of sustainability,

which is basically the balancing of various present and future needs

economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally. The needs of

tomorrow’s generation should not be sacrificed for today’s

generation. It is important to note that sustainability is not limited

merely to environmental sustainability but rather includes economic,

cultural, and social sustainability as well. For example, more than

just the use of ecofriendly garments that are renewable, economic

and (Haug & Busch, 2016, p. 5). Ethical fashion also deals with

critical outlooks on gender and body representations. On the

contrary, the sustainable fashion index model focuses more on the

fashion company’s commitment to sustainability and making

15
sustainable choices available to the consumers rather than the

ethical choices made by the consumers themselves. People from

different social classes buy from ukayukay. The lower classes buy

for affordability and the higher classes for condition and style

(Valdez et al., 2014). The uniqueness of the products are expected

and what customers actually look for. When one searches for goods

in the ukay, one expects to find both low and high-quality goods in

the mix. One also expects that the items might have damages

because they are indeed secondhand garments. In terms of the

long-lastingness of the goods, which may indicate its reusability,

one perceives the signature brands as having more sustainable

quality. Customers know what to expect versus what to perceive

when it comes to ukay-ukay shops. What differentiates the ukay

from other retailers of fast or slow fashion is single-minded brand

equity. In terms of relationship equity, loyalty and trust can be built if

salespeople are more stable. As most ukay-ukay do not necessarily

have permits nor personnel benefits, the repealment of RA 4653

promises a more employee-driven business model. Although ukay

sellers supposedly import secondhand clothing illegally, they have

managed to tailor their businesses for their livelihood while

personalizing constructions of their local identities. By using streets

as sites for customer relations, Baguio City vendors “center

previously marginalized practices to assert their place as legitimate

16
actors in arenas of public power that have largely excluded them

from privileges” (Milgram, 2012 p. 201). Davao City vendors,

particularly those from the Roxas Night Market, at the same time,

have considered their selling spaces as part of their journey

towards fulfillment and well-being (Pavo, 2019). To solve the

legalities and ethical implications of the business, certain

organizations such as the Fashion Revolution’s push for the

revision of the law, studies on impact assessments, and the

restriction/ zoning of actual ukay stores to monitor the influx and

volume of imports (Garcia, 2019).

Theoretical Framework

Sheth’s (1983) integrated theory of patronage preferences and

behavior proposes several groups of factors that form retail

patronage. It focuses on how individuals interpret and perceive

various stimuli, such as market-, company-, and product-related

factors, that affect their attitudes and behavior. In line with stimulus–

organism–response theory, research assumes that a set of

attributes affects consumer perceptions, which are external to the

consumer and act as the originators of his or her behavioral

response (Mazursky and Jacoby 1986). These theories are often

applied at a retail store level, with the aim to understand the drivers

of consumers’ store perceptions and patronage behavior (Mazursky

17
and Jacoby 1986). As these theories cover various external factors,

researchers often use multi-attribute utility theory to gain more

specific insights into retail marketing-mix effects (Wallenius et al.

2008). According to this theory, the utility different instruments

provide determines the preference for a given venue and patronage

behavior. Instruments can reflect both costs and benefits for

customers (e.g., Chernev 2014). Whereas instruments such as

accessibility and parking are related to customer costs, retail-offer-

related instruments represent customer benefits. The theory

proposes that the store providing the most benefits relative to costs

becomes the patronized store (Wallenius et al. 2008). After

purchasing, customers compare their initial expectations of the

retailer with its actual performance, which influences customer

satisfaction and the likelihood of recommending the retailer to family

and friends (Oliver 1980). The discussed theories support the view

that the application of marketing instruments influences the

perception of a store. We thus propose that the instruments

influence retail patronage directly, but also indirectly through

mediators. Similar to Evanschitzky and Wunderlich (2006), we

suggest mediating effects through satisfaction, patronage

intentions, and behavior.

18
Product Quality/Cost Product Experience
Perper Market Patronized
Personal Values Product Perception
Products
Product Preference Consumer Satisfaction

Peer Influence

This research was based on the study of Sarah ditty (2013)

the research conducted by The fashion revolution Philippines into

ukay-ukay will feed into revolution’s global policy advocacy strategy

going forward the importation of the second-hand clothing is an

issue affecting countries all over the world in varied and complex

ways. Sarah believed that “in the discourse on sustainability, buying

second-hand clothing (SHC) is touted as a solution to the excessive

production and consumption in the fashion, which is currently the

popular industry model” (2017). The global trade in second-hand

clothing (SHC) is worth more than $1 billion each year. Supporters

of the SHC industry point out that the trade creates employment in

the receiving countries (transporting, cleaning, repairing, restyling,

etc.). It also provides low-cost clothing for people living in poverty.

Consumption of second-hand clothing is generally considered a

sustainable alternative to buying brand-new clothes as it promotes

the recirculation of existing garments rather than encourage the

production of a new ones (Norris,2012) The students of San

Lorenzo Ruiz National High School upgrade and expand expanded

and refined research.

19
 Poverty Sustainability

Excessive production and Global trade in

consumption in the fashion second-hand clothing

The fashion revolution

High-cost clothing philippines into ukay-
ukay

20
Conceptual Framework
This study discussed the patronage among senior high school students of
San Lorenzo Ruiz National High School.

(INPUT)

PROFILE OF THE
RESPONDENTS

SECOND HAND CLOTHING (OUTPUT)

MARKET PATRONAGE OF SENIOR

HIGHSCHOOL STUDENTS

CONCLUSION

FINDINGS

STATISTICAL RESULTS

(PROCESS)

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

The Conceptual framework was explored in this study, which included two

variables, one of which impacts the others, and the other of which is independent

and dependent. The main concept of this research is to fully understand why
senior high school students in San Lorenzo Ruiz National High School patronage

secondhand clothing.

Definition of Terms

Revolutionary – Involving or causing a complete or dramatic change

21
SHC – Second Hand Clothing

Patronage – The support or influence of a patron

Millennials – A person reaching young adulthood in the early 21st Century

Fashion – A popular trends, especially in styles of dress and ornament or

manners of behaviors

Retailler – Is a person or business that you purchase goods from

Consumers – A person who purchases goods and services for personnel use

Wagwagan – A Philippine store where secondhand items such as clothes, bags,

shoes and others accessories are sold at a cheap price

References

Guo, S., Choi, T. M., & Zhang, J. (2021). Second-Hand-Clothing Imports in

Least-Developed-Countries: The Collapse of Local Clothing Manufacturing and
Remedial Measures. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management.

Te, A. B., Ignacio, S. G., Ibraheem, Z. D., & Sam, E. M. C. (2021). CUSTOMER
PREFERENCES IN BUYING SECOND-HAND CLOTHING IN DIGOS
CITY. Journal of BIMP-EAGA Regional Development, 7(1), 25-41.

Valor, C., Ronda, L., & Abril, C. (2022). Understanding the expansion of circular
markets: Building relational legitimacy to overcome the stigma of second-hand
clothing. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 30, 77-88.

Purba, T. (2022). STUDI GROUNDED THEORY TENTANG SECOND-HAND

GOODS DI KOTA BATAM. Postgraduate Management Journal, 1(2), 55-74.

22
de Wagenaar, D., Galama, J., & Sijtsema, S. J. (2022). Exploring Worldwide
Wardrobes to Support Reuse in Consumers’ Clothing
Systems. Sustainability, 14(1), 487.

Xu, Y., Chen, Y., Burman, R., & Zhao, H. (2014). Second‐hand clothing
consumption: a cross‐cultural comparison between A merican and C hinese
young consumers. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 38(6), 670-677.

Brooks, A. (2019). Clothing poverty: The hidden world of fast fashion and
second-hand clothes. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Herjanto, H., Scheller-Sampson, J., & Erickson, E. (2016). The increasing

phenomenon of second-hand clothes purchase: Insights from the
literature. Jurnal manajemen dan kewirausahaan, 18(1), 1-1

23
CHAPTER III: Research Methodology

This chapter explains the study's research design and methods.

It covers the research method, sample size and technique,

respondent description, research instrument, data collection

procedure, and statistical analysis of the data.

Method of Research

The method we employ in this study is descriptive-

correlational method of research. Descriptive Research provide an

accurate portrayal or account of characteristics of a particular

individual, situation or group; these studies are a means of

describing what exists and determining occurs and/or categorizing

information. It also answer questions based on the ongoing events

of the present.

Among the several parts of descriptive research, we have chosen

survey research to gather a large quantity of data relatively quickly

and easily, also it is the best way to examine the condition,

situation, or value of second-hand clothes.

Population, Sample Size, and Sampling Technique

Students in Senior at San Lorenzo Ruiz National High School are

the study’s target group. This study will use sampling technique to

show and calculate the sample size of the target population. Using

24
random sampling method respondents will be limited to senior high

students of San Lorenzo Ruiz National High School.

Description of the Respondents

The respondents of our study are the Grade 12 students of

San Lorenzo Ruiz National High School that being grouped by six

members. There are the ones who have enough knowledge to

answer the problem posed in our study. Even though were in the

midst of pandemic and global crisis education they answered the

questionnaire that we gave to them which supplies data gathering

and the information that we need.

Research Instrument

The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire

checklist to gather the needed data for the student's profile. The

draft of the questionnaire was drawn out based on the researchers

readings, previous studies, publishes and unpublished thesis

relevant to the study. In the preparation of the instrument, The

requirements in the designing a good data collection instruments

were considered. For instance, statement describing the issues

pertaining was toned down to accommodate the knowledge

preparedness of the respondents. open-ended options were

provided to accommodate to free formatted views related to the

topics. In this way, the instrument is authorized to obtain valid

responses of the students. In the end, It encourage the student's to

25
participate to all the queries regarding to the topic. In addition, the

instrument was validated by few consultants before it laid on the

study.

Data Gathering Procedure

To determine why senior high school students of San Lorenzo

Ruiz National High School enjoy second-hand clothing, we used

and make questionnaire. The respondents were given

questionnaires, which made it clear that a good result might be

obtained. To confirm the information's trustworthiness, correctness

and validity, researchers performed an online questionnaire.

Statistical treatment of data

It is essential to make use of the research data in the right

manner. Raw data collection is only one aspect of any experiment;

the organization of data is equally important so that appropriate

conclusions can be drawn. This is what statistical treatment of data

is all about. Descriptive was used to described the variables and the

relationship that occurred naturally between and among them.

correlational techniques were used to statistical show whether and

how strongly pairs of variables were related . Percentage is

calculated by taking the frequency in the category divided by the

total number of participants and multiplying by 100%. To calculate

the percentage of males in Table 3, take the frequency for males

26
 (80) divided by the total number in the sample (200). Then take this

number times 100%, resulting in 40% To distinguish the factors

relative importance, weighted mean was used to find out the

average of the responses of the respondents while correlational is

designed to determine different variables are related to each other

in the population of interest.

References
Siddharth Kalla (Apr 10, 2009). Statistical Treatment Of Data. Retrieved Jun 05, 2022
from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/statistical-treatment-of-data

27
28
 CHAPTER IV: Analysis and Interpretation of Data

The data on market patronage of secondhand apparel among

San Lorenzo Ruiz National High School senior high school students

is analyzed, presented, and interpreted in this chapter.

Profile of the Respondents

Illustration 1

Age Bracket of the Respondents

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

(%)

17 16 46

18 12 34

19

6 17

20 0 0

22 1 3

29
 It is shown in this illustration 1 that students at San Lorenzo Ruiz

National High School 17-18 years old had the greatest impact on

this study. To support this statement, Volye (2011) stated that,

student age mattered when I came to mathematics. Specifically a

greater proportion of older students achieved higher level of

success on the mandated state tests.

Illustration 2

GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE(%)

Male 14 40

Female 21 60

Gender of the Respondents

At first glance, both men and women are capable of excelling in practically every

area. According to ( Haug & Busch, 2016). Ethical fashion also deals with critical

outlooks on gender and body representations. Neverthless, when it comes to

carrying this kind of clothing. This garments can be differ between men and

women. (Kellner,1994) when the buyer purchases the piece of clothing, he or she

30
 is not merely purchasing the commodity itself but sign value attached to it as
well. According to September 2019 data from davinci payments, formerly known
as

Swift Prepaid Solutions, more than half (60%) of females surveyed said they

purchased secondhand clothing.

Illustration 3

STRAND FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

General Academic
Strand 31 89
(GAS)
Technical Vocational
Livelihood 4 11
(TVL)

Illustration 3 shows that among the strand in Senior High School at San Lorenzo

Ruiz National High School mostly gas students had the highest percentage in

patronizing a second-hand clothing.

(SA) (A) (D) (SD)

1. Does second hand 13 21 0 1

clothes offer
fashionable garments?

31
 (SA) (A) (D) (SD)

2.Does your friend 7 23 5 0

influenced you to buy
second- hand clothes?
WEEKLY MONTHLY OCCASIONAL SELDOM A
LY YEAR

3.How do you often buy 3 13 12 7

secondhand clothes?
(SA) (A) (D) (SD)

4.Doessecond-hand 21 13 0 1
clothes offers affordable
price?

(SA) (A) (D) (SD)

5.I prefer to buy ukay- 12 20 3 0

ukay clothes instead of
branded clothes?
(100-200) (200-300) (300-500) (550-
1000)
6.How much do you 21 12 2 0
spend second clothes?

YES N0 MAYBE I DON’T

KNOW

7.Does secondhand 35 0 0 0
clothes offers a good
quality products ?

32
 Question Weighted Mean Range

1.Does second hand

clothes offer fashionable 2 Agree
garments?

Table 1. Shows that consumers agree that secondhand clothing offer fashionable
garments.

Question Weighted Mean Range

2.Does your friend
influenced you to buy 2 Agree
second- hand clothes?

Table 2. Shows that consumers are influenced by peers to buy secondhand

clothes.

Question Weighted Mean Range

3.How do you often buy 3 Occasionally

secondhand clothes?

Table 3. Shows that consumers occasionally buy secondhand clothes.

Question Weighted Mean Range

4.Does second-hand 1 Strongly Agree

clothes offers affordable
price?

33
Table 4. Shows that consumers believed that the second-hand clothes offers
affordable price.

Question Weighted Mean Range

5.I prefer to buy ukay- 2 Agree

ukay clothes instead of
branded clothes?

Table 5. Shows that consumer prefer to purchase ukay-ukay clothes compared

to branded clothes.

Question Weighted Mean Range

6.How much do you 1 100-200

spend second clothes?

Table 6. Shows that consumers spend 100-200 pesos for secondhand clothes.

Question Weighted Mean Range

7.Does secondhand 1 Yes

clothes offers a good
quality products ?

Table 7. Shows that according to the consumers, secondhand

clothes offers good quality products.

34
CHAPTER V: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary

In conclusion, the researchers decided to conduct a study into

the nature of the ukay ukay industry. This research aims to educate

people about the industry, particularly its nature. The researchers

used both primary and secondary data to compile their findings(

interest) The Respondent honesty answered all of the questions.

Most of the students are between the ages of 17-18. The Majority of

the respondents are females, and the top reason they prefer to buy

clothes in an ukay - ukay store is the low and affordable price.

Conclusion

Gathering our study majority of Senior High School students in

San Lorenzo Ruiz National High School are mostly satisfied at

second-hand clothing. From this study young people are very

influenced by the concept of fashion when it comes to second hand

clothes and the main motivational factor is the price. On the other

hand, risk of bad condition is pointed as the main moderating factor

towards second-hand purchase yet students drawn to ukay-ukay

due to its low-end price

Recommendations

This study recommend that the ukay ukay customers must be

careful in choosing clothes at the ukay ukay store. Even if ukay

ukay is washed and disinfected before it is sold, we should wash it

35
 again thoroughly for our safety, Shopping second-hand clothing is

where you can find one-of-a-kind pieces that no one else has.

Buying second hand clothes will allow you to purchase far more

clothing while spending less.

References

Guo, S., Choi, T. M., & Zhang, J. (2021). Second-Hand-Clothing Imports in

Least-Developed-Countries: The Collapse of Local Clothing Manufacturing and
Remedial Measures. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management.

Te, A. B., Ignacio, S. G., Ibraheem, Z. D., & Sam, E. M. C. (2021). CUSTOMER
PREFERENCES IN BUYING SECOND-HAND CLOTHING IN DIGOS
CITY. Journal of BIMP-EAGA Regional Development, 7(1), 25-41.

Valor, C., Ronda, L., & Abril, C. (2022). Understanding the expansion of circular
markets: Building relational legitimacy to overcome the stigma of second-hand
clothing. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 30, 77-88.

Purba, T. (2022). STUDI GROUNDED THEORY TENTANG SECOND-HAND

GOODS DI KOTA BATAM. Postgraduate Management Journal, 1(2), 55-74.

de Wagenaar, D., Galama, J., & Sijtsema, S. J. (2022). Exploring Worldwide

Wardrobes to Support Reuse in Consumers’ Clothing
Systems. Sustainability, 14(1), 487.

36
Xu, Y., Chen, Y., Burman, R., & Zhao, H. (2014). Second‐hand clothing
consumption: a cross‐cultural comparison between A merican and C hinese
young consumers. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 38(6), 670-677.

Brooks, A. (2019). Clothing poverty: The hidden world of fast fashion and
second-hand clothes. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Herjanto, H., Scheller-Sampson, J., & Erickson, E. (2016). The increasing

phenomenon of second-hand clothes purchase: Insights from the
literature. Jurnal manajemen dan kewirausahaan, 18(1), 1-15.

Siddharth Kalla (Apr 10, 2009). Statistical Treatment Of Data. Retrieved Jun 05,
2022 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/statistical-treatment-of-data

37