International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 6 Issue 3, March-April 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Determination of Water Quality Index of Bhumel Lake, Nearby

Neelkanth Mahadev Nadiad, Dist.Kheda, Gujarat, India
D. K. Bhoi, M. B. Chauhan, S. B. Dalicha, Rakshit G. Patel, Arpita Shah, Nikita Sharma
Department of Chemistry, J. & J. College of Science, Nadiad, Kheda, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: D. K. Bhoi | M.

Determination of Water Quality of Bhumel Lake,Nearby Neelkanth B. Chauhan | S. B. Dalicha | Rakshit G.
Mahadev Four different locations were selected in Bhumel Lake, It’s Patel | Arpita Shah | Nikita Sharma
Physico-Chemical analysis such as, pH, Total Alkalinity, Total "Determination of Water Quality Index
of Bhumel Lake, Nearby Neelkanth
Hardness, T.D.S, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate,
Mahadev Nadiad, Dist.Kheda, Gujarat,
D.O during Jan.2020- Oct.2021, The present study calculate the India" Published in
Water Quality Index of lake and assess the impact of industries, International Journal
agriculture and human activities. W.Q.I has been calculated of of Trend in
Bhumel Lake, District: Kheda, Gujarat (India).Total Ten Physico– Scientific Research
Chemical parameters were monitored for the calculation of W.Q.I in and Development
Rainy, Winter and Summer seasons. The parameters namely pH, (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
Total Alkalinity, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, were 6470, Volume-6 | IJTSRD49558
exceeding the permissible limits as prescribed by Indian Standards. Issue-3, April 2022,
However, The W.Q.I values in the present investigation were pp.631-637, URL:
reported to be more than 70, Indicating that the Water Quality is www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49558.pdf
70.14 in Rainy and 108.32 Winter season and 195.71 in Summer
Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and
season and used for drinking purpose after purification .The Pollution
International Journal of Trend in
load is relatively lighter during Summer season which compare to the Scientific Research and Development
Winter and Rainy Season. Results obtained are compared in term of Journal. This is an
their highest value and lowest values among three seasons in term of Open Access article
10 parameters. distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
KEYWORDS: Bhumel Lake, Determination, W.Q.I, Physico– Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
Chemical, Season, Permissible Limits (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

1. INTRODUCTION
Water is most essential for existence of life on earth Water cushions your joints, and protects your tissues
and is a major component for all forms of life from and organs from shock and damage. Water acts as a
micro-organism to men various physico-chemical lubricant for your joints, your mouth and digestive
parameters have a significant role in determining the system in saliva, and in your nose, throat, eyes, and
portability of Water. [1,2] 60 percent of our body stomach as part of mucus. Water aids in digestion and
weight is made up of water. Our bodies use water in absorption of food, as well as in the removal of
all the cells, organs, and tissues, to help regulate body wastes from your body. Water also helps you
temperature and maintain other bodily functions. maintain a healthy weight
Because our bodies lose water through breathing, The use of fertilizers, manure are main source of
sweating, and digestion, it's crucial to rehydrate and Water pollution in this area Water is one of the most
replace water by drinking fluids and eating foods that important factor for every living organism on this
contain water. Agricultural water is water that is used planet Water is generally used for drinking fisheries
to grow fresh produce and sustain livestock. The use and other domestic purpose in the in this area.
of agricultural water makes it possible to grow fruits Although three forth part of earth is being surrounded
and vegetables and raise livestock, which is a main by water but a little portion of it can be used for
part of our diet. Agricultural water is used for drinking purpose.
irrigation, pesticide, External Water is used in every
cell of your body. Water travels throughout your body Therefore we carried out studies of Physico –
carrying nutrients, oxygen, and wastes to and from Chemical parameters of surface water in Gujarat state
your cells and organs. Water keeps your body cool as whether they are fit for drinking or some other
part of your body’s temperature regulating system. purposes of various central areas in Gujarat state [3].

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The major hazard in drinking Water supplies is complex Water quality data into information that is
microbial contamination which is due to agricultural understandable and used by the public. A single
land waste, domestic sewage and industrial effluent number cannot tell the whole story of Water quality
[4] etc. It is with their background, Water Quality parameters that are not included in the index.
Index (W.Q.I) provides a single number that However, a Water Quality Index based on some very
expresses overall Water quality at a certain location important parameters can provide a single indicator of
and time, based on several Water quality parameters Water quality.
[5,6]. The objective of Water Quality Index is to turn

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2. Methodology:
2.1. Study Area:
Bhumel Lake, Nearby Neelkanth Mahdev is located 22.69490 N and 72.91210 E, It is situated in Nadiad – Anand
Road and comes under Kheda district. Bhumel Lake is an old lake.
2.2. Samples Collections:
Samples of Water were collected from four sites of the lake once every month Jan.2020- Oct.2021. One liter
P.E.T. bottles were used for collection of Water samples from a depth of 30 cm. During morning hours between
8.00 – 10.00 AM. For Dissolved Oxygen measurement, a 300 ml capacity BOD bottle was used for collection of
water sample and the Oxygen was fixed at the sampling site before being carried to the laboratory. The
parameter pH was monitored at the sampling site and other parameters like Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness,
Total Dissolved Solids, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Nitrate and Sulphate were analyzed in the laboratory as
per the standard procedures. APHA [2005]- [7,8].
The concept of Water Quality Index was first proposed by Horton (1965). For the calculation of Water Quality
Index. 10 important Physico – Chemical parameters were chosen.
W.Q.I has been calculated by using the standards of drinking water quality recommended by the World Health
Organization (WHO) – 1992 [9], Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) - 1993 and Indian Council for Medical
Research (ICMR) - 1975. The weighted arithmetic index method (Brown et. al.) has been used for the calculation
of W.Q.I of the lake. Further quality rating or sub index (qn) was calculated using the following expression.

qn = 100
[Vn − V10 ]
[Sn − V10 ]
Where, qn = Quality rating for the nth water quality parameter.
Vn = Estimated value of the nth parameter at a given sampling station.
Sn = Standard permissible value of the nth parameter.
V10 = Ideal value of nth parameter in a pure water.
Ideal value in most cases V10 = 0 except in certain parameters like PH and Dissolved Oxygen. Calculation of
quality rating for PH and DO (V10 ≠ 0) is 7.0 and 14.6 mg/L respectively.
Unit weight was calculated by a value inversely proportional to the recommended standard values Sn of the
corresponding parameters.
Wn = K / Sn.
Where, Wn = Unit weight for the nth parameter.
Sn = Standard value for nth parameter.
K = Constant for proportionality.
The overall Water Quality Index (W.Q.I) was calculated by aggregating the quality rating with the unit
weight linearly. ∴W .Q.I . = ∑ qnWn
∑Wn
Table 1 Water Quality Index (W.Q.I.) and status of water quality (Chatterji and Raziuddin 2002)
Water Quality Index Water Quality Status
0 – 25 Excellent Water Quality
26 – 50 Good Water Quality
51 – 75 Poor Water Quality
76 – 100 Very Poor Water Quality
> 100 Unfit for drinking
Table 2 Method used for Physico-Chemical analysis of water (All values except pH is in mg/L.)
Parameter (Unit) Method
pH pH Probe
Total Alkalinity Volumetric
Total Hardness Volumetric
T.D.S. Gravimetric

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Calcium Volumetric
Magnesium Volumetric
Chloride Volumetric
Nitrate Colorimetric
Sulphate Volumetric
D.O. Volumetric
Table – 3 Drinking water standards recommending agencies and unit weight. (All values except pH is
in mg/L.)
Parameter Standards Recommended Agency Unit Weight
pH 6.5 - 8.5 ICMR / BIS 0.2190
Total Alkalinity 120 ICMR 0.0155
Total Hardness 300 ICMR / BIS 0.0062
T.D.S. 500 ICMR / BIS 0.0037
Calcium 75 ICMR / BIS 0.025
Magnesium 30 ICMR / BIS 0.062
Chloride 250 ICMR 0.0074
Nitrate 45 ICMR / BIS 0.0413
Sulphate 150 ICMR / BIS 0.0124
D.O. 5 ICMR / BIS 0.723
Table 4 Seasonal variations of the Physico – Chemical parameters of the Bhumel Lake (All values
except PH is in mg/L.)
Seasons
Parameter
Rainy Season Winter Season Summer Season
pH 7.93 8.89 9.27
Total Alkalinity 164.75 191.4 434
Total Hardness 158.25 211.7 404
T.D.S. 391.75 675.25 852
Calcium 14.25 58.5 119.25
Magnesium 25 65 101.5
Chloride 59.25 101.25 240
Nitrate 20.08 19.5 28
Sulphate 6.25 9.75 18.25
D.O. 7.4 4.97 4.015
Water Quality Index 70.14 108.32 195.71
Table 5 Calculation of Water Quality Index in Rainy Season
Observed Standard Unit Weight Quality Rating
Parameter WnQn
Values (Vn) Values (Sn) (Wn) (Qn)
pH 7.93 6.5 - 8.5 0.2190 62 13.57
Total Alkalinity 164.75 120 0.0155 137.29 2.127
Total Hardness 158.25 300 0.0062 52.75 0.3270
T.D.S. 391.75 500 0.0037 78.35 0.2898
Calcium 14.25 75 0.025 19 0.475
Magnesium 25 30 0.062 83.33 5.166
Chloride 59.25 250 0.0074 23.7 0.175
Nitrate 20.08 45 0.0413 44.62 1.842
Sulphate 6.25 150 0.0124 4.16 0.051
D.O. 7.4 5 0.723 75 54.22
∑Wn = 1.155 ∑ Qn = 580.2 ∑WnQn =78.242
Water Quality Index = ∑WnQn = 78.242 / 1.1155 = 70.14
∑Wn

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Table – 6 Calculation of Water Quality Index in Winter Season
Observed Standard Unit Weight Quality Rating
Parameter WnQn
Values (Vn) Values (Sn) (Wn) (Qn)
H
P 8.89 6.5 - 8.5 0.2190 126 27.59
Total Alkalinity 191.4 120 0.0155 159.5 2.472
Total Hardness 211.7 300 0.0062 70.56 0.43
T.D.S. 675.25 500 0.0037 135.05 0.499
Calcium 58.5 75 0.025 78 1.95
Magnesium 65 30 0.062 216.6 13.43
Chloride 101.25 250 0.0074 40.5 0.2997
Nitrate 19.5 45 0.0413 43.33 1.789
Sulphate 9.75 150 0.0124 6.5 0.0806
D.O. 4.97 5 0.723 100.31 72.3
∑Wn = 1.1155 ∑ Qn =976.41 ∑WnQn =120.84
Water Quality Index = ∑WnQn = 120.84/1.1153=108.32
∑Wn
Table – 7 Calculation of Water Quality Index in Summer Season
Observed Standard Unit Weight Quality Rating
Parameter Wn Qn
Values (Vn) Values (Sn) (Wn) (Qn)
PH 9.27 6.5 - 8.5 0.2190 150 32.85
Total Alkalinity 434 120 0.0155 361.66 5.605
Total Hardness 404 300 0.0062 134.6 0.834
T.D.S. 852 500 0.0037 170.4 0.630
Calcium 119.25 75 0.025 159 3.97
Magnesium 101.5 30 0.062 338.33 20.97
Chloride 240 250 0.0074 96 71.04
Nitrate 28 45 0.0413 62.22 2.56
Sulphate 18.25 150 0.0124 12.16 0.150
D.O. 4.015 5 0.723 110.26 79.717
∑Wn = 1.155 ∑ Qn = 1594.69 ∑WnQn =218.32
Water Quality Index = ∑WnQn = 218.32 / 1.155 = 195.71
∑Wn
3. Summary and Discussion: 3.1. PH
The Physico-Chemical parameters of Water quality pH is a measurement of the acidic or basic Quality of
were analyzed using standard methods given in water[10,11]. The average pH values of the lake
APHA, et al (2005). The values of various Physico – water was 7.93 mg/L during rainy season, 8.89 mg/L
Chemical parameters for calculation of Water Quality during winter season and 9.27 mg/L during summer
Index are presented in Table: 4. While season wise season. The PH of water was relatively high in the
Water Quality Index calculations are depicted in the Summer season and low in Rainy and Winter season.
Table 5, 6 and 7. The Water Quality Index of Rainy However, when the average values for three seasons
season, Winter season and Summer season are 70.14, are taken into account that the water body was
108.32 and 195.71 respectively. Which indicate that slightly alkaline[12]. Swaranalatha and Narasingrao
the Water quality is Poor to unfit for drinking used for [1993]- [13]. The PH values of water samples of
human consumption after purification system present study ranged from 7 to 9 of Bhumel Lake.
(Chatterji and Raziuddin 2002)- [9]. It is also These values are within the prescribed limit of
observed that the pollution load is relatively higher standards (WHO – 2002).
during Summer season when compared to the Winter
3.2. TOTAL ALKALINITY
and Rainy season. The above water quality is also
Alkalinity value greater than 178 mg/L is desirable
supported by the following Physico – Chemical
for domestic use APHA (2005). The observed
parameters variations observed during the different
average value of total alkalinity was 164.75 mg/L
seasons of the study.
during Rainy season,191.4 mg/L during Winter

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season and 434 mg/L during summer season. Total 3.7. Chloride:
alkalinity values in our observations indicated that the Chloride occurs in all types of natural waters. The
water was hard. Higher values of alkalinity registered high concentration of Chloride is considered to be an
during Summer season, lower during Rainy season. indication of pollution due to high organic waste of
D. K. Bhoi et. al. (2011) also reported similar animal origin (Singh, 1995). The observed Chloride
findings in the study of Pariyej lake.[14] value was 59.25 mg/L during rainy season, 101.25
mg/L during winter season and 240 mg/L in summer
3.3. TOTAL HARDNESS:
season. The higher values of Chloride recorded in
The observed average Total Hardness value was
Summer season. Similar results were also reported by
158.25 mg/L during rainy season, 211.7 mg/L during
D.K.Bhoi et al., (2011) from Pariyej lake, Kheda
winter season and 404 mg/L during Summer can be
district, Gujarat. The high values may be attributed to
attributed to low water level and high rate of
low water levels during Summer season- [20,21].
evaporation of water and addition of Calcium and
Magnesium salt. Mohanta and Patra (2000) stated that 3.8. Nitrate:
addition of sewage, detergents and large scale human The Nitrate ranged from 20.08 mg/L during rainy
use might be the cause of elevation of season, 19.5 mg/L during winter season and 28 mg/L
hardness[15,16]. Elisha Lake water was moderately during summer season during. According to Jhingram
hard but the value of hardness in Summer were up to and Sugunan (1990) the water with the 0.2 to 0.5 ppm
permissible limits. Hardness below 300 mg/L is of Nitrate is of high productive reservoirs, upto 0.2
considered potable but beyond this limit produces ppm Nitrate is medium productive reservoirs and in
gastrointestinal irritation (ICMR 1975). low productive reservoirs, the Nitrates are negligible.
According to the above classification present
3.4. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS:
reservoir belongs to high productive nature.[16,17]
The total Dissolved solids in water of Bhumel Lake
was 391.75 mg/L during rainy season, 675.25 mg/L 3.9. Sulphate:
during winter season and 852 mg/L during Summer Sulphate ion does not effect the taste of water if
season. Gupta and Singh (2000) also reported high present in low concentration. The observed average
concentration of TDS in the Damodar river due to value of Sulphate was 6.25 mg/L during rainy season,
mixing of sewage and industrial water. Gray N. F. 9.75 mg/L during winter season and 18.25 mg/L
(2005) reported that the hardness in the water is due during summer season.[18,19] The Sulphate value in
to the Dissolved minerals from sedimentary rocks, Bhumel Lake water was found within the acceptable
seepage and run-off. Detergents and soaps also limit of 150 mg/L.
aggravate the situation – Ahluwalia V. K. (2008)-
4. Dissolved Oxygen (D.O):
[17,18] Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.) is important to the health of
3.5. CALCIUM: aquatic ecosystem because all aquatic organisms need
The observed average value of Calcium was 14.25 Oxygen to survive. [20,21] The average Dissolved
during rainy season, 58.5 mg/L during winter season Oxygen (D.O.) was 7.4 mg/L during rainy season,
and 119.25 mg/L during Summer season. The 4.97 mg/L during winter season and 4.015 mg/L
quantities of Calcium in natural water depend upon during summer season. The maximum Dissolved
the type fo rocks. Small concentration of Calcium is Oxygen in the water of Bhumel lake was recorded in
reducing corrosion in water pipes- D. K. Bhoi et al., rainy season. Thereafter it started declining gradually
(2011)-[19]. and in summer reached the lowest
concentration.[22,23] The maximum DO in rainy
3.6. MAGNESIUM:
season may be due to low atmospheric temperature
The observed average value of Magnesium was 25
and minimum D.O. was recorded in Summer season
mg/L during Rainy season, 65 mg/L during Winter
may be due to high metabolic rate of organism similar
season and 101.5 mg/L during Summer season.
result was also reported by munawar [1970] – and
Magnesium hardness particularly associated with the
Bhoi et al. [2005] – [27,28]
Sulphate ion has laxative effect on persons
unaccustomed to it. (Khursid 1998)-. The recorded 5. Conclusion:
increase in Ca and Mg concentration during pre The W.Q.I. values in the present investigation of
monsoon may be the effect of bacterial Bhumel Lake in rainy season, winter season and
decomposition. Jaybhaye and Madlapure (2005) summer season are 70.14, 108.35, 195.71 and
reported high values of Calcium and Magnesium in respectively. Which indicate that the water quality is
Parola dam, Dist. Hingoli, Maharashtra. Poor to unfit for drinking.

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6. Acknowledgement: and water pollution. Indian J. Microbial, Ecol.
The authors with to express their gratitude to Nadiad 3:41 – 48
Education Society for laboratory facilities. For [14] Singh, J. P. and Ray P. K.(1995). Limno Biotic
analytical work Central Salt and Marine Chemical Investigation of Kawar lake, Begusarai, Bihar.
Research Institute, (CSMCRI) Bhavnagar. The Environment and Ecology.13:2, (1993),330-
authors are thankful to the UGC for financial 335.
assistance in the form of Minor Research Project. [15] Jhingram, A. G. and Sugunan, V. V. General
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