MOHAMED ISMAIL SHAMSUDEEN
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
STATICAL SYSTEM
Straining Actions:
Normal Forces “N”
• Horizontal forces that acts along joints, hinges, members
and beams.
• They are represented graphically as Normal Force Diagram
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
STATICAL SYSTEM
Shear Forces “Q” :
• Vertical forces that acts along joints, hinges, members
and beams.
• They are represented graphically as Shear Force
Diagram
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Moments “M” :
❖ A moment is rotational force that occurs when a force is
applied perpendicularly to a point at a given distance away
from that point.
❖ Moment action along joints, hinges, members and beams.
❖ Represented graphically as Bending Moment Diagram
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
STRUCTURES CLASSIFICATION
❑ Statically Determinate
The structure is said to be statically determinate when the static
equilibrium equations are sufficient for determining the internal
forces and reactions on that structure.
All straining actions “N”, ”Q” and “M” can be defined by
applying stability equations.
❑ Stability Equation
At all joint, hinge, member and beam
• All Normal Forces = Zero
• All Shear Forces = Zero
• All Moment action = Zero
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
STRUCTURES CLASSIFICATION
Statically Indeterminate
The structure is said to be statically indeterminate when the static
equilibrium equations are not sufficient for determining the internal
forces and reactions on that structure.
All straining actions “N”, ”Q” and “M” can not be defined by
applying stability equations.
Other Theories need to be applied such as:
• Moment Distribution
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
LOADS TO BE DESIGNED IN CONSTRUCTION
• Dead load : A constant load in a structure that is due to the self weight of the
members, the supported structure, and permanent attachments or accessories
• Wind load : The wind load for structural frames is calculated from the
product of velocity pressure, gust effect factor and projected area.
• Earthquake load : This means application of an earthquake-generated
agitation to a structure.
• Live load: It is the weight of everything superimposed on structure or
temporarily attached to it (people, machinery and equipment, furniture,
appliances, etc.) Live load does not include the material utilized in
construction or anything permanently attached to the structure
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
SPECIAL STRUCTURES
Frames: Span up to 25 m “Concrete or Steel”
Trusses: Span up to 40 m “Concrete or Steel”
Arches: Big Spans more than 40m “Concrete usually”
Bridges: “Concrete or Steel”
STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
How to draw
SFD and BMD for
cantilever beam
with point load?
STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
How to draw
SFD and BMD for
cantilever beam with
uniformly distribute
load?
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
CALCULATE THE MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
AND SHEAR FORCE FOR THE FOLLOWING
STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
How to draw
SFD and BMD for
simply supported
beam with point
load?
STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
How to draw
SFD and BMD for
simply supported
beam with
uniformly distribute
load?
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
CALCULATE THE MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
AND SHEAR FORCE FOR THE FOLLOWING
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
CALCULATE THE
MAXIMUM
BENDING
MOMENT AND
SHEAR FORCE
FOR THE
FOLLOWING
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
CALCULATE THE MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
AND SHEAR FORCE FOR THE FOLLOWING
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
CALCULATE THE MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
AND SHEAR FORCE FOR THE FOLLOWING
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
SUMMARY OF BEAM MOMENT , SLOPE AND DEFLECTION
Beam Type Moment Slope Deflection
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿2 𝑃𝐿3
4 16𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼
𝑊𝐿2 𝑊𝐿3 5𝑊𝐿4
8 24𝐸𝐼 384𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝐿2 𝑃𝐿3
PL 2𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
𝑊𝐿3 𝑊𝐿4
2
𝑊𝐿
6𝐸𝐼 8𝐸𝐼
2
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
BEAM DEFLECTION
FORMUAS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INFLUENCE LINE THEORY
Influence Line Theory:
To define “Shear Stress”
Unit Load of One Ton is utilized along beams and members to
draw the shear stress diagram.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
EXPANSION JOINTS
Expansion Joints are provided when the length of concrete
structures exceeds 45 m.
Expansion Joints are generally provided in positions
subjected to least force.
Where Bending Moment is small.
Where Shear Force is small.
The member is supported by other member.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
In columns:
• Are provided a few centimeters below the junction of beam
• At the bottom hunching
In beams and Slabs:
• Are provided within middle third
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
BEAMS NOTES
In a beam points of stress due to the time and bearing is
equal to Zero at:
• Neutral Center
• Neutral Support
Shape of moment in simple supported beam:
• Concentrated load triangular
• Distributed load Parabolic.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
BEAMS NOTES
For Simply supported beam, shear will be equal to Zero at
Middle of span and on Neutral axis
Spliced Beam: Typically resist large bending moments &
shear forces
Concrete beam is designed as doubly reinforced beam due
to: Limitation of beam depth
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
BEAMS NOTES
For simply supported beam with a central load, the
bending moment is Maximum at the center
The maximum bending moment due to a moving load on a
simply supported beam occurs Under the load
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
BEAMS NOTES
Stress in a beam due to simple bending is Directly
proportional
Simply supported beam of span “L” carries a uniformly
distributed load “W”, the maximum bending moment “M”
is: WL / 8
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
COLUMNS
Columns called Buckled columns so failure occurs due to
: Buckling
The range within a load can be applied on a rectangular
column to avoid any tensile stress is: One fifth of the base
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
NOTES
Limit State design method gives:
• Maximum cross section and minimum reinforcement
Bending moment is Maximum on a section where
shearing force is:
• Changing sign ( + to – ) or ( – to +)
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
NOTES
Shear span is defined as the zone where:
Shear force is constant
Minimum thickness in blinding concrete in sub-structure
concrete: 75 mm
The maximum allowable tensile stress in the wooden
building: 40 MPa
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
NOTES
The effects on suspension system in hungers is: Tension
Moment Distribution Theory was developed by: Hardy
Cross
Allowable shear strength of concrete depends upon: Shear
strength
The bending moment is maximum on a section where
shearing force: Changes sign
