BUILDING SERVICES II

UNIT-I
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021

SECOND YEAR B.ARCH
WHAT IS WASTE?
Waste are unwanted or unusable materials.

It is often also called trash, garbage, rubbish, or junk.

Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless,

defective and of no use.

Substances or objects which are disposed off or are intended to be disposed

off by the provision of the law.
TYPES OF WASTE

WASTE

ORGANIC WASTE INORGANIC WASTE

TYPES OF WASTE

• Organic waste is material that is biodegradable and comes from either a

plant or an animal.
• Most of the time, it is made up of vegetable and fruit debris, paper,
bones, and human waste which quickly disintegrates.

• Inorganic waste is waste consisting of materials that are difficult to

biodegrade so that destruction takes a very long time.
Inorganic rubbish comes from non renewable natural resources such as
minerals and petroleum, or from industrial processes.
Some of this material was not found in nature such as plastic and aluminium.
TYPES OF WASTE

• Solid Waste • Chemical waste

• Liquid waste • Commercial waste

• Gaseous waste • Biomedical waste

• Animal by products
TYPES OF WASTE

SOURCE

• Household

• Industrial/
commercial

• Construction

• Agricultural
TYPES OF WASTE

Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as

follows:

• Household waste as municipal waste

• Industrial waste as hazardous waste

• Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious

waste
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

• Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as

trash or garbage or rubbish, is a waste type
consisting of everyday items that are discarded by
the public.

• Municipal solid waste consists of –

o Household waste
o Construction and demolition debris
o Sanitation residue
o Waste from streets
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

• "Garbage" can also refer specifically to food waste,

as in a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes
collected separately.

• Although the waste may originate from a number of

sources that has nothing to do with a municipality,
the traditional role of municipalities in collecting and
managing these kinds of waste have produced the
particular etymology 'municipal.'
INDUSTRIAL WASTE

• Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial

activity which includes any material that is rendered
useless during a manufacturing process such as that
of factories, industries, mills, and mining operations.

• Industrial waste is considered hazardous as they may

contain toxic substances.

• It could be highly toxic to humans, animals and

plants.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE

• It may be hazardous or non-hazardous waste.

Hazardous waste may be toxic, ignitable, corrosive,
reactive, or radioactive.

• Types of industrial waste include dirt and gravel,

masonry and concrete, scrap metal, oil, solvents,
chemicals, scrap lumber, even vegetable matter
from restaurants. Industrial waste may be solid, liquid
or gaseous.
MEDICAL WASTE

• Bio-medical waste means “any waste which is

generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or animals for
medical treatments”.

• Biomedical waste/hospital waste is any kind of

waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious)
materials.
• It may also include waste associated with the
generation of biomedical waste that visually
appears to be of medical or laboratory origin (e.g.,
packaging, unused bandages, infusion kits, etc.)
INDUSTRIAL WASTE

• Disposal of this waste is an environmental concern,

as many medical wastes are classified as infectious
or biohazardous and could potentially lead to the
spread of infectious disease.

• The most common danger for humans is the

infection which also affects other living organisms in
the region.
EFFECTS OF WASTE

• Health hazards –

If wastes are not collected and allowed to

accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.

This may lead to diseases like cholera, diarrhoea,

plague, jaundice or even loss of life.

Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas, and

lakes results in the accumulation of toxic substances in
the food chain through the plants and animals that
feed on it.
EFFECTS OF WASTE

• Environmental issues –

Some waste will eventually rot, but not all, and in the
process it may smell, or generate methane gas, which is
explosive and contributes to the greenhouse effect.

Garbage can create air pollution due to gasses and

chemicals evaporating from the waste.

Chemicals don’t just run from garbage into the soil. They
can also reach nearby surface water, such as rivers and
lakes. The ecosystems such as fish habitats in the water
get hurt, as do any creatures that drink from the water
source.
3R’s FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

• The 3R’s to be used for waste management are

• REDUCE
• REUSE
• RECYCLE
3R’s FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

• REDUCE-

• Reducing is simply creating less waste.

• It means reducing your consumption or buying less.

• Designing items like plastic bottles in ways that use

less material is another way to reduce consumption.
3R’s FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

• REUSE –

• Rather than throwing out items like clothing or food

jars, consumers can find new uses for them -- and
thereby reduce their consumption of new resources.

• Composting, using jars to store beverages or leftover

food, and trading or selling used DVDs rather than
throwing them out are all examples of ways people
can reuse.
3R’s FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT
3R’s FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

• RECYCLE –

• To recycle something means that it will be

transformed again into a raw material that can be
shaped into a new item.

• It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal

that can save material and help lower greenhouse
gas emissions.

• Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially

useful materials and reduce the consumption of
fresh raw materials,
WASTE MANAGEMENT HEIRARCHY

• The hierarchy of waste

management options determines
the priority of treatments and
forms of recovery of the waste.
• The REDUCTION of waste
occupies a place at the top of
the waste management
hierarchy. We must encourage
quantitative and qualitative
reduction of the waste by
promoting the minimization of the
quantity produce, as well as its
hazardous characteristics.
WASTE MANAGEMENT HEIRARCHY

• REUSE of waste can be achieved by choosing

products, packages and other materials that can be
used several times.
• RECYCLING waste enables it to be used for other
purposes and, therefore, preventing it from being
disposed in landfills, incinerators or by any another
costly process of disposal.
• RECOVER ENERGY - some facilities use waste to
generate energy or produce biofuel.
• Elimination is the final DISPOSAL of waste. It must be
used as a last resort and only after confirming that
the waste cannot be reused, recycled or recovered.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste management –
1.Storage
2.Collection
3.Transport and Handling
4.Recycling
5.Disposal
STORAGE

•Use containers (buckets,

plastic bins, metal bins, plastic
bags) with or without lids
•Containers without lids can
store the waste only for a day;
not beyond.
•Storage can be done in –
oGalvanized steel dust bins
oSacks
oPublic bins
COLLECTION

•Removing waste from the storage

at sources/street sweeping

•House-to-house – waste
collectors visit each individual
house to collect garbage.

•Public bins – this waste is picked

up by the municipality according
to a set schedule.
REFUSE CHUTE

•High-rise residential towers and hotels need to have a

fast and economical way of collecting and disposing
garbage generated daily.
•It is highly impractical to have the building
management staff collect trash door to door, nor do
they prefer that the residents carry trash in the lifts.
•The simplest solution to this problem is a centralized
collection system that enables users to dispose
garbage at their convenience, at their individual floors
and only manage the trolley room.
REFUSE CHUTE

•A refuse chute system is a

long vertical space
passing by each floor in a
building.
•A refuse chute is an
inclined channel in which
refuse can be passed
down from the opening of
each floor to the central
refuse room on the
ground floor of a building.
TRANSPORT AND HANDLING

•Waste handling and

separation involves activities
associated with waste
management until the waste is
placed in storage containers
for collection.
•Handling also encompasses
the movement of loaded
containers to the point of
collection.
•Waste is transferred from a
smaller collection vehicle to
larger transport equipment
DISPOSAL

•OBJECTIVES
•Public hygiene and health
•Reuse, recovery and recycle
•Energy generation
•Sustainable development
TRASH COMPACTOR

•Waste compaction is the process

of compacting waste, reducing it
in size.
•Garbage compactors and
waste collection vehicles
compress waste so that more of it
can be stored in the same
space.
•Waste is compacted again,
more thoroughly, at the landfill to
conserve valuable airspace and
to extend the landfill's life span.
TRASH COMPACTOR

•A trash compactor is a
tool that allows you to
decrease the impact of
your waste on landfills.
•A trash compactor is
often used by a home or
business to reduce the
volume of trash.
 INCINERATOR

•Incineration is a waste
treatment process that
involves the combustion of
organic substances
contained in waste materials.
•Incineration and other high-
temperature waste treatment
systems are described as
"thermal treatment".
•Incineration of waste
materials converts the waste
into ash, flue gas and heat.
 INCINERATOR

•Incinerator is a container for

burning refuse or a plant
designed for large-scale
refuse combustion.

•Incinerator plants usually

include facilities for unloading
and storing refuse for short
time to permit uniform
charging of the furnaces.
 COMPOSTING

•Compost is organic matter that

has been decomposed in a
process called composting. This
process recycles various organic
materials otherwise regarded as
waste products and produces a
soil conditioner (the compost).
•Compost is rich in nutrients. It is
used, for example, in gardens,
landscaping, horticulture, urban
agriculture and organic
farming.
 VERMICULTURE

•Vermiculture is the culture of

earthworms.
•The goal is to continually
increase the number of worms
in order to obtain a sustainable
harvest.
•Vermiculture technique is
based on the use of some
species of earthworms to
convert organic waste into
vermicompost.
 COMPOSTING

•Compost is organic matter that

has been decomposed in a
process called composting. This
process recycles various organic
materials otherwise regarded as
waste products and produces a
soil conditioner (the compost).
•Compost is rich in nutrients. It is
used, for example, in gardens,
landscaping, horticulture, urban
agriculture and organic
farming.