A History of Journalism in the Philippines: Revolutionary Period (3 of 11) Alixander Haban Escote in History, August 28, 2008 The

supreme quest for freedom and independence started in Barcelona, Spain when La Solidaridad, a fortnightly edited by Graciano Lopez-Jaena, financed by Dr Pablo Rianzares, and supported by the Comit de Propaganda, was published on February 15, 1889. With the policy to champion democracy and liberalism, to expose the real plight of the country, and to work peacefully for economic and social reforms, the newspaper published not only news, but also articles and essays about the Philippines and its people. The first issue of the newspaper contained a supposed editorial of Del Pilar, which Jacinto actually wrote. It greeted the people and wished them solidarity and independence and offered them his life and all he have for the good of the Filipino people. There was also an article by Jacinto and Valenzuelas Catuiran, which described the cruelties of the Spanish friars and civil guards of San Francisco del Monte on a helpless village lieutenant. It also contained Bonifacios Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa that expressed the oppression of Spain and encourage the Filipino people to liberate their country; and Jacintos Manifesto that urged the Filipino people to revolt against Spain and to secure their liberty. Read more: http://socyberty.com/history/ahistory-of-journalism-in-the-philippinesrevolutionary-period-3-of-11/#ixzz3pT1mSPU7 Probably the most read, most famous, and most important newspaper of the revolution was La Independencia. Gen Antonio Luna, the Commander in chief of the Army of Liberation of the First Philippine Republic, together with his brother Joaquin and a few friends, founded it. Its first issue appeared on September 3, 1898 and its last issue appeared on November 11, 1900. Like Ang Katipunan, the newspaper also concealed its place of publication and declared that it was published in Manila when it was actually published in Malabon. It used the same printing press that the La Libertad used. It had four pages, with one page devoted to advertisements, and contained news stories, with the foreign articles taken from the newly circulated the Manila Times.

A History of Journalism in the Philippines: American Colonial Period (4 of 11) La Independencia editorial staff was composed of highly liberate men and women who, most of them, wrote under their pen names: Antonio Luna, Taga-Ilog, director; Salvador Vivencio del Rosario, X and Juan Tagalo, editor in chief; Jose Abreu, Kaibigan, Cecilio Apostol, Catulo, Mariano del Rosario, Tito-Tato, Clemente Jose Zulueta, M. Kaun, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Fluvio Gil, Rafael Palma8, Hapon and DapitHapon, staff writers; R Regidor, Jose Palma, Rosa Sevilla, Luis Guerrero, Mariano Ponce, Manuel Guerrero, Rianzares Bautista, Apolinario Mabini, Leon Ma. Guerrero, Florentina Arellano, Ferdinand Blumentritt, Epifanio de los Santos, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, contributors; and Felipe Calderon, proofreader. La Independencia, which castigated both the Spaniards and the Americans, was published in consonance with the wave of nationalism and with the historical occurrence in Malolos, Bulacan. It had the distinction of surviving the 1896 Philippine Revolution and resisting American imperialism. Read more: http://socyberty.com/history/ahistory-of-journalism-in-the-philippinesrevolutionary-period-3-of-11/#ixzz3pT19sTci Two mainstream: One tradition Luis V. Teodoro http://www.bulatlat.com/archive1/025teodoro.ht ml If during the martial law period there were two streams in the Philippine mass media, the alternative on the one hand and on the other the subservient and government controlled, a today the same streams still exist, though they are now more commonly described as the critical and/or progressive on the one hand, and the conservative, or evasive, or even reactionary on the other. Most of us assume that the latter is the mainstream. But that it true only in the sense that it is the dominant stream during periods of relative stability. On the contrary, the distinction of being the mainstream tradition belongs to the progressive or alternative stream, the history of which parallels that of the history of the Filipino struggle for independence, justice, and social change.

Indeed, the Filipino press was born during the reformist and revolutionary movements, first with Marcelo H. Del Pilars Diariong Tagalog, and later with La Solidaridad, Ang Kalayaan, La Independencia, El Renacimiento, and the guerilla and underground press of the Japanese and martial law periods. The Filipino press was an alternative first to the Spanish colonial press, then to the pro-American press and the US colonial government encouraged, the Japanese controlled press, and the government regulated press of the martial law period. Today that stream exists primarily as the alternative to the regressive journalism represented by the corrupt journalists whose meager talents are for sale to political and other interests, and whoa re in residence in newspapers whose main concern is to distort and even conceal information for the sake of the political and economic groups they represent. Like those who came before him or her, among them Marcelo H. del Pilar, Emilio Jacinto, Isabelo delos Reyes, Teodoro M. Kalaw, and in more recent times, Armando Malay, Eugenia Apostol, Antonio Zumel and Satur Ocampo, the progressive journalist is a professional because committed to the basic ethical and professional value of truth-telling. The Filipino press tradition is by definition progressive, having been born in the period of resistance to Spanish colonial rule and nurtured by the Revolution, by the demand for independence during the American conquest, and the need for accurate, relevant information during the Japanese occupation and the martial law period. The same responsibility in fact drives that tradition today. Only during those periods of relative stability, such as the decades following the defeat of the Revolution until the Japanese occupation, as well as that period from 1946 to 1972, and from 1986 to the present, has the conservative tradition been dominant. But during periods of upheaval, first during the reformist and revolutionary period which gave it birth, the early years of American occupation, the Japanese conquest, and the martial law period the progressive tradition has always been there to provide the people with the information they need to understand what was happening and to help arm them with the consciousness that has enabled them to defeat tyrants whether homegrown or foreign.

Journalistic Traditions and Trends http://www.article19.org/pdfs/publications/philip pines-baseline-study.pdf The Philippine press, the refrain goes, is the freest in Asia. This is true in at least the legal sense, and in contrast to the three centuries of Spanish rule during which press censorship was the norm and free expression was subject to anti-subversion laws. Although press freedom was incorporated into the Philippine organic law during the American colonial period, the dangerous tendency rule was the test for sedition. This rule dictated that any utterance or publicationcould be censored if there was a possibility that it may cause harm to the public or to the government. Whilst occupied by the Japanese for fouryears (19411945), the Philippines was subject to total press censorship. Censorship was similarly imposed during the martial law period (1972-1986).57 Philippine journalism has two traditions, each of which has gone bydifferent names in the last 100 years. The tradition of acquiescence issupportive of what is, or what exists whether it is Spanish colonialism,American conquest, Japanese occupation or homegrown oppression. Thetradition of protest initially demanded reforms in the late 19th century,and then progressed into a demand for independence and sweeping socialchange. The latter tradition went by the name alternative press during the lateMarcos period.58 It was presumed to be a new phenomenon, but wasactually not. Indeed, during the most acute periods of crisis within thePhilippines over the years, this alternative press resurfaced to provideFilipinos with the information they needed to understand events that the tradition of acquiescence was either too timid or too involved with to beable to adequately interpret, or to report. The Marcos period was awatershed in the resurgence of this tradition. Although the press in the Philippines has had a long history, that historyhas conventionally included the colonial press. The press, however, wasinstrumental in the emergence of the Filipino nation during the reformand revolutionary periods, which suggests that the true history of the Filipino press is that of the alternative press, with its immensecontribution to the Filipino struggle for national independence, socialchange, democratisation, and justice.

Satire Writing in the Philippine news media during Spanish colonization January 18, 1896, Ang Kalayaan, the official revolutionary newspaper of the Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most Respectable Society of the Sons of the People) founded by Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, was published under the editorship of Pio Valenzuela. Well, I believe that the satirical nature and feature of different writings, journals and editorials during the Spanish Era sprung from the fact that Spanish authoritative rule had restricted the freedom of every Filipino writer at that time to express their opinions, perspectives, and views. Rather sarcastically speaking, Filipino journalism during the Spanish colonization remained static and constrained for Filipino writers would end up being punished, as if they have committed a very heinous crime, for writing contents that Spaniards think are libelous and rebellious. And as a result, a lot of Filipinos were inclined to reading the works or materials of these authors because the works expose the maltreatment of the Spaniards through, rather enthusiastically, interesting write-ups. In order to fully understand the interests of Filipino writers to write during the Spanish era, it is best that we take a look back at the historical accounts of Philippine Journalism. The ultimate quest for freedom and independence started in Barcelona, Spain when La Solidaridad, a fortnightly abridged by Graciano Lopez-Jaena, financed by Dr Pablo Rianzares, and supported by the Comit de Propaganda, was published on February 15, 1889. With the policy to champion democracy and liberalism, to expose the real dilemma of the country, and to work peacefully for economic and social reforms, the newspaper published not only news, but also articles and essays about the Philippines and its people, and possibly and secretly publishing articles elaborating the abuses of Spanish friars. As editor of the newspaper, Lopez-Jaena did not receive any monetary compensation, but was given free meals, lodging, clothing, and modest pocket money. In 1891, he collected his articles and speeches and incorporated them in his book entitled Discursos y Articulos Varios. In writing for the newspaper, Filipino reformists used pen names: Antonio Luna,

Taga-Ilog; Jose Ma. Panganiban, Jomapa; Domingo Gomez, Romero Franco; Clemente Jose Zulueta, Juan Toto; Jose Rizal, Laong Laan and Dimas Alang; Marcelo del Pilar, Kupang, Plaridel, and Maitalaga; Mariano Ponce, Naning, Tikbalang, and Kalipulako, Eduardo Lete, Pedro Paterno, Jose Alejandrino, Isabelo delos Reyes, Antonio Ma Regidor, among others. Ferdinand Blumentritt5, a Bohemian scholar, and Miguel Morayta, a Spanish historian, also worked for the newspaper. On October 31, 1889, Lopez-Jaena passed the editorship to Marcelo del Pilar, who left his family in the Philippines, went to Spain, and literally gave his life for the newspaper. Del Pilar became the moving spirit of the reform movement and contacted progressive Europeans who would fight side by side with Filipino reformists. Two months and three days later, that was on January 18, 1896, Ang Kalayaan, the official revolutionary newspaper of the Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most Respectable Society of the Sons of the People) founded by Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, was published under the editorship of Pio Valenzuela. Printed with 2 000 copies, it exposed the inhumane and indignities of civil guards and Spanish friars and called for a bloody revolution against Spain. To deceive the Spaniards, the founders and the editor made it appeared that the newspaper was printed in Yokohoma, Japan, that the Japanese were in sympathy with the Filipino people, and that the editor was Marcelo del Pilar, who at that time was in Madrid and at the eve of his death. The first issue of the newspaper contained a supposed editorial of Del Pilar, which Jacinto actually wrote. It greeted the people and wished them solidarity and independence and offered them his life and all he have for the good of the Filipino people. There was also an article by Jacinto and Valenzuelas Catuiran, which described the cruelties of the Spanish friars and civil guards of San Francisco del Monte on a helpless village lieutenant. It also contained Bonifacios Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa that expressed the oppression of Spain and encourage the Filipino people to liberate their country; and Jacintos Manifesto that urged the Filipino people to revolt against Spain and to secure their liberty.

Perhaps this is why there were quite a significant number of Filipinos during the Spanish colonization where their interests were caught because of the satirical nature of the writings of different authors. Even until today, writings and unpublished works and editorials of those authors are still highly interesting especially to those who are taking history as their academic work. Furthermore, these writings are still available for reference for those who seek enlightenment with regards to the historical accounts and influences most necessarily in the field of journalism. Read more: http://www.bukisa.com/articles/455662_satirewriting-during-the-spanish-era-in-the-history-ofphilippine-journalism#ixzz3pSqZ0dD8