Chaturanga and the Gupta empire

Were one of if not the first civilizations to implement vaccination.

Theorized zero
Created the base of our numerical system.
Invented chaturanga
Gupta Empire carried out trade with China, Ceylon and other European countries. After
around 550 AD, trading activities with the Roman Empire were relaxed. The Guptas
imported Chinese silk and ivory from East Africa. During this time, South-‐ East Asia
became a trade centre for the Gupta Empire.
Post-‐Classical Indian Empire Economy During the Gupta period agriculture formed a

Fifth Century C.E.

E. At this time the trade increased with foreign merchants and countries. It is believed
this happened because the had extensive contact with European merchants that went
as far as Rome. This caused them to be an important location on the Silk Roa

Fifth Century C.E. E. At this time the trade... | Sutori

chaturangais the earliest known game to have two essential features found in all later

chess variations—different pieces having different powers (which was not the case with

checkers and Go), and victory depending on the fate of one piece, the king of modern

chess

Lasker, Edward. The Adventure of Chess. Dover Publications, Inc., New York,

New York, 1949, 1950, 1959. pp. 3–4

Four gameboards bearing a very close resemblance to the Royal Game of Ur were

found in the tomb of Tutankhamun. It was also inspired by an egyptian game.

Botermans, Jack (2008). The book of games : strategy, tactics & history.

Fankbonner, Edgar Loy. New York: Sterling.

and boards for it have been found in Iran, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Cyprus,

Bell, Robert Charles (1979) [1960]. Board and table games from many

civilizations (Revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications.

Found in the palace of sargon II 721-705 bc vandalised on one of the gates carved in

Green, William (19 June 2008). "Big Game Hunter". Time. London. ISSN

0040-781X. Archived

chaturanga have come from other asian games and the chinese game liubo

Chess - A Living Fossil" (PDF).

Chaturanga may have come from greece many years ago in the bc. It may be a

descendent of the oldest boardgame the royal game of ur

Pawns And Pieces: Towards The Prehistory Of Chess" (PDF).

From india to europe, how chaturanga became

chess

PERSIA
Around 600 AD, persia would be introduced to chess, the Persians introduced this
game to the morocco. In 711AD the moors led a militiristic campaign against spain,
bringing this board game with them. WIth the spanish calling it chess
The Etymology of Chess « ChessManiac

The appearance of the chess pieces had altered greatly since the times of chaturanga,
with ornate pieces and chess pieces depicting animals giving way to abstract shapes.
This is because of a Muslim ban on the game's lifelike pieces, as they were said to have
been too like idols.
Shenk, David. "The Immortal Game." Doubleday, 2006.

CHINA
xiangqi where the pieces are placed on the intersection of the lines of the board rather
than within the squares.
Bell 1979, V.I p.66

also borrows elements from the game of Go,.it is played on the intersections of the lines
on the board, rather than in the squares. The game of Xianqi is also unique in that the
middle rank represents a river, and is not divided into squares. It Has been played in
China since at least the 6th century BC
 "The History Of Chess". ChessZone. Retrieved 11 December 2012.

JAPAN/EAST ASIA
shogi, transmitted from India to China and Korea before finally reaching Japan.[42]

The captured pieces may be reused by the captor and played as a part of the captor's
forces.
Pawns capture as they move, one square straight ahead.[43]
The board is 9×9, with a second gold general on the other side of the king.

MOORS/INTRODUCTION TO SPAIN.
The Umayyad conquest of Hispania, also known as the Umayyad conquest of the Visigothic
Kingdom, was the initial expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate over Hispania (in the Iberian
Peninsula) from 711 to 718. The conquest resulted in the destruction of the Visigothic Kingdom and
the establishment of the Umayyad Wilayah of Al-Andalus.
During the caliphate of the sixth Umayyad caliph al-Walid I (r. 705–715), forces led by Tariq ibn Ziyad
disembarked in early 711 in Gibraltar at the head of an army consisting of Berbers from north
[1][2]
Africa. After defeating the Visigothic king Roderic at the decisive Battle of Guadalete, Tariq was
reinforced by an Arab force led by his superior wali Musa ibn Nusayr and continued northward. By
717, the combined Arab-Berber force had crossed the Pyrenees into Septimania. They occupied
further territory in Gaul until 759.

In 711, troops mostly formed by Moors from northern Africa led the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.
The Iberian Peninsula then came to be known in Classical Arabic as al-Andalus, which at its peak
included most of Septimania and modern-day Spain and Portugal.

CHESS
[11]
Shatranj made its way via the expanding Islamic Arabian empire to Europe. It also spread to the
Byzantine empire, where it was called zatrikion. Chess appeared in Southern Europe during the end
of the first millennium, often introduced to new lands by conquering armies, such as the Norman
[13]
Conquest of England. Previously little known, chess became popular in Northern Europe when
[13]
figure pieces were introduced.

Saint Peter Damian denounced the bishop of Florence in 1061 for playing chess even when aware
[13]
of its evil effects on the society. The bishop of Florence defended himself by declaring that chess
involved skill and was therefore "unlike other games," and similar arguments followed in the coming
[13]
centuries. Two incidents in 13th-century London, in which men of Essex resorted to violence
[13]
resulting in death as an outcome of playing chess, caused further sensation and alarm. The
[13]
growing popularity of the game – now associated with revelry and violence – alarmed the Church.

Kriegspiel and the prussian age of wargaming

His objective was to try to create a chess-like game that better reflected the military
science of the day, especially the behavior of infantry, cavalry and artillery. His initial
kriegsspiel vastly expanded the chess board (he usually employed a board of 49 ranks
by 33 files, for 1617 squares) and radically changed the behavior of pieces, as well as
introducing several new pieces. Rather than depicting only the abstract space of chess,
his board had varying terrain types, including mountains, swamps and water squares.
Rather than capturing the king to win, one had to occupy an enemy fortress. Hellwig
further refined his game over the next twenty years, publishing in 1803 his revised Das
Kriegsspiel, which dispensed with the trappings of chess entirely and substituted for
chess pieces new units representing the military branches of his era. His game
spawned numerous contemporary imitators, and its fundamental innovations influenced
Reisswitz Sr. and Jr.'s games (1810s and 20s), and eventually formed the basis of the
hobby board wargames pioneered by Avalon Hill in the twentieth century. Peterson,
Jon (2012). Playing at the World
. San Diego CA: Unreason Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0615642048. Hellwig,
J.C.L. (1780). Attempt at a tactical game based on chess: to be played by two or more
people. Leipzig: Crusius. pp. I=XXXVIII, 1–164

In 1771, he was appointed teacher of mathematics and natural sciences in two colleges
of Brunswick and in 1790 he was appointed to teach mathematics and natural sciences
at the Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig, becoming full professor in 1802.[1] He
taught mathematics when the College Carolinum was converted to the military academy
of Braunschweig.[1] Teaching military sciences inspired his work on wargames
Ferdinand Spehr (1881). "Hellwig, Johann Christian Ludwig"

Legends

According to legend, chess was invented by Grand Vizier Sissa Ben Dahir, and given as
a gift to King Shirham of India. The king was so delighted that he offered him any
reward he requested, provided that it sounded reasonable. The Grand Vizier requested
the following: "Just one grain of wheat on the first square of a chessboard. Then put two
on the second square, four on the next, then eight, and continue, doubling the number
of grains on each successive square, until every square on the chessboard is reached."
Intuitively, King Shirham — just like almost anybody else — underestimated the number
of grains and laughed at Sissa because he had asked such a small gift. When he had
someone to calculate the total number of grains, it took more than a week before he
came back with the solution. King Shirham undoubtedly became very pale when he got
the answer: the aggregated number of grains on all squares of a chessboard would be
18.446.744.073.709.551.615 grains. This is the harvest of all the wheat of the world, of
several decades.
On the origins of chess - Dodona.

The Karnamak-i Ardeshir-i Papakan, a Pahlavi epical treatise about the founder of the
Sassanid Persian Empire, mentions the game of chatrang as one of the
accomplishments of the legendary hero, Ardashir I, founder of the Empire
Bell 1979: 57

In the 11th-century Shahnameh, Ferdowsi describes a Raja visiting from India who
re-enacts the past battles on the chessboard.
Wilkinson 1943
The Shahnameh goes on to offer an apocryphal account of the origins of the game of
chess in the story of Talhand and Gav, two half-brothers who vie for the throne of Hind
(India). They meet in battle and Talhand dies on his elephant without a wound. Believing
that Gav had killed Talhand, their mother is distraught. Gav tells his mother that Talhand
did not die by the hands of him or his men, but she does not understand how this could
be. So the sages of the court invent the game of chess, detailing the pieces and how
they move, to show the mother of the princes how the battle unfolded and how Talhand
died of fatigue when surrounded by his enemies.
Warner & Warner 2008, p. 394-402

Rules of each game

Drops were not originally part of shogi. In the 13th century, shogi underwent an expansion, creating the game of dai
shogi, played on a 15×15 board with many new pieces, including the independently invented rook, bishop and queen
of modern Western chess, the drunk elephant that promotes to a second king, and also the even more powerful lion,
which among other idiosyncrasies has the power to move or capture twice per turn. Around the 14th or 15th
centuries, the popularity of dai shogi then waned in favour of the smaller chu shogi, played on a smaller 12×12 board
which removed the weakest pieces from dai shogi, similarly to the development of Courier chess in the West. In the
meantime, the original 9×9 shogi, now termed sho shogi, continued to be played, but was regarded as less
prestigious than chu shogi and dai shogi. Chu shogi was very popular in Japan, and the rook, bishop, and drunk
elephant from it were added to sho shogi, where the first two remain today.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, yet more shogi variants were described, on large boards and with many more pieces.
The 1694 book Shōgi Zushiki details tenjiku shogi (16×16), dai dai shogi (17×17), maka dai dai shogi (19×19), and tai
shogi (25×25); it also mentions wa shogi (11×11), ko shogi (19×19), and taikyoku shogi (36×36). It is not thought that
these games were played very much.
Chu shogi declined in popularity after the addition of drops to sho shogi and the removal of the drunk elephant in the
16th century, becoming moribund around the late 20th century. These changes to sho shogi created what is
essentially the modern game of shogi.