Practice Problem Sheets on FM-I

Problem Set on Dynamics

A. Venturi Meter and Pitot-tube  Bernoulli’s Equation

1. A venturi meter is to be fitted in a pipe of 0.25 m diameter where the pressure head is 7.6 m of
flowing liquid and the maximum flow is 8.1 m3/min. Find the least diameter of the throat to
ensure that the pressure head does not become negative. Take Cd = 0.96.

[Ans. h = 7.6 m, a2 = 0.0112 m2, d2 = 119. 5 mm]

2. A venturi meter having a diameter of 75 mm at the throat and 150 mm diameter at the enlarged
end is installed in a horizontal pipe line of 150 mm in diameter carrying an oil of specific gravity
0.9. The difference of pressure head between the enlarged end and the throat recorded by a U-
tube is 175 mm of mercury. Determine the discharge through the pipe. Assume the coefficient
of discharge of the meter as 0.97. [Ans. 30.67 litre/s]

3. A venturi meter has its axis vertical, the inlet and throat diameters being 150 mm and 75 mm
respectively. The throat is 225 mm above inlet and Cd = 0.96. Petrol of specific gravity 0.78 flows
up through the meter at a rate of 0.029 metre cube per second. Find the pressure difference
between the inlet and the throat.

[Ans. Q= 0.029 m3/s, h= 2.254 m of oil, pressure drop = 18.969 kPa]

4. What is the size of an orifice required to discharge 0.016 m3/s of water under a head of 8.69 m?
(Consider the coefficient of discharge to be unity). [Ans. area: 1225 mm2]

5. Flow of air at 49°C is measured by a pitot-static tube. If the velocity of air is 18.29 m/s and the
coefficient of the tube is 0.95, what differential reading will be shown in a water manometer?
Assume the density of air to be constant at 1.2 kg/m3. [Ans. 22.70 mm]

6. A pitot-static tube placed in the centre of a 200 mm pipe line, has one orifice pointing upstream
and the other perpendicular to it. If the pressure difference between the two orifices is 40 mm
of water when the discharge through the pipe is 1365 litres per minute, calculate the coefficient
of the pitot tube. Take the mean velocity in the pipe to be 83% of central velocity.

[Ans. Cv = 0.984]

7. Water flows over a sharp-crested rectangular weir of 600 mm wide. The measured head
(relative to the crest) is 155 mm. Calculate the discharge, assuming that Cd = 0.61. (Neglect
velocity of approach) [Ans. 0.066 m3/s]

B. Dynamic thrust momentum conservation principle

8. A bend in pipeline conveying water gradually reduces from 0.6 m to 0.3 m diameter and deflects
the flow through an angle of 60°. At the larger end the gauge pressure is 171.675 kN/m2.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on the bend if
a) there is no flow, and

b) when the flow is 876 litres per second

[Ans. a) Rx= 42.472 kN, Ry=10.509 kN, R = 43.753 kN, angle with horizontal = 13o54’; b) Rx=
42.305 kN, Ry=15.502 kN, R = 45.056 kN, angle with horizontal = 20o8’]

9. Water flows through a 0.9 m diameter pipe at the end of which there is a reducer connecting to
a 0.6 m diameter pipe. If the gauge pressure at the entrance of the reducer is 412.02 kN/m2 and
the velocity is 2 m/s, determine the resultant thrust on the reducer, assuming that the frictional
loss of head in the reducer is 1.5 m. [Ans. Fx= 148.896 kN in the direction of flow]

10. A tank of 1.5 m high stands on a trolley and is full of water. It has an orifice of diameter 0.1 m at
0.3 m from the bottom of the tank. If the orifice is suddenly opened, what will be the propelling
force on the trolley? Coefficient of discharge of the orifice is 0.60. [Ans. F = 67.39 N]

11. A water sprinkler has 10 mm diameter nozzles at either end of a rotating arm, each of which is
discharging water in opposite direction at right angle to the rotating arm, at a velocity of 8
metre per second. If the axis of rotation is at a distance of 0.15 m from one end and 0.2 m from
the other, determine the torque required to hold the arm stationary. If friction is neglected,
determine the constant angular speed of the arm. [Ans. T = 1.759 N-m and  = 44.8 rad/s]

12. Velocity distribution for laminar flow of real fluid in a pipe is given as v =Vmax[1 – (r2/R2)], where
Vmax is velocity at the centre of the pipe, R is pipe radius, and v is velocity at radius r from the
centre of the pipe. Determine the momentum correction factor () and energy correction factor
(). [Ans.  = 1.33,  = 2]

13. The velocity distribution in a pipe is given by v = Vmax(1 – r/R)n where R is the radius of the pipe,
r is any radius at which the velocity is v and n is a constant index. Find the energy correction
factor  for the case. Also determine the value of  when n = 1/7. [Ans.  = 1.06]

C. Laminar/Turbulent pipe flow  Closed conduit flow

14. Water, at 20◦C, flows through a pipe of diameter 4 mm at 3 m/s. Determine whether the flow is
laminar or turbulent. Assume  = 10−3 kg/ms. [Ans. Re = 12000, Turbulent flow]

15. Oil, of relative density 0.83 and dynamic viscosity 0.08 kg/ms, passes through a circular pipe of
12 mm diameter with a mean velocity of 2.3 m/s. Determine:

(a) Reynolds number

[Ans. Re=286, Vmax = 4.6 m/s, Q = 260E-6 m3/s, -40.9 kPa/m]

16. An irrigation channel of trapezoidal section, having side slopes 3 horizontal to 2 vertical, is to
carry a flow of 10 cumec on a longitudinal slope of 1 in 5000. The channel is to be lined for
which the value of friction coefficient in Manning’s formula is n= 0.012. Find the dimensions of
the most economic section of the channel. [Ans. y= 2 m and B = 1.2 m]

17. Water flows at a uniform death of 2 m in a trapezoidal channel having a bottom width 6 m, side
slopes 2 horizontal to 1 vertical. If it has to carry a discharge of 65 m3/s, compute the bottom
slope required to be provided. Take Manning’s n = 0.025. [Ans. S = 0.0045]

18. A flow of 100 litres per second flows down in a rectangular laboratory fume of width 0.6 m and
having adjustable bottom slope. If Chezy’s C is 56, determine the bottom slope necessary for
uniform flow with a depth of flow 0.3 m. Also find the conveyance and the state of flow
(whether tranquil or rapid). [Ans. S=1:1500, Fr = 0.326]

19. A rectangular channel 5.4 m wide and 1.2 m deep has a slope of 1 in 1000 and is lined with good
rubble masonry for which Manning’s n = 0.017. It is desired to increase the discharge to a
maximum by changing the channel slope or the form of section. The dimensions of the section
may be changed but the channel must contain the same amount of lining. Compute the new
dimensions and probable increase in discharge. [Ans. discharge increase = 30.61%, B =3.9m, y =
1.95]