100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

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 100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

FOREWORD
It is my pleasure to introduce to you all, who are writing CSE Mains 2022, one of the most
SOUGHT AFTER and TIME TESTED document - The 100 most probable questions by India
Bhai.
India Bhai's name has been one of the most trusted names among aspirants community.

I called it sought after because in last few days you need a concise but comprehensive set
of papers, which would help you in last minute revisions. I said time tested because most of
the selected candidates in the last few years including me have been following these 100
questions before the mains exams.
Also, this document has been designed after lot effort and research about of the past trends
of the UPSC. And it contains exhaustive list of expected questions.
This is the 8th year of 100 most important questions since 2015. Over the years the
document has been a reliable source.
I also said the most trusted because these questions are coming from the originator of the
concept called Top 100 questions, after which others followed! Moreover, the name INDIA
BHAI is the most trusted name in the UPSC exam preparations. Also, these questions, if
you go through will get to know, are framed after lot of study of the past trends of UPSC and
the quality is also in similarity with it. If you go through these questions you will definitely
get a competitive edge over others. Best thing is you also get model answers which help you
to NUDGE your path in the right direction.
My best wishes to all the aspirants!!!

Gaurav Kumar, IAS

AIR- 313, CSE 2021

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 100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

PREFACE
Dear Friends!
Barely one 20 days are left and now the time is to revise whatever important questions that
can come in Civil Service Mains Exam 2022. This booklet is based on mostly Current Affairs
in Question-Answers format covering GS2 & GS3 primarily and is released in two volumes
covering 100 Questions with Model Answers. This is the 8th consecutive edition of 100 Most
Probable Series since 2015, when it was released the very first time. Since then almost 15-
18 questions are directly or indirectly present in the mains exam GS paper from these 100
questions. In last year 2018 mains there were around 30 questions in mains exams directly
or indirectly from lectures and 100 most probable question series! In CSE 2019, 2020 &
2021, around 15, 18 and 24 questions were there directly and indirectly from this booklet in
its 5th and 6th edition respectively.
Now the question is how to make best use of this ‘100 Most Probable Questions with
Answers’? The best use of this material is to read it thoroughly and revise it atleast 3 times
for the best recall during mains examination. These questions are handpicked and sorted
out from hundreds of other questions and finally termed as most important or most
probable questions for mains examination 2022. You can expect 15+ questions from this
booklet in 2 volumes to come directly or indirectly in the Mains Exams 2022. Even many
answers of various questions can be used as a content or fodder material for Essays and
attempting other questions also.

Friends! This is the time when one should increase their study hours and revise whatever
they had studied till now. So utilize this time and make best use of it to improve your mains
score. I hope and firmly believe that this booklet will help you in improving your scores.

Use this time judiciously and push yourself little more for that extra edge. Push yourself,
because no one is else is going to do it for you. Always remember, Great things never come
from comfort zone!

Don’t stop when you are tired. Stop when you are done!!!
Dream it. Wish it. Do it!!!

All the Very Best for 2022 Civil Service Mains!!!

India Bhai
(Your Personalised Mentor)
(Faced 4 UPSC interviews)
A friend, mentor and guide for civil service aspirants
Telegram Channel:@IndiaBhai @IndiaBhaiChannel1, Website: www.indiabhai.in

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 100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

1. The Indian constitution prefers “union of States” over “federation of States” when
compared to USA. To what extent is this preference responsible for tensions between the
centre and the state? Enumerate. Suggest how the cooperative federalism can be
promoted in this regard.

Structure: Reference to the article of the constitution containing the term ‘Union of states’.
Then enlist the reasons for preferring ‘Union’ over ‘Federation’ in the constitution. Mention
issues in center-state relations emanating out of unitary bias. And then write a counter-
perspective on other reasons for center-state tensions. Conclude with suggestions and need
for cooperative federalism.

Model answer:
Article 1 of the Constitution of India describes India as a ‘Union of States’. While the
constitution prescribes for a federal distribution of power between center and states, the
preference for the term ‘Union’ in Article 1 can be ascribed to following reasons:

1. The Indian Federation is not the consequence of an agreement among the federation and
the constituting states like that in American Federation.

2. The constitutional makers wanted the federation to be an indestructible union. The term
‘Union of States’ emphasizes this unity. The states do not have the right to secede from the
Union.

3. The need for reorganization and post-independence consolidation meant that federal
units could not have same sanctity in terms of territory and principles of organization as the
union. Thus, India is an indestructible union of destructible states. E.g. Integration of
princely states, linguistic reorganization etc.

4. Colonial legacy: Majority of our constitution was made from the Government of India Act
1935, reflecting in the unitary bias of ‘Union’.

5. To check fissiparous tendencies and hostile neighbour, the need of strong glue was felt
for a diverse country. Hence, the emphasis is on union instead of units, as in federation.
6. Financial support: Different states and regions were at different levels of development,
while country on large was poor. Need for planning and distribution required strong Union
government.

However, the preference for union over federation is said to be the cause of tensions in
center-state relations as discussed below:

1. Preference of ‘Union’ sometimes leads to centralizing tendencies. E.g., Abuse of article

356 (President’s rule).

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 100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

2. Misuse of central agencies such as CBI and ED for political ends or to coerce legislative
support for government formation. E.g., Withdrawal of general consent to CBI.
3. The use of constitutional office of governor as instrument of union's control over states.
E.g., withholding assent to state bills.
4. Politicization of bureaucracy is another point of contestation. E.g., dispute on change in
cadre rules of All-India services.
5. Increasing financial dependence of states on the central government. E.g., borrowing
limits and conditions under the FRBM Act, issue of GST compensation cess.
6. Other provisions of the constitution further reinforce the emphasis on ‘union’. E.g.,
reasonable restrictions on freedoms, the residual legislative powers being vested in central
government. E.g., the 2020 farm acts.

However, it won’t be correct to argue that tensions in center and state relations are due to
unitary bias alone. There are other reasons as well, such as:

1. States have exhibited poor administrative capacities in their own sphere of work,
necessitating central interventions. E.g., Covid-19 Response.

2. States show indifference towards devolution of powers to third tier of governance as per
the 73rd and 74th amendments and recommendations of union and state finance
commissions.

3. Obstructionist tendencies due to political differences between state government and

central government. E.g., land acquisition delays in central government projects.

To promote cooperative federalism:

1. Consulting states while legislating: For cultivating better centre- state relations, some
broad agreement should reach between Union and state.
2. Inter-state council: suitable amendments to article 263 to make Inter-state council a
credible, powerful and fair mechanism for management of inter-state and centre-state
differences.
3. Zonal council: Should meet at least twice a year with an agenda proposed by states
concerned to maximise co-ordination and promote harmonisation of policies and actions
having interstate ramifications.
4. Governor should act as a link-pin between centre and state.

Conclusion
The tensions in center-state relations revolve around the issues of centralization. While the
emphasis on ‘Union’ in the constitution is by design, federal features are also a part of the
basic structure doctrine. As argued by SC in SR Bommai case, there is need for health
relations between center and states. Mechanisms like inter-state council should be used to
promote cooperative federalism.

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 100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

2. “While most of the developed world has penalized marital rape, surprisingly there is no
such law in India. Critically analyse the need for a law against marital rape. Discuss
various challenges in legislating such laws.

Structure: Introduce the answer by defining marital rape. In the body of the answer, discuss
the need to criminalize marital rape. In the next part, discuss issues with criminalizing
marital rape. In the last part, suggest ways to balance individual’s dignity alongside
the sanctity of marriage. Conclude by highlighting need for reforms in order to
protect the institution of marriage, deter the heinous crimes, and protect the dignity
of individuals.
Model answer:

Introduction: Marital rape or spousal rape is the act of forced sexual intercourse between
married couples without the consent of the spouse. Exception to section 375 of the IPC
(offence of rape) mentions that sexual intercourse by a man with his wife, the wife not
being under 15 years of age, is not rape. However, in the modern times, it is argued by some
experts that the archaic exception to rape should be repealed as:
1. Marital rape smacks of gender bias and stands to violate the constitutional principle of
equality by virtually reducing the wife as the property of husband, as per the principle of
covertures.
2. In the modern times, when the women are becoming an equal partner with men in all
socio- economic endeavours, marriage has essentially become an association of equals.
Exception to section 375 of the IPC undermines this parity.
3. Britain, originator of the provision in India, has repealed the exception since 1991 and
treats marital rape as an offence.
4. Marital rape violates women’s right to reproductive choices and is also poses risk to the
health and wellbeing of the wife. E.g., as per a study, victims of marital rape are more than
twice likely to have abortion; 16% more likely to have low birth babies; twice more likely to
undergo depression.
5. Pious institution of marriage cannot be reduced to a license given to the husband for
commissioning the crime of rape at will, violating the bodily autonomy of the wife. E.g.,
Karnataka HC opined that exception section 375 cannot be absolute.

The argument of ‘consent in perpetuity’ given by wife cannot stand the legal scrutiny. E.g.,
courts have recognized that consent can be withdrawn even during an intercourse.

However, some experts believe that criminalizing marital rape is beset with several issues/
challenges, such as:
1. It is argued that criminalization of marital offence will lead to the destabilization of
institutions of marriage and deteriorate the family values of belongingness.

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 100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

2. Criminalization of marital rape will make it difficult to quantify the act and its nature,
leaving ambiguity. E.g., As per the Delhi HC, the act of marriage bestows a right to expect
reasonable sexual relations from partner.
3. Criminalization of marital rape, as per some experts, may see a spurt in frivolous
complaints, leading to blackmailing of innocents as well as increasing legal pendency.
Which for example as per a report, every year 10,000 false dowry allegations are filed.
4. Marriage as an institution is an important contributor to a person’s emotional stability
and expectation of reasonable physical intimacy is argued to be legitimate. E.g., SC opined
that denial of sex without sufficient reasons amounts to cruelty.
While the institution of marriage is sacrosanct so is the dignity of those who abide by it. In
this light, there is a need to:
1. Some scholars are of the opinion that the issues of marital rape should also be addressed
at the level of society and family. E.g., Mediation by elders.
2. As the society progresses towards modernity, the legal provision should also change
parallely, reflecting people’s aspiration.
3. There is also an imperative to raise awareness among the people about the right of each
individual to bodily autonomy.
4. The blanket exception on marital rape should be reconsidered. Each case should be
judged on its merit. E.g., case filed against an estranged husband.
The legal reforms regarding marital rape should be done keeping in mind the sanctity of the
institution, dignity of individuals and a need to deter heinous acts of forced sex.

3. All anti-corruption institutions have overlapping functions and jurisdictions, which

affects the original objective of eradicating corruption”. Discuss.

Structure: Start with various anti-corruption agencies established in India. Highlight the
issues regarding their jurisdiction overlapping. Suggest a way forward to resolve these
issues.
Model answer:
India is the 85 least corrupt Nation out of 180 countries, according to the 2021 Corruption
Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. The corruption of public
servants in India has become such a menace that something drastically new had to be tried,
and appointing the Lokpal at least partially meets this crying need.
There is guarded optimism in a few quarters, and considerable cynicism in others, over the
likely efficacy of the Lokpal. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 is complicated. But it was
badly needed for enhancing the accountability of those in high places and to demonstrate to
the world that India is not second to any other nation in making its public administration
clean and fair.

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 100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

Moreover the appointment of Lokpal is delayed for many years and now it has not been
received with great excitement. Nevertheless, the working of the Act may be expected to be
closely followed in the months to come, both by the polity and the legal fraternity, which is
how it ought to be in a vibrant democracy.

Actors Against Corruption:

There are three principal actors at the national level in the fight against corruption: the
Lokpal, the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC), and the Central Bureau of Investigation
(CBI) off lately Enforcement Directorate (ED) as the course of corruption moved towards
cyber and financial dynamism.

Overlapping functions:
Questions have been raised over the independent function of the Lokpal and there is little
clarity how it will work with the other agencies so that the objective of cleansing public life
is achieved with reasonable satisfaction. What is worrying is how well the CVC and CBI are
going to play a complementary role in upholding the objective for which the Lokpal has
been appointed such as:

1. It is a common practice for complainants in India to dash off their complaints to a host of
agencies. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 creates a Prosecution Wing exclusively for
the Lokpal. In this case there will be possibility of coordination issue between Lokpal wing
and the CBI’s Director of Prosecution.

2. There is a distinct prospect of a clash between the government (which has greater powers
of superintendence over the CBI than the Lokpal) and the Lokpal over a wide spectrum of
issues.

3. The Act gives the impression that superintendence over the CBI is shared by the Lokpal
and the government, and neither is in exclusive command of the former.

Overlapping Jurisdiction:

1. The Lokpal has jurisdiction over Group A and B public servants. This does not deprive the
CBI of its own jurisdiction over these two groups.

2. The Lokpal Act permits using the CBI for examining a complaint against a public servant
for misconduct. Although the Lokpal has its own Inquiry Wing, it can nevertheless forward a
complaint to the CBI for a preliminary inquiry, and thereafter for registering a regular case
under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. It is not clear what happens when such a
complaint is already being inquired into by the CBI.

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 100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

3. The government, in addition to the Lokpal, is competent to order a preliminary inquiry

and permit the CBI to proceed with a regular case. The CBI can also register a case even
without the government’s nod in instances in which a public servant is caught red-handed
while receiving a bribe.

4. If an individual lodges a complaint with the government and the Lokpal, then there is no
clarity about the authority of Lokpal to give direction to the CBI to keep its hands off the
matter and wait for the Lokpal’s own Inquiry Wing to handle the matter.

Suggestions:
Given the overlapping functions of anti-corruption agencies, recommendations given by
Parliamentary Committee in 2018 hold importance. It recommended integration of Central
Vigilance Commission and anti-corruption wing of the CBI to work directly under the
command and control of Lokpal to deal with corruption cases.
The Committee is of the view that institutions of CVC and the CBI, be fully integrated with
Lokpal and the institution of anti—corruption watchdog may be architecturally created
vertically with the Lokpal at the apex level and CVC and CBI under its command and control.

4. Sharing of information among all stakeholders in government functioning is a leading

practice towards good governance. Discuss with examples. How free and guaranteed
access to information enables citizens and ensure accountability of government in recent
times?

Structure: Discuss the role of transparency in governance how it leads to citizen awareness
and then empowerment. What other aspects of governance get better. Mention
Government initiatives and a conclusive remark with RTI act.
Model answer:
Excessive secrecy can undermine the quality of public decision-making and prevent citizens
from checking the abuses of public power. This can have a corrosive effect on virtually all
aspects of society and governance. Absence of, or inaccessibility to, information often
creates a sense of disempowerment, mistrust and frustration among the citizens.
Transparency, in terms of both information disclosure and dissemination and access to
decision-making, is therefore very significant.
Information sharing enables good governance as it leads to:
• Participation: The public is only able to truly participate in the democratic process when
they have information about the activities and policies of the government, and when people
can see what benefits and services they are entitled to and whether they are receiving what
should be expected.
For instance, DPIIT setup a control room to monitor supply of essential supplies (during
lockdown) and made this information widely available to states and CSOs for better

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 100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

management of resources. Thus enhances transparency and ensures accountability and

move towards Good Governance.
• Efficiency: The knowledge that decisions and processes are open to public scrutiny can
make government bodies work better by imposing on them a constant check.
For instance, Information sharing on land records by the Bhoomi project of Karnataka has
led to efficiency in management of land. Thus enhances transparency.
• Effectiveness: Information sharing provides feedback to the policy makers to make the
necessary changes and make the policies more responsive to the needs of the people.
For instance, The Champions of Change platform (CoC 2.0) for aspirational districts has been
introduced by NITI Aayog to enhance functionality of automated data-quality reports, which
would enable the DMs/DCs to take corrective action.
• Equity: By ensuring that the benefits of growth are redistributed and not captured by the
elite, transparency reforms can result in substantial net savers of public resources and
improved socio-economic and human development indicators.
For instance, people in rural Karnataka have combined the campaigns for the Right to
Information and the Right to Food to fight hunger. They have successfully participated in
social audits and public hearings to demand that the rations due to them are allotted to
them at the correct prices.
• Accountability: Free and guaranteed access to information enables citizens, the media
and law enforcement agencies to use official records as a means to uncover cases of
corruption and maladministration.
For instance, an RTI filed by an NGO based in Punjab revealed that the funds that were
meant for victims of the Kargil War were used by bureaucrats to buy cars and air-
conditioners. The court charged these bureaucrats with fraud and the funds were then
transferred into the Prime Minister’s Relief Fund. Thus enhances transparency and ensures
accountability and move towards Good Governance.
The idea of Good Governance is to make information more accessible to people in a cost
effective manner in order to reduce corruption and enhance Ease of Doing Business. Several
indices have been introduced Corruption Perception Index, Press Freedom Index etc. and
several portals for open access.

 MyGov: It aims to establish a link between Government and Citizens towards

meeting the goal of good governance.
DARPAN: It is an online tool that can be used to monitor and analyse the
implementation of critical and high priority projects of the State.
PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation): It has been aimed
at starting a culture of Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation.
 Mobile Seva: It provides government services to the people through mobile phones
and tablets.

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 100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

 Jeevan Pramaan: It is an Aadhaar based Biometric Authentication System for

Pensioners.
 The system provides authenticity to Digital Life Certificate without the necessity of
the pensioner being present in person before his/ her Pension Dispensing Authority
(PDA).
 National Centre of Geo-informatics (NCoG): Under this project, Geographic
Information System (GIS) platform for sharing, collaboration, location based analytics
and decision support system for Departments has been developed.
 National e-Governance Plan (NeGP): It takes a holistic view of e-Governance
initiatives across the country, integrating them into a collective vision and a shared
cause.
 PMGDISHA: Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyaan aims to make six
crore people in rural India digitally literate and awareness among people.

Conclusion:
To ensure that information is shared proactively by all government agencies, the Right to
Information Act, 2005 has been passed in India. The implementation of the Act has
ensured that the core values of good governance such as public participation in
government, respect for the rule of law, freedom of expression and association,
transparency and accountability, legitimacy of government are realised.

5. “The role of non-state actors has been only marginal, in the Indian governance system”.
Critically analyse the statement.

Structure: Various Non-State actor, their role in governance- how in the past they played
their part. What are the bottlenecks that hamper in provision of good governance in India?
Model answer:

In Indian governance system is procedurally very complicated and skeptical of outsides’

interference. Elected governments and established bureaucracy have been reluctant to
deviate from complex rules and accept participatory approach. This has kept role of non-
state actors limited in governance system.
However, non-state actors like Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Civil Society,
Media, Caste- based organisations, Religious institutions, Professional Societies, Women’s
groups, Trade Unions and Universities have been able to influence governance of the
country by demanding reforms. They compel the government to continuously work as a
representative, responsible, transparent and accountable government.
Reasons for their marginal role in Governance:
1. FCRA norms and other laws restricts their functioning in the hands of government. Such
norms also control financing of non-state actors which compromises their freedom.

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2. In policy formation and implementation, wise opinion of various stakeholders of non-

state actors is necessary whereas government follows top-down approach.
3. Recently, NGOs including Greenpeace, Amnesty, were accused of "serving as tools for
foreign policy interests of western government" by sponsoring campaigns to protect the
environment or supports human rights.
4. Extremism: Intelligence Bureau suspects funding and links with fundamentalists and
Extremists. Ex - Mercycorps alleged to be involved in funding of extremists in North-East
and J&K.

5. Micro-Finance Institutions:
Inability to generate funds: MFIs have inability to raise sufficient fund in the microfinance.
Though NBCs are able to raise funds through private equity investment, such MFIs are
restricted from taking public deposits
High interest rates: Interest rates ranges between 18-24%. This leads the very same
borrowers to seek loans elsewhere in order to pay back the original loan, creating a vicious
cycle.
Weak governance: Many MFI's are not willing to convert to a corporate structure; hence
they avoid transparency, thus unable to attract capital.
Regional imbalance: 68% concentration of loan portfolio in East & North East and South
regions [Highest in West Bengal followed by Tamil Nadu].
All NGOs receiving foreign funds now have to re-register for their FCRA license. These all
measures limit the powers of NGOs in India. They were done mainly on account of leaked
report of Intelligence Bureau in 2014 which estimated that national and international NGOs
are stalling development projects in India causing economic damage on the order of 2-3
percent of GDP.
At the same time, their contribution to the governance domain is limited by lack of funds,
inadequate trained personnel, lack of culture of volunteering etc. Multiplicity of laws and
regulations add to their problems. This prevents the non-state actors from reaching their
full potential in enforcing good governance. Considering that India has over 2 million
registered NGOs, the scope and extent of their contribution has been below par.

Non-state actors have come to play an important role in the process of governance in India.
Today, non-state actors are actively engaged in community mobilisation, economic
development and societal transformation. They play different roles like capacity building,
asset creation, representation, lobbying, advocacy, service delivery etc. Essentially, they
are instruments of people's action and the means of protecting and promoting vital rights of
citizens. They aid the process of good governance in several ways such as:

 Policy Formulation and Advocacy: Influencing the decisions of legislators, other

elected representatives, and public administrators.

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 100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

 Watchdog role: Play a crucial role in evaluating the policies and actions of the
Government.

 Welfare Service Delivery: Can provide the necessary institutional basis for service
delivery.

 Reform and Social Change: Serve as an instrument for reform and social change.

Right to Information Act, National Food Security Act, and Right to Education, MNREGA and
some other social provisions are result of non-state actors’ persistence. Demand for more
transparency in governance has also resulted in Citizens Charter in public offices.
Thus, even though political and bureaucratic system has not been welcoming to suggestions
and participation, non-state actors have been persistently trying to make governance better
by creating awareness in their fields. The harmonious coexistence of both the state and the
civil-society safeguards the interests of both the govt. and the citizens.

6. It has been witnessed time and again that the role of individual MPs has diminished
over the years, as a result, healthy and constructive debates on any policy issue is hardly
seen. To what extent can it be attributed to prevailing anti- defection law that was
legislated way back with different intentions? Has it gained the objective with which it
was framed? Suggest measures.
Structure: Introduce your answer by describing the tenth schedule. In the body, first discuss
the intent behind the tenth schedule. Next discuss the issues in its impact highlighting the
divergence from the intent and questionable relevance. Suggest some measures. Conclude.
Model answer:

The tenth schedule is the part of the constitution that lays down the process by which the
legislators may be disqualified on the grounds of defection. It was created through 52nd
amendment to the Constitution (1985), also known as the anti-defection law.
The intent behind the tenth schedule is as follows:
1. The tenth schedule intends to provide stable government by preventing shift in party
Allegiances after elections. E.g., the “Aya Ram Gaya Ram” problem due to attraction of
Ministerial position or other pecuniary, non-pecuniary offers from other parties.
2. It aims to bring in continuity of policies by avoiding rapid change in governments due to
Shifting loyalties of legislators.
3. It seeks to curb corruption in politics. E.g., the influence of money and power.
4. It intends to strengthen political democracy by discouraging post-poll changes which
could result in a government contrary to the electoral mandate.

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5. It strengthens the system of party politics. E.g., disqualification to vote against party
whip,
6. It facilitates realignment of party via merger. E.g., 91st constitutional amendment
increased the requirement of legitimate change in loyalties to two-third members.
The tenth schedule was created to maintain the essence of democracy. But its relevance is
being questioned due to visible divergence between its intent and impact as discussed
below:
1. Disqualification of legislators for individual stand on issues (against party whip) is
against the democratic principle of debates and discussions and legislators’ right to
speech.
2. It undermines representative democracy in the legislature and government's
accountability to the people. At the same time, it empowers parties which have neither
inner-party democracy, nor constitutional accountability.
3. There is no time frame for a decision by the Presiding Officer on disqualification. This
loophole is misused to keep the question of disqualification suspended for unlimited time.
4. As per Kihoto Hollohan case 1992, the presiding officer functions as a tribunal while
deciding on disqualification. But he lacks judicial experience and legal knowledge.
5. There is inherent political bias in the decision of the presiding officer due to deference
to party loyalty and political exigencies.
6. The tenth schedule has been ineffective against influence of power. E.g., threat of
vigilance agencies, ‘resort politics’ etc.
Suggested measures:
1. Alternate independent mechanism: Recently, the Supreme Court said the “Parliament
should amend the Constitution to substitute the Speaker with a permanent Tribunal
headed by a retired Supreme Court Judge or a retired Chief Justice of a High Court, or
some other outside independent mechanism, to ensure that such disputes are decided
both swiftly and impartially.
2. Reasonable time frame to decide the disqualification cases by the speaker: The
Supreme Court had said that “the Speaker, in acting as a Tribunal under the Tenth
Schedule, is bound to decide disqualification petitions within a reasonable period”.
o It further said that unless there were “exceptional circumstances”, disqualification
petitions under the Tenth Schedule should be decided by Speakers within three months.
3. Administrative Reforms Commission’s Report titled ‘Ethics in Governance’ and various
other expert committees have recommended that the issue of disqualification of members
on ground of defection should be decided by the President/Governor on the advice of
Election Commission.
Conclusion:

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Anti-defection law was brought in as a solution to problems in politics. But the solution
should not be worse than the disease. Measures such as independent tribunals for defection
cases, changes in RPA to deal with mergers, inner-party democracy should be adopted to
make the tenth schedule more relevant.

7. “Sometimes one pays for the things one gets for nothing”, how far the freebies culture
and populist measures in policies that are witnessed during the elections are good for
economic growth and development. Critically analyse. Suggest some corrective measures
if it hurts the economy in long term.

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Structure: Briefly discuss what constitutes freebies and how they thy affect the electoral
process in India. Provide arguments in favour of freebies and then the counter-
argument. What steps can be taken to reduce the influence of such tactics. Conclude
with resolving the inefficiencies.
Model answer:
Freebie is something that is given free of charge or cost. Political parties are outdoing each
other in promising free electricity and water supply, laptops, cycles, electronic appliances,
etc. These are called ‘freebies’ and characterized as fiscally imprudent.

Reasons for rise in freebies culture during elections:

•Criminalization of Politics: According to the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR),

233 MPs in the current Lok Sabha are facing criminal charges, up from 187 in 2014. These
candidates often resort to distribution of liquor, money, goods etc. to lure voters.
• Myopic opinion of masses: It is believed that Indian masses vote and react more on short
term freebies and less on long term policies. This encourages parties to offer more freebies.
• Historical Baggage: Since the independence, parties have been promising some form of
freebies to attract voters. Even if a new party comes to power, then also it can’t rationalize
or out-rightly abolish the freebie commitments of prior governments e.g., Several State
Governments have been forced to continue power and irrigation subsidies due to political
pressure. Governments fear that discontinuance will antagonize their voter base.
• Concealment of Actual performance: Freebies are often used as a means to conceal the
poor performance of incumbent Government on economic and social parameters. They
provide an opportunity to alter the voter’s mindset from real issues to short term gains.
• Domino Effect: The rise in coalition era politics since the 1990s has witnessed a rise of
new political parties. These small and new parties have to offer more freebies than larger
parties to lure the voters. Moreover, the increase in competition among the parties to seek
the votes, each party tries to outdo the others in terms of populist promises.

Arguments in support of freebies:

• Welfare State: The Constitution places an obligation on the State to take proactive
measures for the welfare of poor and downtrodden. For instance, Art. 39(b) calls for
resource distribution for achieving common good.
• Glaring Inequality in the society: In India there is a wide inequality between the rich and
the poor in terms of income and wealth. The OXFAM report 2021 showed that the income
of 84% of households in the country declined in 2021, but at the same time the number of
Indian billionaires grew from 102 to 142.
• Sacrifices by the marginalized section: They gave up land for cities, roads, factories and
dams. However, they largely became landless workers and slum dwellers. Their kinship,
culture and lives got disrupted. Several economists argue that the gains of development
have hardly trickled down commensurately, especially after 1991. The cost of freebies
offered is a fraction of what the poor lose.

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• The World Bank recognised in the 1980s that the prevalent policies marginalize the poor
and a ‘safety net’ (freebies) is needed.
• Cushion during Emergencies: COVID-19 has been one of the biggest health emergencies in
the world in over a century. Such extreme events warrant state support to prevent chaos
and disruption in society e.g., the free COVID-19 vaccination for every individual in India led
to a more prudent management of the pandemic.
• Economic Push: They help increase the demand that prevents the rate of growth from
declining further. Free education and health are anyway justified because they are cases of
‘merit wants’ and increase productivity of labor.
• Incentives for the rich: The well-off and businesses get ‘freebies’ that are euphemistically
called ‘incentives’. Since 2006, the Union Budget estimates these to be between Rs 4-6 lakh
crore each year. If the well-off who don’t really need freebies can get so much, why can’t
the marginalized (especially women and youth) get a fraction of it?
• Social Stability: Freebies enable the government to release the growing discontent in the
marginalized section. They keep a lid on societal disruption which would be far more
expensive.

Arguments against Freebies:

• Undermines the spirit of Democracy: This is the primary concern as many people tend to
vote for parties based on the free incentives offered by them. They fail to judge them on
their performance and don’t vote as per merit. Even the Supreme Court has observed that
freebies shake the root of free and fair elections.
• Fall in Productivity: Freebies create a feeling in masses that they can live with minimal
effort. This decreases their productivity towards work e.g., a trend has been created that
whoever avail loan from banks does not repay them, expecting a waiver of loans during the
election. This gives rise to moral hazard and an incentive to default.
• Fiscal Stress: Freebies generally form part of revenue expenditure. Excess allocation
towards them leaves little to spend on capital expenditure that is a sine qua non for
achieving long-term growth.
• A case in point is Tamil Nadu which has been rolling out freebies in keeping with poll
promises and ended up with unsustainable fiscal conditions.
• Discourages the honest taxpayer: It creates a sense of discontentment in the mind of an
honest taxpayer whose money is used to fund the freebie expenditure. This feeling is more
dominant especially when the State is unable to improve the public services due to freebie
commitments.
• Sectoral Collapse: The populist measures of loan waiver have put significant pressure on
the banking sector. Similarly rising power subsidies have enhanced pressures on discoms
who are failing to sustain themselves.
• Wastage of Resources: Promises of free water and electricity creates a severe stress on
the water table and leads to over exploitation as seen in states of Punjab and Haryana. NITI
Aayog has cautioned that 21 major cities of India are on the verge of running out of
groundwater in a few years.

What steps can be undertaken:

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1. There should be strengthening of internal party democracy so that promises of

development and not freebies are made in the elections. This would also reduce the
magnitude of criminalization of politics.
2. The Election Commission should be given greater powers like power to deregister a
political party, power of contempt etc. This would curtail distribution of liquor and other
goods during elections and ensure expenditure as per the desired limit.
3. The Government should use the money spent on freebies towards job creation and
infrastructure development as advised by Madras HC in 2021. This will lead to social
upliftment and progression of the State.
4. The focus should now be tilted on improving public expenditure efficiency. This requires
focusing on outcomes and not merely outlays. One good example is the distribution of LPG
subsidy through direct benefit transfer (DBT) which led to a decline in the subsidy bill.
5. The Government should also focus on decreasing the magnitude of black economy. Black
Economy erodes the fiscal pool of government and leads to suboptimal spending thereby
enhancing the tilt towards freebies to lure voters.
6. In the long run, eradication of unnecessary freebie culture requires an attitudinal change
in the masses. This warrants delivery of robust moral education at all levels which can be
done by properly implementing the New Education Policy, 2020.

CONCLUSION
India has experienced the politics of freebies for a long time and the outcome of those
policies has been sub-optimal, inefficient, and unsustainable. Therefore, rather than doling
out money, focus should be on spending it efficiently. It is high time the discourse on
improving public expenditure efficiency should take center stage while discussing the role of
fiscal policy in India. However, until that is achieved, reliance on acceptable freebies like
health, education etc. can’t be completely stopped.

8. The rationale behind keeping the schedule 7 of the Indian constitution was to provide a
responsive governance and cooperation between centre and states, does this provision
needs a re-look. Comment. How far tool like “the doctrine of colourable legislation” been
able to address the issues by The Court of Law.

Structure: Discuss the article and schedule of the constitution and 3 lists. The debates
regarding keeping it in the constitution. Why it needed a re-look in present circumstance.
Briefly discuss Doctrine of colourable legislation. How it helped in resolving the disputes
related to jurisdiction between state and centre.
Model Answer:
Seventh Schedule under Article 246 provides distribution of powers and responsibilities
between the state and central governments. It specifies the role and responsibilities into
Three lists namely, Union List, State List and Concurrent List.

The Union list details the subjects on which Parliament may make laws while the state list

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Details those under the purview of state legislatures. The concurrent list has subjects in
which both Parliament and state legislatures have jurisdiction. However, the Constitution
provides federal supremacy to Parliament on concurrent list items in case of a conflict.
Article 248 confers residuary powers on the Parliament. Residuary powers refer to the
power of jurisdiction upon subjects that are not mentioned in the state or concurrent list.
As per Sarkaria Commission, concurrent list subjects are neither exclusively of national
concern nor of local concern and hence occupy a constitutional 'grey area.

Rationale of keeping Seventh Schedule in the Constitution:

●Ensuring Unity and Integrity of India: Due to partition, there was an emphasis on national
Integration and only a strong central government could manage the complex administrative
problems, protect the nation against external threats and invasions, and maintain
international relations.
●Enabling responsive governance: Local governments under the state list are seen as
encouraging political participation, accommodation of various views, bolster rights of
minorities and communitarian values. It engages the public policy making, Its
implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
●Achieving Balanced economic development: Seventh Schedule favors the allocation of
legislative power to the Union Government to ensure economic development at the
national level in a coordinated manner and bring parity in socio-economic development
across states.
●Promoting Diversity: Allocation of legislative powers to state can promote cultural
autonomy, given the unique diversity in India with respect to its geographical area,
population and number of languages spoken.
As per Joint Committee Report 1934, it was necessary to ensure that provinces remained
truly autonomous to determine their jurisdiction independently in order to bolster spirit of
cooperation between union and sates.

Need to revisit Seventh Schedule:

● Archaic law: The present Seventh Schedule containing union, state and concurrent lists
were inherited from the Government of India Act, 1935 and needs to be updated with the
changing time.
● Service delivery: Citizens increasingly demands efficient delivery of public goods. But
without delegation of funds, functions, and functionaries, presently dominated by central
government, local governments are unable to respond.
● Centralizing tendency: Items have moved from the state list to the concurrent list and
from the concurrent list to the union list highlighting centralization in an era of
decentralization. For example, shifting of the subjects like forest and education from the
state to the Concurrent List by the 42nd Amendment.
● Dominant position of Centre: In concurrent list, central law prevails in case of conflict
between state and central law effectively giving Centre dominance in concurrent list as well.

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● Appropriate placement: Ensuring that existing entries or new entries that are sought to
be added are appropriately placed under the three lists highlighting the
● Centre State Conflict: Federal tensions in post-independence India such as state demand
for greater autonomy.
These issues highlight the need for reforming the seventh schedule.

Doctrine of Colourable Legislation:

 It is based on the maxim that what cannot be done directly cannot also be done
indirectly. It is built upon the founding stones of the Doctrine of Separation of
Power.
 It depicts the notion that legislation cannot be used under 'colour' or 'guise' of
power which was conferred for one purpose and use. It for some other purpose
which is otherwise not valid.
 It is a tool devised and applied by the Supreme Court to interpret Constitutional
provisions to avoid any unjust or fraudulent use of Indian laws. In "Balaji v. State of
Mysore" case, SC held that the order reserving 68% of the seats for students
belonging to backward classes was violative of Article 14 in disguise of making a
provision under Article 15(4).
 The Supreme Court has applied the doctrine of colourable legislation in the K.C.
Gajapti vs state of Orissa case. The doctrine of colourable legislation implies that
whatever is prohibited directly is prohibited indirectly also. This is intended to bar
the legislature from doing something indirectly or covertly that has been prohibited
from doing directly.

Way forward
1. Constitute a High-Powered Commission: It may consist of eminent lawyers and
jurists with administrative experience to examine the entries of Lists I and Ill in the
Seventh Schedule and suggest redistribution of the entries.
2. Institutional framework: Consideration for a consultative forum for credible policy
dialogue between the Centre and the states to give a boost to cooperative
federalism.
3. Sarkaria Committee Recommendations (1998 Report):
a. Residuary Power: Residuary powers be transferred from the Union List to the
Concurrent List, except for the residuary power to impose taxes which should
be retained in the Union List.
b. Concurrent List: States should be consulted by the Centre before exercising
power over Concurrent List.
4. Periodic review: Undertake a periodic review of the lists, focusing on removal of
outdated entries, addition of new entries, and appropriate placement of existing
entries.

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5. Transfer of Entries: As per M.M. Punchhi Commission, 2010, Centre should only
transfer those subjects to Concurrent List which are necessary for ensuring
uniformity in basic issues of national policy.

CONCLUSION
The Seventh Schedule determines the level of government at which public intervention and
Public Expenditure occurs. This distribution of power orchestrates the federal nature of our
Polity.

9. Though Citizen’s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery
organizations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens’ satisfaction
and quality of services being provided. Analyse.
Structure: Explain citizen charter the rationale behind introducing it, the issues that have
plagued the role of citizen charter. How such issues can be resolved in order to improve the
overall governance.
Model Answer:
Citizen's Charter is a document which represents a systematic effort to focus on the
commitment of the Organisation towards its Citizens in respects of Standard of Services,
Information, Choice and Consultation, Non-discrimination and Accessibility, Grievance
Redress, Courtesy and Value for Money.
Citizens' Charter is instruments to bridge the gap between government and citizens and
through this improve the quality of service delivery. With the same objective, the Citizens
Charter initiative was started in India in 1997.
1. Citizen Charters bring transparency and thus enhance accountability in government
functioning by informing citizens about different procedures and different services any
department of government provides. This reduces corruption-related risks.
2. An effective Citizen Charters also contains Grievance Redressal mechanism. This
increases the government's responsiveness towards people and thus public service delivery.
3. Citizen Charters create a more professional and client-responsive environment delivery.
As a result of such benefits, Citizen Charter leads to improvement in service delivery. And
thus they have become important instruments of achieving Good Governance.

Problems faced in implementing the Charters that leads to dissatisfaction among citizens:

1. The consultation process was minimal or largely absent, language not vernacular, largely
copy-pasted from other institutions.
2. The personnel responsible for its implementation of charters were not giving proper
training and orientation. The workforce that is delivering the promises of charters is
unaware of the spirit and content of the Charter.
3. Awareness campaigns to teach clients about the Charter were not conducted
systematically.

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4. In some cases, the standards/time norms of services mentioned in Citizens' Charter were
either too negligent or too tight and were impractical and created an unfavourable
impression on the clients of the Charter.
5. The notion behind the Citizen's Charter was not accurately understood. Information
brochures, publicity materials, pamphlets produced earlier by the organisations were
mistaken for Citizens' Charters.
6. The citizens' charters did not contain grievance redressal mechanisms. Thus, citizens had
no way to get their grievances redressed.
7. After framing of citizens charters government departments were not provided necessary
infrastructure.
8. Sometimes, transfer and reshuffle of concerned officers at the critical stages of
formulation/implementation of a Citizens' Charter in an organisation hampered the
progress of the initiative.
9. Finally, after framing, the citizen charters have not been revised for long.

Following measures can be taken to achieve the objectives of Citizen Charter:

1. All stakeholders, including top government officials, line staff and citizens should be
involved in framing of Citizens' Charters.
2. CC should be in clear and simple language; should contain realistic and measurable
performance standards; and an effective public relations strategy to increase users'
awareness about the CC.
3. Adoption of SEVOTTAM model to improve quality of service in India.
4. Citizens' charters should be given wide publicity. List all offices providing different
services and other necessary details must be provided to the public.
5. Salient features of each service should be prominently displayed in simple and easy
language at all places likely to be visited by the service seekers.
6. There should be a separate Citizens Charter for each department and each office covering
the services they provide. If promised services are not provided as per specified time
schedule, an effective grievance redressal mechanism including the provision should be
introduced. Provision of "TATKAL (Immediate) Services if somebody is in urgent need to
avoid touts, bribery, etc.
7. Citizens Charter should be timely revised according to changing times. Adequate financial
and other resources should be provided to implementing staff.

CONCLUSION
Citizens Charter denotes the promise of an organisation towards citizens. Thus, Citizens
Charters are to be drawn-up with care and implemented properly so that service seekers
avail the services of the government with minimum inconvenience and maximum speed.

10. The emergence of 4th Industrial Revolution and implementation of ICT based
programmes has made e-governance an integral part of government. Identify limitations
and steps taken for effective output.

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Structure: Briefly define the 4th Industrial revolution and ICT based Applications, how in
recent times they have led to improvement in e- governance, issues that have caused
hindrance and the steps taken to resolve the issues in various fields of operation. A
Concluding remark
Model Answer:
The fourth industrial revolution is the digital revolution along with implementation of ICT
based application that increases the linkage between physical assets of the economy with
advanced technology. This blurs away the lines between physical, digital and biological
spheres.

The emergence of the fourth industrial revolution and ICT base applications
1. Generational Development: Fourth generation: Electronics and human beings with the
integration of all assets and blurring of boundaries between the spheres of life.
2. New technologies: Automatic technologies such as Cyber-physical systems, IoT, Big data
analytics, cloud computing and cognitive computing, AI and 3-D printing etc.

Impact

 Broken barriers: There is no distinction between man, machine and intelligence in

the digital world.
 Service delivery: There is improvement in services and business models with
reliability and continuous production.
 Resource utilization: There is better IT security and resource utilization with
interoperability, decentralization.
 Safety conditions: Machine safety and better working conditions provide for
effective usage of machinery.

Indian scenario:
 Innovation: India stood in the top 50 in the Global innovation index with the
adoption of
 digital technology and revolution.
 Digitization: There is the digitisation of government services with initiatives such as
Digital India programs etc.
 Center for 4th revolution: WEF has established the centre for the fourth industrial
revolution in India with Government, business leaders altogether.
Limitations:
 Leakages: There are issues of data leakage as the technology is more data-driven.
o Example: There are issues of data leakage in the UIDAI website providing
Aadhar details of people.
o Example: India stands at 131st rank at HDI indicating poor human capital.
 Lack of infrastructure: There is a lack of internet and high costs associated with
infrastructure development.

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o Example: The penetration of the Internet is so low and there is a greater

gender divide with women having lower than 27% access to smart phones.
 Privacy and security: The concerns of the digital divide along with security and
privacy issues due to lack of awareness create hurdles.
o Example: People's right to privacy provided under article 21 of the
constitution will be under threat with leakage of data without their consent.
 Digital Divide: 14% internet access in rural area versus 42% in urban area.
People in rural area cannot get access to education- SWAYAM, NPTEL
Financial Inclusion: lots of schemes in turn depend on mobile telephony that is
already suffering.
Health initiatives: Tele-medicine at times of covid-19 crisis suffered backlashes
especially in rural areas.

Steps taken: E-governance as an integral part of the governance:

Government:
 Transparency: The e-governance has brought in citizen-centric administration with
transparency of records and reports. Example: The government provides for
accessibility of information through government websites. The schemes and data
can be accessed by people easily.
 Alleviate property: The elimination of ghost beneficiaries and reaching the needy
and real benefits reduces poverty. Example: Provision of details in the database, for
example, Aadhaar data saves the demographic and biometric data.
 Impetus: There is an impetus on the government to adopt technologies by seeking
the private sector as partners.
Example: Developing Darpan portal and e - PDS delivery and One nation one ration
card scheme.
 Projects: India has Bharat Net project for optical fibre network-based
communication and boosting digital infrastructure. Megharaj GI cloud to accelerate
delivery of services, e- kranthi for transforming e-governance.
 Health: Low cost and better health care by AI-driven diagnostics and personalized
treatment.
Example: Usage of mobile x - rays during COVID -19 in government hospitals.
 Agriculture and Farmers: Latest technology to farmers increases crop yield due to
real-time advisory and detection of pest attacks and informing of sowing practices.
Example: Developing precision agriculture indicating the requirements to the specific
soil type. Implementation of Rythu Barosa-kendras in Andhra Pradesh.
 Infrastructure: There is the strengthening of infrastructure and connectivity for
desired outputs.
Example: UDAN schemes and IRCTC along with permissions for private transports,
provide for strengthening of infrastructure.

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 Empowerment: This technology empowers specially-abled people with ease of

access to various data and utilities.
Example: Accessible India campaign provides all the necessary services for the disabled.
 Business: There is an increase in ease of living and ease of doing business using
smart technologies. Example: The development of smart cities and programs like
AMRUT provide the development of amenities for living and business in cities.

CONCLUSION
The governance must be adaptive to various technologies coming up the way and
implement them in all its spheres for effective management of resources. India with the
present technology is providing momentum in governance and must be increased further.

11. Imported inflation has made challenges of post-pandemic recovery even worse for the
Indian economy. Discuss.
Model answer:
Imported inflation can be defined as the increase in domestic prices of goods and services
as a result of increase in prices of imported products. Globalisation has entwined the
economies across the globe, thereby increasing the vulnerability of an economy to external
shocks.

The challenges of Post-Covid recovery in Indian economy can be seen as:

1. The contact-intensive sector of the economy has been worst affected by the covid-19
pandemic. E.g., tourism industry, restaurants, gig economy etc., were most severely
affected.
2. Covid-19 pandemic directly impacted the revenue of the government, thereby widening
its deficit and also affecting its capability to spend on the welfare activities
3. Pandemic contracted the demand in the economy by limiting the spending power of the
people. E.g., large number of job losses affecting demand for automobiles.
4. The reverse migration of the people during the covid-19 pandemic had a negative effect
on various sectors. E.g., reverse migration of casual labourers has affected the real estate
sector.
5. As a consequence of covid-19 pandemic the inequalities in the societies have widened
making an inclusive post pandemic economic recovery a challenge. E.g., the recovery in the
economy has been criticised to be K shaped.

In addition to these existing challenges, imported inflation has further undermined a

robust post pandemic recovery as:

1. Ukraine-Russia conflict has been a major cause behind imported inflation in the country.
E.g., the increase in the global fuel prices may aggravate inflation and widen Current
Account Deficit (CAD).

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2. The shocks in global supply chains have directly impacted the post pandemic economic
recovery in the country. E.g., disruption in the supply of micro-processor due to zero covid
strategy of China.
3. The increase the prices of imported oil seeds/palm oil, pulses etc., have negatively
affected the inflationary trends in the country by narrowing the fiscal space for post covid
recovery.
4. Increase in freight cost has also resulted in an increased cost of imported products, and
increased logistics cost, thereby fuelling price rise in the country. E.g., increase in the price
of jet fuel; increase in shipping cost etc.
5. The increase in the cost of input goods/intermediate goods have affected the
development of vital sectors. E.g., increase in cost of coking coal and ferro alloys have
enhanced the cost of finished steel.

Suggestions to control:
1. Take measures to stop slide of money against other currencies.
2. Make economy robust by fighting against the twin deficits (fiscal deficit and current
account deficit).
3. Reduce flexible imports and make India more self-reliant (Atmanirbhar Bharat) and try to
curb using inflexible imports.
4. Government to reduce its spending in the economy and raise the tax.

Conclusion:
The ill-effects of covid-19 pandemic in the economic recovery of the country have been
aggravated due to imported inflation. There is a need to revitalise the economy by working
towards resilient supply chains, inclusive growth and an Atmanirbhar Bharat. Covid-19
pandemic directly impacted the revenue of the government, thereby widening its deficit
and also affecting its capability to spend on the welfare activities.

12. Increasing growth has not been able to align itself well with declining labour force
participation as jobless growth is unsustainable. Critically examine as economic growth
can never be a substitute for job creation.

Model Answer:
The second wave of the corona virus pandemic had a less intense effect on joblessness than
the first. Yet, the urban unemployment rate climbed to 12.6% in April-June 2021 on account
of localized lockdowns from 9.3% in the prior three months. The number for the same
quarter a year before was a staggering 20.8%, as a nationwide lockdown led to mass layoffs
and a reverse migration of the urban workforce.

Two important indicators of structural transformation in any economy are rates of growth
and changes in the structural composition of output and the workforce. India has
experienced fairly consistent changes in the first indicator, especially after the 1991
reforms, but the trend in employment has not revealed any consistent or clear pattern.
Though Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) shows increment in worker to population ratio

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and narrowing of the gender gap in employment in recent past, the unemployment scenario
of India still remains disappointing.

Increasing Economic Growth Rate Trends:

The growth rate of the economy (measured by Gross Value Added (GVA) at constant prices)
accelerated from 4.27% in the 20 years before the economic reforms to 6.34% in the 20
years following the reforms and to 6.58% between 2010-11 and 2019-20 at 2011-12 prices.
This growth trajectory was accompanied by a steady decline in the share of agriculture from
30% in 1990-91 to 18% in 2019-20 and a steady increase in the share of non-agriculture
output in total economic output.
Employment Trends
PLFS data show an increase in the worker to population ratio (WPR) from 34.7% in 2017-18
to 38.2% in 2019-20. This is a reversal of the previous trend which showed a decline in WPR
after 2004-05.
The change implies that employment has increased at a much faster rate than growth in
population thus giving rise to further problems.
More Job Seekers than Jobs: PLFS data shows that the number of jobs increased at a faster
rate than the increase in the number of job seekers between 2017-18 and 2019-20. But
despite this, the number of unemployed persons has increased by 2.3 million between
2017-18 and 2018-19, mainly because of an increase in the number of job seekers (52.8
million) in these two years.

Decline in Salaried Workers: The percentage of salaried people has dropped from 21.2% in
2019-2020 to 19% in 2021, which means that 9. 5 million people have left the salariat and
become jobless or part of the informal sector.

No Shift out of Agriculture: The sectoral composition of the workforce shows that 45.6% of
the workers in India are engaged in agriculture & allied activities, 30.8% in services and
23.7% in industry. From 2017-18 to 2019-20, there has been no increase in the share of
industry and services in total employment. This means that the labour shift out of
agriculture is not happening.

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Causes of Prevalence of Agricultural Jobs: The young labour force, which is getting
increasingly educated, sought more remunerative work outside agriculture but only a few
succeeded. This is because the industry and services sectors have adopted capital-intensive
and, in many cases, labour-displacing technologies and production strategies. This is getting
further aggravated with the rising adoption of modern technologies like Artificial Internet of
Things.

What Steps Can Be Taken:

Rethinking Our Economic Development Models: The rising share of industry and services in
national income without a sizable increase in employment puts a serious question mark on
the relevance of conventional models of economic growth and development. Perhaps, there
is a need to rethink the conventional economic development models and their applicability
for emerging economies like India. An optional approach can be to rethink our strategy of
striving for an industry-led growth model and explore a more relevant agri-centric model of
economic transformation to create more attractive, more remunerative and more satisfying
employment in and around agriculture.
Generating Employment in Manufacturing and Services: There is also an urgent need to
generate much more employment in the manufacturing and services sector compared to
the number of jobs they have offered in the recent past. This should include:

 Changes in labour laws which discourage industry to adopt labour-intensive

production.
 Employment-linked production incentives.
 Special assistance for labour-intensive economic activities.

Decentralisation of Industries: Decentralisation of Industrial activities is necessary so that

people of every region get employment. Development of the rural areas will help mitigate
the migration of the rural people to the urban areas thus decreasing the pressure on the
urban area jobs.

More Investments: The private sector investment rate in India is declining — almost in a
linear manner — since 2011. The employment scene will improve only if private investment
picks up. The government should also align technical and vocational education and make
enduring and long-term investments in human capital through good-quality education,
skills, and on-the-job training, as well as in basic social protection.
Conclusion:
The government is relying on improved welfare delivery to address this vulnerability, as it
tries to ramp up local manufacturing through various schemes. It is also on a declared
course of privatization that reduces the capacity to absorb surplus labour. These structural
changes in the economy have been exacerbated by the pandemic as the onus of job
creation moves from the visible hand of the state to the invisible one of the market.
Welfare, even with vastly improved targeting, cannot be a substitute for jobs and job
creation, and increasing welfare does not sit well with declining labour force participation.

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Growth has to - to use an unfashionable term - trickle down. Jobless growth is

unsustainable.

13. “It is not the availability of resources, but their inefficient use” has remained a
fundamental problem in agriculture. Discuss. Enumerate the government steps to resolve
the issues.

Model answer:
Agriculture contributes around 19.9 per cent to the total GDP, but it employs nearly 50%
workforce. Over 70% rural households depend on agriculture. The sector is facing a number
of internal and external challenges related to resources.

Inefficient use of resources in agriculture gives rise to following problems:

Inefficient water management: Issues such as low water-use efficiency (flood irrigation),
growing water-intensive crops in water-deficient areas, and deteriorating soil health
(salinity).
Nutrient-use efficiency: The agriculture production per unit of fertilizer/nutrient applied is
relatively low in India. This affects crop yields, marketing (phytosanitary restrictions) apart
from ecological damage. E.g., arsenic poisoning in Punjab.
Modern Technology: Extending reach and adoption of new technologies and agricultural
practices is a major limitation for modernization of agriculture. E.g., poor penetration of
micro-irrigation systems, opposition to GM crops etc.
Agricultural Marketing: The network of APMCs has failed at catering to needs of farmers.
The farmers have to depend upon local traders and middlemen for the disposal of their farm
produce with poor price realization.
Adaptation to climate change: Climate-smart agriculture needs efficient use of resources to
meet the needs of stability in food production. E.g., father of green revolution, Dr M S
Swaminathan has pointed out that the one-degree Celsius rise in temperature could cause
wheat-yield loss of 6 million tonnes per year in India.
resource-use efficiency is a fundamental problem of agriculture, poor availability of
resources.
1. Land ownership: Most farmers in India are landless tenant farmers or farm labourers.
Poor land ownership is linked to issues such as access to institutional credit and lack of
investments for improving productivity and profitability.
2. High Input costs: Resource poor farmers are unable to keep up with increasing input
costs in farming. E.g., poor affordability of good quality seeds is a limitation in attaining
higher crop yields and sustained growth in agricultural production.
3. Irrigation: Nearly 50% agriculture in India is still rain-fed due to poor infrastructure of
irrigation. It results in underdeveloped agriculture, vulnerability to droughts and crop
failures.
4. Low investment in agriculture limits the potential for modernization. E.g., through
contract framing, storage infrastructure, forward- and backward linkages etc.

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5. Fiscal Capacity: Fiscal burden has made the MSP regime unsustainable. But alternatives
such as income-transfers to farmers also suffer from similar fiscal constraints.

Following suggestions can be adopted to address the above-mentioned problems in

agriculture:

1. Inter-linking of rivers for efficient management of water-resources as well as to improve

access to irrigation infrastructure.
2. Climate-sensitive practices such as zero-budget natural farming, integrated farming etc.
should be promoted.
3. Develop agricultural markets, infrastructure and credit system through public-private
partnership model. E.g., Private Entrepreneurs Guarantee Scheme for storage
infrastructure.
4. Integrate use of technology in agriculture to improve equity. E.g., app-based aggregators
for farm mechanization.
5. Promote entrepreneurship among farmers and in rural India. E.g., micro-food enterprises.

The problems in agriculture are fundamentally linked to resources. Their availability as well
as use needs careful attention to address problems of agriculture. Efficient water
management, climate- sensitive practices and investments in agriculture can address a
number of sectoral challenges.

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14. The government should make the public debt sustainable by carefully crafting its
strategy on contours of growth with financial stability in mind. Comment.

Model Answer:
In its recent research report, Morgan Stanley forecasted that India will be included in global
bond indices in early 2022 and this will result in investment inflow of USD 170-250 billion
into the Indian sovereign bond market during the next decade. Of late, the Indian bond
market has been in the news for various reasons. Out of all, sustainability of public debt is
one of the critical issues from the point of view of policymakers.

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Objectives of Public Debt/Borrowing

 Income and Revenue: The target of public debt normally is to cover the gap that
developed due to mismatch between proposed expenditure and expected revenue.
 Whenever because of increased administrative expenditure or flood,
feminine, earthquake and communicable diseases like unexpected problems,
the government's income becomes less because they have to spend it to
cover these problems.
 In Times of Depression: Depression is the condition when costs reduce, there is a
lack of courage in people spending money on industries and in future there is no
possibility of getting gain.
 To Curb Inflation: Inflation is the name of that condition at the time of increased
cost. So, the government by taking debt can take back a big quantity of work power
from the hands of people.
 To Finance Development Plans: In a developing economy, there is always a lack. The
government cannot take shelter on heavy taxation. But to remove poverty from the
country, this is also most needed and important to do arrangements of development
plans.
 In this condition, the only way is to take public debt. So, the government
takes debts from within the country or from foreign governments or from
people to do finance arrangements.
 Welfare measures: poverty alleviation programmes, developmental work to reduce
inequalities through wealth distribution.
 Expansion of Education and Health Services: Government also takes debt for the
construction and development of education and health services and other services
like this.
 To Make the Public Verdict Favourable: When the citizens are not able to pay the
tax then the government has to take debt. Sometimes even then the more capability
of the public, the government never increases taxes because the public verdict sticks
to favourable (populist measures).

Burgeoning public debt

 India’s public debt (combined liabilities of the Central and State governments) to
gross domestic product (GDP), at constant prices, increased to a record high of
100.86 per cent in 2020 as against 76.86 per cent in 2014, as per the data from the
Reserve Bank of India.
 Now, India has become the third most indebted nation after Brazil and Argentina
among the emerging market economies. In South Asia too, India is the most
indebted after Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Interestingly, Brunei, United Arab Emirates, and
Russia have low debt-to-GDP ratios with 2.46 per cent, 19.35 per cent, and 19.48 per
cent respectively.

Reasons of Higher Public Debt:

 Bank Recapitalisation: Infusing capital in state-run banks using recapitalization
bonds in 2017-18 increased the total central government debt in both absolute
terms and as a percentage of GDP that fiscal.

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 In 2017-18, Rs 80,000 crore of recapitalization bonds were used to fund

state-run banks.
 Freebies culture: Regional parties in order to lure public votes follow an unhealthy
practice of fiscal imprudence.
 UDAY bonds: The liabilities of states have increased during 2015-16 and 2016-17,
following the issuance of Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojna (UDAY) bonds.
 Small Share of Taxes in National Income: After India got independence, there is an
increase in national income four times more.
 Gross tax-to-GDP in India is around 10.2% in 2021.
 And the most part of the tax income is from indirect taxes.
 Imperfect Tax System: The Indian tax system has many loopholes. In India, there is
very high tax evasion because our tax system is full of errors.
 Misuse of Public Income: There is a big quantity spent on government departments
where there is corruption, bribe, and red-tapism available and work is completed
with difficulty. For this reason, there is a reduction in production.

Impact of Burgeoning Public Debt:

 It is well-recognised that excessive public debt leads to higher risk premium in

interest rates, which results in reduction of private investment (crowding out effect
as well as contraction of GDP in the long run.
 Though an increase in public debt will stimulate aggregate demand and output in the
short-run, the economic growth will turn negative in the long run if the debt-GDP
ratio exceeds 90%.

Way Forward:
 Privatisation of Loss-making PSUs: The government may think of privatising loss-
making public sector undertakings (PSUs) such as Air India.
 Further, ‘minimum government and maximum governance’ principle
may be adopted in privatising any PSU.
 Prudential Stance: As per the Fiscal Responsibility Budget Management (FRBM) Act
2003 it is the onus of the government to achieve fiscal consolidation and to achieve
long term macro-economic sustainability through effective conduct of monetary
policy and prudential debt management in a transparent manner.
 In line with this, the RBI has been sensitising States such as Chhattisgarh,
Goa, Manipur, etc., about prudential measures of cash and debt
management.
 Leveraging of PFMS: The Central Government has been implementing over one
thousand social welfare schemes through its various ministries with an annual
expenditure outlay of around Rs. 3-lakh crore.
 As part of better fiscal deficit management, maintaining enhanced
transparency and accountability, the Public Financial Management
System (PFMS) be leveraged to the maximum possible through real-time.
Consolidated and granular data on advances transfer of funds and
utilisation.

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 PPP Model in Social Schemes: The government may think of a public private
partnership (PPP) model in social schemes such as Deen Dayal Upadhyay Grameen
Kaushalya Yojna (DDU-GKY )
 Harmonisation of tax regime: Though Goods and Services Tax (GST) subsumed
almost all the indirect taxes, it is not applicable to alcohol, petroleum products,
electricity, etc., as on date. Besides, multiple GST rates are in vogue.
 Hence, GST needs to be harmonised and expanded to other areas to reach
national consensus with a view to improving the tax-GDP ratio.
 Besides, the government should create an investor-friendly environment for
additional sources of financing to replace the high public debt.
 Thrust on renewable energy: India imports nearly 80% of its domestic requirement
of crude oil. India can become a USD 5 trillion economy by 2025 if it gives more
thrust on renewable energy by reducing its reliance on fossil fuels, thereby saving
on foreign exchange.

Further, the government should enhance efficiency of public debt management by adhering
to the canons: low cost, risk mitigation and market development.

15. Can the objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability be met simultaneously under the
garb of inclusive growth? How? Formulate an appropriate strategy.

Model answer:
“We will never forgive you” are the words of Greta Thunberg Swedish young climate
activist. This represents the frustration of younger and next generation, the victims of
climate change, the suppressed and the weaker sections of the whole world on the in-action
of old generation or the polluters or the developed nations. This is a clear reminder of the
urgent need of equity both intra and inter-generational which can only be achieved through
inclusive growth and sustainable development respectively.
Intra-generational equity deals with the equity among the same generations as far as the
utilization of resources are concern. It includes fair utilization of global resources among the
human beings of the present generation.
Issues of intragenerational equity from perspective of inclusive growth:
1. Rich and poor divide: While the rich have access to proper education and thus good
employment opportunities, the poor lack access to education and lag behind in
employment. According to World inequality report (2022), the top 10% holds 57% of the
total national income, while the bottom 50% holds just 13% in 2021.
2. Gender inequalities: Gender inequalities deny the female population education, good
food, respect and opportunity to obtain gainful employment, making development non
inclusive. The Male literacy rate is about 82% and Female literacy rate is 65.5% according to
Census 2011 showing wide gender gap regarding literacy.

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3. Digital divide: CoVID-19 has increased the digital divide among the populations especially
the marginalized sections. The Oxfam inequality report (2021) points out those only 15 per
cent rural households had an internet connection.
4. Rural and urban divide: The developmental gap between the rural and urban areas is
quite significant in India. Lack of Rural Livelihood & Employment opportunities: SECC for
rural India reveals that in 75% households, the monthly income of the highest earning
member is less than Rs. 5,000. And more than 80% rural people are without a salaried job.
5. Dependency on developed nations: Developing nations are dependent on foreign aid by
the developed nations for funding their programmes of poverty alleviation and
employment. Example: Soft loans from international financial institutions like IMF and
World Bank put conditions on recipient countries which may be detrimental to the goal of
inclusive growth.
Issues of intra-generational equity from perspective of sustainable development:

1. Transfer of burden: Shifting of polluting industries to least developed countries creates

unintended consequences.

2. Sea level rise: The sea level rise caused due to increased global warming activities of
developed countries affects littoral countries adversely. Example: Tuvalu, a remote south
pacific nation, is facing threats due to sea level rise caused by global warming activities of
developed countries.
3. Regional disparities: Regional disparities in development cause violent conflicts and law
and order problems in the society. Example: Insurgency in North-east and Left wing
extremism in eastern India due to sustainable development deficit.
4. Inequitable vaccine access: The CoVID-19 vaccines are patented by the market forces
depriving their access for least developed countries.
Intergenerational Equity It is the development of resources by one generation to enhance
economic sustainability for the future generation. It signifies the rights and interests of the
present and future generation regarding the renewable and non-renewable resources of the
earth.
Issues of intergenerational equity from perspective of inclusive growth:
Growing imbalance: There has been an increase in the imbalance of distribution of
resources.

Literacy rate: The higher literacy rate among the current generation makes higher paying
service sector jobs easily available to them while older generations are mostly employed in
low paying jobs.
Caste suppression: Caste discrimination and violence has been continuing over centuries in
India. According to NCRB data, 2020, crimes committed against Scheduled Castes (SCs)
showed an increase of 9.4 percent over 2019. Landlords and landless tenants: The failures of

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land reforms deprived the landless tenants of the government benefits and they are
exposed to forced labour over generations.
Digital illiteracy: The CoVID-19 pandemic had highlighted the stark digital divide that exists
between the people of present generation and older generations. This digital literacy helped
the present generation work from home and continue earning while the older generation
found it difficult.
Issues of intergenerational equity from perspective of sustainable development:
1. Resource exploitation: The Intergenerational equity has become crucial in the present
times, due to the growing imbalance in the distribution of resources, ongoing degradation of
environment and depletion of resources.
2. Global warming: Due to historic pollution of developed and industrialised nations, the
developing countries are prone to increased disasters. Example: Excessive use of HCFCs by
Global north led to ozone layer depletion, which negatively affected livelihoods of the poor
and sustainable development strategies.
3. Mindless deforestation: The need for rapid industrialization leads to cutting of trees,
thereby resulting into destruction of loss of habitat, biodiversity loss and deprivation of
traditional rights.
4. Lack of technological transfer: Developed countries unwilling to help developing
countries in climate change mitigation, which is a result of their ruthless pursuit to economic
growth at the cost of the environment.

Strategy: How inclusive growth meets the objective of inclusiveness and sustainability
together
• Growth which is ‘inclusive’ and “pro-poor”, the incomes of poor people grow faster than
those of the population as a whole, i.e., inequality declines. By focusing on inequality,
inclusive growth could lead to optimal outcomes for both poor and non-poor households.

• The inclusive growth approach takes a longer-term perspective, where it is important to

recognize the time lag between reforms and outcomes.
• Inclusive growth leads to a wider distribution of wealth which creates a demand in a
country and hence leads to domestic demand-driven growth. India in the past 2 decades has
been able to grow at a rapid rate only due to domestic demand.

• Inclusive growth creates a strength in the economy to withstand shocks and growth
becomes sustainable in the longer run.
• With better wealth distribution people move away from polluting sources of energy such
as wood, cow dung, etc and adopt more environment-friendly sources such as LPG which
further improves environmental sustainability.

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• Sustainable development should be followed wherein we should not only be inclusive

with respect to people but also bring the environment in its inclusion thus causing minimum
depletion of resources and going for a circular economy.
• Inclusive growth addresses the structural and fundamental problems in society and the
economy. EX- current strategy to empower women. These strategies build strong
foundations that are more sustainable for long term transformations.
• In the past few years, the government is aggressively focusing on the strategy of inclusive
growth in its various programs and policies. For Example, Jan Dhan Yojana has focused on
incorporating the unbanked masses into the financial sector and has increased financial
inclusion statistics to more than 80%.

Conclusion
Collaboration instead of competition, equity instead of disparity should be our motto to
balance among three pillars of sustainable development which are economic,
environmental and social so that we can achieve intragenerational equity with inclusive
growth and intergenerational equity with sustainable development by 2030.

16. India achieved its ambitious target of crossing $400 billion in merchandise trade; this
feat has boosted efforts towards Atmanirbhar Bharat. What factors led to it? Suggest
measures to place India in global supply chain on sustainable basis.

Model answer:
Merchandise exports are goods produced in one country and sold to buyers in another
country. The merchandise exports of India rose by 37% in 2021-22 crossing the $400 billion
level for the first time. This feat was as per the exports target for the year. India aims to
reach $500 billion exports in next two years and $1 trillion exports by 2027-28.
The various factors responsible for the feat of record export performance are as follows:
1. Rise in demand: Global trade activity regained momentum after the global shutdown
for two years due to pandemic-related lockdown. There was high demand for certain
goods. E.g., exports of engineering goods increased by 32%.
2. Vaccination: Successful vaccination campaign in India and some of major export
destinations created synergistic opportunities. E.g., significant jump in exports to
developed countries like USA, UK, and Germany etc.
3. Attractive Investment Destination: India attracted investments due to a promise of a V-
shaped economic recovery. Schemes such as production-linked incentive (PLI) and
implementation of some interim trade pacts (India-UAE CEPA) have helped.
4. Rise in crude oil prices helped increase India’s exports of petrochemicals, which showed
the sharpest jump of all commodities (114%).

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5. Agriculture exports hit a record, driven by commodities such as rice, marine products,
wheat, spices and sugar, among others. Steady production even during the pandemic
helped to boost exports. E.g., 3.6% and 3.9% growth in agriculture during FY21 and FY22
respectively.
6. Proactive measures: The Aatmanirbhar Bharat package helped in the recovery of
domestic economy especially MSMEs. Targeted policy interventions and responsive efforts
facilitated exports. E.g., monitoring and course correction, faster resolution of issues,
promoting districts as export hubs, uses market intelligence for exporters etc.
Following measures can be adopted to place India at the center of global supply chains:
1. Sign on to more free-trade agreements and initiative for creating economic
interdependencies based on mutual competence. E.g., Indo-Pacific Economic framework,
India-UK FTA etc.
2. Provide tax-sops and monetary support on specific exports or their inputs such as
income support to farmers for cash crops like coffee, cotton etc. Interest-subvention
schemes for exporters to ease working capital needs.
3. Continual improvements in schemes for promoting manufacturing such as ‘make in
India’ and Production-Linked Incentive to make India the center of production in diverse
range of goods.
4. Development of logistics sector to make Indian goods more competitive in the
international market and improving trade-handling capacity of Indian ports. E.g., dedicated
freight corridors to bring down logistics cost from 14% of GDP to 7%.
5. Closer alignment of foreign policy with our economic goals. E.g., Extending BIMSTEC and
‘neighbourhood first’ policy towards regional economic integration.
6. Economically reinforce the ‘Necklace of Diamond’ strategy through control over
strategic trade routes from Oman (Duqm) to Singapore (Changi). Develop India’s nearby
island chains as international economic hubs.
Conclusion:
While the exports have performed well recently, imports have also surged. Concerted
multi-sectoral efforts and structure reforms are needed for reversing the long-term trend
in declining exports-to- GDP ratio and addressing problems like huge trade deficit ($192
billion).

17. “Universal Basic income for farmers has the potential to create incentives to produce
simultaneously it provides resilience against volatilities of market”. Elaborate. Also assess
the benefits and issues associated with PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Scheme in light of the
above statement.
Model answer:

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Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a welfare concept in which every adult citizen is given money
on a regular basis to provide for basic living. The Economic Survey, 2016-17 advocated the
concept of UBI as an alternative to the various social welfare schemes and subsidies aimed
at reducing poverty.

UBI can help in reducing poverty in following ways:

1. Reduction in inequalities: UBI will help in covering the essential needs of the poor, which
consumes all their incomes currently. This would open options to spend on education and
health, adding to productivity and social mobility. It would thus be a powerful tool of
reducing inequalities.
2. Alternative to Social Capital: The poor who largely belong to scheduled castes and tribes
have no social capital to support their economic development. Income transfers from the
state can add to their savings which can be used for starting a small shop.
3. Women empowerment: Income transfers to women of the household is known to lead to
more productive utilization of such transfers such as for education of children, which is
crucial to breaking free of the vicious cycle of poverty. UBI can thus create synergies
between poverty reduction and women empowerment.
4. Financial inclusion: Millions of bank accounts were created under the Pradhan Mantri
Jan-Dhan Yojana, but many such accounts have been closed by banks for inactivity. Regular
monthly transfer through UBI will help in continued financial inclusion of such account
holders, and increasing the utility of bank accounts for them.
5. Individual Agency: Cash transfers give agency to a person in participating in the market,
leading to her economic development.
UBI for farmers implies that the government would pay money to the farmers to make
farming remunerative, and provide support against market failures. To provide direct
income support to farmers, government launched the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi
scheme (PM-KISAN), with following features:
1. It is a Central Sector Scheme and will be fully funded by the Government of India.
2. Rs. 6000 will be provided to all the landholding farmers annually in three instalments.
3. Beneficiaries will be identified by the State/UT governments.

The benefits associated with PM Kisan Samman Nidhi are as follows:

1. The amount paid to the farmers can be invested in agriculture for buying high yield seeds,
Fertilizers, mechanization, etc. It supports farmers, dependent on informal sources for
credit, to invest in agriculture. Thus, it has the potential to increase production as well as
productivity.
2. In times of farm distress or when market prices fall steeply, the income support provides
resilience against market volatility, in contrast to farmers being forced into distress selling.
3. Income support is more efficient than price support or other subsidies. It increases the
market choices of farm households which have liberty to spend according to their needs.
4. Extra income can boost rural consumption demand which in turn drives investment and
production, increasing the overall GDP growth rate.

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5. Income support, as opposed to price support such as MSP, is crop neutral. It rewards a
farmer irrespective of the crop s/he is cultivating. It, thus, supports crop diversification.
6. As income transfer is a non-trade distorting support, it lies in the green box subsidy of
WTO.
8. As income is provided directly into bank accounts through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT),
the chances of leakages are less.

The issues associated with PM Kisan Samman Nidhi:

1) The income support is insufficient as it supplements farmers’ income by only 5-8%.

2) Instead of household, family is defined as a unit for availing benefits. This can further
induce fragmentation of land among family members.
3) The scheme only covers landholding farmers and does not include sharecroppers, tenant
farmers, farmers cultivating on community land and farm labourers.
4) Non-digitization and poor land records can lead to exclusion errors.
5) Weak banking infrastructure in rural areas and lack of last mile connectivity can create
DBT related issues such as delay in payments, etc.

Ways to address the lacunae in the scheme –

1) Taking cue from State’s schemes such as Rythu Bandhu of Telangana and KALIA of Odisha,
the government must increase the income support to farmers.
2) Increase the coverage of the scheme by incorporating tenant farmers, sharecroppers,
women-headed farm households, farm-dependent households, community farmers.
3) State governments must be compelled to digitize land records as soon as possible under
the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme.
4) The scheme must be amended to consider household, instead of family, as a unit to avail
benefits.
PM-KISAN is a step towards empowering the farming community. It can be expanded to
provide a comprehensive social security net to farmers by including life insurance and
accidental cover as under the Kalia scheme of Odisha. The scheme can lay down the
foundations for providing minimum basic income to the farmers and can help achieve the
target of doubling farmer’s income.

18. Public private partnership (PPP) model in healthcare system will pool in the expertise
and finances of the private sector with the access and subsidies of the public sector. Can
PPP in healthcare sector be the panacea for India’s healthcare woes? Critically analyse.

Model Answer:
Fifteenth Finance Commission recently has mooted a greater role for public-private
partnerships to ramp up the health infrastructure and scale up public spending on health
from 0.95% of GDP to 2.5% by 2024, PPP is an arrangement between a government owned
entity on one side and a private sector entity on the other.

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• Enhancing affordability: There has been a steady increase in the number of drugs under
price control, to make medicines affordable.
• Enhances Inclusivity: It’s difficult for government alone to meet the healthcare
infrastructure and capacity gaps in Tier II and Tier III cities as well as rural areas. To provide
Health insurance- Karnataka’s Yeshasvini Cooperative Farmer’s Healthcare Scheme and
Andhra Pradesh’s Arogya Raksha Scheme can be cited as successful examples.
• Financing Mechanism: The partnership between the public and the private sectors in
healthcare is important for several reasons including equity and for promoting economic
development.
• Infrastructure: NITI Aayog has sought to infuse fresh life into PPP in healthcare delivery
through a new model focused on district hospitals and new norms on pricing of procedures.
The provisions for making available infrastructure of district hospitals to private providers
for 30 years along with viability gap funding appears that we have got the design right for
the PPP model.
• Quality of Service: Private healthcare in India usually offers quality service but is often
expensive and largely unregulated. The Delhi government’s new scheme is a novelty for the
common man but has a precedent in several government schemes for employees which use
public funds to provide private healthcare. e.g the Central Government Health Scheme
(CGHS) has existed for decades and has been emulated by several states.
• Capacity building and training: private players can play a key role in capacity building and
training through PPP modes by working with the public sector to better utilize the
infrastructure of government.

Issues in public private partnership:

• There lack of inbuilt mechanism to decide how the government and the private sector
share revenue and risks.
• Aim of Private sector is to maximize profit, which is inconsonance with governments aim
of providing universal quality services to all
• Lack of a proper regulatory framework to regulate the health sector and partnership.
• Some PPP projects attempted earlier have failed, so there is apprehension about success
of large-scale PPP in health sector.
• India already a resource crunch country, in order to attract the private pool of
investments, need to enhance ease to doing business, getting clearances. And reduce
delays.
• No proper transfer of risk and responsibilities end up getting a bad product.

Measures needed:

• Staunch and well-defined governance: An institutional structure should be set up to

foster, monitor and evaluate the PPPs. This needs to be established at the state-level under
the leadership of the state health ministry.
• Equitable representation of partners in the institutional framework: Institutional structure
is a cornerstone for development of a sustainable PPP project. It will help to meet consensus

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on shared responsibilities and roles and will facilitate communication among the partners
leading to a strong sense of ownership and trust.
• Evidence-based PPP: Systematic research initiatives and mechanisms must be established
to constantly understand the evolving needs and benefits to end users.
• Regulate user fee: One of the hurdles of engaging the private providers for public health
service delivery is OOP expenditure. Therefore, it is important to regulate user fees of this
sector under partnership.
• Effective risk allocation and sharing: Risks shall be allocated to the party best able to
control and manage them so that value for money is maximised.

The way forward: There is a strong need to compose a vibrant Investment model in health
sector to reach optimal efficiency but no compromise on public health. Only a healthy
nation can aspire to be wealthy. No doubt health figures as an important point in the SDG
which can helps in achieving all those targets

19. The linkage between the agriculture and industries much needed for growth prospects
of India, FPI (Food Processing Industries) can play a crucial role. Elaborate various
impediments in marketing and supply chain management in developing the food
processing industry in India? What efforts did the government make to remove the
impediments?
Model Answer:
Food processing industries (FPI) deal with operations through which raw food materials of
agriculture, animal husbandry or fisheries are transformed into edible products with higher
commercial value. FPI plays a crucial role in linking agriculture and industrial sectors of the
country through logistics, manufacturing, retail and exports.
Following points highlight the significance of FPI sector:
1. Employment Generation: Food processing industry is a labor-intensive industry. According
to ASSOCHAM, the food processing sector is expected to employ 9 million people in India by
2024.
2. Reduce food wastage: According to the UN, one-third of food produced is wasted. Food
processing increases shelf life of food and reduces on-farm and processing rejections,
limiting food wastage from farm-gate to fork.
3. Trade and Exports: It directly links to farmers’ prosperity, rural growth through increased
cash flows and national development through earning foreign exchange and. During
pandemic as well, India’s export of processed food products witnessed a growth of 26.5% in
2020-21.
4. Doubling farmers’ income: Demand for processed food is projected to increase due to
factors such as urbanization, increasing role of women in economy and global supply chains.
FPI, thus, offer a sustainable source of economic returns for increasing farmers’ income.
5. Controlling Food Inflation: Minimizing food wastage, increasing shelf-life, better
warehousing and stock of food reduces volatile fluctuations generally associated with the

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food basket, with nearly 50% weightage in CPI. Effects from FPI are thus likely to have
economy-wide influence.
Given the significance of FPI, the government has taken some major steps over the years to
promote the growth of this sector such as Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana,
Production linked incentive scheme for FPI, One-district, one-product scheme, 100% FDI and
special fund under the NABARD for FPI.
Despite such measures, the penetration of food processing in India remains limited. Only 2%
of fruits and vegetable production in India is processed. Moreover, the unorganized sector
accounts for 42% of India’s FPI.

Reasons for underperformance of FPIs include:

1. Supply-side issues: Lack of uninterrupted supply and uniform quality of raw materials
negatively affects the quality and standard of processed food products.
2. Logistical constraints: Lack of end-to-end cold chain, slow transportation and lack of
adequate network of retail supermarkets limit the up-scaling of FPI in India.
3. Low value-addition: FPI is largely dominated by MSMEs which have not sufficiently
invested in sophisticated processing or R&D. The sector is thus dominated by low-value
addition processes and low shelf-life packaging.
4. Quality and Safety Issues: Reason of unorganized sector, low consumer awareness and
insufficient regulation keeps reputation of processed food sub-par from point of view of
safety and quality. Issues such as high MSG and lead content in Maggi harmed consumer
trust.

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5. Cultural Preferences: There is cultural preference for fresh food and produce over stored
and canned food such as vegetable, meat or fish.
The challenges undermining the government’s push for FPI sector need comprehensive
handling. The push for infrastructure in logistics, warehousing and cold chains must
continue. Sectoral reforms such as in agriculture, transport networks along with growth of
human capital, increasing role of women in economy and urbanization are likely to provide
a more sustained push for FPI in India.
Government Steps:
It has been the endeavor of the Government to promote food processing industry in the
country to reduce wastage of agricultural produce and minimize post- harvest losses.
According to “Assessment of Quantitative Harvest and Post-Harvest Losses of Major Crops
and Commodities in India” by ICAR the percentage of post-harvest losses as assessed.
 With the above in view, the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) is
implementing PMKSY (Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana). The objective of
PMKSY is to supplement agriculture, modernize processing and decrease agri-waste.

 It is an umbrella scheme incorporating ongoing schemes

 Under PMKSY the following schemes are to be implemented.

o Mega Food Parks.

o Integrated Cold Chain, Value Addition and Preservation Infrastructure.
o Creation/Expansion of Food Processing/Preservation Capacities.
o Infrastructure for Agro Processing Clusters.
o Scheme for Creation of Backward and Forward Linkages.
o Food Safety & Quality Assurance Infrastructure.
o Human Resources and Institutions.

 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy: FDI up to 100%, under the automatic route is
allowed in food processing industries.
 Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) –
an apex organization under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry – focusses on
‘export’ of scheduled products.

Way Forward
 Food processing has numerous advantages which are specific to Indian context. It
has capacity to lift millions out of poverty and malnutrition. Government should
develop industry in a way keeping in mind the interests of small scale industry along
with attracting big ticket domestic and foreign investments.

 The entire food value chain in India is controlled by multiple ministries, departments
and laws. A comprehensive policy will ensure that various initiatives across the
departments are aligned to the overall goal of ensuring availability, awareness,
affordability, access, quality and safety of food.

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 The target of ensuring food security for more than a billion people requires a
concerted effort by all stakeholders including government and the food processing
industry. In addition to private players and government, industry bodies and
academia will also have a crucial role in the success of these initiatives.

20. Apart from being a critical driver of economic growth, FDI is a major source of non-
debt financial resources for the economic development of India. Examine. How the new
FDI policy in defence sector has the potential to make India self-reliant in defence sector.

Model Answer:
India, the largest importer of defence equipment, has recently liberalised FDI norms in
defence sector with 49% investment allowed under direct route and 100% investment
allowed in special cases where sensitive technology would be brought in. This is a very

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critical step to boost up India’s defence manufacturing sector, which till now remains
untapped due to the strict regulations.

Advantages of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

• Foreign direct investment can help boost the economy of the country where it is
produced, boosting local businesses while also creating a more favorable environment for
the investor. Foreign direct investment helps emerging economies.
• Foreign direct investment helps with technology spillovers, human capital creation, and
international commerce integration.
• Foreign knowledge may be a critical component in improving a country's current technical
processes, and technological and process advancements boost a country's domestic
competitiveness.
• It also contributes to the development of a more competitive business environment and
the expansion of small firms.
• All of these variables contribute to improved economic growth, which is the most efficient
way to reduce poverty in developing countries.

Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

• Foreign direct investment and exchange rate limitations may be harmful to the country
that is investing.
• By moving resources elsewhere, it can sometimes impede local investment.
• Exchange rates are occasionally manipulated as a result of foreign direct investment, to
one country's benefit and the other's detriment.
• Foreign direct investment can be capital-intensive from the investor's standpoint, making
it high-risk or economically viable at times.

Impact of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the Economy

• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) helps the economy expand in the long run. MNCs transmit
technology to domestic firms, resulting in the organic growth or expansion of businesses
and the creation of jobs.
• By boosting a company's assets, FDI improves its financial statement. Profits increase for
businesses, and worker productivity increases as well.
• Consumption rises in tandem with per capita income. As tax revenues rise, so does
government spending.
• The rupee strengthens versus the dollar as exports increase and the balance of payments
displays a surplus.
• As a result of FDI, technology transfer, or the migration of technical know-how, takes
place, resulting in skill development, which, when combined with increased capital, boosts
productivity and profitability.
• Furthermore, investments have a gestation period, and returns increase after a few years.
• FDI also acts as a major supplement to India's domestic investment stock, which is low
due to weak savings.

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Easing up FDI would positively affect the defence sector and Indian economy in various
ways. In the short term, the defence sector will attract much needed capital from both
foreign as well as Indian investors. Now with liberalised FDI India, defence sector will have
access to state-of-the-art technology through transfer of technology arrangement. It will
keep Indian defence forces up to date and reduce cost of import of military equipment.
In long term, the liberalised FDI policy will save precious FOREX of India and will help in
strengthening Indian rupee. Over the time India could turn from defence equipment
importer to exporter. Additional employment opportunities will be created at defence
manufacturing units. With arrival of private defence manufacturers, DRDO will be able to
increase its capability and performance to remain in competition.

If explored carefully and utilised properly, the FDI measures can bring India enormous
benefits for her economy as well as defence

Recently, the Union Cabinet approved a new Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy in the
defence sector which allows the FDI through automatic approval to be increased from 49%
to 74%.
 Earlier, the defence industry can bring FDI up to 49% under the automatic route and
above it under government route.
 However, the new policy has a ‘National Security’ clause as a condition which has
been proposed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Key Points:
 National Security Clause: FDI in the defence sector shall be subject to scrutiny on the
ground of National Security and the Government reserves the right to review any
foreign investment in the defence sector that may affect national security.
 Strengthening Indigenous Manufacturing: Through more liberalised FDI policy the
government is seeking to attract foreign players to set up manufacturing units in
India.
 It has been focusing on the defence sector to act as an engine for
boosting manufacturing in the country, and is aiming to achieve a
turnover of Rs 1.75 lakh crore, including exports worth Rs 35,000 crore,
by 2025.
 As of 2019, the defence industry, along with the aerospace and shipbuilding
industry, was estimated to be worth Rs. 80,000 crore, of which the share of Public
Sector Units (PSUs) was nearly 80%.
 The government has brought a draft Defence Production and Export Promotion
Policy 2020 DPEPP 2020 which aims to provide an overarching guiding document to
provide a focused, structured and significant thrust to defence production
capabilities of the country for self-reliance and exports.
 The government has also brought a negative imports list for defence equipment and
a dedicated budget for capital acquisition from the domestic industry.

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 The negative imports list contains a list of weapons that will not be imported and can
only be purchased from within the country.
 It was done with an aim to reduce the defence import bill.
 The government has inaugurated two defence industrial corridors, in
Tamil Nadu and in Uttar Pradesh, to boost the flagship 'Make in India
programme that in turn would attract investments as well as
encourage employment generation.

Way Forward:
 The new FDI policy has the potential to reduce dependency on imports in the
defence sector and boost manufacturing in India.
 It will also provide employment and business opportunities to the Indian businesses
and boost self-dependence.

21. Climate change induced droughts have been a major driver of food insecurity as per a
new assessment report by IPCC. Substantiate on its socio-economic impact on the
vulnerable sections of society.

Model Answer:
Climate change knows no borders. This has been aptly evident in recently published report
by IPCC’s‘Atlas of human suffering’ that stresses on interconnections among climate,
biodiversity and well-being. It stated droughts as a major driver of food insecurity with
severe food shortages and malnutrition.
Its key takeaways:
•Some changes are irreversible.
For every half degree Celsius (0.9 degree Fahrenheit) the atmosphere warms, noticeable
increases will occur in some regions in the intensity and frequency of droughts that harm
agriculture and ecosystems. •Similarly, the report notes that extreme agricultural and
ecological drought events that used to occur once every 10 years are now 1.7 times more
likely than they were from 1850 to 1900, before humans heavily influenced the climate.
•Impact on health, food, agriculture:
At 2°C of warming, people in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Small Island Developing
States will face severe food shortages and malnutrition.
•Climate change has hurt agricultural production.
Extreme weather has led to cereal production loss of 9-10 per cent (1964-2007)
Socio-economic impact on the vulnerable sections of society.
- Understanding climate change as a social development issue is the need of the
hour, particularly because people and ecosystems are inseparable. It is deeply

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intertwined with global patterns of inequality. The most vulnerable people bear the
brunt of climate change impacts yet contribute the least to the crisis.
- As the impacts of climate change mount, millions of vulnerable people face
disproportionate challenges in terms of extreme events, health effects, food
security, livelihood security, water security, and cultural identity.
- Climate change is more than an environmental crisis – it is a social crisis and
compels us to address issues of inequality on many levels: between wealthy and
poor countries; between rich and poor within countries; between men and women,
and between generations.
- Current pattern of global financial flows for climate action are insufficient. They are
mostly targeted at emissions reductions, with a small proportion going towards
adaptation. As climate impacts worsen, economic growth will slow down and thus,
reduce the availability of financial resources for vulnerable regions.
- Moreover, inequality-aggravating effect of climate change materializes namely in
following ways: (a) increase in the exposure of the disadvantaged groups to the
adverse effects of climate change; (b) increase in their susceptibility to damage
caused by climate change; and (c) decrease in their ability to cope and recover from
the damage suffered
Way Forward:
The IPCC report recommended harnessing the adaptive strengths of nature through
measures like:
•Agro forestry
•Conservation, protection and restoration of natural forests
•Planting of diverse tree species to withstand climate impacts.
•Adopting rainwater storage and other water-saving technologies can help combat
groundwater depletion in agriculture, it suggested.
•Food security can be enhanced by adopting stress-tolerant crops and livestock, promoting
community-based adaptation that is locally driven as well as respecting local and
indigenous knowledge systems, the report added. All of this brings co-benefits for nutrition,
health and wellbeing.
•Cities can use nature-based engineering approaches like establishing parks, green
corridors, and urban agriculture. And expanded social safety net will help with disaster
management.
•Innovations in the architecture of climate finance can connect communities and
marginalized groups to the higher-level policy, technical and financial assistance that they
need for locally relevant and effective development impacts.

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Conclusion:
Understanding climate change as a social development issue is the need of the hour in
order to alleviate its impact on the most affected sections of society. This can be done by
bringing the climate policies in sync with the Paris climate goals.

22. India’s data governance proposals must be evaluated from a gender lens given the
sensitivities around women’s data and its impact on their ability to use the Internet.
Discuss.
Model Answer:
The rise of big data and machine learning has caused an immense growth in powerful
technologies and applications. And women having constituted half the population of the
world, gender dynamics to data governance become imperative in the age of 4th Industrial
Revolution.
Gender Divide in the use digital technologies
Women and men use digital technologies differently:
• According to a 2017 survey, women use social media significantly more than men.
• There appears to be a huge disparity in mobile ownership with significant diversity
between states and union territories (UTs) in terms of the percentage of women having a
mobile phone.
• Areas with less penetration of phones among women indicate shared use of mobile
phones in Indian families, which, in turn, impact women’s behaviour on the internet.
•Online Abuse
• Women also face a higher risk of reputational loss online.
• Between 2017 and 2018, cases of cyber stalking or bullying of women or children
increased by 36% while the conviction rate fell from 40% to 25%.
• Such issues can negatively affect the mental health of victims resulting from humiliation,
Diminishing self-esteem, and social isolation.
• These incidents also lead to a perception of the internet as an unsafe place for women.
Concerns / Challenges
The discussion on how data governance laws might impact women differently than men has
been mostly missing.
• The proposed Personal Data Protection (PDP) Bill, 2019 imposes a blanket requirement
for parental consent for processing the personal data of anyone below the age of 18 years.
This effectively gives parents control over teens’ access to any internet platform.

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• A blanket requirement such as this coupled with the shared usage of mobile phones, may
compromise the agency of teenage girls far more than boys.
• A larger discussion around algorithmic biases against women has been missing.
• If an automated speech recognition system is trained on a dataset that has
disproportionately fewer voice snippets of women talking, it will make errors while trying to
comprehend women’s voices.
• From a privacy perspective, the risks of identification by piecing together different sets of
non personal data are far higher for women than men. For example, non-personal data
from women’s health apps, when pieced together with shopping data, may risk revealing
their identities and their reproductive health issues.
Way Forward
- A policy around AI development is more urgent and needs to ensure that
underlying datasets are not biased.
- As India moves towards an increasingly digital society, how privacy and data
governance laws may impact women’s safety and agency on the internet should
not come as an afterthought.
We need to have these discussions upfront as these regulations can be a key building block
to women’s agency on the internet and their participation in the economy of the future.

23. The Indo-Pacific geopolitics has been roiled with shift of hegemonic power from West
to East. In the light of the above statement, examine the evolution of India’s Indo-pacific
outreach in present times.

Model Answer:

The 21st century witnessed the growing geo-political, economic and security connections
between the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean and beyond. It has become the most
strategically defined trade corridor giving rise to the new terminology of Indo-Pacific.

A free, open, inclusive and rules-based architecture with security as a core pillar is the
underlying objective of the nations that seek to expand their engagement in the region.

Two-thirds of global shipment of oil and one-third of the total bulk cargo passes through it.
Almost 90 percent of oil supplies required by China, Japan and Korea from Middle East and
Africa have to be shipped through the Indian Ocean. Thus it has become the world’s
economic and strategic centre of gravity. It has long been part of US Pacific Command. It is
an evolution rather than the rejection of Asia-Pacific.
Power struggle in Indo-Pacific
The main driver for the growing importance to this concept is the rise of India and China
— China in its increasing naval presence and naval strength, India to a lesser degree

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because of her growing interests in the Asia-Pacific. Japan has stakes in all the seas, Indian
Ocean, South China Sea. Indonesia is a “maritime nexus” between the Pacific and the Indian
Ocean.
Thus, India, US and Japan have a common interest of preventing Chinese hegemony
thereby responding to the larger power shifts in the region.
India’s Indo-Pacific strategy
•India’s Indo-Pacific strategy was articulated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the
Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore in 2018 under the ‘SAGAR’ concept of Security and
Growth for All in the Region.
• At the East Asia Summit of November 2019,seven pillars of the Indo-Pacific Oceans’
Initiative were enunciated.
• With ASEAN as the centre, India’s vision for the Indo-Pacific stretches from the western
shores of the Americas to the eastern coastline of the African continent for common
progress and prosperity.
• New Delhi has joined and created new partnerships, such as the Quad, Supply Chain
Resilience Initiative and various plurilateral configurations.
• The Indo-Pacific Business Summit was held recently by the Confederation of Indian
Industry in partnership with the ministry of external affairs. It reiterated the relevance of
economic engagement in the twin-ocean geography, and highlighted trade and investment
as a consensual pillar of an overall strategy.
• The summit saw a wide participation of governments and private sectors across these 21
countries.
• India’s trade with the participating countries has risen by about eight times over the last
two decades, with the US, UAE and Singapore as our top export destinations in the region.
Healthcare Sector
On healthcare, vaccination is the immediate need of the hour. For vaccine access for all,
technology sharing and building manufacturing capacity is critical. The countries of the
region should also work on healthcare infrastructure and medical supplies. Joint
investments and sharing of expertise can help in this effort, along with conducive policies
from the respective governments.
- India has introduced a production-linked incentive scheme for certain drugs and
inputs and is prioritizing industrial parks for pharmaceuticals, which can help
expand capacities for the region.
- Capacity building and skill development of healthcare personnel is another area
where India could take a lead.

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Digital World
• The digital world has collapsed borders between nations and also erected a range of
challenges that countries can best address together.
• Cross-border e-commerce is on the rise, with services being increasingly delivered on
digital platforms.
• Physical as well as soft digital infrastructure needs to be in place to ensure that
technology becomes a connector and not a differentiator for the region’s countries.
• Data management, cyber security and capacity building are some of the challenges that
India, with its computer services capabilities, is well positioned to address for the Indo-
Pacific.
Green and sustainable development

• Green and sustainable development is no longer an ideal but a compulsion.

• Issues such as biodiversity conservation, plastic waste management and water-
sustainable agriculture must be addressed together with the climate-change imperatives of
green energy, electric vehicles and energy-efficient products.

• The maritime world and its species-rich environs demand an extraordinary combined
effort by nations and their businesses.
Trade and investment
• The conventional trade and investment are seeing disruptive change in the region.
• The pandemic has impacted supply chains.
• The Supply Chain Resilience Initiative launched by India, Japan and Australia earlier this
year aims to accelerate these shifts.
• The free, open and rules-based regime is increasingly important to ensure a transparent
and smooth transition of trade channels.
Conclusion:
In the light of ever-increasing importance of the Indo-Pacific region, India must capitalise
on several fronts to increase its stronghold in the region thereby contributing to its shared
vision of free, open and rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific.

24. India’s G7 engagement is one part of its pursuit of multi-polar world. Elucidate and
bring out the challenges in achieving the same.

Model Answer:

“Unity” was the buzzword in the recently concluded G7 Summit in Germany “united by our
world view and by our belief in democracy and rule of law”.

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As a major democracy and a rising economic power, India’s participation is key in resolving
global governance challenges and today, more than any other time in recent history; New
Delhi is willing to play a role in providing solutions to global problems.
India aims to diversifying engagements with all democracies of the world so that a multi-
polar world also becomes multilateral in nature.
Challenges:
•G7 is united but not effective enough to tackle world's biggest problems. In most G-7
nations, domestic politics is getting murkier as leaders such as Biden and the United
Kingdom’s Boris Johnson face growing dissent within their own parties.
•Its economic issues are at the forefront of the agenda. But as the G7 involves some of the
largest economies in the world, there is greater acknowledgement that the glaring
differences in economic security have spilled over to impact health security, and that
health insecurity has a huge impact on global economic stability.
•Addressing these issues requires greater inclusive diplomacy, coordination and follow-
through, all things that the G7 forum has struggled to achieve. In spite of calls for unity, the
G7 is still plagued by ideological positions that preclude collective muscle, while also
lacking dominant leadership that can actually turn its communiqués into meaningful action.
•War, famine, runaway inflation, recession and an energy crisis are on the list of threats
they must tackle.
•Managing the dual threat of Russia and China while maintaining cohesion is a
roadblock.
•Due to internal divisions and the rise of alternative institutions such as the G20, some
experts have questioned the relevance of G7 as a grouping.
Way forward
•It must be ensured that a multi-polar world is not a world without rules.
•At a time when the world order is intensely polarised, India remains one of the few
nations which can engage with both the G-7 and BRICS. New Delhi has been consistent
about its stance on global matters and in the process has managed to generate a sense of
trust with its varied interlocutors.
•India’s pursuit of a truly multi-polar world makes it incumbent upon New Delhi to engage
with multiple partners while never losing sight of its own vital interests.
•Partnerships should enhance India’s strategic autonomy, not constrain it. India’s G-7
engagement should also be seen in that light.
Conclusion:
As a group of the richest countries, all of them democracies, the G7 is, still, important.
These are key players in global institutions like the UN and the World Bank.

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And as a democracy and growing economy facing its own challenges, India is G7's natural
partner. This partnership needs to be nurtured, as does G7's engagement with other
middle-income developing countries, if it is to remain relevant and be effective.

25. In what ways has the BRICS platform helped India in emerging as a global power?
Discuss as to how its broad vision of global issues and ideas of shared prosperity can help
India achieve collective goals.

Model Answer:

Sixteen years after its creation, BRICS has become an important platform for win-win
cooperation among China, India, Russia, Brazil and South Africa, and a significant force for
the evolution of international order, the improvement of global governance and
promotion of common development.

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BRICS Platform enabled India to emerge as a Global power:

1. Geopolitics: Global geopolitics today represents the case of a tug of war and India
finds itself in the middle of it. Balancing its strategic interests between the U.S and
the Russia-China axis. Therefore, BRICS platform provides an opportunity for India
to balance Russia-China axis.

2. Global Economic Order: BRICS countries shared a common objective of reforming

the international financial and monetary system, with a strong desire to build a
more just, and balanced international order. To this end, BRICS community plays an
important role in the G20, in shaping global economic policies and promoting
financial stability.

3. Voice of Developing Nations: As the western countries are raising challenges on

issues ranging from World Trade Organisation to climate change, the developing
countries are crippling under the onslaught of these policies. In recent period, BRICS
has emerged as the voice of developing countries, or the global south and playing a
significant role in protecting the rights of developing countries.

4. Terrorism: BRICS also provides a platform for India to galvanize its efforts against
terrorism and has worked within the grouping to take a strong stand against
terrorism and bring about focused consultations on specific aspects relating to
terrorism.

5. Global Grouping: India is actively pursuing its membership for United Nation
Security Council (UNSC) and Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG).China forms the major
roadblock in pursuing such goals. Therefore, BRICS provides an opportunity to
actively engage with China and resolve the mutual disputes. It also helps in
garnering support of other partner countries.

BRICS idea of Shared Prosperity

Since the establishment of the BRICS mechanism, it has been closely connected with the
destiny of emerging markets and developing countries. Endeavour to translate the BRICS
spirit of openness, inclusiveness and win-win cooperation into concrete actions, deepen
the BRICS partnership cantering on the theme of ‘forming a high quality partnership to
jointly create a new era of global development’; unrelenting efforts to build a community
with a shared future for mankind.

● Upholding universal security: BRICS countries should be builders of universal

security. Cold war mentality and bloc confrontation pose grave threats to world
peace and security. It is important to respect and guarantee the security of every
country, replace confrontation and alliance with dialogue and partnership, and

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promote the building of a balanced, effective and sustainable regional security

architecture.

● BRICS countries need to strengthen political mutual trust and security

cooperation(Anti-Piracy agreements) maintain communication and coordination on
major international and regional issues, accommodate each other’s core interests
and major concerns, respect each other’s sovereignty, security and development
interests, oppose hegemonism and power politics, and work together to build a
global community of security for all.

● AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank) was established with a mission to

improve social and economic outcomes in Asia. Since its inception, it has made
investments in sustainable infrastructure and other productive sectors in Asia and
beyond thereby promoting regional cooperation and partnerships.

● Considering the increasing instances of financial crunch around the globe, BRICS
nation signed BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) in 2014 as part of
Fortaleza Declaration. This has helped India and its other signatories to forestall
short-term liquidity pressures, provide mutual support and further strengthen
financial stability.

On health: BRICS countries were the pioneers of cooperation in COVID-19 pandemic

management. India’s vision of ‘One Earth, One Health’ also contributes to multilateral
cooperation on public health. BRICS countries fully leveraged their respective strengths, and
jointly promote the development of global health governance in a direction in favour of
developing countries. The BRICS Vaccine Research and Development Center established a
BRICS early warning mechanism for preventing large scale infectious diseases, and provide
high quality public goods for global health governance cooperation.

Way forward

● BRICS promote comprehensive development of all states — both big and small —
and enhanced mutually beneficial cooperation among them on the basis of shared
interests.

● Democratization of international issues i.e agreements on global agendas should be

reached with the widest and equal participation of all stakeholders and be based on
universally recognised legal norms. The principle of respect for cultural and
civilization diversity of the world should be a top priority.

● BRICS nations should strive for peaceful and politico-diplomatic settlement of crisis
and conflict in various regions of the world.

BRICS, being one of the pillars of the emerging fairer polycentric world order, plays an
important stabilising role in global affairs. In the storming ocean of world politics, BRICS

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can contribute significantly in maintaining international stability and ensuring global

economic growth and becoming a united center of the multi-polar world risk.

26. Alleviation of poverty remains a major challenge of economic development in the

country. Evaluate the recommendations of various poverty estimation committees and
measures taken by the government to overcome poverty in India.

Model Answer:
Introduction

Poverty is a multidimensional concept. Poverty is a state or condition in which a person

lacks the resources for a minimum standard of living. Traditionally, the term poverty refers
to lacking enough resources to provide the basic necessities of life – food, clean water,
shelter and clothing. But modern economists extend the term to include access to health
care, education and even transportation.
The proportion of the population below the poverty line is called the poverty ratio or
headcount ratio (HCR).
The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).The Global Multidimensional Poverty
Index (MPI) is an international measure of multidimensional poverty covering 107
developing countries.
Poverty Estimation in India

No single indicator can capture the multiple dimensions of poverty.

● In India, the first official rural and urban poverty lines at the national level were
introduced in 1979 by Y. K. Alagh Committee and official poverty counts began for
the first time.

● Later, in 1993, D. T. Lakdawala Committee extended these poverty lines to states

and over time allowing official poverty counts over time and in the states.
● In 2005, recognizing that the rural poverty line was too low, the government
appointed the Tendulkar committee to take a fresh looks at the poverty lines.
Reporting in 2009, the Tendulkar Committee revised upward the rural poverty line.

● June 2014, the Rangarajan Committee recommended rising furthers both the rural
and urban poverty lines. The decision is yet to be taken on the Rangarajan
Committee recommendations.

● Therefore, the Tendulkar poverty line remains the official poverty line and is the
basis of the current official poverty estimates in 1993-94, 2004-05 and 2011-12.

● SECC was constituted to study the objective criteria for allocation of resources to
States and identification and prioritization of beneficiaries under various
programmes using Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) data.

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Presently poverty in India is determined using the BPL method which is based on the income
required to purchase food items (determined using calorie norms) and non-food items
(clothing, education etc).

 SECC is more targeted and precise than the BPL method. While the BPL method
identifies the number of poor people, SECC identifies who actually are poor. This will
help in improving the efficiency of the government schemes and programmes, leads
to better identification and targeting of beneficiaries and avoid duplication and
fraud.
 BPL method uses income as the sole criteria to define poverty but income alone can
miss a lot. Poverty is multidimensional and SECC takes this aspect into account while
determining poverty.
 The deprivations faced by poor in various fields such as education, health, sanitation
etc are not accounted in BPL method but are accounted in SECC. So SECC will help in
not only poverty eradication but also eradication of various deprivations.
 The gender-related issues of poverty are taken into consideration in the SECC which
was missing in the BPL method.
Drawbacks of SECC:
1. Even though SECC was conducted in both urban and rural areas, the government has
released only SECC data of rural India.
2. SECC collates data regarding the caste of the people. This caste related information faces
the danger of being misused by political parties for their ulterior motives.

3. SECC data must be regularly updated in order to remove beneficiaries who have
overcome their deprivations. This will put a huge burden on the part of the government.

● Poverty Estimation by Dr Amartya Sen:

He provided a useful alternative to understand poverty. His capability approach to
understanding poverty goes beyond income and stresses the whole range of means,
available to achieve human capabilities such as literacy, longevity and access to income.
● Poverty Line: The conventional approach to measuring poverty is to specify a
minimum expenditure (or income) required to purchase a basket of goods and
services necessary to satisfy basic human needs. This minimum expenditure is called
the poverty line.

● The basket of goods and services necessary to satisfy basic human needs is the
Poverty Line Basket (PLB).

Poverty alleviation programs in India

India has been conducting various poverty alleviation programs.
Employment programmes and skill-building

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1. Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana: The JRY was meant to generate meaningful
employment opportunities for the unemployed and underemployed in rural areas
through the creation of economic infrastructure and community and social assets.
2. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 2005:
The Act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household.
One-third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women. Under the
programme, if an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days s/he will be
entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.

3. National Rural Livelihood Mission: Ajeevika (2011): It evolves out the need to
diversify the needs of the rural poor and provide them jobs with regular income on
monthly basis. Self Help Groups are formed at the village level to help the needy.

4. National Urban Livelihood Mission: The NULM focuses on organizing urban poor in
Self Help Groups, creating opportunities for skill development leading to market-
based employment and helping them to set up self-employment ventures by
ensuring easy access to credit.
5. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana: It will focus on the fresh entrant to the
labour market, especially the labour market and class X and XII dropouts.
6. National Food for Work Programme: In line with the NCMP, National Food for Work
Programme was launched on November 14, 2004 in 150 most backward districts of
the country with the objective to intensify the generation of supplementary wage
employment. The programme is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage
employment and desire to do manual unskilled work. It is implemented as a 100 per
cent centrally sponsored scheme and the food grains are provided to States free of
cost.
7. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): The PMGSY, launched in December
2000 as a 100 per cent Centrally Sponsored Scheme, aims at providing rural
connectivity to unconnected habitations with population of 500 persons or more in
the rural areas by the end of the Tenth Plan period. Augmenting and modernising
rural roads has been included as an item of the NCMP.
8. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY): AAY launched in December 2000 provides food
grains at a highly subsidized rate of Rs.2.00 per kg for wheat and Rs.3.00 per kg for
rice to the poor families under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). The
scale of issue, which was initially 25 kg per family per month, was increased to 35 kg
per family per month from April 1, 2002.
Challenges:
● Incidence of extreme poverty continues to be much higher in rural areas than in
urban areas.
● Despite rapid growth and development, an unacceptably high proportion of our
population continues to suffer from severe and multidimensional deprivation.

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● While a large number of poverty alleviation programmes have been initiated, they
function in silos. There is no systematic attempt to identify people who are in
poverty, determine their needs, address them and enable them to move above the
poverty line.
● The resources allocated to anti-poverty programmes are inadequate and there is a
tacit understanding that targets will be curtailed according to fund availability. For
instance, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act does not
provide the guaranteed 100 days of work in many states. There is no method to
ensure that programmes reach everybody they are meant for.
● Lack of proper implementation and right targeting

● There has been a lot of overlapping of schemes.

● Every year a huge number is added to the population pool of the country. This
renders the scheme ineffective.
Way Forward
Need for understanding multiple connotations
- Monetary-based poverty measures are inadequate: In most cases, not all
individuals who are income poor are multi-dimensionally poor and not all multi-
dimensionally poor individuals are income poor.
- Economic growth does not always reduce poverty or deprivation. Several studies
have found that economic growth is not strongly associated with a reduction in
other deprivations, such as child malnutrition or child mortality.
- Poverty as multi-dimensional: Poor people describe ill-being to include poor health,
nutrition, lack of adequate sanitation and clean water, social exclusion, low
education, bad housing conditions, violence, shame, disempowerment and much
more.
- Need for more policy-relevant information on poverty, so that policymakers are
better equipped to deal with it: For example, an area in which most people are
deprived in education requires a different poverty reduction strategy from an area in
which most people are deprived in housing conditions.
The World Health Organization has described poverty as the greatest cause of suffering on
earth. Poverty eradication should not be the goal of the government but the goal of the
government policies should be to create prosperity. Both monetary and non-monetary
measures of poverty are needed to better inform the policies intended to address the
needs and deprivations faced by poor populations

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27. Breach of constitutional secularism is glaringly evident in recent times. Discuss. Do

you think that there should be changes to the Indian model of secularism in order to
accommodate changing needs of the society?

Model Answer:
Philosophy of Indian Secularism
The term ‘secularism’ is akin to the Vedic concept of ‘Dharma nirapekshata’ i.e. the
indifference of state to religion.
Indian philosophy of secularism is related to “Sarva Dharma Sambhava” (literally it means
that destination of the paths followed by all religions is the same, though the paths
themselves may be different) which means equal respect to all religions.
A tolerance of other faiths and compassion toward fellow beings became an integral part
of Indian traditions. The Constitution of India adopted that moral framework for the
governance of India. Equality, justice and fraternity are as much a part of the great
Buddhist tradition as of the modern European Renaissance. It is in fact the good fortune of
India and perhaps a historical inevitability that leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru and B.R.
Ambedkar were there to give shape to the ideas of a modern nation, rooted essentially in
the moral traditions of Buddhism and as simulating the egalitarian impulses of the modern
world. Thus, the Indian Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience on the
one hand and secularism for the governance of the country on the other.
The essence of India’s secularism is that the state has no religion.
● Article 27 of the Indian Constitution says that no tax can be levied for promoting any
particular religion. In other words, no public revenue is permitted to be spent in
favour of any particular religion.
● Article 28 says that no religious instruction shall be given in any educational
institutions wholly maintained out of state funds. The same Article says that no
educational institution recognised or aided by the state shall compel any person to
attend religious classes or worship therein.
● Article 25(2)(a) empowers the state to regulate secular activities associated with
religious practice.
● Article 15 prohibits any kind of discrimination on the ground of religion. Above all,
freedom of religion is made subject to other fundamental rights, apart from the
reasonable restrictions on the grounds of public order, morality and health. Thus,
the freedom of religion under the Constitution does not enjoy the same status as
other secular rights such as equality before law, non-discrimination, right to life and
liberty, etc. It is clear from the above that secularism enshrined in the Indian
Constitution is based on the principle that the state has no religion. The Indian
state is organised on this foundational principle. In Indira Nehru Gandhi vs Shri Raj

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Narain, the Supreme Court of India had reaffirmed this principle. The Court said:
“the state shall have no religion of its own”.
Various features of Indian concept of secularism:
● Positive concept of secularism: Indian Constitution embodies the positive concept of
secularism, i.e. giving equal respect to all religions or protecting all religions
equally. The Western concept of secularism connotes a complete separation
between the religion and the state.
● Basic feature of Indian constitution: Secularism is one of the basic features of the
Constitution. In a landmark judgement in the Bommai case (1994), the Supreme
Court upheld that secularism is a ‘basic feature’ of the Constitution. Hence, a state
government pursuing anti-secular politics is liable to action under Article 356.
● Concurrent power: The 7th schedule of Indian constitution places religious
institutions, charities and trusts into concurrent List, which means that both the
central government of India and various state governments in India can make their
own laws about religious institutions, charities and trusts.

● Equality: The Constitution of India does not uphold any particular religion as the
official religion of the Indian State. It prevents the State from discriminating against
any citizen on the grounds of religion (Article 15).

● Focus on Harmony: Indian secularism focuses on harmony among all religions rather
than tight separation between state and religion. It allows the state to prevent
conflicts on basis of religion through timely interventions which would have been
disastrous for the state if not controlled.
● Room for religious reforms: Indian secularism is broader in a sense that it allows
state intervention to help reform various evils and superstitions. E.g. Many rules in
Karnataka allowed the government to curb superstitions that were against human
rights.
● Protect rights over religion: By accepting community-based rights for religious
minorities, the state can protect the rights of Indian citizens. All persons are equally
entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and
propagate any religion (Article 25).
● Tolerance: By acceptance of all religions rather than tight separation it reflects
tolerant attitude of state and its people.
● Liberal: Many religiously sanctioned social practices are oppressive by virtue of their
illiberal and non-egalitarian character and deny a life of dignity and self-respect.
Therefore, Indian secularism helps liberal and egalitarian principles by reforming
such practices through state intervention. E.g. recent Triple Talaq Act.
Limitations of the Indian model –

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Indian model of secularism is plagued with problems of Uniform Civil Code, Politics and
Religion, communal tensions and Cultural Symbols, etc.
Threats to Secularism
● While, the Indian Constitution declares the state being absolutely neutral to all
religion, our society has steeped in religion.
● Mingling of Religion and Politics that is mobilisation of votes on grounds of
primordial identities like religion, caste and ethnicity, have put Indian secularism in
danger.
● Communal politics operates through communalization of social space, by spreading
myths and stereotypes against minorities, through attack on rational values and by
practicing a divisive ideological propaganda and politics.
● Politicisation of any one religious group leads to the competitive politicisation of
other groups, thereby resulting in inter-religious conflict.
● One of the manifestations of communalism is communal riots. In recent past also,
communalism has proved to be a great threat to the secular fabric of Indian polity.
● Rise of Hindu Nationalism in recent years have resulted into mob lynching on mere
suspicion of slaughtering cows and consuming beef.
● Religiosity in public life - There is too much religiosity in public life in India. So, we
have conveniently changed the meaning of secularism into ‘sarva dharma sambhav’
which would only lead to majoritarianism and, ultimately, to the establishment of a
theocratic state.
● In addition, with this, forced closure of slaughterhouses, campaigns against ‘love
jihad’, reconversion or ghar- wapsi (Muslims being forced to convert to Hinduism),
etc. reinforces communal tendencies in society.
● Islamic fundamentalism or revivalism pushes for establishing Islamic State based on
sharia law which directly comes into conflict with conceptions of the secular and
democratic state.
● In recent years there have been stray incidences of Muslim youth being inspired
and radicalized by groups like ISIS which is very unfortunate for both India and
world.
● The High Court of Karnataka, recently, has not been able to settle the hijab issue.
Its judgment has further provoked the hijab wearing college students in Udupi.
● Many in this country passionately argue that secularism in India means that the state
has equal respect for all religion. This mistaken emphasis leads rulers to attend
religious ceremonies donning religion--specific dresses and performing rituals
publicly. This is more political grandstanding than any genuine demonstration of
faith.

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Way Forward
Secularism - a foundational principle.
India, as a nation, can survive only as a secular state where the state has no religion and
does not promote any religion. Secularism was chosen as the foundational principle of the
republic to keep the nation united. Enlightened citizens should realize that if secularism is
jettisoned, the hard-won national unity will be in peril. It is the patriotic duty of every
citizen to strengthen secularism and thus save the republic. The essence of secularism lies in
accommodation of varied social groups and overcome tendencies that destruct the social
fabric of any society.

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28. ‘While the West curtails abortion rights, India empowers women through Medical
Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act and Surrogacy Regulation Act.’ In the light of
this statement, enumerate their provisions and bring out the concerns surrounding them.

(15 Marks/ 250 Words)

Model Answer:

The Puttaswamy judgment specifically recognised the constitutional right of women to

make reproductive choices, as a part of personal liberty under Article 21 of the Indian
Constitution.
About MTP Act:
In a historic move to provide universal access reproductive health services, India amended
the MTP Act 1971 to further empower women by providing comprehensive abortion care
to all.
The new Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021 expands the access to
safe and legal abortion services on therapeutic, eugenic, humanitarian and social grounds
to ensure universal access to comprehensive care.
Key Provisions of the MTP Amendment Act, 2021:
● Termination due to Failure of Contraceptive Method or Device: Under the Act, a
pregnancy may be terminated up to 20 weeks by a married woman in the case of
failure of contraceptive method or device. It allows unmarried women to also
terminate a pregnancy for this reason.
● Opinion Needed for Termination of Pregnancy: Opinion of one Registered Medical
Practitioner (RMP) for termination of pregnancy up to 20 weeks of gestation.
Opinion of two RMPs for termination of pregnancy of 20-24 weeks of gestation.
Opinion of the State-level medical board is essential for a pregnancy to be
terminated after 24 weeks in case of substantial foetal abnormalities.

● Upper Gestation Limit for Special Categories: Increases the upper gestation limit
from 20 to 24 weeks for special categories of women, including survivors of rape,
victims of incest and other vulnerable women (differently abled women, minors,
among others).
● Confidentiality: The “name and other particulars of a woman whose pregnancy has
been terminated shall not be revealed”, except to a person authorised in any law
that is currently in force.
Significance:

● The new law will contribute towards ending preventable maternal mortality to help
meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3.1, 3.7 and 5.6

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● SDG 3.1 pertains to reducing maternal mortality ratio whereas SDGs 3.7 and 5.6
pertain to universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights.
● The amendments will increase the ambit and access of women to safe abortion
services and will ensure dignity, autonomy, confidentiality and justice for women
who need to terminate pregnancy.
Concerns:
Different opinions on Termination:
● One opinion is that terminating a pregnancy is the choice of the pregnant woman
and a part of her reproductive rights while the other is that the state has an
obligation to protect life, and hence should provide for the protection of the foetus.
● Across the world, countries set varying conditions and time limits for allowing
abortions, based on foetal health, and risk to the pregnant woman.
● Not allowed beyond 24-weeks: The Act allows abortion after 24 weeks only in cases
where a Medical Board diagnoses substantial foetal abnormalities.
● Abortion to be performed by doctors: The Act require abortion to be performed
only by doctors with specialisation in gynaecology or obstetrics. As there is a 75%
shortage of such doctors in community health centers in rural areas, pregnant
women may continue to find it difficult to access facilities for safe abortions.
Recently, the Delhi High Court has allowed the medical termination of pregnancy of
a woman who had completed 22 weeks of gestation as the foetus was suffering from
multiple abnormalities.
About Surrogacy Regulation Act, 2021
● Under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, a woman who is a widow or a divorcee
between the age of 35 to 45 years or a couple, defined as a legally married woman
and man, can avail of surrogacy if they have a medical condition necessitating this
option.
● It also bans commercial surrogacy, which is punishable with a jail term of 10 years
and a fine of up to Rs 10 lakhs.
● The law allows only altruistic surrogacy where no money exchanges hands and
where a surrogate mother is genetically related to those seeking a child.
Concerns
● Exploitation of the Surrogate and the Child: One could argue that the state must
stop the exploitation of poor women under surrogacy and protect the child’s right to
be born. However, the current Act fails to balance these two interests.
● Reinforces Patriarchal Norms: The Act reinforces traditional patriarchal norms of our
society that

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● Denies Legitimate income to Surrogates - further limiting the number of women

willingly to surrogate.
● Overall, this step indirectly denies children to the couples choosing to embrace
parenthood.
● Emotional Complications: In altruistic surrogacy, a friend or relative as a surrogate
mother may lead to emotional complications not only for the intending parents but
also for the surrogate child as there is great deal of risking the relationship in the
course of surrogacy period and post birth. Altruistic surrogacy also limits the option
of the intending couple in choosing a surrogate mother as very limited relatives will
be ready to undergo the process.

● No Third-Party Involvement: A third-party involvement ensures that the intended

couple will bear and support the medical and other miscellaneous expenses during
the surrogacy process. Overall, a third party helps both the intended couple and the
surrogate mother navigate through the complex process, which may not be possible
in the case of altruistic surrogacy.

Way Forward
As India is one of the major hubs of these practices, the Act is certainly a step in the right
direction. There, however, needs to be a dynamic oversight to ensure that the law keeps
up with rapidly evolving technology, demands of morality and societal changes.

Access to legal and safe abortion is an integral dimension of sexual and reproductive
equality, a public health issue, and must be seen as a crucial element in the contemporary
debates on democracy that seeks to provide the just society that abhors all sort of
discrimination.

29. India’s national interests have so far dictated a position of formal neutrality. Elucidate
this in the context of Russia Ukraine crisis wherein India balanced its foreign policy
priorities.

Model Answer:
In the present times, the stance of neutrality is again back to the centre stage. The Ukraine
crisis has wide opened the contention over issues of territorial security and matter of
sovereignty. The 21st century that was perceived to be guarded by various agreements,
international organizations, regional groupings and prohibitive conventions.

Why the need for neutrality?

India has abstained to vote in UNSC on the Russia-Ukraine crisis like few other matters
thereby reaffirming its Non-aligned stance in the global arena.

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● At the very outset, it needs to be reiterated that India and Russia share a historical
camaraderie and are strategic partners. However, India also shares strategic ties
with the US, antagonistic to Russia and has been in favour of Ukraine in the crisis.
Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, India chose to abstain from various
procedural votes (at UNSC resolution against Russia) relating to the conflict
underscoring a combination of immediate security and economic considerations as
well as enduring assumptions about its geopolitical position and importance. On the
Russia-Ukraine crisis, India must fulfil its responsibilities as a non-aligned
democracy. India’s role appears to be more relevant than other countries.
● India’s diplomatic course of neutrality was the realist tool that made the successful
completion of Operation Ganga w.r.t. safe repatriation of Indian citizens from
Ukraine.
● Military and Defence interests- Since the start of the crisis, New Delhi has been
consistently calling for peaceful resolution and immediate cessation of violence in
Ukraine. In fact, India’s special military, strategic and historical ties with Russia have
been recognized by the US and consequently sanctions have not yet been imposed
on India for its purchase of Russian portable S-400 surface-to-air missile systems.
● Geopolitical and Strategic Calibrations - With a strengthened bilateral trade
between India and the US of worth $150 billion, in contrast to $8 billion bilateral
trade between India and Russia, US considers India to be the only large military
power to counterweigh China in the Indo-Pacific. This makes India a critical
member of the Quad, as America has a recent record of inconclusive participation
in Afghanistan; rest aside the uncomfortable ones in Vietnam and Iraq.
India’s neutral stance in the Ukrainian crisis is a potential foreign policy tool that could act
as a pressure building tactic for Russia in the future. Nevertheless, if India faces a conflict
with China, probably India has to fend for itself, considering Russia’s ties with China.
India’s position of formal neutrality
1. India has abstained from all resolutions critical of Russia’s invasion; India has
“accelerated” its purchases of Russian oil being offered at discount; and it used the
rupee rouble national currency- based payment mechanisms that could subvert
“backfilling sanctions”.
2. The External Affairs Minister, S. Jaishankar, and the Finance Minister also reinforced
the position of the Indian “national interest”, despite being subjected to the
external global pressure.
3. While the Government cannot be faulted for its refusal to bow to external pressure,
it must consider the importance of remaining flexible on what its stand both at the
UN and in bilateral conversations is going to be, given the ground situation in
Ukraine.

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4. Reports of gross human rights violations blamed on the Russian army could change
the complexion of the war, and India’s call for an independent enquiry into the
allegations is an important intervention. In addition, the U.S. and the EU are likely to
tighten economic sanctions, as the current restrictions have not made Russia
reconsider its course. With Russia unlikely to relinquish areas of Eastern Ukraine, and
its western rivals not likely to let up their counter-measures, New Delhi must realise
that its value to the two sides will last while it remains uncommitted to either side.
This will require having a keen eye on rapid developments in the theatre of war, an
ear on what partners on both sides plan next, and the ability to keep its mind open
on where India’s responsibilities, as a global democracy, and a truly non­aligned
power
Conclusion
In international relations, interests are only permanent and particularly national
interest. From the realist perspective, it is in the national interest of India to remain
neutral over the crisis in Ukraine. India is primarily focused towards steering the cynical
Western reaction to Russia’s military onslaught and not ditching Russia, a major strategic
and historical ally. It needs both parties to control the rising antagonism in its own
neighbourhood. Also, about the larger picture of growing its own economy, New Delhi
needs to focus on what is necessary – if that needs Indian pharmaceutical firms to fill
the cavity created in Russia by Western sanctions or exporting huge amounts of wheat
to Europe.
30. Sri Lanka, one of the leading countries of the South Asian region, has now descended
into a crisis due to inherited fallacies and flawed policies. Critically examine. In what ways
has Sri Lanka’s economic and political turmoil affected the Indian Ocean Region?
Model Answer:
Until recently, the island nation Sri Lanka was hailed for leading the South Asian region on
the Human Development Index. It had been heading in most of the socio-economic
indicators such as health, education, and demographic characteristics. However, faulty
macroeconomic and foreign policies together with autocratic political decision-making
amidst the civil war and the subsequent political instability have jostled this small island
nation into an unprecedented socio-economic crisis.
Inherited Fallacies:
Post the Civil War of 2009, the push for debt-driven infrastructure development, fiscal
profligacy in terms of borrow-spend policy, rising trade deficit and current account deficit
were unsustainable. These unwarranted economic perils were accentuated by the Easter
bomb blasts of 2019 whose repercussions were heightened by the deep tax cut measures
adopted by the new government in 2019. The final blow came with the COVID-19
pandemic which resulted in a drastic fall in tourism and tax revenues.
Flawed Policies

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The Sri Lankan economy is currently in the throes of an ongoing and unprecedented
economic turmoil the root cause of which lies in economic mismanagement by successive
governments in Sri Lanka. Amongst these are:
● The reckless economic policies of the Rajapaksa government remain the foremost
factor that has worsened the economic situation in Sri Lanka. In the aftermath of the
Civil War (2009-2015), the Sri Lankan economy was characterised by high budgetary
deficits.
● The autocratic political decision during the civil war and the consequent political
instability or lack of political consensus amassing the country refrained the
incumbent government from mandating corrective policy reforms.

● Acute shortage of foreign exchange reserves post the pandemic implying that the
country could not afford to pay for imports of staple foods and fuel on an enduring
basis causing prices to rise.

● Increased commodity prices and higher imports of intermediate and capital goods
further contributed to an upsurge in its import bills.

● As a result, the country became bankrupt with no access to the financial markets
except multilateral bailout package and sovereign development assistance.
● Experts have also noted that the Sri Lankan economy is heavily weighed down by
China’s debt-trap diplomacy. The Hambantota port investment which is built with
China’s assistance is a classic example of this debt trap diplomacy and has cost Sri
Lanka heavily.

● As the crisis deepened, Sri Lanka depreciated its currency with the hope to attract
investments and remittances. Higher inflation coupled with depreciating currency
would have helped Sri Lanka’s exports but Sri Lanka being a consumption-led
growth economy had little to offer for exports. Moreover, a drastic fall in the value
of the Sri Lankan rupee (almost by 75 percent in the last two months) has made
imports of essentials like food, fuel etc., much costlier.
● These coupled with the government’s hasty move to seek frequent International
Monetary Fund (IMF) assistance time and again without adopting appropriate and
prudent macroeconomic policies have exacerbated the crisis.
● Lastly, to make matters worse, the government exchequer’s money was spent on
unproductive projects such as Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport (the world’s
emptiest international airport) and the Lotus Tower.
● As a result, the Sri Lankan economy has come to be characterised as a “twin
deficits economy” by the Asian Development Bank wherein a budget shortfall
prevails along with a current account deficit.
Impact of Sri Lankan crisis on Indian Ocean Region

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•Independent of the outcome(s) of the ongoing political tussle in Sri Lanka, continued
political stability with assured economic revival in the nation is a sine qua non for a strong
and safe Indian Ocean Region (IOR). This is due to Sri Lanka’s very coastline, studded with
the southern Hambantota/Dundra Point, facing the busy IOR-SLOCs.
•It could be seen as a politico-diplomatic tool but it can also prove to be a greater burden
than a strategic boon in times of economic and political crises, as has been witnessed in Sri
Lanka over the past week.
•However, internal weaknesses of the political and economic kind are bound to have an
impact on the external security, especially centered on the shared IOR. To begin with, it
could delay further upgradation of the CSC, as planned, to keep extra-regional powers
further away, but which may be tempted to fish in the troubled Sri Lankan, and in turn,
IOR waters all over again. This time, it could go beyond their traditional investment routes,
which is economically desirable, but could also include plans and plots for a regime change
or worse, including anarchist versions of ‘Arab Spring’ and ‘Orange Revolution’, where
local radical groups of every shade and colour may spring up.
Conclusion
Ethnocracy and concentration of power can derail even an affluent nation and Sri Lanka
stands a testimony to this. Such instances should be promptly checked by reevaluating the
domestic policies to fulfil shared responsibility of prosperity and rules-based order. Also,
the Indian Ocean Region needs a stable and secure Sri Lanka.

31. ‘Private sector in space has a lot of potential to transform India’s space sector’. Do you
agree? Support your arguments with suitable examples.

Structure: Give current status of space industry. Write about Space start-ups and
advantages of privatization of space sector. Also suggest challenges to it. And Suggest Way
forward.
Model Answer
The value of the global space industry is estimated to be $350 billion and is likely to exceed
$550 billion by 2025. India’s share is estimated as just 2% of the global market.
Globally, 17,000 small satellites are expected to be launched between now and 2030.
Today, Indian Space Research Organization’s (ISRO) annual budget has crossed 10,000 crore,
growing steadily from 6,000 crore five years ago. However, demand for space-based
services in India is far greater than what ISRO can supply. So, private sector investment is
critical.

New space start ups

 New Space entrepreneurship has emerged in India who are not enamoured of the
traditional vendor/supplier model.

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 They see value in exploring end-to-end services in the Business-to-Business and

Business-to-Consumer segments.
 Developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data analytics have led to their
emergence.
 They see a role as a data-app builder between the data seller (ISRO/Antrix) and the
end user by taking advantage of the talent pool, innovation competence and
technology know-how.
 They are yet to take off in the absence of regulatory clarity.

International Case study

 Elon Musk’s “SpaceX” and its high profile projects have highlighted the increasing
significance of the private players in the space sector.
 SpaceX launched a car into space that is headed towards the asteroid belt with a
dummy strapped in the driver’s seat.
 SpaceX sent 2 astronauts of NASA into space under Demo-2 Mission, recently
 SpaceX planning to deploy 1584 satellites under Starlink programme to provide
internet services
 This has also opened up debates on the possible horizons of future explorations
and the need for regulatory reforms in the sector.
Need to Develop Private Capacity in Space

 Space tourism is one among several opportunities that Indian businesses may be keen
to explore.
o A policy framework to enable private participation in this sector, of course, would
have to be formulated by the government.
 Small satellite revolution is underway, globally, 17,000 small satellites are expected to
be launched between 2020 and 2030.
o A strong private sector in space will help India to tap into this lucrative
commercial space launch market.
 Increasing space competitiveness
o Singapore is offering itself as a hub for space entrepreneurship based on its legal
environment, availability of skilled manpower and equatorial location.
o New Zealand is positioning itself as a location for private rocket launches.
o China, too, has changed its rules to allow private commercial space activity.
 ISRO has been a genuine global pioneer of aero spatial cost compression on several
fronts. Cost-effectiveness has given the agency a distinct edge in the commercial arena
of satellite launch services.
o With such a valuable base of expertise within the country, it is only natural to
expect the emergence of a private space industry that could prove globally
competitive.

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Challenges of Private sector participation in space

 Problem of space debris may aggravate with increasing space companies.

 Space sector dependent on data. The hacking and cyber threats may disclose
critical data to hackers and enemy
 Space race may begin which may eventually lead to space war in future.
 Private companies may act like proxies of their government and may take
advantage from other countries.
 Issue of national security

Way Forward

The opening of space sector to private entities is a big step forward in India’s space
sector. The space sector should adopt the same model, with the department of space
creating an independent regulator to govern ISRO and its affiliates as well as new private
sector firms. Separate licences can be awarded for different classes of launch vehicles,
orbits and services. A New Space policy should aim to grow the industry and create the
resilience that space security requires. The purpose of regulation must be to ensure
compliance with India’s international obligations, ensuring safety, covering liabilities and
perhaps some standardization.

32. What do you understand by Genome Sequencing? Discuss the various efforts by India
in this regard and how will it lead to precision medicine and develop its commercial gene
testing services?
Structure: Discuss what is genome and genome sequencing. Write about importance of
genome sequencing and Indian initiatives regarding this. Also suggest challenges to it. And
Suggest Way forward.
Model Answer:

A genome is the DNA, or sequence of genes, in a cell. Every human cell contains a pair of
chromosomes, each of which has three billion base pairs or one of four molecules that pair
in precise ways. The order of base pairs and varying lengths of these sequences constitute
the “genes”, which are responsible for making amino acids, proteins and, thereby,
everything that is necessary for the body to function. It is when these genes are altered or
mutated that proteins sometimes do not function as intended, leading to disease.

Genome sequencing is the process that involves deciphering the exact order of base pairs in
an
individual. This “deciphering” or reading of the genome is what sequencing is all about.
Costs of
sequencing differ based on the methods employed to do the reading or the accuracy
stressed upon in decoding the genome.

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Importance of Genome Sequencing:

 A genetic test, which is commercially available at several outlets in the country,

usually involves analysing only a portion of the genome that’s known to contain
aberrant genes linked to disease.
 It is important to ensure that India, with its unparalleled human diversity, is
adequately
represented in terms of genomic data and develops indigenous capacity to generate,
maintain, analyse, utilize and communicate large-scale genome data, in a scalable
manner.

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 Ever since the human genome was first sequenced in 2003, it opened a fresh
perspective on the link between disease and the unique genetic make-up of each
individual.
 Nearly 10,000 diseases including cystic fibrosis, thalassemia are known to be the
result of a single gene malfunctioning.
 While genes may render some insensitive to certain drugs, genome sequencing has
shown that cancer too can be understood from the viewpoint of genetics, rather
than being seen as a disease of certain organs.
 The human genome has about 3.2 billion base pairs and just 10 years ago cost about
$10,000.Now prices have fallen to a tenth.

India’s efforts towards Genome sequencing:

 Two institutes of Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Centre for
Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad and Institute of Genomics and
Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi have started working together on the whole
genome sequencing of novel corona virus.

 IndiGen Genome project:

o The IndiGen initiative was undertaken by CSIR in April 2019, which was
implemented by the CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
(IGIB), Delhi and CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB),
Hyderabad.
o The objective is to enable genetic epidemiology and develop public health
technologies applications using population genome data.
o This has enabled benchmarking the scalability of genome sequencing and
computational analysis at population scale in a defined timeline.
o The ability to decode the genetic blueprint of humans through whole genome
sequencing will be a major driver for biomedical science.
o IndiGen programme aims to undertake whole genome sequencing of
thousands of individuals representing diverse ethnic groups from India.
 Genome India:
o The Government of India has cleared a gene-mapping project called
“Genome India “recently.
o To build a grid of the Indian “reference genome”, to understand fully the type
and nature of diseases and traits that comprise the diverse Indian population.
o This is spearheaded by the Centre for Brain Research at Bengaluru-based
Indian Institute of Science as the nodal point of about 20 institutions.
o Each of these institutions will do their bit in collecting samples, doing the
computations, and then the research.
o It hopes to form a grid after collecting 10,000 samples in the first phase from
across India, to arrive at a representative Indian genome.

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o Most genomes have been sourced from urban middle-class persons and are
not really seen as representative.
o Over 95% of the genome samples available, which are the basis of new,
cutting-edge research in medicine and pharmacology, use the Caucasian
genome as the base.
o So, this Indian genome project is seen as a necessity.
 Genome sequencing and precision medicine
o One-size-fits-all approach to diagnostics and treatment is getting out of date.
o Today human genome can be sequenced in a day and the cost has been
reduced significantly
o There are conditions, particularly rare diseases such as childhood
developmental disorders, where genome sequencing is extremely beneficial,
and may even be life-saving for some individuals
o There are also conditions – many common diseases, for example – where
there is currently no evidence that genome sequencing is beneficial to
individuals.
o Because our DNA does not change through our lives, our DNA – along with
information about our environment and behaviour – should be a powerful
tool for moving towards proactive rather than reactive healthcare
o There are three main phases in the advancement of personalized medicine.
 First, improved diagnosis,
 Then improved treatment as a result of better diagnosis.
 And the third stage will be much earlier detection and prevention.
 Commercial gene testing services
o Projects mentioned above will lead to expansion of Genome Sequencing of
more and more people
o With commercialization, the costs are going to reduce which can make
common people with modest income to afford to genome sequencing
o More and more private laboratories will come forward along with
Government labs
o IndiGen projects and India genome project like projects are going to start at
each state level to quantify state level disease burden in near future.
o Some states can extrapolate the huge data generated from human genome
sequencing
o COVID-19 has opened up scope and avenues for more genome sequencing to
deal with such future pandemics

Way_Forward:
Genome sequencing will ensure a more research about human genetics and how to treat
various diseases related to genetics. It opens up a vast area which can benefit humanity to a
large extent. A care must be taken to ensure privacy of genomes sequenced and people
concerned with it along with much ethical issue coming up with them

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33. Discuss the differences between a supercomputer and a quantum computer. Analyze
what will be achieved with quantum supremacy with suitable case study.

Structure: Define supercomputing and quantum computing. Differentiate between them and
discuss multidimensional applications And Suggest Way forward
Model Answer:
Google made headlines in October upon proclaiming that it had achieved the long-
anticipated breakthrough of “quantum supremacy.”
Supercomputing:
The supercomputing can be defined as the processing of highly complex problems using the
very large and concentrated compute resources of supercomputer. It enables problem
solving and data analysis more easily and simply. A supercomputer can be a huge machine, a
big box, or a series of boxes filled with processors, memory, and storage.

Quantum_Computing:
Quantum computing is refers as the quantum-mechanical phenomenon usage. These
phenomena include superposition and entanglement for performing the computation.
Computer used for the computation are quantum computer. Types of quantum computing –
Quantum annealing, Quantum simulations and universal quantum computing.

SUPERCOMPUTING QUANTUM COMPUTING

Supercomputing is defined as the

processing of highly complex Quantum computing is defined as the
problems using the very large and use of quantum-mechanical
concentrated compute resources of phenomena such as superposition and
supercomputer entanglement to perform computation.

Supercomputers are used for While quantum computer are used for
supercomputing. Quantum computing.

It enables problem solving and data It performs calculations based on the

analysis more easily and simply. probability

They plays a significant role in

providing national security and While, quantum computers is still a
knowledge in scientific discovery. work in progress.

Supercomputer is a system that

operates at a high compute to I/O Quantum computer is a computer
ratio and delivers a very large number aimed at utilizing new quantum
of effective computing cycles per algorithms to accelerate digital
second. computation.

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SUPERCOMPUTING QUANTUM COMPUTING

It is something that connects people,

organizations, products and Whereas, these are about changing the
technologies. notion of computation itself.

Applications of Quantum Supremacy

Healthcare

 Classical computers are limited in terms of the size and complexity of molecules they
can simulate and compare (an essential process in early drug development).
Quantum computers will allow much larger molecules to be simulated. At the same
time, researchers will be able to model and simulate interactions between drugs and
all 20,000+ proteins encoded in the human genome, leading to greater
advancements in pharmacology.

 Quantum technologies could be used to provide faster, more accurate diagnostics

with a variety of applications.

 Targeted treatments, such as radiotherapy, depend upon the ability to rapidly model
and simulate complex scenarios to deliver the optimal treatment. Quantum
computers would enable therapists to run more simulations in less time, helping to
minimise radiation damage to healthy tissue.

Finance

 One potential application for quantum technologies is algorithmic trading – the use
of complex algorithms to automatically trigger share dealings based on a wide
variety of market variables. The advantages, especially for high-volume transactions,
are significant.

 Like diagnostics in healthcare, fraud detection is reliant upon pattern recognition.

Quantum computers could deliver a significant improvement in machine learning
capabilities; dramatically reducing the time taken to train a neural network and
improving the detection rate.

Marketing

Quantum computers will have the ability to aggregate and analyse huge volumes of
consumer data, from a wide variety of sources. Big data analytics will allow commerce and
government to precisely target individual consumers, or voters, with communications
tailored to their preferences; helping to influence consumer spending and the outcome of
elections.

Meteorology

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With so many variables to consider, accurate weather forecasts are difficult to produce.
Machine learning using quantum computers will result in improved pattern recognition,
making it easier to predict extreme weather events and potentially saving thousands of lives
a year.

Climatologists will also be able to generate and analyse more detailed climate models;
proving greater insight into climate change and how we can mitigate its negative impact.

Logistics

Improved data analysis and modelling will enable a wide range of industries to optimise
workflows associated with transport, logistics and supply-chain management. The
calculation and recalculation of optimal routes could impact on applications as diverse as
traffic management, fleet operations, air traffic control, freight and distribution. Volkswagen
used quantum computers to figure out how best to control a fleet of taxis in Beijing relying
on data from 10000 cars.

Way Forward

The Google feet of achieving quantum supremacy shows that quantum computers are
capable of a real world tasks. It gives confidence to the entrepreneurs and academics to
invest time and money to improving them and customize them to real world problems.

34. What is fake news? How fake news can possess threat to national security and peace
in the country? What should be done to deal with the growing menace of fake news in the
age of social media? Explain with examples.

Structure: Define fake news in the introduction. Describe the nature of fake news and how it
poses a threat to the national security and peace in the country. Also write how to the curb
the menace of fake news on social media.

Model Answer:

What is fake news?

 Fake news is a type of yellow journalism that consists of deliberate misinformation

or hoaxes spread via the traditional print, broadcasting news media, or via Internet-
based social media. Fake news is written and published with the intent to mislead in
order to gain financially or politically, often with sensationalist, exaggerated, or
patently false headlines that grab attention.

The main driving force behind fake news remains:

 Getting easy viewership through sensational news-e.g. dubbing foreign prisoners as

spies or terrorists without any proof

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 Directed towards a particular organization or person with an intention to either

glorify it or to bring malice.eg. a news channel was established to defend the
accused in Jessica Lal murder case.

Nature of fake news:

1. Social media in campaign- used to promote electoral programme and encourage

anti-liberal sentiments as seen in Trump campaign. They offer a quick way to convey
one-sided information or opinion, without the option or capability to verify the
authenticity of this information or to present the opposite opinion for the sake of
balance.
2. Fake news creating Bubble phenomenon- users with matching political views
exchange one-sided information and opinions that suit their own convictions,
reinforcing them even further, even if those were based on false information.
3. Social media distancing people– It deprives people of human contact and the
accompanying intimacy and exchange of opinions, which could lead to changing a
wrong impression or correcting an inaccurate belief.
4. Ever greening of fake news websites – tens of thousands of “fake news” websites
have emerged, offering false information to an audience that is used to traditional
media doing the fact-checking for it and that believes anything that appears on a
presentable webpage.
5. Igniting extremist sentiments – ‘fake news’ perpetuates, previously locally found,
extremist ideas and groups together dangerously minded people eg.-Neo-Nazis in
Germany, Separatists in Kashmir.

Dangers of fake news:

1. Political: Swaying or polarizing public opinion. Example Recent American election,

UP elections where certain facts are quoted out of context/partially. Significant
impact on the nature of polity.
2. Religious: Promoting religious ideologies. Glorifying one religion while despising
others Eg. Right wing violence meted out by Gaurakshaks leads to religious
polarisation and communal unrests.
3. Criminal: Sensationalising crimes by blowing them out of proportion. Misleads
people rather than making them aware. Instils irrational fears.
4. Fake news has also been used to dupe gullible people financially. The reach of news
has given chit fund schemes an altogether new arena as well as has introduced the
concept of online fraud through spam mails.
5. It hampers spirit of common brotherhood and raises intolerance. Eg. 2012 mass
exodus of North-Eastern people from Bangalore on false online threats.

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6. Over the time it shapes the thinking of society at large. Portrayal of India as an
unsafe destination for women by international media has created a false image of a
nation.

What is needed?

 Independent, trusted and effective press regulation.

 Mainstream media must use social media tools intensively in order to defend the
truth, present the correct information and balance opinions.
 Curb media ownership. We need an open debate on the impact of media
concentration on our democracy and wider culture. There should be clear limits on
media ownership so that powerful proprietors with vested interests are not allowed
to dominate the news agenda.
 Define fake news legally. Heavy punitive measures for whosoever violates the said
definition.
 There should be grievance redressal mechanisms and arbitration spaces to resolve
issues.
 Digital media literacy among people to increase scrutiny and feedbacks of the
content.
 Technical solutions that assess the credibility of information circulating online are
also needed.

35. With indigenization efforts in Defense Sector, India was featured in the Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute arms exporter list for the first time. Discuss the
challenges confronting higher self-reliance and indigenization of defense industry in India.
What steps can be taken to accelerate its pace?

Model Answer:
With India sharing its boundaries with hostile neighbours like China and Pakistan, defense
sector remains very crucial for upholding its sovereignty. This has resulted into India being
one of the top defence spending countries in the world. Further, India has been world’s top
arms importer in the last decade as well. Indian defence procurement has firmly set
indigenization as a key priority, which stands at less than 35% presently. Initiatives such as
‘Make in India’ put special focus on defence sector and progressive revisions in the Defence
Procurement Policy highlight the gradual shift in focus towards greater indigenisation.

But, there are multiple challenges that are acting as a hindrance in achieving the full-
fledged indigenisation of defence industry in India as follows:

a. Research & Development (R&D): Currently, the Indian defence budget allocates
approximately 6% towards R&D spend as compared to 15% by France and 12% by the US.

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Further, the research efforts are marred by infrastructural and human resource constraints
existing in defense research organizations in India.

b. Protection of intellectual property: Inadequacies in the legal framework of IP laws

remain related to the transfer and licensing of technology, contractual terms governing such
transfer between the seller and the buyer etc.

c. Sector is not fully open to FDI: Only 49% (100% in some cases) FDI in defence sector is
allowed, so it discourages the foreign players from entering into joint ventures.

d. Monopoly enjoyed by DRDO in defence research: In USA, the private sector is an active
participant in not just defence manufacturing but also in research.

e. Other issues: Various issues related to foreign collaboration, taxation, the import and
export regimes, etc. have also impacted the indigenisation process.

Following steps can be taken to accelerate the pace to achieve full-fledged indigenisation
of defence industry in India:

a. Defence Inclusive S&T Policy: Like in US and China, the Science, Technology and
Innovation (STI) policy must be evolved in conjunction with the defence strategy of the
nation.

b. Identify “Critical-to-Security” technologies: India should seek global leadership in only

selective areas that are “Critical-to-Security”. For example, for Israel, “Critical-to-Security”
sector comprise of missiles and anti-missile technology.

c. Communities of Interest: Based on “Critical-to-Security” technologies, “Communities of

Interest” should be created on the lines of US. A Steering Committee having top scientists,
engineers and academicians relevant to that domain must be entrusted to develop plans
and proposals to prioritize technologies and steer the technology towards a realizable
product.

d. Increased R&D investment: India has been spending less than 1% of its GDP on R&D, so
it is imperative for India to increase the investments like Japan (3.3), USA (2.9), Israel (4.3),
etc.

e. Civil-Military Integration (CMI) Policy: Dual-use application program like in US and China
should be initiated, which will bring in competition and compel each stakeholder to
continuously innovate at better price and sophistication.

f. Human Capital: Human Capital is an indispensable pillar in building a strong R&D base so
the role of educational institutions in this effort has to be recognized. Initiatives like
Optional Courses by DRDO Research Boards can be started in universities.

g. Approach to design: India must follow ‘Build-Capitalize-Improvise’ doctrine in its R&D

endeavours as per the needs of Indian defence.

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h. National Defence Research Repository (NDRR): It will help government in tracking and
avoid funding for duplication of technologies. It will also help different researchers
collaborate and build on their expertise and experiences.

Achieving full-fledged indigenization remains a mammoth task to be achieved and will

require some landslide decisions and efforts from all the stakeholders involved, with the
government playing a leading role.

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36. The electronic waste or e-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams across the
world wide. Discuss the measures needed for safe disposal of e-waste in the country with
special focus on E-waste Management Rules.
Structure: Give introduction about AI and healthcare. Discuss applications of AI and Robotics
in dealing pandemics like Civid-19 by giving relevant examples. And Suggest Way forward
Model Answer
E- Wastes are discarded and end- of- life electronic products ranging from computer, TV and
other electronic equipment and their electronic components. India is the third largest E-
waste generator, after USA and China. E-waste is growing at a compound annual growth
rate (CAGR) of about 30% in the country.

Issues with handling e-waste:

a. E-waste Generation in India: According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB),
India generated more than 10 lakh tonnes of e-waste in 2019-20, an increase from 7 lakh
tonnes in 2017-18. Against this, the e-waste dismantling capacity has not been increased
from 82 lakh tonnes since 2017-18.

b. Unsafe disposal: In 2018, the Ministry of Environment had told the tribunal that 95% of
e-waste in India is recycled by the informal sector and scrap dealers unscientifically dispose
of it by burning or dissolving it in acids.

c. Gap in collection: National Green Tribunal noted gaps in collection targets, as the
amount of e-waste collected in 2018-19 was 78,000 tonnes against a target of 1.54 lakh
tonnes. There are clear governance deficits on the subject.

d. Involvement of Child Labor: In India, about5 lakh child laborers in the age group of 10-14
are observed to be engaged in various E-waste activities and that too without adequate
protection and safeguards in various yards and recycling workshops.

e. Hazardous: E-waste contains over 1,000 toxic materials, which contaminate soil and
groundwater.

f. E-waste Imports: Cross-border flow of waste equipment into India- 80% of E-waste in
developed countries meant for recycling is sent to developing countries such as India, China,
Ghana and Nigeria.

Various measures needed to control and safely dispose e-waste

a. E-waste clinic: India’s first e-waste clinic for segregating, processing and disposal of waste
from household and commercial units has been set-up in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
b. It is needed to come up with a strategy to engage with informal sector workers because
doing so will not only go a long way in better e-waste management practices but also aid in
environmental protection, improve the health and working conditions of labourers and
provide better work opportunities to over a million people.

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c. This will make management environmentally sustainable and easy to monitor.

d. The need of the hour is to generate employment, which can be done through identifying
and promoting cooperatives and expanding the scope of the E-Waste (Management) Rules,
2016 to these cooperatives or the informal sector workers.
Effective implementation of regulations is the way ahead to managing the e-
waste that is yet to be regulated in at least 115 countries.

E-Waste Management Rules 2016(amended in 2018):

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has released the draft notification
for Electronic Waste Management for public feedback.

a. India has a formal set of rules for electronic waste management, first announced these
rules in 2016 and amended it in 2018. The latest rules are expected to come into effect by
August 2022.

b. Earlier, the Ministry had notified the Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules,
2021. These rules prohibit specific single-use plastic items which have “low utility and high
littering potential” by 2022.

What is the Draft Notification for Electronic Waste Management?

a. Electronic Goods Covered: A wide range of electronic goods, including laptops, landline
and mobile phones, cameras, recorders, music systems, microwaves, refrigerators and
medical equipment have been specified in the notification.

b. E-Waste Collection Target: Consumer goods companies and makers of electronics goods
have to ensure at least 60% of their electronic waste is collected and recycled by 2023 with
targets to increase them to 70% and 80% in 2024 and 2025, respectively.

c. Companies will have to register on an online portal and specify their annual production
and e-waste collection targets.

d. EPR Certificates: The rules bring into effect a system of trading in certificates, akin to
carbon credits, that will allow companies to temporarily bridge shortfalls.

e. The rules lay out a system of companies securing Extended Producer Responsibility
(EPR) certificates.

f. These certificates certify the quantity of e-waste collected and recycled in a particular
year by a company and an organisation may sell surplus quantities to another company to
help it meet its obligations.

g. Focus on Circular Economy: New Rules emphasizes on the EPR, recycling and trading.

h. This follows from the government’s objective to promote a Circular Economy.

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i. Penalty: Companies that don’t meet their annual targets will have to pay a fine or an
‘environmental compensation’ but the draft doesn’t specify the quantum of these fines.

j. Implementing Authority: The CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) will oversee the
overall implementation of these regulations.

k. Responsibility of the State Governments: The State governments have been entrusted
with the responsibility of earmarking industrial space for e-waste dismantling and recycling
facilities, undertaking.
Industrial skill development and establishing measures for protecting the health and
safety of workers engaged in the dismantling and recycling facilities for e-waste.

Conclusion
There are various start-ups and companies in India that have now started to collect and
recycle electronic waste. We need better implementation methodologies and inclusion
policies that provide accommodation and validation for the informal sector to step up and
help us meet our recycling targets in an environmentally sound manner. Also, successfully
raising collection rates required every actor to be involved, including consumers.

37. In order to make Digital India project inclusive, the need of the hour is to unlock the
full potential of India’s optical fibre industry, while achieving Atmanirbhar Bharat in its 5G
technology which can fulfil the vast potential ascribed to it these past years. Examine
Structure: Introduce the 5G technology and describe its applications on various fields.
Conclude the answer about elaborating about the prospective future after giving challenges
of 5G.
Model Answer:
5G is the fifth generation mobile network. It’s a unified platform which is much more
capable than previous mobile services with more capacity, lower latency, faster data
delivery rate and better utilization of spectrum. The standards for the usage of 5G are
defined and driven by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

The various areas in which the technology can be employed for better results:

Industry 4.0:
 The manufacturing industry is going through a digital revolution. Within the context
of Industry 4.0, manufacturers are becoming more efficient through the application
of automation and data exchange to their existing factory processes to enable better
integrated workflows and smarter manufacturing.
 Industrial IoT technologies are streamlining and simplifying many manufacturing
processes in revolutionary ways.

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Mixed reality (MR) applications:

 The MR Apps comprise augmented reality (AR) plus virtual reality (VR) apps.
 Beyond the consumer market (think Pokémon Go), interesting applications are also
likely to be found in industrial and medical contexts.
 Remote medical procedures, engineering, public safety and field-service applications
are all strong use case opportunities for the application of low latency 5G services.

Sports and entertainment:

 A combination of VR and AR with ultra-high-fidelity enabled by 5G could transform
the way fans interact in these events.
 Motorsports is ideal for VR in particular: equipped with their mobile device or
headset, fans could be served information like lap or technical information about
cars as they race on the track in a sport like Formula 1

Fixed wireless access:

 Fixed wireless access could also be used to bring high bandwidth digital services to
under-served rural areas.
 Mobile operators will then be able to compete with wire line, satellite and cable
companies, offering new revenue streams and faster RoI.

Autonomous vehicles:
 The idea that much of the car, if not all of it, is controlled not by the driver but by
technology.
 5G is critical to realize this as it will offer the connectivity and speed needed to
deliver vast amounts of data to one another as well as other objects simultaneously.
 5G can provide a completely seamless mobile experience is a must so that cars can
stay constantly connected.

Challenges present to adapt to 5G are:

 Frequency allocation: Indian operators have far less spectrum in comparison to
international operators. The high investment cost which makes telecom companies
unsure about Return on Investment.
 Network investment: In India, the telecom sector is facing capital augmentation
issues which need to be resolved.
 Non-availability of funds for investment: Many of the Indian operators are also
weighed down by debt.
 Regulatory restrictions: Faster rounds of new technology introduction when prior
technology investments have not been recouped add further complexity.
 Technical Challenges: Designing IT architecture that can be deployed globally, while
still allowing for localized technology to cater for different regions is a challenge.

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Way forward:
 Need to align Digital India with 5G technology.
 Incentivize design and manufacture of 5G technologies, products and solutions in
India.
 Allocate funds and incentivize local technology and telecom firms to develop their
internal capacities which would in turn help 5G technology succeed in the country
 Promote 5G start-ups that enable this design and manufacturing capabilities.
 Promote generation of IPR backing the above designs.
 Manufacture of 5G chipsets, this may require massive investments.
 Appropriate test-beds and technology platforms to enable and help Indian technical
ecosystem to have an edge in 5G.
 Accelerated deployment of next generation ubiquitous ultra-high broadband
infrastructure with 100% coverage of 10 Gbps across urban India and 1 Gbps across
Rural India.
 Coverage, reliability, and scalability must be optimized and seamless mobile
networks will require a unified management policy to ensure consistent standards.

38. India needs to balance its ongoing water needs and larger security concerns with
effective hydro diplomacy. Highlighting the challenges faced with regard to e trans-
boundary Rivers, analyse the statement in the context of India’s repairing with its
neighbours.
Model Answer:
Hydro-diplomacy is a tool for states to balance interests related to national sovereignty
while strengthening regional cooperation with countries sharing common water resources.
A UN report estimates that by 2030, water demand in India will grow to almost 1.5 trillion
cubic meters from approximately 740 billion cubic meters requiring India to manage its
needs using efficient hydro-diplomacy.

Challenges with regard to Tran boundary Rivers:

• With Bangladesh: Though India and Bangladesh signed Ganges Water Treaty in 1996,
Teesta River Treaty still remains a bone of contention. Also, there is apprehension in
Bangladesh regarding India’s intentions for the interlinking of the rivers and the
construction of the Tipaimukh dam in the northeast

• With Pakistan: Any military or diplomatic escalation between India and Pakistan makes
Indus Water Treaty (IWT) of 1960 the focal point. Many experts have argued for
renegotiation of the treaty.

• With Nepal: Since the Kosi Agreement of 1954, the two sides have not addressed water
rights issues. Such negligence caused 2008 floods affecting over 2.3 million people. Major
projects such as the Pancheswar are stuck for decades.

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• With China: China’s dam-building and water division plans along the Brahmaputra
(Yarlung Zangbo) is a source of tension with India and Bangladesh. Indi and China do not
have a River water treaty and the agreement on hydrological data sharing is limited.

A case for rebalancing water needs and security concerns:

• It is estimated that India, which is already water-stressed, will become 'water scarce' by
2025.
• In the subcontinent, growing population and increasing development are placing rising
pressure on the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) and Indus Basin posing potential
challenges of conflicts.
• Internally, water sharing issues have raised passions and violence. Thus, water is also
becoming internal security challenge. Teesta is an example of sensitivities within the federal
polity of India on water relations with neighbouring countries.
• India has been releasing 5,900 tmcft of water every year to Pakistan. Many argue that
this adversely affects the interests Jammu and Kashmir, moreover Pakistan has been
objecting to projects on the western rivers by India using the provisions of the Indus water
treaty, this has led to calls for renegotiation of the treaty.
• Chinese aggressive posturing on the use of upper stream of Brahmaputra river has caused
tensions and trust deficit between two nations.
• Similarly, experts argue that 2008 Bihar floods were caused due to callousness of
Nepalese administration.

Way Forward
• A comprehensive approach is required with China on the river Brahmaputra. This
includes expansion of current agreements to include year round data sharing and also the
possibility of a River waters treaty.
• The template of Bhutan can be used to deal with Nepal on water related issues. India and
Bhutan have been able to forge a mutually beneficial partnership in hydropower production
and grid connectivity to ensure a market for power produced. Nepal remains a buyer of
electricity from India despite large hydropower potential.

39. Analyze the issue of cross border terrorism in India? Why do certain external state and
non-state actors adopt terrorism as a non-conventional tool of warfare? Discuss.
Structure: Give the brief introduction of cross border terrorism in India. Write the reasons
why certain states adopt it. Also write reasons for why non-state actors adopting it.
Conclude it effectively in the end.

Model Answer:

Conventional wars are not the norms or strategic choice for state on state conflicts due to
huge cost and collateral damages. As a result, grey zone conflicts, which fall in duality of
neither war nor peace, are becoming new arena of strategic competition between states.
Cross border terrorism is a conflict that falls in the category of grey zone conflict. It is an
undeclared war and considered to be highest form of strategy to bleed a nation for
prolonged period by small efforts. It is an asymmetric war strategy employed by an

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adversary at a point in time when it cannot compete on a traditional battlefield, and

adversary looks to where you are vulnerable. In this war the principle followed by an
adversary is to avoid going at the enemy blow by blow, strength against strength since it is
considered un-strategic. India has unresolved borders with two of its nuclear neighbours
and surrounded by politically, economically and militarily unstable nations. The state and
non-state actors have taken advantage of such a scenario to cause military and economic
friction to weaken India internally.

Factors giving impetus to cross border terrorism

(Extra part –Not exactly needed in this answer but few points can be merged)

1. Geography assists in border transgression and infiltration of terrorists. Proximity of

vulnerable areas to a rogue nation ensures continuous flow of terrorists and war like
support to sustain momentum of conflict.

2. Identical ethnic demography gives support and sustenance to the terrorists during and
post infiltration.

3. Political patronage to terror movement is provided by network of unarmed terrorists,

over ground workers and separatists so that they can establish linkages and identity with
the larger population of a community.

4. Poor and corrupt governance gives space for non-state actors to create a conducive
environment on ground for making it a popular mass movement.

5. Subverted government institutions give impetus by their inactions and inability to

protect vital public space.

6. Unsettled borders, competing strategic interests, unstable or ungoverned territories in

the neighbouring countries and spill over effect of communal or religious conflict in these
countries also adds to the vulnerability from cross border terrorism.

7. Illegal and mass displacement of population due to communal and economic reasons
also adds to the vulnerability.

8. Children of war or conflict are easy cannon fodder and can be motivated to pursue the
agenda of state and non-state actors.

9. Lack of stability and contiguous land border with hostile nations is one of the major
causes of cross border terrorism.

10. Most important is the factor of availability of willing terror recruits. Ideal situation is
when the terror recruits are available on both sides of the international borders. The case of
J&K is an apt example where you have terror factories on both sides and they operate in
tandem with each other.

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11. The motivation for terrorists on both sides is different, foreign terrorists join the conflict
due to religion, economic reasons, and identical ethnic affiliation. The domestic terrorists in
addition to the factors attracting foreign terrorists is also due to political alienation,
personal failure and an escape route for redemption in society and to fight for self-
determination/ homeland.

12. Nexus between drug cartels, gun runners and terror organizations give a source of
funding and sustenance.

The motivation for involvement of a foreign power to continue with the cross border
terrorism or proxy war comes from the fact that fighting wars is uneconomical, but it is
always a wise course of option to make the opponent waste as much of the resources as
possible. Cross border terrorism does give adversary deniability and no collateral damage as
a blow back impact. Thus, it is a cheap war to achieve high dividends at low risk. Cross
border terrorism is considered to be part of grey zone conflict; with the passage of time
these conflicts are becoming sophisticated and complex. There is a possibility that cross
border terrorism if not handled with efficiency and precision could go on to become a
hybrid war.

Reasons why State adopt these methods:

1. The high cost of modern, conventional warfare make using non-state actors an
attractive choice, financing terror groups is a small portion of states’ much larger
defense budget, making terror proxies a convenient and viable option.
2. Use of terror organisations divorces the state from issues related to
attribution, thereby ensuring that the state is not held politically or legally
responsible.
3. International pressure to negotiate and sanctions in case of refusal
4. Internal pressure: The perception battle with its own citizen is lost if indulged in
traditional warfare.
5. India being a nuclear state, so states hesitates for conventional warfare.
6. Geography of the considered area/region. E.g.’ hilly terrain in J&K favours non-
conventional warfare

Non state actors adopting these methods:

1) Lack of manpower and money to engage in traditional warfare

2) Lack of legitimacy and popular support
3) Source to weaken legitimately chosen government
4) Easy recruitment through radicalization of local youths
5) Not bounded by international agreements/conventions.
6) Fulfils objective as their objective is to demoralize citizen & government. This doesn’t
necessarily require winning conventional warfare. E.g. LTTE in Sri-Lanka & Taliban in
Afghanistan

Conclusion

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The cross border terrorism is being handled by multiple agencies operating under different
ministries, as a result the entire efforts of fighting cross border terrorism lacks synergy.
Intelligence agencies and Central Armed Police Forces are operating under Ministry of Home
Affairs, Army under Ministry of Defense and police under state government. All operations
of critical nature must be handled under single operational command that has the resources
and capability to influence the outcome of operations.

40. The Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) is touted as a

more robust and integrated system that is capable of addressing the gaps in the present
system of border security. Discuss.

Structure: Introduce the concept of CIBMS. Discuss the advantages and limitations of CIBMS
followed by effective conclusion.
Model Answer:
Context:
 Repeated acts of terror from across the border led to rigorous introspection in the
Government for developing measures to avoid such tragedies.
 The use of high-tech solutions for border security was being considered by India
since 2012 and the trigger for implementing the CIBMS was the Pathankot terrorist
attack.
CIBMS:
 The CIBMS is touted as a more robust and integrated system that is capable of
addressing the gaps in the present system of border security by seamlessly
integrating human resources, weapons, and high-tech surveillance equipment.
 It has three main components:
1. New high-tech surveillance devices such as sensors, detectors, cameras,
ground-based radar systems, micro-aerostats, lasers as well as existing
equipment for round-the-clock surveillance of the international border;
2. An efficient and dedicated communication network including fibre optic
cables and satellite communication for transmitting data gathered by these
diverse high-tech surveillance and detection devices; and
3. A command and control center to which the data will be transmitted in order
to apprise the senior commanders about the happenings on the ground and
thus providing a composite picture of the international border.
 A composite picture would help senior commanders analyze and classify the threat
and mobilise resources accordingly to assist the field commander in his response.
 The purpose of the CIBMS is to eventually replace manual surveillance/patrolling of
the international borders by electronic surveillance and organising the BSF personnel
into quick reaction teams to enhance their detection and interception capabilities.

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 Other factors such as power back up, training of the BSF personnel in handling the
sophisticated equipment, and maintenance of the equipment are incorporated into
the CIBMS.
 At present, the CIBMS is being implemented along two stretches in the Jammu
sector of the India-Pakistan border.

Advantages:
 Cost effectiveness and suitability
 Technical solutions are necessary to augment and complement the traditional
methods of border guarding.
 They not only enhance the surveillance and detection capabilities of the border
guarding forces but also improve the impact of the border guarding personnel
against infiltration and trans-border crimes.
 Smart borders will not only strengthen security infrastructure but also can go a long
way in reducing the loss of valuable lives of our soldiers.
 Besides, the idea has a potential to boost innovation in Indian companies and
research institutes, which could develop cost-effective technologies.

Limitations of technological solutions like CIBMS:-

 The experiences of countries such as the United States that have employed high-tech
devices demonstrate that not only are the costs of such devices prohibitive but that
they also fail to provide a comprehensive solution to border security problems. o
Even US is weighed down by the economic burden caused by implementation of the
‘virtual fence’ on the US-Mexico border.
 Infusion of large funds for acquiring the CIBMS at a time when economy is struggling
with slow growth is also going to be a challenge before the government.
 The exorbitant cost of the electronic devices and the lack of easy availability of spare
parts act as a deterrent against their use.
 The army is also using some imported, sophisticated technical equipments, but its
optimum use is hampered by its incompatibility with terrain and border security
infrastructure.
o Erratic power supply and adverse climatic and terrain conditions in the border
areas could potentially undermine the functioning of the sophisticated system.
 The effectiveness of the equipment is further curtailed by the lack of training, repair
and maintenance facility and smart users.
 Operation and maintenance of the existing sophisticated equipment remain a
problem. At present, many of the high-tech surveillance devices deployed by the BSF
are not optimally utilized because the required technical expertise is not uniformly
available among the force’s personnel.
 Being manpower intensive, the system was not effective in providing rest and relief
to BSF troops

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 Centralized decision making could hamper timely and effective response on the
ground given that detection and interception of infiltrators at the border require a
quick response which is achieved only through a decentralized decision making
process.

Way forward:
 A strong initiative to utilize this existing infrastructure to their optimum capacity can
go a long way in improving border security without additional cost.
 There is a need for setting up a border security operation cum intelligence centers,
for better cooperation and coordination among various agencies involved in border
security. Operations should be intelligence driven.

41. Critically examine the significance of ASEAN for India’s economic, geo-strategic and
security imperatives.
Model Answer:
ASEAN is a regional grouping that promotes economic, political, and security
cooperation. It was established in August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand with the signing of
the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the founding fathers of ASEAN, namely
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Its chairmanship rotates
annually, based on the alphabetical order of the English names of Member States.
ASEAN countries have a total population of 650 million people and a combined Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) of USD 2.8 trillion. It is India’s 4th largest trading partner with
about USD 86.9 billion in trade.

Recently, India participated in the 18th India-ASEAN Summit at the invitation of Brunei, the
current Chair of ASEAN.

 The Year 2022 has been highlighted as India-ASEAN Friendship by the leaders.
 India-ASEAN Summit is held every year and provides an opportunity for India and
Asean to engage at the highest level.

Significance of ASEAN for India’s economic, geo-strategic and security imperatives:

Economic importance:
 Economic transformation of the highly underdeveloped NE States of India will be
possible once connectivity with ASEAN nations improves.
 Trade between India and ASEAN comprises 10.12%of India’s total trade with the
world. Conclusion of a balanced Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
(RCEP) Agreement will further boost our trade and investment ties with the region.

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Geo-strategic importance:
 Maintaining stability in the region – Amidst the aggressive behaviour of China,
ASEAN nations want India to take and play leadership role in improving commerce,
connectivity and security in the region.
 Importance of Malacca Strait- More than two-third of world trade passes through
this strait.

Security:
 ASEAN countries, particularly Myanmar, Vietnam & Malaysia can potentially
contribute to India’s energy security.

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 Cooperation in areas such as maritime security including freedom of navigation,

drug trafficking and cybercrime.
 Together they can work to tackle terrorism, religious extremism and the ISIS.

Challenge:
There has been a sense of disillusionment on both sides about the present state of play in
the relationship. While the ASEAN member states have been disappointed that India
performs less than its potential in the region, New Delhi’s expectations regarding a more
robust support for its regional outreach too have not been met.

Way forward:
 Focusing on the 3 Cs- Commerce, Culture and Connectivity.
 Full utilization of the ASEAN-India Free Trade Area and conclusion of RCEP.
 New Delhi needs to focus on effective delivery of projects it is already committed to.
Prompt completion of projects like India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway will
bring in the confidence
 Cultural connect between the two needs strengthening.
 While India offers scholarships to students from ASEAN states to study at Nalanda
University, this initiative should be extended to the IITs and the IIMs.
 Tourism too can be further encouraged between India and the ASEAN with some
creative branding by the two sides.

42. Examine the concept of separation of power. Why strict separation of power is not
feasible or practical for a country like India?
Model Answer:
The Doctrine of Separation of Power, given by Montesquieu, is a principle for division of
power and responsibility between different organs of state i.e. legislature, executive and
judiciary. The doctrine states that each organ of the state should have exclusive and clearly
defined roles and responsibilities which are independent of other two organs. This doctrine
ensures that:
1. There is no concentration of power in a single authority.
2. Once branch does not interfere with the working of other two branches.
3. There is no conflict between working of different organs of the state.
Although the doctrine of separation of power is not explicitly mentioned in the Indian
constitution, it is reflected in constitutional provisions like Article 50 which provides that
the state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive, Article 122 which
prohibit courts to inquire into parliamentary proceedings etc.
However, strict separation of power is not feasible or practical in India because of:
1. Parliamentary form of government: The executive is drawn from and is a part of the
legislature. It is responsible to the legislature for its action. In parliamentary system like
India strict SOP is not possible.

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2. Check and Balance System: There is system of oversight to prevent the arbitrary use of
power. For example, Judiciary by using a tool of Judicial Review; Ordinance making power of
executive and its approval by legislature etc.
3. More accountable government: In practice, the legislature does not act merely as law
making body, but also act as an overseer of the executive. Tools like budget approval, no-
confidence motion, parliamentary committees etc., are meant to ensure a responsible
government.
4. Adherence to doctrine of SOP is difficult in welfare state: India faces many complex
socio- economic problems which require cooperation among various organs of state.
5. Constitutionally mandated role of judiciary: The constitutional role of judiciary includes
judicial review and duty to do complete justice. This makes it necessary for judiciary to
venture into domain of executive and legislature.
6. Presence of contempt power with the legislature, quasi-judicial bodies like tribunals,
delegated legislations etc. make strict SOP impractical for India.
Supreme Court, in the Kesavananda Bharti case (1973), pronounced that the doctrine of
separation of power is a basic feature of the constitution. But the doctrine of SOP is
included in the constitution with modification by adopting a system of checks and
balances.

43. The principal feature of the scheme of effective delivery of services needs to be seen
in the context of the fact that demands have to flow from the bottom up and not the top
down. Elucidate.
Model Answer:

Effective service delivery of any welfare scheme depends on the accurate assessment of
demand and identification of beneficiaries. In this regard, the ‘one-size-fits-all’ top-down
approach adopted by India since independence failed to produce desired outcomes.

The trickle-down theory proved ineffective in improving the social indicators (such as
poverty) as seen in India’s poor rank in UNDP’s Human Development Index. Hence, the
policy makers suggested a shift towards a bottom-up approach to better account for the
regional and developmental inequalities and demands of various states.
Challenges Pertaining to Effective Service Delivery

1. Policy paralysis: Delays, inaction and inability to take policy decisions by the government
or its various departments and agencies is one of the main causes of delay in service
delivery.

2. Bureaucratic attitude: Sometimes despotic attitude and obstructionist attitude of officials

especially in higher echelons of bureaucracy acts as hindrance in carrying out public service
effectively.

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3. Inadequate political will: Like recently due to inefficiency and underutilization of funds,
the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) has been
suspended for two financial years.
4. Red-Tapism: Due to over regulation and practice of requiring excessive paperwork and
tedious procedures before official action hinders implementation of schemes and projects,
thereby it affects process of effective public fund utilization.
5. Lack of public participation: With a high level of illiteracy and ignorance about
government policies and schemes, many citizens (especially poor) could not demand their
rightful services from the Government.
The recent shift towards bottom up approach holds the following benefits:
1. Identification of real beneficiaries – for e.g. PM GraminAwasYojana uses data from the
Gram Sabha level.
2. Targeted delivery – such as in Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme Reduction on leakages and
corruption – for e.g. social audit of government schemes
3. Better implementation at the ground level – for e.g. SMS-enabled PDS system in
Chhattisgarh.
4. Inclusive and regionally balanced growth – for e.g. different literacy levels of Kerala and
Bihar require unique approaches instead of a common centrally sponsored scheme.
Starting from the 73rd and 74th amendments to the recent GST Council reflects the shift
towards a bottom up planning approach. It has been felt that states need to be made equal
stakeholders in national development.
Decision making should be decentralized to the grass root level to make Indian democracy
truly participative – which is the hallmark of good governance. Thus, cooperative federalism
as emphasized by NITI Aayog is the best way forward to improve service delivery and
efficient resource mobilization.

44. Since the paradigm shift from government to governance and further to good
governance, pressure groups have emerged as a strong mechanism for making the
democracy participatory, transparent, accountable and responsive. Elucidate.
Model Answer:
Pressure groups are organizations which exert pressure on the political or administrative
system to extract benefits and advance their common interests. These organizations are
formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come
together in order to achieve a common objective. The pressure groups employ various
tactics including electioneering, lobbying and propagandizing.

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India has seen a paradigm shift starting from government and bureaucratic decision
making to more citizen-centricity owing to greater public participation with time. In the
current times, good governance has taken the center-stage in decision-making processes.
Pressure groups have emerged as a strong mechanism for making the democracy
participatory, transparent, accountable and responsive, during this paradigm shift from
government to governance and then to good governance by performing following roles:
1. Connecting link between government and people: The pressure groups act as a bridge
for sharing of opinions between the people and the government. For Example. in the
farmer’s protest, the Bhartiya Kisan Union acted as a farmers’ representative in negotiating
with the government.

2. Educating masses: The pressure groups play a vital role in educating the masses about
various laws and policies of the government, thus, developing an understanding among the
masses. This creates an accountability framework for the government. For instance,
pressure groups like Bhartiya MazdoorSangh help educating the labourers regarding labour
laws and reforms, helping to form an opinion about the reforms and create a ground for
critique.
3. Ensure representation of all sections: Pressure groups lend voices to vulnerable sections
of the society, especially women, minorities, children etc.
a. For instance, groups like SEWA have worked persistently for making laws women
friendly and empower women.
b. Caste groups like Harijan Sevak Sangh voice against caste-based exploitation of Dalit
community.
4. Enhance political participation: Pressure groups ensure greater political participation for
the issues of public importance, thus, creating a pathway for good governance. For instance,
the Narmada Bachao Andolan had been successful in mobilizing masses against the
construction of dams.
5. Improve the quality of governance: Through enhanced public participation, the pressure
groups help in making the government decisions and process more qualitative and refined.
For instance, during the India Against Corruption movement, the exposure of the loopholes
in the administrative setup led to an empowered demand for transparency and
accountability which resulted in the promulgation of Lokpal bill.
6. Wide spectrum of matters: Various pressure groups belong to various categories
including environment, culture, social justice among others, thus representing wide range of
matters concerning the society, thereby, making way for citizen-centric governance.
7. Non-political critique: The pressure groups tend to raise the demands of the citizens
rather than politicizing the matter for party’s interests, thus ensuring, good governance.
While the pressure groups have played a crucial role in the new paradigm of good
governance, there have been a few deviations that might include violence, radical means

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of lobbying, pushing one’s self-interest, among others. The need, therefore is to ensure the
functioning of pressure groups within the bounds of democratic rules and procedures in
order manifest their real effectiveness.

45. Critically evaluate the relevance of Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment act,
2020in regulating the working of NGO’s for the socio-economic development in India.

Model Answer:
NGO is defined by the World Bank as a not-for-profit organization that pursues activities to
relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic
social services, or undertake community development.

Between, 2010-2019, the inflow of foreign contribution in India has doubled and there
have been numerous cases of misuse and misappropriation of funds, leading to the

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government cancelling 19,000 registrations since 2011. Faced with this situation, the FCRA
Amendment, 2020has been implemented to strengthen the compliance mechanism,
enhance transparency and accountability in the receipt and utilization of foreign
contribution (to ensure that foreign money is not used against national interests or anti-
national activities) and facilitate genuine nongovernmental organizations or associations
who are working for the welfare of the society.

However, the FCRA Amendment, 2020 has been criticized because of increased
bureaucratic

Discretion and compliance burden on NGOs, such as:

1. Identification requirements: Aadhaar has been made mandatory for all office bearers,
directors or other key functionaries of NGOs for registration.
2. Limit on expenses: The amendment places 20% ceiling on administrative expenses
previously capped at 50%. This limits investments in personnel, travel, technology, legal and
financial services, reporting thereby preventing NGOs from building sustainability and
performing key roles. Each of the above have significant financial and compliance
implications for NGOs.
3. Banking restriction: Foreign contribution must be received only in an account designated
by the bank as “FCRA account” in such branches of the State Bank of India, New Delhi, as
notified by the central government. No funds other than the foreign contribution should be
received or deposited in this account.
4. Banning re-granting of funds: NGOs are prevented from re-granting funds to other
licensed NGOs. The increased transactional burden on foreign donors will create a
significant deterrent to such funding.
5. Surrender of certificate: For surrendering its FCRA registration, any assets that have been
created using foreign contribution will be transferred to an authority prescribed by the
government.
6. Renewal of FCRA license: FCRA holders will be subject to inquiry at the end of every five
years if they wish to renew their registration.
7. Period of suspension of registration: It has been doubled from 180 to360 days.
8. Power to prohibit: The government can preclude receipt and utilization of foreign
contributions if the recipient is found guilty of violating any provisions of the Act.

As the above provisions will further widen the trust deficit between NGOs and the centre,
further efforts need to be taken after consultation with all the stakeholders involved. While
regulation and reform in the NGO sector are needed, we need to take into account that its
contribution to advocacy of human rights and public awareness is significant in India.
Way forward
As civil society organisations seek accountability from others, it is a moral obligation for
them to themselves be accountable and transparent in substantive ways and maintain the
highest standards. However, regulation should balance with their freedom of functioning.
Some suggestions are:

• Recommendations of Vijay Kumar Committee:

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o Modernising registration process for seamless operation of the applicable provisions of

the IT (Income Tax) Act and FCRA with respect to NGOs.
o Details of NGOs should be made available as searchable database information.
• 2nd ARC report recommendations:
o FCRA should be decentralised and delegated to State Governments/District
Administration. o Fine balance between the purpose of the legislation and functioning of
the voluntary sector to avoid subjective interpretation of law and its possible misuse.

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46. State the issues and challenges associated with the sill development in India. Discuss
how Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana attempts to ensure that India’s demographic
dividend doesn’t become a disaster? Substantiate your views.
Model Answer:
India’s demographics show that India is home to one of the youngest population across the
world. The Sample Registration System Report 2018 shows that nearly two third i.e. 66% of
India’s population is in the age group of 15-59 years and more than 50% population is below
the age of 25.For such a demographic dividend to be useful, they must be skilled and
employable.
However, skill development in India is facing following challenges:
1.Low educational attainment: Due to poor quality of education resulting in lack of literacy
and numeracy skills, higher drop-out rates and multiplicity of curriculums for the same skills,
the skill development remains poor and uneven.
2. Demand and Supply mismatch: In Indian context, a coexistence of unemployment and
unemployability is seen. It shows that industry specific skills are not being taught. According
to India Skills Report, employability of Indian graduates, though has seen an improvement,
remains less than 50%.
3. Sub-optimal planning: There is lack of block level mapping of employment demand, local
economy activities, youth population profile, social demographic profile etc. This leads to
suboptimal planning of skill development initiatives resulting in a gap between skill
development and local employment demand.

4. Women participation: Women in India are mainly concentrated in the informal sector
and are engaged in low paid jobs with no security benefits mainly due to lack of skills.
According to the World Bank, India’s Female Labour Force Participation is just 20.5%.
5. Private sector participation: The private sector is not involved adequately in curriculum
development and policy formulation related to educational and vocational training. Also,
most of them are located in urban areas and are costly.
To address these challenges, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
launched the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) under Skill India Mission,
with an objective to provide skilling to one crore youth across the country in a four years
period i.e. 2016-2020 through:
1. Short-term training: This approach would benefit school/college dropouts and
unemployed youth. It also focusses on soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital
literacy of the candidate.
2. Recognition of prior learning (RPL): The RPL part of the scheme recognizes and certifies
these kills already possessed by the workers. It would be of immense help to the work force
employed in the unorganized sector.

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3. Kaushal and Rozgarmela: Training Partners (TPs) are mandated to organize

Placement/RozgarMelas every six months with support from the Sector Skill Councils
(SSCs)and to ensure the participation of local industry.
4. Incentivising Training Partners: The Training Partners are to provide job opportunities as
well as support for entrepreneurship to trainees. With a focus on retention of placed
candidates, the TPs are incentivised (INR 3000 – INR 5000 per trainee) if a candidate is
retained in employment for a period of 12 months.
5. Quality of program: To ascertain the quality of training, NSDC and other inspecting
agencies verify and record the activities of the training centres. Re-allocation of targets to
TPs is based on placement achievements of previous allocated targets.

The skills taught under PMKVY complement the skills required in government’s flagship
missions such as Swachha Bharat, Make in India, National Solar Mission and Digital India.
The next phase of PMKVY from 2021 will focus on imparting skills related to healthcare,
home delivery, sanitizing, cleaning services among others with a special emphasis over
post-COVID scenario.

47. India has got a plethora of regulating bodies/ authorities which often have conflicting
or overlapping jurisdiction. This requires a major overhaul of the regulatory regime to
ensure that ‘minimum government and maximum governance’ is followed in true spirit.
Substantiate by taking suitable examples.

Model Answer:

The issue of multiple regulatory bodies with overlapping jurisdiction is major cause of
governance deficit in India. Such phenomenon results in duplication of funds, functions and
functionaries. This goes against the maxim of “minimum government and maximum
governance”.
Overlapping jurisdiction:

Examples and issues-

a. Multiple agencies steer the function of local area governance. District development
authorities and local governance institutions.
b. Education sector- AICTE and UGC.
c. Environment- CPCB and NGT.
d. Controversy between SEBI and IRDAI over Unit Linked Insurance Policy.
e. Faceoff between RBI vs CCI in 2012 over the issue of merging of the banks.
f. Disagreement between CERC and CCI over the issue of “abuse of dominance” by Electricity
companies.

Overhaul of regulatory regime required:

a. Lack of clarity leads to politicization of institutions.
b. Inefficiency in functioning. Wastage of funds, functions and functionaries.
c. Lack of accountability.

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d. Regulatory hurdle choking growth of economy.

e. Recommendations made by RAs are rarely implemented.

What needs to be done?

1. Parliament by law should clearly define the functions, responsibilities, powers, privileges
of RAs.
2. RAs should be given powers to get their judgments implemented so as to increase their
efficiency.
3. Balancing required b/w ensuring accountability vs autonomy.
4. The regulators need to become more dynamic in their functioning. This is possible only if
they are provided enough autonomy.
5. The regulatory bodies should be kept out of ambit of any political influence
6. As recommended by Sri Krishna Panel an oversight body to regulate financial sector apart
from the RBI.
7. Recommendations of Punchi commission for an independent regulator overseeing all
regulators.

To ensure the “minimum government and maximum governance” notion of the

government a regulatory convergence is required to avoid biases due to jurisdictional
overlap. Above recommended steps can go a long way in solving the issue.

48. Discuss the causes of forest fires and their implications on the ecosystem? How can
forest fires be prevented? Also mention the steps that have been taken by the
government in this regard.
Model Answer:
In the last two years, India has witnessed 125% spike in the incidents of forest fires.
According to India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2015, as much as 64.29 per cent of the
Recorded Forest Area (RFA) is prone to fires.
Causes
a. Natural causes are largely related to climatic conditions such as temperature,
wind speed and direction, level of moisture in soil and atmosphere and
duration of dry spells. Other natural causes are the lightning, friction of
bamboos swaying due to high wind velocity and rolling stones that result in
sparks setting off fires in highly inflammable leaf litter on the forest floor
b. Anthropogenic causes result from human activity as well as methods of forest
management. These can be intentional or unintentional such as fires started
by locals to clean the forest floor, burn undergrowth, to destroy evidence of
illicit felling or to scare wild animals etc.
Effects on the Ecosystem

 Forest fire causes damage to vegetation cover and loss of natural regeneration, loss
of wildlife habitat, change in micro-climate, loss of biodiversity and invasion of

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weeds, adverse effect on the local livelihood, loss of carbon sink, and addition of
greenhouse gases.
 Fire frequency also determines the floristic composition of an area by selecting
species at site. A species can be removed if fire occurs too often, too early, or late in
its life cycle.
 Fire may also play a role in recycling nutrients from the ground-layer vegetation and
litter and counters the infertile substrates and arrested decay.
Prevention of forest fires

 Removal of Chir Pine: as it is highly inflammable due to its high resin content.
 Prevent Encroachment: As most of the fire is set up manually, state administration
should ensure that there is no encroachment of forest land or violation of forest
conservation rules.
 Traditional Forest management: Traditional operations like forest floor clearing,
controlled burning and creation of water harvesting structures are effective
measures.
 Fire Lines: are critical in fire-fighting, because without fire lines, a fire can quickly get
out of control.
 Use of technology: The committee preferred use of drones instead of CCTVs and fire
watchers.
 Community involvement in forest fire management.
Measures by the government

 Fire lines have been created to avoid any dry plants from catching fire which could
eventually spread deep into the forests.
 At several places, measures are being taken to periodically fill artificial troughs with
fresh water.
 Forest Fire Prevention & Management Scheme (FFPMS): a centrally sponsored
scheme with an aim to focus solely on the issue of forest fire prevention &
management.
 The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, has prepared a
National Master Plan for Forest Fire Control. This plan proposes to introduce a well-
coordinated and integrated fire management Programme that includes the following
components:
o Prevention of human-caused fires.
o Prevention of forest fire by people participation through Joint Forest Fire
Management.
o Prompt detection of fires through a well co-ordinated network of observation
points, efficient ground patrolling, and communication networks.
o Remote sensing technology is to be given due importance in fire detection.

For successful fire management and administration, a National Fire Danger Rating System
(NFDRS) and Fire Forecasting System are to be developed in the country, also participation
of the forest community is inevitable for the forest fire management.

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49. Should the CAG question policy decisions? Give your views. If the CAG were ‘merely’
an auditor, why should Dr. B.R.Ambedkar, during the debates in the Constituent
Assembly, describe the CAG as the most important functionary in the Constitution, more
important than even the judiciary? Comment.

Model Answer:
CAG is mentioned in the constitution under article 148-151. CAG is a constitutional body
which has the one of the most important functions to audit and keep a check on the public
expenditure and keep the Parliament abreast of the same.

The idea of the CAG questioning the policy decision is a welcome step as:
1. It will bring in the stricter financial controls on the executive.
2. Rather than post mortem approach, a more proactive approach will result in reduction of
the wasteful expenditure.
3. The policy decisions when questioned will bring in more transparency.
4. It will also entail the deliberate policy making and may reduce the delegated legislation.

Dr. Ambedkar, during debates in the constituent assembly, described the CAG as the most
important functionary in the constitution. The importance of CAG cannot be undermined:

1. The CAG ensures financial propriety of the public exchequer, thus making sure the hard
earned money of taxpayer is not embezzled and spent properly.
2. The CAG is an important pillar in the system of legislative check on the executive in the
financial domain.
3. CAG reports have unearthed huge scandals and have been a basis for ordering of
investigations and courts taking suo-moto notices.

However there has been friction between the CAG and the executive over its jurisdiction
and mandate. Various people in the executive have questioned the CAG reports on the basis
that they have commented on policy decisions and not performed an audit which is its core
job. Questions have also been raised about the figures of so called presumptive losses.

The mandate of the CAG must certainly be widened:

1. Since CAG is one of the most important helping hands of the Parliament, its report must
be more comprehensive than just merely an audit. They must also go into alternate routes
of spending if any which could have saved money.

2. Policy decisions and financial propriety cannot be separated, hence the CAG has to
inevitably also venture into the policy space.

3. CAG audit of private bodies like BCCI, telecom companies can improve their financial
transparency and accountability. This can arrest underreporting, misuse of public assets, etc
which can benefit the government exchequer and the public in general.

4. Audit of diverse areas like that of UN headquarters can provide learning and exchange
of best practices in auditing which can be utilised locally to improve accuracy and efficiency.

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Way Forward

Former CAG, Vinod Rai, has suggested several reforms in the institutional framework:
 Bring all private-public partnerships (PPPs), Panchayati Raj Institutions and
government-funded societies, within the ambit of the CAG.
 CAG Act of 1971 should be amended to keep pace with the changes in governance.
 A collegium type mechanism to choose a new CAG on the lines of selecting a Chief
Vigilance Commissioner (CVC).

50.”Mission Karmagoyi can play a crucial role in accelerating the capacity building of civil
services and related reforms”. Critically evaluate.
Model Answer:
Developing capacities of civil servants is critical to achieving good governance and ensuring
inclusive and sustainable development. Without capable civil services, resources allocated
are not properly utilized, management of public service delivery becomes weak and
efficiency of public expenditure is affected. The capacity of Civil Services also plays a vital
role in implementing welfare programs and performing core governance functions. Since
civil servants engage in a range of activities – from policy implementation at early stage of
their career to policy formulation at the later stage, there is need to continuously re-skill
them and improve their core competencies according to the emerging challenges.
The National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (‘NPCSCB’) – “Mission
Karmayogi” has been launched with the objective of enhancing governance. Based on six
pillars, the mission aims to radically improve the human resource management practices
among the civil servants. The mission will:
1. Support transition from 'Rules based' to 'Roles based’ HR Management. It will align work
allocation of civil servants by matching their competencies to the requirements of the post.
2. Create an ecosystem of shared training infrastructure including that of learning
materials, institutions and personnel.
3. Calibrate all Civil Service positions to a Framework of Roles, Activities and Competencies
(FRACs) approach and to create and deliver learning content relevant to the identified
FRACs in every Government entity.
4. Make available to all civil servants, an opportunity to continuously build and strengthen
their Behavioural, Functional and Domain Competencies in their self-driven and mandate
learning paths.
5. Enable all the Central Ministries and Departments and their Organisations to directly
invest their resources towards co-creation and sharing the collaborative and common
ecosystem of learning through an annual financial subscription for every employee.
6. Encourage and partner with the best-in-class learning content creators including public
training institutions, universities, start-tips and individual experts.

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7. Proposes set up a Capacity Building Commission, with a view to ensure a uniform

approach in managing and regulating the capacity building ecosystem on collaborative and
co-sharing basis.
iGOT-Karmayogi platform proposed under the mission brings the scale and state-of-the-art
infrastructure to augment the capacities of over two crore officials in India. The platform is
expected to evolve into a vibrant and world-class market place for content, where carefully
curated and vetted digital e-learning material will be made available.
The whole programme will be monitored by the Prime Minister, who will head a Public HR
Council consisting of select Union Ministers, Chief Ministers, eminent public HR
practitioners, thinkers, global thought leaders and Public Service functionaries. A
transformational change in Civil Services’ capacity is proposed to be affected by organically
linking the transformation of work culture, strengthening public institutions and adopting
modern technology to build civil service capacity with the overall aim of ensuring efficient
delivery of services to citizens.
o Not really seen as representative.
o Over 95% of the genome samples available, which are the basis of new,
cutting-edge research in medicine and pharmacology; use the Caucasian
genome as the base.
o So, this Indian genome project is seen as a necessity.
 Genome sequencing and precision medicine
o One-size-fits-all approach to diagnostics and treatment is getting out of date.
o Today human genome can be sequenced in a day and the cost has been
reduced significantly
o There are conditions, particularly rare diseases such as childhood
developmental disorders, where genome sequencing is extremely beneficial,
and may even be life-saving for some individuals
o There are also conditions – many common diseases, for example – where
there is currently no evidence that genome sequencing is beneficial to
individuals.
o Because our DNA does not change through our lives, our DNA – along with
information about our environment and behaviour – should be a powerful
tool for moving towards proactive rather than reactive healthcare
o There are three main phases in the advancement of personalized medicine.
 First, improved diagnosis,
 Then improved treatment as a result of better diagnosis.
 And the third stage will be much earlier detection and prevention.
 Commercial gene testing services
o Projects mentioned above will lead to expansion of Genome Sequencing of
more and more people
o With commercialization, the costs are going to reduce which can make
common people with modest income to afford to genome sequencing
o More and more private laboratories will come forward along with
Government labs

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 100 Most Probable Questions with Answers (Vol-I) for CSE Mains 2022 by INDIA BHAI

o IndiGen projects and India genome project like projects are going to start at
each state level to quantify state level disease burden in near future.
o Some states can extrapolate the huge data generated from human genome
sequencing
o COVID-19 has opened up scope and avenues for more genome sequencing to
deal with such future pandemics

Way_Forward:
Genome sequencing will ensure a more research about human genetics and how to treat
various diseases related to genetics. It opens up a vast area which can benefit humanity to a
large extent. A care must be taken to ensure privacy of genomes sequenced and people
concerned with it along with much ethical issue coming up with them.

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