TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

Unit-4 Testing and maintenance of Protective relays

CO4:- Understand the testing and maintenance of protective relays

Session 26. List the four classes of tests on Relays. Explain acceptance tests and
installation test

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

Unit-4 Testing and maintenance of Protective relays

CO4:- Understand the testing and maintenance of protective relays

Session 27:- Explain maintenance Tests and repair tests

Routine maintenance testing:-

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

Unit-4 Testing and maintenance of Protective relays

CO4:- Understand the testing and maintenance of protective relays

Session 28:- Explain Primary current injection test set and secondary
current injection test set.

Primary current injection test set:-

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

Unit-4 Testing and maintenance of Protective Relays

CO4:- Understand the testing and maintenance of protective relays

Session 29. Explain testing circuit for differential relays and testing
circuit for BuchHolz relays.

Session 30. Lists the steps involved in maintenance of relays.

Differential relay:-
Under normal operating conditions, no current flows through the differential coil of
the relay. Hence the relay does not operate. Under fault condition, the current flows
through the differential coil. If this current is greater than the pick up value, the relay
operates.

Testing circuit for differential relays:-

The main current is passed through both the halves of the restraining coil & the
differential current is superimposed on one-half of the restraining coil and the
differential coil.

BuchHolz relays:-

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

Testing circuit for BuchHolz relays:-A special test rig is set up to test
Buchholz relays. The rig consists of two oil tanks with interconnecting
pipes and valves. Compressed air is used to force the oil from one tank to
other, while passing to the other tank the oil passes through the Buchholz
relay.

Further, to test the performance on incipient faults, air at regulated

pressure is passed through the relay. Adjustments are made until desired
operation of alarm and trip circuit is obtained.

Session 30. Lists the steps involved in maintenance of relays.

Refer session 27: Routine maintenance testing.

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

Unit-4 Testing and maintenance of Protective Relays

CO4:- Understand the testing and maintenance of protective relays

Session 31. Explain basic principle of static over current relay and
directional over current relay.

Static over current relay:-

Fig. shows the block diagram of static overcurrent relay (1) with time delay (2)
without time delay block.

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

The secondary current of line CT is generally not suitable for static relay
operations. It is higher. The line CT may be selected with a suitable higher current
ratio (such as 4000/5). The intermediate CT (Auxiliary CT) reduces the current
further to 1 Amp, so that it is suitable for static relay circuits. The input functional
block comprises the following:
--Auxiliary CT
--Current selector
--Filter for suppressing harmonics
--Spike suppressor for protecting static relays from over-voltage spikes which are
harmful to the relay components.
The desired current range can be selected by setting the tap at desired position.
The alternating current derived from auxiliary CT may contain harmonics particularly
under short-circuit condition. The high voltage spikes in the waveform are harmful to
the semi-conductor devices in static relays. Hence, filters and spike suppressors are
provided in the input stage of the static relay.

The current rectified in full-wave rectifier and is smoothened in smoothing

circuit comprising resistor and capacitor. The smoothing circuit eliminates the ripple
in the output waveform of the rectifier. The output of rectifier is proportional to the
r.m.s. value of input a.c. waveform. The output of rectifier is supplied to level
detector.

In instantaneous over-current relay, time delay functional block is not

necessary. In instantaneous relays, the output of rectifier is given to level detector &
then to amplifier (Route 2 of fig.). The output of the amplifier is given to the output
stage of static relay.

In time over-current relay, the rectifier output is supplied to level detector(I)

and a timing circuit is added in between the level detector(I) and level detector(II).
Route 1.
The output of level detector is amplified in amplifier. The output of amplifier
is given to output stage of static relay.
The auxiliary d.c. supply is necessary for level detectors, amplifiers output
stage of static relay.

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

Directional over current relay:-

Fig. Static directional over current relay

Directional relay senses direction of power flow by means of phase angle between V
and I. When this angle exceeds certain predetermined value, the directional relay
operates with a condition that the current is above in pick-up value. Hence directional
relay is a double actuating quantity relay with one input as current I from CT and the
other input as voltage V from PT.
The directional overcurrent relay has two inputs (I and V). The inputs are
supplied to phase comparator. A phase shifter is added in voltage input circuit before
supplying it to phase comparator to achieve maximum output of phase comparators
under phase faults/earth fault condition.
The output of phase comparator is given to level detector and then to amplifier. If
time delay is necessary, a timer is added in the block diagram.

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

Unit-4 Testing and maintenance of Protective Relays

CO4:- Understand the testing and maintenance of protective relays

Session 32. Explain Static time lag Over current relay and Static
Distance relay based on comparison principle.

Explain static time lag over current relay:-

Fig. shows static time lag over-current relay

The relay has built-in input current transformer with several taps on secondary.
Current setting can be obtained by selecting the tap.

From the switch for setting the operating current, a voltage connection is taken
across resistor. The voltage is rectified, smoothed and compared with reference
voltage. When the former voltage exceeds the reference voltage, the starting relay
picks-up. At the same time, the RC circuit starts charging up. When the capacitor in
RC circuit charges up to a certain voltage level, the tripping relay picks-up.

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

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TMCS-15EE63B 2020-21

Unit-4 Testing and maintenance of Protective Relays

CO4:- Understand the testing and maintenance of protective relays

Session 33:-Explain Static differential Protection of Transformers

and Testing of static relays with respect to over voltage transients.

Differential protection:-

Static differential Protection of Two-winding Transformers:-

The differential relay is connected to the current transformers on either sides

of the object (generator/transformer) to be protected. The incoming and outgoing
currents are compared by the differential circuit.

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When there is an internal fault in the protected zone, the differential current
(Id) increases. When the differential current (Id) exceeds the picking level, the relay
operates.
In static differential relay circuit, an auxiliary CT (Wd) is connected in
operating current (Id) circuit and another auxiliary CT (Wh) is connected in
restraining circuit. The secondaries of these auxiliary CT’s are connected to rectifier
bridge comparator.
The output of operating auxiliary CT Wd is given to rectifier bridge A whose
output gives forward current to the tripping device Q.
The output of restraining auxiliary CT is given to rectifier bridge H, whose
output gives restraining current to the tripping Q. The tripping device receives the
forward current which is a differences of IA and IH.
I0=IA-IH
Where I0=operating current in forward direction in tripping device
IA=output of rectifier A in the forward direction
IH= output of rectifier A in the reverse direction
When I0 exceeds the pick-up value, the relay operates.

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Testing of static relays with respect to over voltage transients:-

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Electrical & Electronics Engineering – 15EE63B
Electrical & Electronics Engineering – 15EE63B
Two families of digital relays:-
There are two families of digital relays.
1. Hardwired digital relays incorporating A/D converters and Digital
processing circuits.
2. Programmable digital relays incorporating microprocessors or
minicomputers.

Electrical & Electronics Engineering – 15EE63B

List the advantages of microprocessor based Relays.
1.Reliability.
2. More accurate
3. Flexibility.
4. Low maintenance cost
5. Faster
6. Cheaper
7. Less space
Electrical & Electronics Engineering – 15EE63B