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COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

This study covers the different transnational crimes, its nature and effects as well as the
organization of the law enforcement set-up in the Philippines and its comparison of selected
police models and their relation with Interpol and UN bodies in the campaign against
transnational crimes and in the promotion of world peace.

Comparative
Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or
quality greater or less in extent than that of another.

Police = typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and
preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions are known as
policing. Police are often also entrusted with various licensing and regulatory activities. The
word comes via French word Policier, from Latin politia ("civil administration"), from ancient
Greek polis ("city"). Characteristics common to most police forces include a quasi-military
organization, a uniformed patrol and traffic-control force, plain clothes divisions for criminal
investigations, and a set of enforcement priorities that reflects the community’s way of life.
Administration may be centralized at the national level downward, or decentralized, with local
police forces largely autonomous. Recruits usually receive specialized training and take an exam.
The modern metropolitan police force began with Sir Robert Peel in Britain (1829).

Secret police = are often separate, covert organizations established by national governments to
maintain political and social orthodoxy, which typically operate with little or no control. The
study of comparative police system, criminal justice and law is a fairly new field and has
corresponded with rising interest in a more established field, comparative criminology.

System = Combination of parts in a whole; orderly arrangement according to some common

law; collection of rules and principles in science or art; method of transacting business Webster).

Comparative Police System

Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in
order to discover insights in the field of international policing.

Objectives of Study: To test whether the theory and practice in policing needs modernization to
meet the demands of the present trends in crime fighting.

Two (2) Methods of Comparative Research

1. Safari Method = wherein a researcher visits another country; and

2. Collaborative Method =the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher.

Globalization
It is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the
global economy. It refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world. It

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involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely by
advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure.

Culture = Globalization means a decrease in the cultural diversity that used to exist in the world
earlier. You can find people in several countries dressing up like Westerners. Food is another
good example. Young people especially are eating more of American or Chinese foods then their
own cultural dishes. The way people speak is also changing. For example teenagers in the
Middle East are much influenced by the way the black Americans speak. They think its “cool”.

Legislation = There has been an increase in the establishment of International courts of justice
where someone accused could be dealt with in any part of the world. Interpol is another
example of International law enforcement agency.

Language = With increased globalization, people tend to forget their mother tongue and use
English instead as there is an idea that it makes them superior in some way. This might also help
them in job searches etc.

Information = With the wide use of Internet and other kinds of information technology, it has
become much easier and faster to share information worldwide. Live TV channels are another
good example of quick information sharing.

Finance = Globalization has made it easier to raise finance through individuals and firms outside
the country. The International Monetary Fund is a good example of an International Institute
which lends money to countries in need for finance.

Politics = Powerful countries and individuals nowadays have political control over the whole
world, not only their country. The United States is an example of a country that influences the
whole of the world politics. It is believed that globalization is a positive development generating
more trade and hence welfare of the whole world. Nevertheless it also has some significant
disadvantages which should not be forgotten.

These include:
- Increasing trends in migration of labor to developing countries as large firms
shift their production to developing countries.
- Some powerful people and countries control the whole world
- Loss of jobs in countries that cannot compete with larger firms
- Increased dependency on each other. The recent financial crisis is a good
example of that.

Negative Effects of Globalization

Opponents of globalization point out to its negative effects. Some of them are listed
below.

1. Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs. That means
less-jobs for their people. This has happened because manufacturing work is outsourced
to developing nations like China where the cost of manufacturing goods and wages are
lower. Programmers, editors, scientists and accountants have lost their jobs due to
outsourcing to cheaper locations like India.

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2. Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to
work in inhumane conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce cheap goods.

3. Job insecurity =Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in constant
dread of losing their jobs to competition. Increased job competition has led to reduction
in wages and consequently lower standards of living.

4. Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict

damage. Terrorists use the Internet for communicating among themselves.
5. Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of
pollution.
6. Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world. People
are consuming more junk food from these joints which has an adverse impact on their
health.
7. The benefits of globalization are not universal. The rich are getting richer and the poor
are becoming poorer.
8. Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and the
Internet.
9. Enemy nations can spread propaganda through the Internet.
10. Deadly diseases like HIV/AIDS are being spread by travelers to the remotest corners of
the globe.
11. Local industries are being taken over by foreign multinationals.
12. The increase in prices has reduced the government’s ability to sustain social welfare
schemes in developed countries.
13. There is increase in human trafficking. Multi-National Companies and corporations
which were previously restricted to commercial activities are increasingly influencing
political decisions.

Positive Aspect of Globalization

Globalization has a positive side as well. Supporters of globalization argue that it is good and
beneficial. Some of their arguments are listed below:

1. Globalization has created the concept of outsourcing. Work such as software

development, customer support, marketing, accounting and insurance is outsourced to
developing countries like India. The company that outsourced the work enjoys the
benefit of lower costs because the wages in developing countries is far lower than that
of developed countries. The workers in the developing countries get employment.
Developing countries get access to the latest technology.
2. Increased competition forces companies to lower prices. This benefits the end
consumers.
3. Increased media coverage draws the attention of the world to human right violations.
This leads to improvement in human rights.

The Future = Globalization is a tool that should benefit all sections of mankind. One cannot
ignore its negative effects. These must be addressed for the world’s peace and prosperity.
Impact of globalization and new technologies on drug-related crime and Criminal organizations

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Cyber Crime = it covers many types of activities but essentially can be used to describe
violations of law that are committed and/or facilitated through the use of electronic media. In
comparison with ordinary crime, cyber crime requires few resources relative to the damage that
can be caused, it can be committed in a jurisdiction without the offender being physically
present in it and, in many countries, offences are inadequately defined or not defined at all;
hence, personal risk and the likelihood of detection are low.

Impact on Drug-Related Organized Crime

Organized crime has its own operative code, which flouts the rule of law and depends
upon violence for its enforcement. It has, however, adopted some of the business practices that
characterize the legitimate economy. Organized criminality has become more transnational and
has been restructured and decentralized; in other words, it too has globalized. The pyramid-
shaped structure of the single organized criminal group has tended to make way for fluid
networks of cell-type structures in which national identity is subordinate to function or skill,
although nationality itself can be a function if it opens the door to a new market or permits the
penetration or corruption of a particular institution. Transnational criminals do not respect
borders in that, in carrying out their activities, they trail their activities across several
jurisdictions to minimize law enforcement risks and maximize profit; thus, no single State can
presume that a particular criminal activity falls entirely under its jurisdiction. The network is the
organizational form that characterizes globalization in both the licit and illicit sphere. For a drug
trafficking organization, the network structure has distinct advantages over the traditional
hierarchy: it has a well-protected, dense core of organizations or people connected to a looser
border by a multiplicity of links, which makes it more capable of evading law enforcement
efforts.
Drug trafficking groups utilize new technologies in two (2) distinct ways:

a. To improve the efficiency of product delivery and distribution through the

medium of secure, instant communications; and
b. To protect themselves and their illicit operations from investigation by drug law
enforcement agencies, sometimes using techniques of counter-attack.

New technologies enable drug trafficking groups to commit traditional crimes with new
methods—for example, to conceal information about the shipment of illicit drug consignments
by means of encrypted messages or to launder drug-related funds by electronic transfer—and to
commit new offences with new means, for example, by using information warfare or digital
attack against intelligence activities of drug law enforcement agencies. Drug traffickers use
computers and electronic pocket organizers for storing information (such as bank account
numbers, contact details of associates, databases of assets and financial activity, sales and other
business records, grid coordinates of clandestine landing strips and recipes for synthetic drug
manufacture) and for electronic mail (e-mail) and other correspondence. Surrogates receive
instructions by telephone, fax, pager or computer on where to deliver warehouse loads, whom
to contact for transportation services and where to send the profits. Greater protection derives
from the use of prepaid telephone cards, broadband radio frequencies, restricted-access
Internet chat rooms, encryption, satellite telephony and “cloned” cellular telephones (so called
when the identity codes assigned to legitimate customers are intercepted and programmed into
cellular telephones used by criminals).Members of drug trafficking organizations can program
their computers to detect attempted intrusion and to use “back-hacking” techniques in order to

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damage the investigating source. Such techniques are of particular value to the organizers of
drug trafficking activities, who rarely need to leave the protection of their home base in order to
organize or supervise their operations. Narcotics police in the Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region of China report that detecting the laundering of drug-related funds has become more
difficult with the advance of electronic commerce and Internet banking facilities. Drug traffickers
communicate with each other mainly by using mobile telephones with prepaid cards that can be
bought anonymously. China has also reported a case in which criminals tried to avoid detection
by penetrating the customs database to alter the details and status of a commercial freight
consignment, a case that undoubtedly has implications for drug trafficking. In Australia, drug
traffickers use a facility offered to all clients by worldwide courier services to track their
shipments on the company’s web site. A delay may indicate to the traffickers that a controlled
delivery operation has been set in motion. Drug law enforcement authorities involved in such
operations must therefore act within an extremely narrow time limit in order to avoid suspicion.
The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) of the Organization of American
States (OAS) noted in its Hemispheric Report 1999-20 10 that the Internet had become the most
widely used medium for expanding the production of synthetic drugs in some countries and that
globalization, instant communication and electronic fund transfers had been utilized by
organized criminal groups to improve the efficiency of drug trafficking activities. Drug law
enforcement authorities in the Czech Republic report that nowadays illicit drug sales and
purchases are agreed online at Internet cafes or through the use of cellular telephones. Because
illicit drug deals are arranged instantaneously and over short distances, interception by drug law
enforcement authorities is much more difficult. Since 1996, companies based in the Netherlands
have been using the Internet to sell cannabis seeds and derivatives. According to the
International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), at the beginning of the year 2000
authorities in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland identified over 1,000
websites worldwide offering to sell illicit drugs, mostly cannabis but also
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy), cocaine and heroin,
in direct violation of the international drug control treaties. The Netherlands and Switzerland
had the highest number of such web sites. Law enforcement agencies in the United States of
America attribute the rapid increase in seizures of laboratories used for the illicit manufacture of
methamphetamine to the evolution of technology and the increased use of the Internet. In the
past, drug recipes were closely guarded secrets but, with modern computer technology and
chemists’ increasing willingness to share their knowledge, this information is now available to
anyone with computer access. It does not require a college-educated chemist to produce
amphetamine. Less than10% of suspects arrested for illicitly manufacturing methamphetamine
are trained chemists, a fact that explains the many fires, explosions and injuries in clandestine
laboratories. A drug investigation carried out jointly by Colombian and United States authorities
led to the arrest of 31 drug traffickers in October 1999. It was found that the traffickers had kept
in touch with each other by using Internet chat rooms protected by firewalls to make them
impenetrable. The details of each day’s trafficking activities had been fed into a computer
located on a ship off the coast of Mexico, ensuring that even if other computers had been
penetrated it would have been impossible to bring down the whole network. The same group
had used encryption that law enforcement authorities had been unable to break in time to act
on the information. Those methods, in addition to “cloned” cellular telephones, had enabled the
traffickers to move hundreds of tons of cocaine during a period of several years before being
detected. Colombian and Mexican drug association have used sophisticated equipment for the
surveillance of investigating officers and interception of their communications, collecting
photographs of the officer’s and other personal information.

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This has also occurred in Europe. In 1995, a drug trafficking group in the Netherlands
hired computer specialists to carry out hacking operations and to encrypt their communications.
Encryption software installed on palmtop computers enabled the traffickers to create a secure
database on unmarked police and intelligence vehicles. A laptop computer and disks belonging
to the investigating authorities were stolen and the resultant information was used to intercept
communications between police officers, who were subsequently observed and threatened.

The Effects of Globalization on Human Rights

Human rights and globalization are profoundly, though not always positively, linked.
When countries export labor or increase international co-operation, human rights are
sometimes trampled. Subsequently, many of the effects of human rights on globalization are
reactions to the exploitation of people. Would globalization enhance the implementation of
human rights as stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, particularly the covenant
on civil and political rights and the covenant on economic, social and cultural rights? Attempting
an answer to this question is not an easy task, mainly because of the different and contradictory
connotations of the term globalization. If globalization is conceived as turning the whole world
into one global village in which all peoples are increasingly interconnected and all the fences or
barriers are removed, so that the world witnesses anew state of fast and free flow of people ,
capital , goods and ideas then the world would be witnessing unprecedented enjoyment of
human rights every where because globalization is bringing prosperity to all the corners of the
globe together with the spread of the highly cherished values of democracy , freedom and
justice .On the other hand if globalization is conceived as turning the world into a global market
for goods and services dominated and steered by the powerful gigantic transnational
corporations and governed by the rule of profit then all the human rights of the people in the
world, particularly in the south would be seriously threatened. Literature on globalization, in
general, by both the so called advocates and opponents of globalization is abundant. However
the critics of globalization lay much more emphasis on its impact on human rights, particularly of
the poor people and of the developing countries. Their analysis and conclusions are usually
supported by facts and figures drawn from international reports and statistics to prove that
human rights have been adversely affected by globalization. They usually relate one or the other
aspect of human rights to one or the other aspect of globalization, such as relating poverty in
developing countries to debt or relating unemployment to privatization, or relating health
deterioration to the monopoly of medicine patents, or they enumerate the aspects of
deteriorations in human rights, such as impoverishment and lowering standards of living,
increasing inequality discrimination , deprivation of satisfaction of basic needs such as food
clean water and housing , illiteracy, etc and explain these facts by globalization in general
through making comparisons between the state before globalization ( usually before the 1990s )
and after it , such as stating that “ progress in reducing infant mortality was considerably slower
during the period of globalization (1990-1998) than over the previous two decades. The
advocates of globalization do not deny the fact that in some regions basic human rights are not
respected during the past decade but they explain this by the resistance of some countries and
peoples to globalization and they claim that globalization must have winners and losers. The
loser’s resistance to globalization is attributed to their state of stagnation and rigidity or to their
traditional culture or even to the nature of their religions which is anti democratic and anti
modernization. So both advocates and critics of globalization agree on the fact that human
rights are in some way or the other adversely affected by globalization particularly in the south ,
but they differ in their explanation of this fact and hence in their prescription for the remedies .

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While the advocates prescribe more absorption of peoples and countries in the global system,
the critics of globalization prescribe opposition and resistance of the hegemony of the
transnational corporations and the injustice inherent in the globalization process.

The International Police Organization (INTERPOL), 1923

It is the world’s largest international police organization, with 188 member countries. It
facilitates cross-border police co-operation, and supports and assists all organizations,
authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.

INTERPOL 188 Member Countries

1. Afghanistan 37. China

2. Albania 38. Colombia
3. Algeria 39. Comoros
4. Andorra 40. Congo
5. Angola 41. Congo (Democratic Rep.)
6. Antigua & Barbuda 42. Costa Rica
7. Argentina 43. Côte d'Ivoire
8. Armenia 44. Croatia
9. Aruba 45. Cuba
10. Australia 46. Cyprus
11. Austria 47. Czech Republic
12. Azerbaijan 48. Denmark
13. Bahamas 49. Djibouti
14. Bahrain 50. Dominica
15. Bangladesh 51. Dominican Republic
16. Barbados 52. Ecuador
17. Belarus 53. Egypt
18. Belgium 54. El Salvador
19. Belize 55. Equatorial Guinea
20. Benin 56. Eritrea
21. Bhutan 57. Estonia
22. Bolivia 58. Ethiopia
23. Bosnia and Herzegovina 59. Fiji
24. Botswana 60. Finland
25. Brazil 61. Former Yugoslav Republic of
26. Brunei Macedonia Gabon
27. Bulgaria 62. Gambia
28. Burkina – Faso 63. Georgia
29. Burundi 64. Germany
30. Cambodia 65. Ghana
31. Cameroon 66. Greece
32. Canada 67. Grenada
33. Cape Verde 68. Guatemala
34. Central African Republic 69. Guinea
35. Chad 70. Guinea Bissau
36. Chile 71. Guyana

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72. France 120. Nepal

73. Haiti 121. Netherlands
74. Honduras 122. Netherlands Antilles
75. Hungary 123. New Zealand
76. Iceland 124. Nicaragua
77. India 125. Niger
78. Indonesia 126. Nigeria
79. Iran 127. Norway
80. Iraq 128. Oman
81. Ireland 129. Pakistan
82. Israel 130. Panama
83. Italy 131. Papua New Guinea
84. Jamaica 132. Paraguay
85. Japan 133. Peru
86. Jordan 134. Philippines
87. Kazakhstan 135. Poland
88. Kenya 136. Portugal
89. Korea (Rep. of) 137. Qatar Romania
90. Kuwait 138. Russia
91. Kyrgyzstan 139. Rwanda St Kitts & Nevis
92. Laos 140. St Lucia
93. Latvia 141. St Vincent & the
94. Lebanon Grenadines
95. Lesotho 142. Samoa
96. Liberia 143. San Marino
97. Libya 144. Sao Tome &Principe
98. Liechtenstein 145. Saudi Arabia
99. Lithuania 146. Senegal
100. Luxembourg 147. Serbia
101. Madagascar 148. Seychelles
102. Malawi 149. Sierra Leone
103. Malaysia 150. Singapore
104. Maldives 151. Slovakia
105. Mali 152. Slovenia
106. Malta 153. Somalia
107. Marshall Islands 154. South Africa
108. Mauritania 155. Spain
109. Mauritius 156. Sri Lanka
110. Mexico 157. Sudan
111. Moldova 158. Suriname
112. Monaco 159. Swaziland
113. Mongolia 160. Sweden
114. Montenegro 161. Switzerland
115. Morocco 162. Syria
116. Mozambique 163. Tajikistan
117. Myanmar 164. Tanzania
118. Namibia 165. Thailand
119. Nauru 166. Timor - Leste

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167. Togo 177. United States

168. Tonga 178. Uruguay
169. Trinidad & Tobago 179. Uzbekistan
170. Tunisia 180. Vatican City State
171. Turkey 181. Venezuela
172. Turkmenistan 182. Vietnam
173. Uganda 183. Yemen
174. Ukraine 184. Zambia
175. United Arab Emirates 185. Zimbabwe
176. United Kingdom

SubBureaus

UnitedKingdom:
Bermuda
Gibraltar
Cayman Islands
Anguilla
Montserrat
British Virgin Islands
Turks and Caicos

UnitedStates: Puerto Rico

American Samoa China:
Hong Kong, Macao

INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where diplomatic relations do
not exist between particular countries. Action is taken within the limits of existing laws in
different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Interpol’s
constitution prohibits ‘any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial
character.’

Operational data services and databases for police

Member countries have direct and immediate access to a wide range of databases
including information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen or lost travel
documents. INTERPOL also disseminates critical crime-related data through a system of
international notices.

Operational police support services

INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the field with emergency support and
operational activities, especially in its priority crime areas. A Command and Co-ordination
Centre operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week and can deploy an Incident Response Team
to the scene of a serious crime or disaster.

Police training and development

INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing the
capacity of member countries to effectively combat transnational crime and terrorism. This

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includes sharing knowledge, skills and best practices in policing and establishing global
standards.

Interpol’s Leadership and Governance

The President of INTERPOL and the Secretary General work closely together in providing
strong leadership and direction to the Organization.

Interpol’s Structure

As defined in Article 5 of its Constitution, INTERPOL (whose correct full name is 'The
International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL’) comprises the following:

1. General Assembly = Compose of delegates appointed by the governments of Member

Countries. As Interpol’s supreme governing body, it meets once a year and takes all the

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major decisions affecting general policy, the resources needed for international co-
operation, working methods, finances and program of activities. It also elects the
Organization's Executive Committee. Generally speaking, the Assembly takes decisions
by a simple majority in the form of resolutions. Each Member State represented has one
vote.

2. Executive Committee = The Executive Committees Interpol’s select deliberative organ

which meets three times a year, usually in March, July and immediately before the
General Assembly. Its role, in accordance with Article 22of the Constitution, is to:
- supervise the execution of the decisions of the General Assembly
- prepare the agenda for sessions of the General Assembly
- submit to the General Assembly any program of work or project which it considers
useful
- Supervise the administration and work of the Secretary General. In accordance with
Article 15of the Constitution, the Executive Committee has 13 members comprising the
president of the organization, 3 vice-presidents and 9 delegates. These members are elected by
the General Assembly and should belong to different countries; in addition, the president and
the 3 vice-presidents must come from different regions. The president is elected for 4 years, and
vice-presidents for 3. They are not immediately eligible for re-election either to the same posts,
or as delegates to the Executive Committee. Voting is by secret ballot. A two-thirds majority is
required for the election of the president. If this majority is not obtained after the second ballot,
a simple majority is then sufficient. Vice-Presidents and delegates are elected on a simple
majority. Each member state has one vote; those member states attending the General
Assembly are eligible to take part in the election, providing they are not preventedfrom doing so
under Article 52of the General Regulations.

Composition of the Executive Committee

a. President
b. Vice Presidents
c. Delegates

Note: Jolly R. Bugarin = The former Filipino President of INTERPOL in 1980 – 1984.
The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the organization’s
Governance.

3. General Secretariat = Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24

hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from more
than 80 countries work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four official languages:
Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The Secretariat has seven (7) regional offices across
the world:

a. Argentina;
b. Cameroon;
c. Côte d’Ivoire’;
d. El Salvador;
e. Kenya;
f. Thailand; and

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g. Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives at the United Nations in New

York and at the European Union in Brussels.

The Secretary General of the Organization is appointed by the General Assembly for a
period of five (5) years. He may be re-elected. The Secretary General is effectively the
Organization’s chief full-time official. He is responsible for seeing that the day-to-day work of
international police co-operation is carried out, and the implementation of the decisions of the
General Assembly and Executive Committee.

4. National Central Bureaus (NCB) = Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National
Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated
contact point for the General Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries
requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of
fugitives.

5. Advisers = these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the
Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

6. Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files (CCF) = this is an independent body
whose mandate is threefold:
a. to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies
with the Organization’s regulations;
b. to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter
involving the processing of personal information; and
c. to process requests concerning the information contained in Interpol’s files.

Interpol’s distinctive signs

The official abbreviations

O.I.P.C = Organization internationale de police criminelle

I.C.P.O = International Criminal Police Organization
The official name is ICPO-INTERPOL= the word 'INTERPOL' is a contraction of
'international police', and was chosen in 1946 as the telegraphic address. In 1956, the
International Criminal Police Commission changed its name to become the International
Criminal Police Organization - INTERPOL.

The Emblem
in use since 1950, comprises the following elements:

a. The GLOBE represents the worldwide activities of the INTERPOL;

b. The olive branches in either sides of the globe symbolize PEACE;
c. the name 'INTERPOL' below the globe in the center of the olive branches;
d. The Vertical Sword behind the globe, representing police action;
e. The Scales below the olive branches symbolize JUSTICE;

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The flag = has been in use since 1950, it has a light-blue background; the emblem is in the
center; the four (4) lightning flashes arranged symmetrically around the emblem represent
telecommunications and speed in police action.

Background to the organization's distinctive signs

a. At the 1947 General Assembly session in Paris, it was recommended that all member
states adopt the name 'INTERPOL' as the telegraphic address (Resolution
AGN/16/RES/12);
b. At the 1949 General Assembly session in Berne, the organization (then known as the
International Criminal Police Commission) adopted the INTERPOL emblem and flag
c. At the 1956 General Assembly session in Vienna, the name 'International Criminal Police
Organization' was adopted
d. At the 1958 General Assembly session in London, member states were asked to
takemeasures to protect the word 'INTERPOL' (AGN/27/RES/1)
e. At its 1961 session in Copenhagen, the General Assembly recommended that members
take further measures to protect the name 'ICPO-INTERPOL' from unauthorized use
(AGN/30/RES/6)
f. At the 1972 General Assembly session in Frankfurt, Indonesia proposed that Interpol’s
emblem be modified so that all regions would be represented.
g. At the 1973 General Assembly session in Vienna, the emblem was modified, and now
depicts all the regions of the world.

Protection of the distinctive signs

As an international organization, Interpol’s distinctive signs are protected by the 1883

Paris Convention. Under the terms of Article 6 of this Convention, which has been ratified by the
majority of Interpol’s member states, the signatory countries have agreed to refuse to register
as trademarks and ban the use of coats of arms, flags, emblems, initials and names of states and
intergovernmental organizations. The organization's emblem and the name 'INTERPOL' have, in
addition, been registered as European Community and US trademarks.

Authorization to use Interpol’s distinctive signs

In exceptional cases, the organization may authorize a third party to use its distinctive
signs. Authorization can only be given by Interpol’s Secretary General. In any event,
authorization to use the organization's distinctive signs is limited:

a. authorization is given for a specific, identified project;

b. the duration of the authorization is specified;
c. authorization does not confer any exclusive rights;
d. The authorization specifies that the organization's signs may not be modified or
adapted. Where appropriate, the media (documents, films, etc.) must be submitted
to the organization for approval before publication. The organization may
automatically revoke the entitlement to use its distinctive signs if it transpires that
the project for which the organization has given its agreement is likely to prejudice
its reputation or image.

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The Interpol National Central Bureau – Manila, Philippines

Director General Philippine National Police ----------- Chairman

Director, National Bureau of Investigation ------------ Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Customs ------------------- -- Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue ---------- Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration ----------------- Member
Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ------------------ Member
Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board ------------ Member
Commissioner, EIIB ------------------------------------------ Member

The first four (4) were designated by the President, and the last four (4) were
unanimously chosen by members of the National Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee
(NALECC) as authorized by the President thru NALECC Resolution 93-10 dated21 July 1993.

Transnational Organized Crime

It is a crime perpetuated by organized criminal groups with the aim of committing one
or more serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other
material benefit. In order to be considered as transnational, a crime must involve the crossing of
borders or jurisdictions.

Criminal Organizations

Definitions of what constitutes organized crime vary widely from country to country.
Organized groups are typically involved in many different types of criminal activity spanning
several countries. These activities may include trafficking in humans, weapons and drugs, armed
robbery, counterfeiting and money laundering. Interpol acts as a central repository for
professional and technical expertise on transnational organized crime and as a clearinghouse for
the collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of information relating to organized crime
and criminal organizations. It also monitors the organized crime situation on a global basis and
co-ordinates international investigations. Interpol’s mission in this regard is to enhance co-
operation among member countries and stimulate the exchange of information between all
national and international enforcement bodies concerned with countering organized crime
groups and related corruption.

Transnational Crimes Examples:

a. Pharmaceutical crime;
b. Trafficking in Persons;
c. Environmental Crime;
d. Economic Crime;
e. Cyber Crimes;
f. Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships;
g. Intellectual Property Theft;
h. Cultural Property Theft;
i. Illegal Trafficking of Small Arms;
j. Money Laundering;
k. Terrorism;

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l. Drug trafficking.

Pharmaceutical Crimes

Counterfeit medical products and illicit medicines represent a global public health crisis.
They range from inactive, useless preparations to harmful, toxic substances, and are often
indistinguishable from the genuine product. They pose a major risk to public health and are
becoming increasingly prevalent in all parts of the world. High costs of legitimate drugs and
inadequate controls mean that patients turn increasingly (knowingly or otherwise) to
counterfeit drugs. At best, these substandard drugs are likely to be less effective, but they can
also be harmful, even life-threatening. Fake anti-malarial drugs are believed to be contributory
factor in a significant number of tragedies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Also increasingly available are
counterfeited treatments for life threatening diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.

The dangers of counterfeit medical products

Counterfeit products are harmful and can even be fatal. Fake medicines range from
useless to highly dangerous. They often contain the wrong level of active ingredient – too little,
too much or none at all – or an active ingredient intended for a different purpose. In some
cases, fake medicines have been found to contain highly toxic substances such as rat poison. In
all these scenarios, the person taking the counterfeit medicine is putting their health, even their
life, at risk. One can easily be deceived by counterfeit medicines: they are often packaged to a
high standard with fake pills that look identical to the genuine ones. Sometimes a laboratory
test is the only way to identify the difference.

The Extent of the Problem

Counterfeit medicine is now a truly global phenomenon, and all countries of the world
are affected as source, transit or destination points. The World Health Organization (WHO)
estimates that up to 1% of medicines available in the developed world are likely to be
counterfeit. This figure rises to 10% globally, but in some areas of Asia, Africa and Latin America
counterfeit goods can form up to 30% of the market.

Counterfeiting applies not only to 'lifestyle' medicines, including erectile dysfunction and
weight loss medicines, but also to 'lifesaving medicines' including those used to treat cancer,
heart disease and other serious illnesses. And it's not just medicines. Fake medical devices also
pose a risk. The term 'medical device' covers a wide range of healthcare products from contact
lenses to condoms; syringes to surgical instruments; and wheelchairs to radiotherapy machines.

Risks of buying medicines over the Internet

More and more people are buying medicines and medical devices over the Internet,
through online pharmacies and auction sites. Unfortunately, a large number of these Internet
sites are unauthorized, unregulated and trade in illicit or sub-standard products. If an online
supplier conceals its physical address, this is a warning sign that their products could be
dangerous – the WHO estimates that 50% of medicines available from such websites are
counterfeit. In particular, buying prescription-only medicines from unauthorized or dubious
sources significantly increases the risk of getting substandard or fake products. It is important to

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consult a healthcare professional for prescription-only medicines and to obtain the medicines
from a regulated source. Buying medicines online may seem cheaper, quicker and more
convenient than going through your doctor and high street pharmacy, but the dangers outweigh
the benefits by far. Don't take the risk.

The Response

At INTERPOL, the Medical Product Counterfeiting and Pharmaceutical Crime (MPCPC)

Unit works to bring together different players – from police, customs, health regulatory
authorities, scientists, and the private sector – to tackle these crimes. Our network of 188
member countries allows us to connect stakeholders across the world, and carry out effective
training and operations in specific regions. We have also developed targeted enforcement
activities against counterfeit medical productsthrough our membership of the International
Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce (IMPACT), led by the World Health Organization.

SELECTED POLICE SYSTEMS

Canadian Police

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is the Canadian national police service and an
agency of the Ministry of Public Safety Canada. The RCMP is unique in the world since it is a
national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. We provide a total federal policing
service to all Canadians and policing services under contract to the three territories, eight (8)
provinces (except Ontario and Quebec), more than 190 municipalities, 184 Aboriginal
communities and three (3) international airports.

Japanese Police = please check this websitewww.npa.go.jp/english/index.htm

Chinese Police

Rank Insignia

Police Rank 4 警佐四階 One Star on One Horizontal Bar

Police Rank 3 警佐三階 Two Stars on One Horizontal Bar

Police Rank 2 警佐二階 Three Stars on One Horizontal Bar

Police Rank 1 警佐一階 Four Stars on One Horizontal Bar

Police Officer Rank 4 警正四階 (Inspector) (Sub-Lieutenant)

One Star on Two Horizontal Bars

Police Officer Rank 3 警正三階 (Senior inspector) (Captain)

Two Stars on Two Horizontal Bars

Police Officer Rank 2 警正二階 (Superintendent)

Three Stars on Two Horizontal Bars

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Police Officer Rank 1 警正一階 (Senior Superintendent)

Four Stars on Two Horizontal Bars

Police Supervisor Rank 4 警 監 四 階 (Superintendent General)

One Star on Three Horizontal Bars

Police Supervisor Rank 3 警監三階 Two Stars on Three Horizontal Bars

Police Supervisor Rank 2 警監二階 Three Stars on Three Horizontal Bars

Police Supervisor Rank 1 警監一階 Four Stars on Three Horizontal Bars

Police Supervisor Rank Supreme (Police General) 警監特階

Malaysian Police

The Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) = Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, PDRM
;) is a part of the security forces structure in Malaysia. The force is a centralized organization
with responsibilities ranging from traffic control to intelligence gathering. Its headquarters is
located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur. The police force is led by an Inspector-General of Police
(IGP). The post is held by Tan Sri Ismail Omar.

In carrying out its responsibilities, the regular RMP is also assisted by a support group
comprising of Extra Police Constables, Police Volunteer Reserves, Auxiliary Police, Police Cadets
and a civilian service element. Rakan Copis a community outreach programme launched in 9
August 2005. The RMP constantly co-operates closely with police forces worldwide, which
include those from the four neighboring countries Malaysia shares border with: Indonesian
National Police, Royal Brunei Police Force, Royal Thai Police and Singapore Police Force.

Police rank

A. Senior Officers

1. Gazetted Officers

a. Commissioners Inspector
i. General of Police(IGP);
ii. Deputy Inspector-General of Police (DIGP);
iii. Commissioner of Police(CP);
iv. Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP);
v. Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police I(SAC I);
vi. Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police II(SAC II);
vii. Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP).

b. Superintendents
i. Superintendent of Police (SP);
ii. Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP);

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iii. Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP).

2. Non-gazetted Officers
a. Inspectors
i. Chief Inspector (C/Insp);
ii. Inspector(Insp);
iii. Probationary Inspector (P/Insp).

B. Rank In File Officers

1. Subordinate Officers
a. Sub-Inspector (SI);
b. Sergeant Major (SM;
c. Sergeant(Sgt);
d. Corporal (Cpl);
e. Lance Corporal (L/Cpl);

Low rank of police officers apart from sub-inspectors wear their rank insignia on the
right sleeve of their uniforms. Sub-inspectors and higher ranks wear their rank insignia one
paulettes on both shoulders.

Indonesian Police

The Indonesian National Police (Indonesian: Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia) is

the official police force for Indonesia. It had formerly been a part of the Tentara Nasional
Indonesia since its independence from the Dutch. The police were formally separated from the
military in April 1999, a process which was formally completed in July 2000. With 150,000
personnel, the police form a much smaller portion of the population than in most nations. The
total number of national and local police in 2006 was approximately 470,000.
The strength of the Indonesian National Police stood at approximately 285,000 in 2004.
The national police force was formally separated as a branch of the armed forces and placed
under the Office of the President in 1999. It also includes 12,000 marine police and an estimated
40,000 People’s Security (Kamra) trainees who serve as a police auxiliary and report for three
weeks of basic training each year.
The Headquarter, known as Markas Besar/Mabes in Indonesian, is located in Kebayoran
Baru, South Jakarta, Indonesia.

RANKS
In the early years, the Polri used European police style ranks like inspector and
commissioner. When the police were included into the military structure during the 1960s, the
ranks changed to a military style such as Captain, Major and Colonel. In the year 2000, when the
Polri conducted the transition to a fully independent force out of the armed forces 2000, they
use British style police ranks like Inspector and Superintendent. The Polri have returned to
Dutch style ranks just like in the early years.

High ranking officers

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1. Police General or Jenderal Polisi (Jend. Pol.) = equivalent General in the army
2. Police Commissioner General or Komisaris Jenderal Polisi (Komjen Pol.) = equivalent
Lieutenant General
3. Police Inspector General or Inspektur Jenderal Polisi (Irjen Pol.)= equivalent Major
General
4. Police Brigadier General or Brigadir Jenderal Polisi (Brigjen Pol.) = equivalent Brigadier
General

Mid rank officers

1. Police Grand Commissioner or Komisaris Besar Polisi (Kombespol) = equivalent Colonel

2. Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant or Ajun Komisaris Besar Polisi (AKBP) = equivalent
Lieutenant Colonel
3. Police Commissioner or Komisaris Polisi (Kompol) = equivalent Major

Low rank officers

1. Police Commissioner Adjutant or Ajun Komisaris Polisi (AKP) = equivalent Captain

2. First Police Inspector or Inspektur Polisi Satu (Iptu) = equivalent First Lieutenant
3. Second Police Inspector or Inspektur Polisi Dua (Ipda) = equivalent Second Lieutenant

Warrant officers

1. First Police Inspector Adjutant or Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu (Aiptu) = equivalent Chief
Warrant Officer
2. Second Police Inspector Adjutant or Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua (Aipda) = equivalent
Warrant Officer

Non-commissioned officers

1. Chief Police Brigadier or Brigadir Polisi Kepala (Bripka) = equivalent Sergeant Major
2. Police Brigadier or Brigadir Polisi (Brigadir) = equivalent Chief Sergeant
3. First Police Brigadier or Brigadir Polisi Satu (Briptu) = equivalent First Sergeant
4. Second Police Brigadieror Brigadir Polisi Dua (Bripda) = equivalent Second Sergeant

Enlisted

1. Police Brigadier Adjutant or Ajun Brigadir Polisi (Abrip) = equivalent Chief Corporal
2. First Police Brigadier Adjutant or Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu (Abriptu) = equivalent First
Corporal
3. Second Police Brigadier Adjutant or Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua (Abripda) = equivalent
Second Corporal
4. Chief Bhayangkara or Bhayangkara Kepala (Bharaka) = equivalent Chief Private
5. First Bhayangkara or Bhayangkara Satu (Bharatu) = equivalent Private First Class
6. Second Bhayangkara or Bhayangkara Dua (Bharada) = equivalent Private

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Brunei Police

The Royal Brunei Police Force (Malay: Polis Diraja Brunei (PDRB)) was founded in 1921
with the passing of the Brunei Police Force Enactment. The police force is in charge of prisons,
fire services, the issuing of licenses, immigration, and keeping law and order in the streets. The
RBP has been a member of INTERPOL since 1984.

Singaporean Police
The Singapore Police Force (Abbreviation: SPF; Chinese: 新加坡警察部队; Malay:
Pasukan Polis Singapura; is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-
state. Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police (Abbreviation: RSP; Malay:
Polis Republik Singapura), it has grown from an 11-manorganization to a 38,587 strong force. It
enjoys a relatively positive public image, and is credited for helping to arrest Singapore’s civic
unrests and lawlessness in its early years, and maintaining the low crime rate today despite
having a smaller police-citizen ratio compared to other major cities. Singapore has been ranked
consistently in the top five (5) positions in the Global Competitiveness Report in terms of its
reliability of police services. The organization structure of the SPF is split between the staff and
line functions, roughly modeled after the military. There are currently 15 staff departments and
13 line units. The headquarters is located in a block at New Phoenix Parkin Novena, adjacent to
a twin block occupied by the Ministry of Home Affairs. RANK A standard rank structure is used
throughout the police force, although some ranks may be unique to specific organizations.
These ranks are denoted where applicable in the following list, which lists them in ascending
seniority:

Police officers
The rank of Corporal was abolished in 1972, but reinstated in 1976. In 1997, all ranks
were shifted from the sleeves to the epaulettes, except for the Gurkha Contingent. Also in the
same year, the Station Inspector rank was changed from collar pips to epaulettes with a new
design similar to that of the SAF Warrant Officers, and the rank of Senior Station Inspector was
introduced. In 1998, the Senior Station Inspector (2)rank was introduced, and changes were
made to the SI, SSI, and SSI(2) rank designs. The rank of Lance Corporal was abolished in 2002.
The 2006, the Gurkha Contingent adopted embroidered ranks as part of an overhaul of its
combat dress, but are worn on the right front pocket.

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Indian Police

Ranks of Gazetted Officers

1. Director Intelligence Bureau (post held by senior most Indian Police Service officer; not a
rank;
2. Commissioner of Police (State) or Director General of Police;
3. Special Commissioner of Police or Additional Director General of Police;
4. Joint Commissioner of Police or Inspector General of Police;
5. Additional Commissioner of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police;
6. Deputy Commissioner of Police or Senior Superintendent of Police;
7. Deputy Commissioner of Police or Superintendent of Police;
8. Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police or Additional Superintendent of Police
9. Assistant Commissioner of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police;
10. Assistant Superintendent of Police (IPS Probationary Rank: 2 years of service);
11. Assistant Superintendent of Police (IPS Probationary Rank: 1 year of service).

Ranks of Non-Gazetted Officers

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1. Inspector of Police;
2. Sub-Inspector of Police;
3. Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police;
4. Police Head Constable;
5. Senior Police Constable;
6. Police Constable.

Hong Kong Police

The Hong Kong Police Force (香港警務處, HKPF, alias Hong Kong Police, HKP) is the
largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the World’s second and
Asia’s first police agency to operate with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May
1844, with strength of 32 officers. Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong
Kong Police Force in 1969 for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots, renaming the Hong
Kong Police Force as the Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Following the Transfer of sovereignty
over Hong Kong, the Police Force now uses the current name. The Hong Kong Police Force has
been recognized for its professionalism, organization, attitude on law enforcement and prompt
response and efficiency, leading journalist Kevin Sinclair, Federal Bureau of Investigation and
INTERPOL have acknowledged that the Hong Kong Police Force as "Asia's Finest". And in having
set up the foundation for the social stability of Hong Kong, and has won a good reputation as
one of the safest cities in the World. In 2008, a rating investigation of Asian police departments
voted by the Political and Economic Risk Consultancy Agency, result in the Hong Kong Police
Force have been rated the excellence of Asian police departments. The rating awarders
commented that the Hong Kong Police Force are respectable and outstanding in their
performance of upholding the law and maintaining public orders, keeping the Hong Kong people
living and working in peace and contentment. Furthermore, a quantitative research derived
from the United States of America and United Kingdom with its statistical outcome, aims for the
World's police forces' overall quality, including local public security, case cracking rate,
incorruptibility, professionalism and language proficiency, etc. The result is the Hong Kong Police
Force has been rated in the top of Asia, also as one of the best of the World. The current
Commissioner of Police is Tang King Shing, including the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force and
civil servants, leading a force of about 40,000 personnel, which makes Hong Kong the second
greatest citizen-officer ratio society in the world.

In addition, the Marine Region with about 3,000 officers and a fleet of 143 is the largest
of any civil police force. RANKS The HKPF continues to use similar ranks and insignia to those
used in British police forces. Until 1997, the St Edward's Crown was used in the insignia, when it
was replaced with the Bauhinia flower crest of the Hong Kong government. The crest of the
force was modified in 1997:

1. Commissioner of Police (CP);

2. Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP);
3. Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police(SACP);
4. Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP);
5. Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP);
6. Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP);
7. Superintendent of Police (SP);

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8. Chief Inspector of Police (CIP) (insignia of a Captain);

9. Senior Inspector of Police (SIP);
10. Inspector of Police (IP);
11. Probationary Inspector of Police(PI);
12. Station Sergeant (SSGT);
13. ergeant(SGT);
14. Senior Constable(SPC);
15. Police Constable(PC).

English Police ( United Kingdom)

The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is the territorial police force responsible for
policing Greater London, excluding the "square mile" of the City of London which is the
responsibility of the City of London Police. The MPS also has significant national responsibilities
such as coordinating and leading on counter-terrorism matters and protection of the Royal
Family of the United Kingdom and senior figures of HM Government. At the end of February
2010, the MPS employed 52,111 personnel. This includes sworn 33,258police officers and
4,226Special Constables, 14,332 civilian police staff, and 4,520 non-sworn Police Community
Support Officers. This makes it the largest police force within the United Kingdom by a
significant margin. The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, known commonly as
Commissioner, is the overall operational leader of the force, responsible and accountable to the
Metropolitan Police Authority. The post of Commissioner was first held jointly by Sir Charles
Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. The Commissioner since 27 January 2009 is Sir Paul Stephenson,
QPM who had previously been the Acting Commissioner since 1 December 2008.A number of
informal names and abbreviations exists for the Metropolitan Police Service, such as "the
Met","Met Pol", "MP" and "the MPS". Instatute sit is referred to in the lower case as the
"metropolitan police force" or the “metropolitan police", without the appendage "service". The
MPS is also referred to as Scotland Yard after the locationof its original headquarters buildings in
and around Great Scotland Yard, Whitehall. The current headquarters of the MPS is New
Scotland Yard

RANKS

The Metropolitan Police uses the standard UK police ranks, indicated by shoulder
boards, up to Chief Superintendent, but it has five ranks above that level instead of the standard
three. The Metropolitan Police approved the use of name badges in October 2003, with new
recruits wearing the Velcro badges from September 2004. The badge consists of the wearer’s
rank, followed by their surname. Following controversy over alleged assaults by uniformed
officers with concealed shoulder identification numbers during theG20 summit, Metropolitan
Police Commissioner Sir Paul Stephenson stated that "The public has aright to be able to identify
any uniformed officer whilst performing their duty" by their shoulder identification numbers.

1. Police Constable(PC) (Divisional call sign and shoulder number);

2. Sergeant(Sgt or PS) (three point down chevrons above divisional call sign and Shoulder
Number) – an "acting" Sergeant, i.e. a substantive constable being paid an allowance to
undertake the duties of a sergeant for a short period of time, displays two point down
chevrons above divisional call sign, and Shoulder Number. The use of the three chevrons

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by an acting Sergeant is technically incorrect, and should only be used during a period of
temporary promotion.
3. Inspector(Insp) (two Order of the Bath stars, informally known as "pips"))

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NOTES ON COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEMS
(A Reviewer for Law Enforcement Administration)
Compiled and Edited By:
Dr. Rommel K. Manwong
Registered Criminologist
For the 2011 Review SeasonUploaded material for
www.rkmfiles.net
With contributions from:
Mr. Aldrin Farinas
Registered Criminologist
Mr. Nicholas Caballero
Registered Criminologist

Course Description under CHED Memo 21 S 2005

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