SHUNT CONNECTED FACTS

DEVICES AND POWER SYSTEM

STABILITY

Dr. A. H. A-Rahim
 OUTLINE

„ Power System Operating Problems

„ Power System Stability
„ FACTS Devices
„ Shunt Connected Devices
„ Stability Improvements with Shunt Devices
„ Simulation Results with SVC/STATCOM
Operating Requirements of A Power
System
9 Synchronous generator must
remain in synchronism

9 Voltage must kept closer to their

rated values
 Power System Operating States
„ Electric power systems are designed to operate at
some nominal voltage and frequency.
„ Under normal conditions generated power
balances the load and losses. There is no violation
of equipment limits.
„ However, a major disturbance may result in
multiple cascading failures thus subjecting the
components to severe stresses.
„ This may sometimes lead the system to total
collapse termed ‘blackouts’. Power system
operation may be classified into one of the
following five possible states.
Chart Showing Transition of Operating States

NORMAL
Secure

RESTORATIVE ALERT
(PREVENTIVE) Insecure

IN EXTREMIS EMERGENCY
(CORRECTIVE) A-secure

System not intact System intact

 The Operating States

™NORMAL STATE: All variables are within normal

range, no equipment overload. The system is secure and
can withstand a contingency without violating constraints

™ ALERT STATE: Security level falls below a certain

level of adequacy. All variables are within acceptable
range. However, the system has been weakened to a level
where a contingency may cause trouble.

™EMERGENCY STATE: If a sufficiently severe

disturbance occurs when the system is in alert state then it
enters emergency state. Voltages at some buses are low and
loading exceeded short term emergency ratings.
 Operating States.....
.... The system is still intact. It can be brought back to
alert or normal state by taking appropriate control
action.
™ IN EXTREMIS: If the controls are not applied or are
ineffective, the system is in extremis; the result is
cascading outages and possibly shut down of a major
part of the system . Actions like load shedding,
controlled system separation may save a widespread
blackout.
™ RESTORATIVE: Represents a condition in which
controlled action is being taken to reconnect all the
facilities and restore system load. The system transits
from this state to either alert state or normal state
depending on the system conditions.
 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

¾ The electric power system is a dynamic,

nonlinear system. The dynamics are due
to changes such as:

™ Load and generation changes

™ Switching, e.g. circuit breaker operations
™ Faults such as short circuits
™ Lightning surges, etc.
 DEFINITIONS
„ Stability
Stability refers to the ability of machines to return to
constant speed (frequency) after they are disturbed.

„ Steady State Stability

This involves slow or gradual changes in operation points.
Steady state stability is usually analyzed by load flow to
check phase angles and bus voltages.

„ Transient Stability
This involves large disturbances such as loss of a generator,
occurrence of a major fault. Period of interest is a few
seconds. Non-linear differential equations are employed.
 Definitions....

„ Dynamic or Small Signal Stability

Dynamic stability concerns the long-time
response of a power system to small
disturbances. Because of the small changes
the system can be described by linear
differential equations.
 TRANSIENT STABILITY

Transient stability improvement methods are

apparent from the swing equation

d 2δ dδ
M 2
+ D = Pm − Pe (1)
dt dt
Where,
EV
Pe ≈ sin δ (2)
x

The power output is seen from the next slide

AC Transmission Fundamentals
E2 / δ2
E1 / δ1 P&Q
I

X
E2 . sin(δ)
(E1 - E2 . cos(δ)
E1

E2 . cos(δ) E1 - E2
P1 = E1 . Ip1
E1 . sin (δ)
Ip1 = E2 sin(δ) / X

E1 . Cos (δ) E2

Iq1 = (E1 - E2 . cos(δ) / X (E2 - E1 . cos(δ)

Stability Improvement

The major methods of improving power

unbalance (stability) are:

9 Higher system voltage levels

9 Additional transmission lines
9 Smaller line reactance
9 Smaller transformer leakage reactance
 Stability Improvement....

Stability improvement is achieved through

control of the accelerating power. These
would include
„ High speed fault clearing
„ Excitation control (PSS)
„ Remote bus voltage support
„ Fast valving
„ Braking resistor
„ Control of X through series or shunt devices
Increased voltage increases decelerating area increasing the
stability margin. Same effect by reducing X
 FACTS Applications and Implementations
Transmission Transfer Capacity Enhancement

Steady State Dynamic

Issues Issues
Traditional Solutions
Transient Stability
Voltage Limits Breaking Advanced Solutions Damping Power Swings
Thermal Limits
Angular Stability Limits
Resistors Load Post-Contingency
Loop Flows Shedding FACTS Voltage Control
Voltage Stability
Fixed Energy Storage Subsynchronous Res.
Compensation

Line Enhanced
Transmission Power Transfer
Reconfiguration
Link and Stability
Better
Protection SVC
STATCOM
FACTS
Increased TCSC, SSSC
UPFC
Inertia Devices
Conventional and Modern FACTS Devices

FACTS Controllers

Conventional Thyristor switches Self-Commuitated static converters

as control elements as controlled voltage sources

SVC TCSC TCPAR STATCOM SSSC UPFC IPFC

 Traditional Method of Compensation

‰ Mechanically switched circuit elements

‰ Fixed elements

Disadvantages
‰ Slow
‰ Maintenance required
‰ Poor system utilization
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)

¾A collection of electric transmission power

flow and control technologies that have
extremely fast time response capabilities
¾Devices are based on very high-power solid
state electronic switches
¾Fast and continuous active control of the
transmission network
¾Allows for continental dispatch of
transmission capacity
¾Facilitates open access
 FACTS….

¾ Electronically controlled devices such as

SVC, HVDC links have been used in
transmission network for many years.
However, the concept of FACTS was
introduced by Hingorani (EPRI) in 1988.
FACTS….
 FACTS DEVICES…

„ Three parameters control transmission line flows

¾Line impedance
¾Magnitude of line end voltages
¾Phase of line end voltages

Conventional control methods are slow.

 Goals of FACTS
¾ Increased control capability of power flow
¾ Secure loading of TL near their
™ Steady State
™ Short Time and
™ Dynamic limits
¾ Reduced generation margins through enhanced secure
transmission interconnections.
¾ Contain cascading outages by limiting the multiple faults
¾ Increase system capacity , reliability
 Advantages of FACTS Technology

¾ Has Potential to control power flows

¾ Fast VAR Support
¾ Less Environmental Impact
¾ Costs less then alternatives
 FACTS Advantages….

One of the greatest advantage of FACTS is that

they improve system stability, therefore allowing
higher levels of power transfer over greater
distance; i.e., they improve utilization of the
transmission asset.
 Comparison of Traditional and Modern
FACTS Devices
„ Traditional control is „ FACTS Control is
mechanical electronic
o Component Switching o Current & voltage
o Switching in steps control
o Generation control o Smooth & continuous
All are slow and not FACTS are capable of
capable of frequent very rapid and
operation (without high continuous operation
O&M)
 Some Utility Implementations
9 TCSC “ Line Impedance Controller”: 208 MVAR
at Slatt Substation
9 STATOCM “ Voltage Controller”, + 100 MVAR
at Sullivan Substation (TVA)
9 UFPC “ All Transmission Parameters Controller”:
+ 160 MVA Shunt and + 160 MVA Series as Inez
Substation
9 Convertible Static Compensator” Flexible Multi-
functional Compensator” : 200 MVA at Marcy
Substation
 Benefits from Some FACTS
Installations
Transmission line in Southwestern US :
9 Boost power flow from 300 MW to 400 MW
(33%)
Ties between southern US and Florida:
9 Boost power flow from 3400 MW to 4100 MW
(21%)
Ties between upstate New York and New York
9 Boost power flow from 2600 MW to 3200 MW
(23%)
CLASSIFICATIONS OF FACTS CONTROLLERS

„ FACTS CONTROLLERS CAN BE DIVIDED

INTO 4 CATEGORIES:
™SERIES CONTROLLERS
™SHUNT CONTROLLERS
™COMBINED SERIES -SERIES
CONTROLLERS
™COMBINED SHUNT-SERIES
CONTORLLERS
 FACTS Controllers…

™ SERIES CONTROLLERS
Could be a variable impedance (capacitor, reactor,
etc), or a power electronics based variable source
of main frequency, sub-synchronous or harmonic
frequencies.
™ SHUNT CONTROLLERS
Variable impedance, variable source or
combination of the two. In principle, shunt
controllers inject current into the system at the
point of connection
 FACTS Controllers…

™ COMBINED SERIES-SERIES CONTROLLER

Combination of separate series controllers,
controlled in a coordinated manner, or a ‘unified’
controller (controller converters all connected).
™ COMBINED SHUNT-SERIES CONTORLLERS
Combination of separate shunt and series
controllers (coordinated), or a Unified Power Flow
Controller with shunt and series elements
FACTS CONTROLLERS
¾Shunt Connected

¾Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

¾Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
¾Static Synchronous Generator - SSG
¾Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
¾Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES) Energy Storage

¾Combined Series and Series-Shunt Connected

¾Static Synchronous Series Controllers (SSSC)

¾Thyristor Controlled Phase-Shifting Transformer
or Phase Angle Regulator (PAR)
¾Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
¾Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
¾Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

Energy Storage
 Voltage Source Converters
Shunt Compensation Series Compensation
∆V
System bus
V V
System bus

Coupling Coupling
Transformer Transformer
I I
Transformer leakage Transformer leakage
X inductance
X inductance
Vo Vo

DC-AC DC-AC
Switching Switching
Converter Converter

Cs Cs
+ +
Vdc Vdc
 SHUNT CONNECTED DEVICES
BESS (battery energy storage system )
¾ A chemical based energy storage using voltage
source-converters to supply/absorb energy.
SMES (superconducting magnetic energy storage
systems)
¾ Stores energy in a low-loss coil and releases it
when needed.
SVC (static VAR compensator)
¾ Generates/absorbs reactive power to maintain or
control specific parameters. Subsets are TCR and
TSC
OTHERS : TCBR (thyristor controlled braking
resistor); SVS (static VAR systems; includes
electronic & mechanical switching devices).
 Objectives of Shunt Compensation
It is generally known that:
‰ Shunt connected , fixed or mechanically
switched reactors are applied to minimize
line over-voltage under light load
conditions.
‰ Similarly, fixed or mechanically switched
capacitors are applied to maintain voltage
levels under heavy load conditions
 Objectives…

„ The ultimate objective of applying reactive shunt

compensation in a transmission system is to
increase the transmittable power
„ This may be required to improve the steady- state
transmission characteristics as well as the stability
of the system
„ Var compensation is thus used for
¾ Voltage regulation at midpoint or end of radial lines to
prevent voltage instability
¾ Dynamic voltage control to increase transient
stability and damp power oscillations
Power oscillation damping by reactive shunt
compensation
 Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

„ Thyristor-controlled
„ Forerunners of today’s FACTS controllers
„ First time developed in 1970s for arc
furnace compensation & later adopted for
transmission application
„ Normally used to regulate the voltage of the
transmission system at a selected terminal
 Static VAR Compensator (SVC)…

Successfully employed for

„ transient ( first swing ) stability and
„ Dynamic stability improvement ( Power
oscillation damping)
 STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR

„ SVC comprises of thyristor controlled capacitors,

and/or reactors.
„ Some of the popular configurations are
a) TCR/TSR
b) TSC
c) TCR/FC
d) TSC/TCR
TCR – thyristor controlled reactor, TSR – thyristor
switched reactor, TSC- thyristor switched
capacitor, FC – fixed capacitor
Configuration (c) is often used in power system
dynamic studies.
Basic Thyristor-Controlled Reactor
(TCR)
Basic Thyristor-Switched Capacitor
(TSC)
Basic Fixed Capacitor-Thyristor
Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR)
 Basic Thyristor- Switched Capacitor-
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TSC-TCR)
 SVC Block Diagram

Measuring Circuit Transmission

voltage

∆B

Thyristor
Voltage
Susceptance
Regulator
control
Other
Signals

Stabil-
izing
Block

∆ P, ∆ω
 Converter-Based Shunt FACTS Controllers

¾ Employ self-commutated voltage sourced switching power

converters to realize rapidly controllable, static,
synchronous ac voltage or current sources
¾ Provides superior performance characteristics and uniform
applicability for control of
¾ Transmission voltage
¾ line impedance and
¾ Angle
¾ Provides a new option of power flow control and
mitigation of dynamic disturbances by exchanging real
power flow directly with the AC system if it is coupled
to an appropriate energy source
 Converter-Based FACTS Controllers...

Examples are:

¾ STATCOM (former name STATCON)

¾ Advanced Static Var Compensator (ASVC)
¾ Advanced Static Var Generator ( ASVG)
¾ Synchronous Voltage Source (SVS)
 Converter-Based FACTS Controllers...

Synchronous Voltage Source ( SVS )

¾ SVS is analogous to an ideal rotating synchronous
machine
¾ This machine has no inertia and its response is
instantaneous
¾ Does not significantly alter the line impedance and
can internally generate reactive power ( both
capacitive and inductive)
¾ Also able to exchange real power with the ac
system if an appropriate energy source is coupled
with it that.
 .....SVS
¾ The SVS facilitates a forcing function ( a defined voltage
to control the desired line current or vice versa ) approach
to TL compensation and power flow control
¾ Applied compensation remains largely independent of the
network variables ( such as line current and voltage) and
therefore maintain during major system disturbances.
¾ The SVS has very small impedance therefore it, in
comparison to other impedance type compensators, cannot
form a shunt resonant circuit with the ac transients
¾ It has inherent capability of executing a bi-directional
power flow between its ac and dc terminal, thus with
appropriate combinations of SVS FACTS controller
arrangements, one can be able to control real and reactive
power flow in individual lines as well balanced real and
reactive power flows among lines.
 STATCOM

¾ Shunt transmission voltage controller

¾ Controllable electronic synchronous voltage
source
¾ Based on the use of GTO thyrisotrs
Comparison between STATCOM and
Synchronous Generator
 Operation of STATCOM
VL

Vo

„ A STATCOM consists of a step-down

transformer, a three-phase GTO based voltage
source converter (VSC)
„ The VSC generates a controllable AC voltage
source,
vo(t) = Vo sin(ωt-ψ)
 STATCOM….

„ The voltage difference between V0 and VL

produces active and reactive power exchange
between the STATCOM and the power system,
which can be controlled by adjusting magnitude
V0 and phase angle ψ
 STATCOM…

„ The advantages reported for STATCOM are

9Reactive current capability at depressed voltage
9Faster response
9 Lower harmonics
9Smaller size
9Capability to exchange real power
9Transient stability enhancement
9Power oscillation damping
 COMPARASION BETWEEN SVC AND
STATCOM

„ In the linear range V-I characteristic and

compensation capabilities are similar
„ STATCOM, converter based VAR generator is a
shunt connected synch. voltage source
„ SVC is shunt connected controlled admittance
 SVC Vs. STATCOM…

„ Maximum compensating current can be provided at reduced voltage,

thus enabling STATCOM to perform dynamic compensation at a
much higher rating than SVC
 COMPARISON
STATCOM SVC
„ Supply reactive current even at „ Reactive current capability of
low values of bus voltage SVC at its susceptance limit
decreases linearly with decrease
in bus voltage
„ STACTOM have short time „ Due to inherent susceptance
overload capability limit, this is not possible in
SVC
„ Require less space „ Need more space
„ Allow real power modulation if „ This is not present with SVC
it has energy storage facility at
its DC terminal
„ Highly effective in improving „ Moderate damping with extra
the transient (first swing circuits
stability)
Representation of a Single Machine
System with SVC/STATCOM

The remote
system bus

STATCOM/
Load SVC
 Dynamic Model Power System

Considerations:

9Field and excitation system dynamics are

considered
9Mechanical power input to the system is constant
9SVC is modeled as a variable susceptance
9STATCOM is modeled as a voltage sourced
converter
Power System Dynamic Model With
STATCOM
Vt ItL VL ILB Vb

xtL xLB
ILO

XSDT SDT

Vo
m
VSC ϕ
VDC
IDC

CDC STATCOM
 The Dynamic Model of STATCOM
A 5th order dynamic model is derived for
the single machine system and is written
in the form
x = f [ x, u ] (1)

The state equations consists of dynamics of

™ DC capacitor equation of STATCOM, 1st
order
™ Swing equation, 2nd order; internal voltage
™ Exciter system, 1st order
 Dynamic Model ....

The state vector comprises of,

[δ , ω , eq' , E fd ,Vdc ]

The 2 controls identified are,

¾ e - Magnitude control

¾ Ψ - Phase angle control

 Linear STATCOM model

K1

∆ Pm + - 1 ∆w wb ∆δ
+ s
- - sM + D
STATCOM Controls K4
( ∆e, ∆ ψ ) K4

K2 Controller

'
∆ e q' - - 1
1
+ sT A + 1 -
sTdo ' + k 3
-
+ ∆ E fd

K8
KqDC

1 KvDC
K7 +
s − k9
∆ V DC

K6
 SVC/ STATCOM PID Control

Firing SVC/ Power

X Control STATCOM System

sT w KI
1 + sT w KP + + KDs
s ∆P or ∆ω
 PID Control design / Pole-Assignment
Technique
¾ Plant Equations

¾ In s-domain

¾ Controller Equation
 Pole-Assignment Technique cont…

1
H (s ) =
(
C sI − A ) −1 B )
¾ For a pre-assigned eigenvalue
¾ Nominal operating point of 0.9 power output at 0.95
pf lagging has been considered for controller design

¾ Dominant eigenvalues of the closed loop systems

are placed to get a damping ratio of 0.29

¾ SVC STATCOM
Kp=-218.68 Kp=32.76
KI=-3225 KI=808.88
Kd=-8.89 Kd=-0.368
100% Toque pulse for 5ms

a) No control b) PI SVC c) PI STATCOM

a) No control b) PI SVC c) PI STATCOM
3-Phase Fault at Remote bus

a) No control b) PI SVC c) PI STATCOM

a) No control b) PI SVC c) PI STATCOM
Non-nominal operating points
30

25

20
R otor Angle deviations (deg)

15

10

b
0

-5

-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time(sec.)

a) PID control for STATCOM & SVC,

0.5 pu load
 1.2

a
0.8

0.6 b
Spe e d De v iation(% )

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time(sec)

PID for SVC and STATCOM, 1.1pu

load