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Smart Health Internet of Things and Web Services for Current Pandemic Challenges: An Exploratory Study --

Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: Article Type: Keywords: Corresponding Author: First Author: Order of 5
Authors: Abstract: Suggested Reviewers
: SMHL-
D
-22-00067 Review Article

IoT; Web Services; Covid-19 Pandemic Challenges; Track/Trace; Detect; Recovery Sophiya Sheikh INDIA Ajay Nain Ajay Nain Rohit Malik
Sophiya Sheikh Sakshi Dua, Ph.D Preety Shoran, Ph.D Internet of Things (IoT)

plays a vital role in all the major sectors of the world like Economics, Medical Science, Defense Systems, Social 1
Media, and other
prospects to communicate with the people. The

situations that

are being faced by the whole world due to the pandemic, IoT is playing a
key role in
handling the 1

same. Moreover,

in the case of Covid-19, IoT-based technologies are being used for monitoring patients to maintain the protocols
. 1
Additionally, several heterogeneous web applications are
also attained for communicating with people and helping
them to provide solutions for various problems
that has being faced during
quarantine times

. A lot of intensive research work has been done using IoT and web services to handle the potential challenges that occurred during
Covid-19. This paper gives an exploratory study on handling pandemic challenges using the Internet of Things and Web Services.

Moreover, here we present a statistical analysis that is utilizing IoT devices to find out the solution for current pandemic problems. These
web services are playing a fundamental

role in fighting these current situations and other future problems 1

which is the need of today's world. Besides,

web services are

currently being used for the collection of data to find out specific information in a limited region 1
or throughout the whole

. Mohammad Shahid [email protected] Potential reviewer in a similar field. Rintu Nath [email protected] Potential reviewer in a
similar field.

Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation Cover Letter School of 6

Computer Application, Lovely Professional University Punjab-144411 February 28, 2022 Guest Editors

Special Issue on IoT-based solutions for mitigation of COVID-19 and similar epidemics 7

Smart Health Dear Sir, Please find as enclosed the manuscript entitled: “Internet of Things and Web Services for Current Pandemic
Challenges:An Exploratory Study" submitted for exclusive consideration for publication in Wireless Personal Communications
summarized as follows:

As all the industries are growing up, with

it the Internet of Things (IoT) is 1

also a big research topic in today’s world.

It plays a vital role in all the major sectors of the world like Economics, Medical Science, Defense Systems, social 1
media, and other
prospects to communicate with the people

In current situations which are being faced by the whole world due to the pandemic, IoT is playing a vital role in 1
handling the

problems due to pandemics.

 In the case of Covid-19, IoT-based technologies are being used for monitoring patients to maintain the protocols, 1
different web applications are used for communicating with people and helping them to provide solutions for various

problems being faced during

quarantine times. Besides IoT, various web services
are also
playing a vital role in
fighting these current situations and other future problems. Various web services are
currently being used for the
collection of data to find out specific information in a limited region or throughout the whole. These web services also work as
a mediator between two different sources. It also helps to communicate with people in large numbers. IoT and web services

are complementary to each other

. Thank you for your consideration of the work. Please address all the correspondence concerning this submission at e-mail
[email protected]. Sincerely, Sophiya Sheikh School of Computer Application, Lovely Professional University Punjab-144411 1
Manuscript File Internet of Things and Web Services for Current Pandemic Challenges: An Exploratory Study Ajay Nain1 Research
Scholar, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India Rohit1 Research Scholar, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara,

144411, India Sophiya Sheikh1 Assistant Professor, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India Sakshi Dua1 Assistant
Professor, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India Preety1 Associate Professor, ADGITM(Northen india, New Delhi,
110053, India Abstract Internet of Things (IoT)

plays a vital role in all the major sectors of the world like Economics, Medical Science, Defense Systems, Social 1
Media, and other
prospects to communicate with the people. The

situ- ations that

are being faced by the whole world due to the pandemic, IoT is playing a
key role in
handling the 1

same. Moreover,

in the case of Covid-19, IoT-based technologies are being used for monitoring
pa- tients to maintain the protocols 1

. Additionally, several heterogeneous web applications are

also attained for communicating with people and

helping them to provide solutions for various problems

that has being faced during
quarantine times

. A lot of intensive research work has been done using IoT and web ser- vices to handle the potential challenges that occurred during

Covid-19. This paper gives an exploratory study on handling pandemic challenges using the Internet of Things and Web Services.
Moreover, here we present a statistical analysis that is utilizing IoT devices to find out the solution for current pandemic problems. These

web services are playing a fundamental

role in fighting these current situations and other future problems 1

which is the need of today’s world. Besides,

web services are

currently being used for the collection of data to find out specific information in a limited region 1
or throughout the whole
. Keywords: IoT, Web Services

, Pandemic Challenges, Track/Trace, Detect, Recovery, Covid-19 1. Introduction

The term
“Internet of Things” may be defined as a combination of different types of technologies within a 1
network, which works automatically without the help of human interactions

. Moreover, the Internet of Things (

IoT) refers to the connection established by two internets of computing devices embedded in objects used in day-to- 1
day life enabling them to send and receive data.[1] IoT has gained new limelight in the recent past and also it has gained
much convincing research ground as a new topic to be researched in a huge list of academic, industrial, technological
,

economic, political, and other social aspects too. But in the field of

medical sciences
[2], the use of IoT has created a major change in the treatment of people. Diagnosis of every 1
person has become easier than before because the conventional diagnosis systems have been replaced with more

personalized
systems which make monitoring patients and treatment better than before. IoT is now playing a more

important role in medical science and healthcare due to lower expenses of IoT-based devices, much better services than
conventional systems, a very frequent and easily understandable user experience, and various advanced features too. In the

case of IoT, there is no limit to the number of devices

to be connected. It is all about exchanging data from one device to
another or exchanging meaningful information between devices
. But the data
has to be interpreted correctly and it

needs many other technologies to come hand in hand to work side-by-side. IoT is not just a single type of technology; it is a

collection of technologies and domain knowledge

[3]. In

recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has attracted considerable

attention in the healthcare

sector, where it plays
a crucial role in
a variety of infectious 2

disease phases. As the probability of COVID-19 is high in the present pandemic, it is crucial that patients are actively engaged
 with and
followed by their physicians
during the many phases of COVID- 19. In this study, we
evaluate the 2

role of IoT technology in

the Detect, Trace/Track, and recovery phases of the COVID- 19 response.

Due to the high rate of contagiousness of

COVID19, even an asymptomatic patient can easily spread the virus to 2
others
during the

first phase of COVID-19, which is early diagnosis. Consequently, a faster diagnosis is required during this phase. The earlier a patient is

diagnosed, the more effectively

the virus can be

contained and the
sooner the patient can receive
the appropriate treatment. In
reality, 2
IoT devices can
accelerate the detection process by

collecting patient data.

This can be
accomplished by
capturing body temperatures with various
instruments, collecting samples 4
from
suspected cases

, etc. After a patient has been identified with COVID-19, the second phase, known as track/trace, is a crucial stage of this disease during

which

he or she
must be
segregated for the
duration of treatment
. In this phase, IoT devices can monitor 2
patients remotely

regarding their treatments and authorities' directives to remain at home. Additionally,

they can clean areas without human

interaction. These
include the
adoption of tracking 2

wristbands and disinfection devices, among others.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , the
majority of 9
persons

with mild symptoms can recover at home without

treatment, but there is no
assurance they will not be 2
reinfected. Reinfection
may occur with different
COVID-19 symptoms

Concerning these
potential reinfections
throughout the
post-
recovery phase, the
likelihood of 2
recurrence of symptoms and potential
infectiousness can be
considerable. To prevent
this from occurring,

social distancing should be implemented by deploying IoT devices

, such as bands and crowd monitoring devices, to

follow individuals and maintain the necessary distance.

During the COVID-19

epidemic, IoT technology has
demonstrated its
utility in
supporting patients, 2
healthcare
practitioners, and authorities

. Moreover, many devices which are made after taking IoTs in use are super handy to have and can immensely help to counter the disease

in a smart way. Various devices like smart goggles, helmets, wearables, thermometers, robots, drones, and many more. These devices

can be of great use due to their heavenly good features which allow people to detect and track contaminated persons and also help them
in the recovery phase too. Devices like smart helmets, goggles, and thermometers can be of great use during the early detection phase.

These devices will help to find out people with positive signs of the virus and therefore by early detection large-scale contamination can

be stopped. Also, devices like robots, drones, and wearables can be used for surveillance, contiguity detection, and tracking of patients

and also can be helpful during all phases of the virus. Web services may be defined as a collection of various standards and open

protocols used for the exchange of data between applications or systems [4]. Various Web Services are training their applications using
machine learning to find out various lungs related problems, including diseases like tuberculosis, Asthma, etc., the original solution has

been repurposed by organizations for the ongoing pandemic with the help of various web services and IoTs, the fight between people and

governments has become a little easier than the previous times. If we don’t have any IOTs and web services as of now, the virus could

have been more hazardous than it is now. In the current scenario and challenges caused by the covid-19 disease. It is one of the biggest

outbreaks since the influenza outbreak of 1918[5] and the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)

outbreak of
2003. According to the
reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) as of 8

December 2020, there have been

more than
73 million
confirmed cases of covid-19
with a
huge death rate 10
of around 1.6 million and the numbers are still increasing. The main cause of so many cases is that the virus spreads from person to

person. There can be both symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers, which increases the levels of contamination. Therefore, managing
the Coronavirus with the assistance of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and web services is a little bit more

effective and safer. We have separated the paper into a few parts, namely the 4 detection phase, the tracing/tracking phase, the recovery

phase, and the final phase, i.e., the role of IoTs in vaccination, so that it is easier to understand how various Internet of Things devices are

used and how they function based on the criteria for which they are designed to perform their tasks. The reader will gain a better

understanding of how different Internet of Things devices can be used during different phases of the pandemic by reading about these
phases. 2. Motivation and Contribution The main motivation behind performing this research on the topic of covid-19-based IoT devices

is to create awareness among people about various helpful devices and how those devices really work. Also, this survey can be beneficial

for future developments, can shed light on issues that are either widely or rarely discussed, and can improve society as a whole, even if

no "miracle formula" is discovered. This is why, in addition to my genuine enthusiasm for the field of study, I give 110% to my work each

and every day. In this paper, we created a systematic survey of the various IoT devices that are useful in various tasks to eliminate the
contamination of covid-19 among people. We’ve divided the overall chapter in various phases, and depending upon the phases we’ve

classified the uses of various IoT devices that are present to help out the most upto their extent. The overall study of this paper will

provide knowledge among people that how IoT devices are being used to create awareness among people and how those devices really

work and even help people to find out how can these devices really contribute to the society. Also, this survey will help people to

understand what devices are useful in which scenario like which devices are used in early detection of covid-19, and which devices will
help in prevention of contamination, and which devices would help in the treatment of the virus, and some other aspects are also covered

in it. 3. Related Work Several different virus strains sometimes infect humans across the globe. A variety of factors contribute to them,

but the most significant impact is felt by the general public. These viruses are most dangerous to both humans and other creatures and

have a propensity to rapidly reproduce their own species. These Viruses include characteristics such as the ability to jump from animals

to people and back again. It is simpler to combat viruses like this in the modern day than it was in the past. If We discuss past viral
pandemics and their causes. Unfortunately, there is no way to identify the infection or help those who are ill and raise public awareness of

pandemics. There is various type of disease it may have a global impact all at once. There are plenty that has evolved into a threat to the

globe, as seen by the 1918 influenza pandemic and the 2019 covid-19 virus. When novel influenza or other illness arises, it quickly

becomes widespread. However, its first stages are difficult to identify and manage. difficult to cure since so little is known about the virus

or the strain currently circulating. These viruses can be listed as: This virus, which causes a disease known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever,

was first identified in 1976. The Republic of the Congo and Sudan were the first epicenters of the Ebola virus's spread throughout Africa.
Human-to-human transmission of Ebola from the fluids or blood of sick people or animals to other people. In 1976, the first fatal

epidemic of the Ebola virus [6] was documented. Extreme variation exists within their strain, with a death rate of 71%, the Sudan Strain of

the Ebola virus is widely recognized as the virus's deadliest form. Eliminating the Effects of Ebola Applying Web-Services with the Internet

of Things: The war against Ebola employs both curative medicine and supportive care. Right now, there are two medications that have

received US government approval for Ebola virus care and treatment. Inmazeb [7] is the first, and it's a compound. The first medicine is a
combination of three different monoclonal antibodies, while the second drug is a single monoclonal antibody referred to as Ebanga. IoT

and cloud services are superior, allowing for constant, remote monitoring of patients. Radio Frequency Identification equipment is

employed throughout the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation stages. Technology like RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification Device),

wearable sensors, and cloud computing is employed throughout the process. As early as 1980, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus):

HIV, which first emerged in the 1980s, is the deadliest virus ever recorded. A virus that can infect human cells. Effects on Humans system,
particularly the T-Cells that aid the immune system in fighting illness. Damaged by this virus are the T-Cells. Infection with Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Treatment Applying the Concepts of Web-Services with the Internet of Things: Although there is currently

no cure for HIV, the virus can be managed with treatment. With proper treatment, HIV can be managed by the majority of patients in as

little as six months. Medicines that work to stop the spread of STDs in general. Medicines for HIV are Antiretroviral therapy, for short
(ART). Because HIV can only be transmitted by bodily fluids or the secretions of an infected animal or human, there is no direct use of

IoTs to HIV therapy. Cloud computing is useful in this situation since it allows us to provide people the facts, spread the word, and get

them to pay attention to the time constraints Hanta virus: this virus first came to public attention in 1993. Although it can be spread from

an infected person to another, this virus is not as contagious as others because it does not spread from person to person but rather from

exposure to an infected object like contaminated mice's saliva spreading to humans. The lung form of Hantavirus is commonly referred
to as simply "Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome." In 2002, SARS-CoV: This Virus First Came to Light. Commonly used to describe the

extreme nature of virus that causes severe acute respiratory illness [10]. Humans, bats, and other mammals share a coronavirus species

called SARS-CoV. This virus is representative of the RNA virus family. The Internet of Things (IoT) and other Web services technology

were important in defeating SARS-CoV at every stage of the battle. An abundance of pharmaceuticals produced with the aid the

convenience of Internet of Things technologies. Companies can now acquire accurate information from the Web-services. accuracy in
describing the various aspects and other details of the virus that need to be known. In 2008, rotavirus: It's an RNA virus with two copies of

their genetic material, like other members of the Reoviridae family. Among kids, this is a big health issue. This virus primarily has a high

fatality rate among babies. An introduction to the fundamentals Children infected with the Rotavirus [11] may have nausea, vomiting,

diarrhoea, fever, and pain in the gastrointestinal region. It arrived in 2008's spotlight. RV5 and RV1 are just two of the vaccinations against

the virus that is now available on the market whereas, the dosages vary depending on timing. With the use of IoT-based gadgets, doctors

can keep track of their patient’s health and any changes that may occur. Web services also aid in compiling the record of virus-related
data that is now available. The threat of viruses like this has been with us for a very long time. There is a new global conflict every 100

years, a new virus that is even more lethal than the last one. The Internet of Things and artificial intelligence will aid the fight against

these viruses and has grown less difficult as people have more tools at their disposal to maintain social distance and take care of their

overall health. These devices help people to take protection measures without spreading the disease. The Internet of Things and web

services play a significant role in the fight against the deadliest viruses in a number of ways. It aids in diagnosis, therapy, and recovery for
those infected with the virus. Still, there are some infections that we have not been able to encounter threats far more severe than SARS's

CoV-2 covid. Although the Covid virus was resisted, ultimately machine learning and artificial intelligence based on the Internet of Things

(IoT) were used to great advantage, allowing users to gain insight into previously unknown data. For example, the government decides on

safety measures and standards to implement in order to reduce the number of infections. Virus and other disease treatments in modern

hospitals are based on the Internet of Things. Including, but not limited to, Ventilators, Nurse Robots, Sanitizing Drones, Mopping Robots,
and Many More IoT Devices technologies such as MRI and ECG scanners, wireless networks and cloud storage, and heart rate monitors.

4. Literature Review: The author of [12] tried to investigate the role artificial intelligence plays as a decisive technology in the analysis,

preparation, and fight against COVID-19 (Coronavirus) and other pandemics. As a consequence of this, the authors have uncovered seven

important applications of AI in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. By compiling and examining all available data in the past, this

technology plays a significant part in determining whether a cluster of cases exists or not and in determining where the virus will strike in
the future. In addition, the author came to the conclusion that healthcare organizations require decision-making 6 technologies in order to

effectively manage the COVID-19 virus and assist them in obtaining appropriate recommendations in real-time in order to halt the spread

of the virus. The authors in [13] In order to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the author suggested a step-by-step process chart, which

includes the following steps: healthcare data tracking for remote areas; gatherings and communications virtually; controlling and analyze

the information received; taking actions based on the reports received. The author of [14] provided a concise overview of many different
technologies that were discovered to be helpful during the covid pandemic. These technologies include big data, cloud computing,
artificial intelligence, actuators, smart sensors, software's, and virtual reality/augmented reality. The author went on to discuss the

beneficial effects that these technological advancements had even while the pandemic was still active. Some of the applications of these

technologies that are being discussed include the treatment of patients, the storage of data pertaining to covid patients, the accurate

decision making, the monitoring of patient statistics, the detection of disease, the detection of attacks, smart beds, assistance in remote

areas, and more. 5. DETECT: - The diagnostic phase begins with the detection phase, which is the most crucial and first phase. The

detection stage aids specifics in determining the infection rate, or the rate at which the infection is spreading in a certain area. There are
a variety of apps and wearables that can be used in the detection phase, thanks to the work done during lockdown periods. These

developments can aid governments in analyzing people's health data gleaned from a variety of IoT-based apps and web services. It's not

everyone's cup of tea to do a thorough, one-on-one evaluation of each and every person, but with these wearable objects and software,

detection is a breeze. Given that covid-19 is a global pandemic and not a regional health issue, these tools are very useful in clarifying the

precise numbers of infected people. There can be various items and applications based on requirements as below: 4.1. Wearables It may
be defined as the devices which help to find information about the person itself. Some of the wearables are discussed below: 4.1.1 Smart

Helmets: Studies have shown that smart helmets [17] significantly reduce the risk of head trauma. When the helmet's camera detects a

person's body heat, it immediately records that person's GPS coordinates and snaps a photo of them. Its significant utility stems from its

ability to show the infected person or a person exhibiting similar symptoms of covid- 19. The infected person's recent movements can be

tracked by injecting or implementing a location history feature. A basic work flow diagram is shown in fig Figure 1 work flow of smart
helmet 4.1.2 Smart Goggles: A further useful application of IoT in devices is smart goggles. These smart eyewear are superior to

thermometers since they require less engagement from the user [18]. The built-in face recognition and thermal scanning feature of this

eyewear make it easier to locate potentially contagious or sick individuals in crowded settings. These glasses incorporate a data chip

that can be used to record information about a person, including their facial features, for the purpose of eventual identification. When

used in large numbers, these glasses are ideal for detecting contamination in a crowd. Some of the examples of smart goggles and
helmets are shown in Fig.1. Smart Goggles thermal imaging device consists of a few necessary parts: the optics, sensors and detectors,

amplifying mechanism, signal processor, and screen. Depending on what type of heat vision device you have, its body construction may

be absolutely different. Moreover, it can have additional protection such as a layer of rubber, sealed housing, etc. 4.1.3 Smart

Thermometers These pocket-sized thermometers [19] are ideal for use in screening individuals since they are low-cost, space-efficient,

and accurate to within a few degrees. Many people's data can be stored in these thermometers simultaneously. They're helpful since they
allow people to maintain social distance while testing for their thermal intensity, unlike infrared thermometers, where people are closer

together. We also propose infrared thermometers since they reduce the risk of the infection spreading further. Some of the examples of

smart thermometers are shown in Fig.2. 4.1.4. Drones Drones are just as handy as the other gadgets out there. Rapid screening of large

numbers of people is usually preferable since it relieves the stress of widespread contamination and allows infected or symptomatic

individuals to be isolated as soon as feasible. A better rate of recovery is another benefit of early diagnosis. Drones like these are known

as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) [20]. These can be used to screen people in most places where humans can't easily reach them, and
they reduce the need for human interaction, which is somewhat more in the use of thermometers. These may be more useful for locating

polluted areas and speeding up the screening of persons. Drones with thermal imaging capabilities can be quite helpful for crowd

screening in densely populated regions. Some of the examples of Drones are shown in Fig.3. 4.1.5 Robots In the context of speculative

fiction, the dictionary says A robot with a human-like appearance and the ability to mimic human movement and perform human tasks

autonomously. One of the greatest benefits of robots [21] is that they free up human workers from some of their labor. Robots serve a
crucial role and are incredibly helpful in many ways as we all battle a dire scenario. Because it operates in people's environments, it

lessens the burden on individuals and lessens the likelihood that an individual would catch an infection from another person. These

robots can also act as intermediaries in a variety of situations involving two-way conversations. Although humans aren't necessary at any
point in the covid timeline, robots play a key role throughout. During the testing phase of detection, it collects samples from people's

throats. 6. Track/Trace (The Secondary Phase) In order to prevent a rapid spread of the pandemic, tracking individuals is performed using

various methods or apps. A wide variety of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and services, as well as any other kind of web service, can be
used to perform the tracking. Sensing, reporting, and tracking an individual's particulars are the four main ways in which the tracking

phase can begin. Various web services and apps built on the IoT can be used to perform either individual scanning or mass tracing. Some

smartphone apps can aid in self-diagnosis through a trial of the disease's symptoms, while mass tracing can be carried out through the

use of a variety of surveillance devices, thermal scanners, smart thermometers, and other wearable items, and the data can be used to

identify the current situations of individuals. Figure 4: Robots There are the following things that are mainly used to handle pandemic
situations: 6.1. Smart-phone Applications Tracking and detecting infected people is facilitated by Smartphone Applications[22] that utilize

data from GIS and GPS systems. Governments use a plethora of apps to keep tabs on covid patients and keep in touch with medical

staff. These programs facilitate patient monitoring and travel log keeping. Smartphone apps make it simple to look up where the nearest

containment zone is and where any covid patients might be located. The following software is used in pandemic response: - 6.1.1.

Aarogya Setu; The Government of India's Ministry of Information Technology and Electronics created the app [23] to warn people if they
come into contact with someone who has tested positive for coronavirus. Bluetooth is used to do the tracking and users are given

directions to infected people. It's necessary to enable Bluetooth and our current location after we've downloaded and installed the app on

our phones. This program allows us to test ourselves by responding to a series of questions. If this question is answered in a way that

suggests exposure to covid-19, the data is transmitted to government servers. The app also includes guidelines for self-quarantine. 6.1.2.

Trace Together: To download the popular TraceTogether [24] app, all you need is a Bluetooth-enabled smartphone and a mobile number

from Singapore. This app employs a contact tracing method to notify users if they have had any recent, significant, and potentially
infectious interactions with a positive case. Neither the user's current location nor their Wi-Fi or mobile network information is recorded

by the app. When two people are close together, their phones will use Bluetooth to temporarily swap identification numbers. The User's ID

is encrypted using a secret key held by the Singapore Ministry of Health (MOH) to produce this temporary identifier. 6.1.3. CovidWatch,

The Stanford University community in California has had an impact on the creation of the CovidWatch [25] app. Using this app, users can

monitor their personal information and health without coming into contact with potentially dangerous people. The wearer is alerted
discreetly via Bluetooth when they are in close proximity to a "positive" person, as detected by the Covid Watch. Table 1: List of

Applications Utilized during Covid 19 List of Applications App Name Origin Country Functions References Aarogya Setu India • Checks

Pulse rate, sleep pat- terns, Body Temperatures •Tracks People using smart- watches or fitness bands [27] Corona Dataspende Germany •

Checks Pulse rate, sleep pat- terns, Body Temperatures • Tracks People us- ing smartwatches or fitness bands [28] TraceTogether

Singapore • Tracking people using encryption IDs• Access users’ informa- tion• Providing notification alarms when in proximity with
infected people [29] Covid Watch Arizona • Track people ac- cording to their travel history [30] HaMagen Israel • Uses contact tracing to

track people• Gives record of 15 days of location [31] Social Monitor- Ing Russia • Track Patients infected with covid-19• Access the users

infor- mation [32] Stop Corona Croatia • Helps in Finding Contam- ination zones• Getting daily health reports [33] 6.1.4. The Corona

Dataspende The German government commissioned the development of a coronavirus-tracking app called covid Dataspende[26] that

also tracks users' core temperatures, heart rates, and sleep patterns.This app monitors a person's health data by means of wearable
devices like smartwatches and fitness bands. 6.2. Drones Drones of various kinds are being used to combat epidemics. In the event of a

pandemic, drones are used for the following specialized functions. Drone technology has the potential to lessen the need for human

intervention and access previously inaccessible areas. For the purposes of covid-19's medical sciences, surveillance drones [34] best

belong in the IoT category of tracking. The thermal scanners on board these drones allow them to monitor a large crowd all at once or to

focus on specific individuals. A data unit of people tracked by these drones can be used to examine the symptomatic members of the
crowd. This straightforward block diagram (Fig. 5) explains how these drones function. Figure 5: Constructive model of Drone A drone is
used for surveillance, search, detection and all others, so for all of the above uses GPS and cameras and for other purposes, it uses high

specific CPUs. A quadcopter or drone [35] for com- pleting their purpose consists of the following components: flight controller, RC

receiver (remote con- troller)/transmitter, Raspberry Pi (RPi), Lidar Lite, RF Transmitter, BLDC motor, Camera and Gimbal. The flight

Controller acts as a central unit of the overall drone. It takes all the information/commands from all of the sources and sends them to the

ESC (Electronic Speed Controller). ESC can receive speed data from the flight controller and maintain accordingly all the BLDC motors. RF

(Radio Frequency) Transmitters are used to transmit the information with the radio frequency. RC receiver is used to control the speed of
the BLDC motor. RPi is a wireless small-sized computer with Bluetooth connectivity, which helps to take the information from the camera

and pass it to the flight controller which sends it to the ground level. Gimbal is used for camera alignment on the side of their target. Lidar

Lite is a range finder that is used for the characteristics of drone-like high efficiency, high range, and low noise. It is also used to calculate

the height (Altitude) of the quad-copter. 6.3. Robots There are many stages of a pandemic in which robots are crucial. Robots allow

healthcare workers to be located safely and effectively away from lonely patients. Robots of various types are used in various diagnostic
and surgical procedures, greatly assisting human doctors and nurses. Robots are also useful in the pharmaceutical industry and in labs,

where they assist human workers and thus reduce the risk of infection for doctors and scientists. When communicating with infected

patients, robots [36] can also serve as a kind of intermediary. In Fig.6, a basic block diagram is used to explain how a medical robot
operates. Figure 6: Constructive model of Robot Each robot has the following parts: two motors with encoders, a single motor driver, an

embedded controller board, an ultrasonic sensor, an inertial measurement unit, a personal computer, a microphone and speakers, and Wi-
Fi. It has two motors that are encoder-equipped and wired straight to the ECB. The number of motor revolutions is measured by an

encoder. The motor driver is wired directly to the two motors and the electronic control board (ECB), which powers everything. The
system learns how to regulate the motor's speed. It uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles and measure their distance from the
vehicle, while inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors refine and refine odometric calculations. Both sensors are hardwired into the

ECB's network, allowing them to relay data and messages directly. A personal computer (PC) is connected to the ECB and performs all
the complex calculations. The personal computer is connected to sensors for both sight and sound. Currently, Wi-Fi is the norm. 7.

Recovery/Treatment (The Ternary Phase) The recovery phase is one of the most important phases in the cycle of a covid patient to be a
normal person. In the recovery phase, various things are used for the early treatment of an infected person and after treatment, a lot of
things are used in its recovery also. The recovery phase [37] is the most difficult phase which is needed to be implemented at a very

faster rate and very frequently too. In this phase, we need to quarantine the infected person for at least a time of 14 days and treat them
with needed medications which are done using various IoT-based techniques to reduce the human interaction with the covid patient, also

Sanitizing the whole area is also a big challenge. These all challenges are minimized by the use of IoT and web services. 7.1. Wearables
Wearable Internet of Things (IoT) based devices can help to monitor the situation of infected people and others too, especially after
treatment when it is difficult to make a safe distance between the people who are working in the offices and for students who are going

regularly to schools and colleges. 7.1.1. Smart Watches and Smart-Bands These gadgets help keep constant tabs on vitals like heart rate,
pulse, sleep duration, and temperature. These Internet of Things devices also aid in maintaining social distance by flashing red LED lights

on users' faces whenever they make physical contact in a potentially hazardous environment. The smart bands [38], a collection of
different Internet of Things that sense and capture the data from another device, have a limited range and indicate their presence with
LED lights if the person wearing it has a low heart rate or pulse, which could be a sign of covid-19 infection. Because of this, with the aid

of LED lights built into the bands. Since the covid-19 pandemic, the market for bands and smartwatches has expanded rapidly. 7.1.2.
Contiguity Detectors As all the things are going back to the normal tracks, industries are opening, students are going \sregularly to

schools and colleges, the risk of having contamination among people will increase with the \sincrease of the number of people coming
outside of their homes and the chances of decreasing social \sdistancing will also increase. Humans
 will be able to concentrate on their work without worrying about
contracting the virus 2

thanks to these contiguity detectors [39]. When appropriate social distance is not maintained or when another person is unexpectedly

close, these devices will sound an alarm. Figure 7: Social Distancing Wearables 7.2. Drones Drones are playing an increasingly important
role [40] as the pandemic nears its conclusion. The drones can play so many important roles in dealing with the pandemic in different
contexts. Drones are used for both commercial and recreational purposes at this stage, raising public consciousness about covid. 7.2.1.

Multi-purpose Drones Instead of referring to different types of drones by different names, we can simply refer to them all as multipurpose
drones. On the other hand, it could be thought of as the sum of all possible types of drones. Drones can be broken down into the

following classes as we are discussing in the next parts of drones. 7.2.2. Monitoring Drones Curbing the global spread of viruses is high
on the agenda of governments everywhere today. To verify that adequate measures are being taken to lessen interpersonal contact. Most
nations took positive action, such as shutting down non- essential public spaces, outlawing large gatherings of people, and instituting a

social distancing criterion to reduce interpersonal contact.The use of drones for surveillance is a useful tool for ensuring that people are
adhering to the quarantine measures that have been put in place to combat the virus. 7.2.3. Delivery Drones Drones with a cargo bay can

transport samples to labs, deliver test results, and transport medical supplies to patients. In addition, people in the most remote areas,
who lack reliable transportation, can benefit from drone deliveries of food and medicine. It's faster than driving and helps people keep
their personal space while doing so. 7.2.4. Sanitizing Drones Aerial spraying with disinfectants is being done with the help of sanitising

drones. The use of these drones makes the cleaning process quick and risk-free. These drones also restrict the expansion of human
labour. The disinfectant is stored inside the drone, and its purpose is to take flight and spray the solution. 7.2.5. Informative Drones When

people in a densely populated area aren't obeying the government's newly enacted regulations, these drones can broadcast audio
messages to educate them. Figure 8 depicts a few of the Drones. Figure 8: Drones 7.3. Robots Throughout the tertiary phase of the
pandemic, robots serve in a variety of capacities, not just in hospitals but in other outlying areas as well. People are kept safely away from

hazardous zones by robots. There are already robots on the market that perform the duties of nurses in healthcare facilities. robots'
pandemic-related tasks categorised 7.3.1. Receptionist Robots Because there are more people infected with the virus as the global

patient count rises, more people are likely to contract it through casual contact. Recent developments have seen the reopening of schools
and a general return to normalcy following the lockdown; this includes the use of robot receptionists [41] in hospitals and other facilities
to directly interact with patients and visitors. These robots guide patients and visitors around the hospital, providing accurate information

without adding to the staff's workload. 7.3.2. Cleansing/Disinfectant Robots To prevent the spread of disease, these robots are used to
clean different areas of hospitals. To ensure that no germs are spread, these robots use a dry-cleaning and vacuuming process on

medical equipment[42]. These machines can either spray disinfectant over an entire room or mop the floor using sanitizers. Fig.9 depicts
a few examples of cleaning and disinfecting robots. Figure 9: Cleansing/Disinfectant Robots 7.3.3. Nurses/Surgical Robots The Japanese
government developed nurse robots to help out in hospitals during the pandemic when doctors and nurses were too scared to treat the

covid patients. As an intermediary between the patient and the physician, these[43] robots are invaluable. The use of these robots
lessens the likelihood of contracting the disease. These robots serve a similar function to that of a nurse, assisting doctors in their work.

Fig.10 depicts several types of surgical and nursing robots. Figure 10: Surgical and Nurses Robots Table 2: List of Robots Robots Origin
Country Food Ser. L. W. Phar. Nur. Cl. Waste Rem. Ref. TUG Aethon(USA) Yes Yes Yes Yes • Yes [44] Moxi Diligent Robots(USA) • • Yes Yes

• • [45] Roomba i7 i7 Robots(USA) • • • • Yes • • RP-Vita i7 Robots(USA) • • • Yes • • • Relay Swisslog(Switzerland) Yes Yes Yes • • Yes [46]
Dinsow CT Asia (Thailand) • • • Yes • • • Ambubot Thailand • • Yes Yes • • [47] RIBA Japan • Yes • Yes • • • Since there are various robots for
performing various types of roles according to their specifications, below is a list of robots according to their working capabilities and

country of origin including the names of their manufacturing companies. Notions for table 2 are as follows: Food Ser. = Food Service L.
W. = Lab Work Phar. = Pharmacy Nur. = Nursing Cl. = Cleaning Waste Rem. = Waste Removals Ref. = References 7.4. Smart-Phone

Applications In this third stage, the applications' primary function is to provide and share the user's health information with relevant
authorities and the user themselves. In this stage, regular use is made of rudimentary apps that serve to check symptoms. Some of these
apps also advise on what to do in terms of medical care based on whether or not the user exhibits symptoms of the virus, and if they do,

what those symptoms might be. 7.4.1. HaMagen The Israeli Ministry of Health is responsible for releasing this mobile application. This
software employs a method of tracking infected individuals through their networks of contacts. Almost two weeks' worth of data on the

infected person can be found in this app. Users' location histories and other data are transmitted to authorities via this app.If HaMagen
discovers that a user has come into contact with someone who is ill or infectious, it will send them to the health mini 7.4.2. Stop Corona
App The Croatian Ministry of Health is responsible for the introduction of this app. Each user's daily movements and contact updates are

recorded by this app. Helpful too are health reports based on a person's symptoms, which can be submitted or obtained. Further, it aids
government efforts to locate potentially hazardous contaminated areas. 8. IoT’s in Vaccination: Major nations like India, the United

States, the United Kingdom, Russia, and nearly every other nation with one of the best healthcare infrastructures have started to distribute
COVID-19 vaccines after fighting the pandemic for almost a year. An efficient vaccine rollout is even more important as daily infections

rise and lockdowns have a negative impact on people's lives. The Internet of Things (IoT), in particular, is assisting authorities in this.
Additionally, the use of IoTs in the healthcare sector began long before the COVID-19 pandemic. IoTs play important roles in the
manufacture and distribution of vaccinations in a variety of ways: Increased Productivity: A manufacturing facility's IoT devices can

collect data that demonstrates how the facility can be made more effective. Due to social distance requirements, many facilities are
currently unable to have their entire workforce present in the same location at once. For these plants, automation has filled in the gaps,

and IoT devices enhance automated machines. Supply Chain Openness: Transporting and storing vaccines is one of the biggest
problems facing vaccine rollouts. Since vaccine storage must be done at extremely low temperatures, such as -20°C to -70°C. IoT sensors
were crucial in the temperature monitoring process. Additionally, these gadgets/sensors have the ability to remotely check the

temperature and other conditions inside trucks and storage facilities to see if anything needs to be changed. These features enable
businesses to guarantee the security of their vaccines. Managing data after an injection: IoT devices can be useful after a patient has

received a shot. Patients can use wearables to inform them that the Covaxin and CoviShield vaccines both require two shots. Also, IoT
devices can help hospitals increase the effectiveness of their record-keeping procedures. The better hospitals track vaccination records,
the more effective these practices will be. The overall vaccine rollout will be more successful as a result. Reference:

https://www.iotforall.com/the-role-of-iot-for-the-covid-19-vaccine 9. Role of Web Services Web services may be defined as a collection of

various standards and open protocols used for the exchange of data between applications or systems OR A web service may be defined

as it is an interface that describes the collection of operation and performs some special type of task, the web services is described

using a standard formal XML notation

[48] that
provide all of the 11

detail which are mandatory to interact with the service including message format. Various Web Services are training their applications
using machine learning to find out various lungs related problems, including diseases like tuberculosis, Asthma, etc., the original solution

has been repurposed by organizations for the ongoing pandemic. Now we are discussing how all services are used in pandemics and
perform a specific task in various phases. 9.1. Tracking Phase • Web services like www.worldometer.info [49] which is data over live
world statistics on the population of the world, governments of countries and their
 economics, society, media, environment,food, water, energy, and health
. It also shares interesting statistics with 3
a world population
counterclock, forests lost this year, carbon dioxide co2 emission
in the atmosphere, world

’s hunger
report,total energy consumed, and a lot more

statistics about various other important aspects of the worldand is now helping people to see the real-time analysis of the number of

covid cases in a particulararea. All the cases are updated frequently and can be seen on the website directly. The website uses JavaScript
and HTML5 as its basic programming language and has made the source code open- source for other developers to help them develop

apps and websites which can help people with other health-related issues and deal with the covid disease. • Blue-dot global [50] has been
harvesting data from various pharma and medical publications across the globe and applying various Artificial Intelligence techniques to

that data to identify the chang- ing trends and signals related to the covid-19 disease pandemic. The main aim behind this data
harvesting is to take advantage of the big data to quickly detect any outbreak across the globe and to anticipate how the outbreak of
disease can spread across the world and also to anticipate what can be the major consequences that could be faced by the public due to

outbreak. • Figure 11: Covid Tracking Websites 9.2. Diagnosis Phase Various companies applied machine learning techniques to analyze
human chest x-rays to spot early signs of corona infection. Some innovators also applied AI-based machine learning techniques to

identify which X-Ray films are more likely to resemble the covid-19 patients and those should be viewed more quickly by the doctors to
decrease the time of treatment of the infected and diagnosed person. E.g., UC San Diego Health Systems also applied this technique. 9.3.
Recovery Phase • Web services like symptomate.com and patient.info help people diagnose themselves by providing their details of the

symptoms they are having and, after the symptoms are analyzed, they get treat- ment from the specialized doctor related to the
symptoms. This way the patient can get treatment directly from the home instead of going to any doctor. These services are offered 24/7

without any queue of people waiting for their appointments. • Many pharmaceutical-based companies have also come across the internet
in the form of web ser- vices to provide their services to the needy worldwide. Services like netmeds.com, medlife.com, pharmacy, etc
have made buying medicines online easier for people. Also, to deal with the pan- demic they’re offering special deals and faster delivery

of medicines to the patients. These web services have made a special column for covid patients seeking covid related medicines so that
people don’t have to seek a prescription from a doctor and can directly consume the medicines to treat themselves in an early stage. A

description of recovery of corona patients is shown in fig. with respect to new cases. 10.Other Helpful aspects of Web Services Various
online platforms help to study how the city centers have been left out without people and the people have started to use online facilities
more than offline facilities or going to the stores themselves. Also, these data helped local businesses to grow their business more easily

and in a more convenient way. 22 Local businesses are growing day by day online as people are abiding to get out of their homes

due to the
severe increase in the cases of
disease covid-19
. Besides, helping the 4

local businesses to grow web services has also helped people to maintain social distancing and other important measures that are
needed to keep the virus away from one’s body can also be sustained. Countries have asked binge-watching platforms like Netflix, Prime

Video, Hot star, and other streaming platforms to deduce their premium streaming plans by which they can ask people to stay at home as
long as possible. Also deducing the prices has increased the number of subscribers of each of the streaming platforms and a lesser

strain is now on both the governments and people as well. 11.Some Other Applications The various things which are used for finding the
infected people in the crowded areas like smart glasses, helmets. IoT helps government officials to find out the containment zones. In the
lockdown situation when nobody was permitted to move out of their homes, there were IoTs only which helped people to communicate
with others and get the important facilities at their homes. If IoT is not in the world it is very tough to handle such types of situations. 12

Conclusion : Every person on the planet, including scientists, is impacted by the fight against COViD 19 scenarios. In order to combat the
pandemic, a great number of technological solutions have been developed and implemented. The Internet of Things (IoT) and web
services in general are extremely important tools in the fight against this terrible disease. We took a look at a variety of different

technologies and how they relate to COVID in this article. The entire scenario was broken down into these four stages. 1. tracking and
tracing, 2. detecting, and 3. Recovery and conducting a short survey in the fourth phase, which is known as the "IoT vaccination phase."

During the first three stages of the COVID scenario, we investigated Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and their deployment. These
technologies included wearables, robotics, drones, and applications. Additionally, we investigated the role that web services play in the
global distribution of data and information. Therefore, both technologies offer a response that is quite adequate to this kind of

circumstance. Consequently, a more effective utilization of these technologies will be of assistance in the treatment of people, the
management of data for and about people, as well as the recovery of patients. Because the authorities have access to these tools, they

are able to respond more quickly and provide treatment and care for a greater number of people. This, in turn, results in a lower rate of
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to fight against COVID-19 pandemic." Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 14.4 (2020): 521-524.Declaration of
Interest Statement 3. Javaid, Mohd, and Ibrahim Haleem Khan. "Internet of Things (IoT) enabled healthcare helps to take the challenges

of COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research 11.2 (2021): 209-214. Conflict of Interest The authors have NO
 affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity regarding any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants;

participation in speaker’s bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or expert testimony or patent-licensing
arrangements), or non-financial interests (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject
matter or material discussed in this manuscript. Ajay Nain, Rohit, Sophiya Sheikh, Sakshi Dua, Preety School of Computer Applications,

Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar - Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 Contact no.: +91 9413646471 Email:
[email protected] 3 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 25 26

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5 19 words / < 1% match

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riunet.upv.es

6 15 words / < 1% match

- from 07-Aug-2022 12:00AM
research.edgehill.ac.uk

7 14 words / < 1% match

- Internet from 21-May-2022 12:00AM
journals.elsevier.com

8 12 words / < 1% match

- Internet
Nasajpour, Mohammad, Pouriyeh, Seyedamin, Parizi, Reza M., Dorodchi, Mohsen, Valero, Maria, Arabnia, Hamid
R.. "Internet of Things for Current COVID-19 and Future Pandemics: An Exploratory Study", 2020

9 12 words / < 1% match

- Internet from 15-Apr-2022 12:00AM
www.sochob.cl

10 10 words / < 1% match

- Crossref Posted Content
Hamad S. Alyami, Mohamed A. A. Orabi, Fahad M. Aldhabbah, Hamad N. Alturki et al. "Knowledge about COVID-
19 and patients’ beliefs about and use of herbal products during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study
in Saudi Arabia", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2020

11 10 words / < 1% match

- Crossref
Hong Zhu, Bin Zhou, Xinjun Mao, Lijun Shan, David Duce. "Chapter 78 Agent-Oriented Formal Specification of
Web Services", Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2004