@ Analysis Definitions: Unbalance Symptons: ix (V 89 ‘ha won! wey © cae wbainee as 2 Imbalance (static) Teal Wee Sale td } 6 stant ted rte cars miaese avers: Mien Tai tow'd soy od snes ase = resem By ‘There are two types of unbalance: state and coupe [Normally tare if @ combination called "dynamic the rotors not narow compared ts ameter. = Wie expect to see a high peak inthe spectrum at 1X lueningspe04 of the haf Ite often higher in the horizontal direction compared with the vertical dection ue to stitfress. o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 68 9 1 Waveform: The wavelorm should be very sinuscida; Orders tol ttere may ake be mialgrmontosenecs or aber {autcondton n addon lo unbalance, Viwnuntsot Imbalance (couple) velocity if possible, } Phase: Phase is the best indicator Compare verteal 0 ‘horizontal phase — there should be a 90° phase shit. 1x ‘Soe also static and couple unbalance, and unbalance 90°230° between foc vertical machines and overhung machines, vertical nd horizontal Radial Opes ee 2s 3 a 4 ae me me 7c 8 a OEE AO Orders @ Unbalance: Static imbalance ‘Symptoms: 1X radial (V & H) ‘peat to see a large peak in ne specium ate stan —_ Imbalance (static) 6 } turing specs (1X) ne vero! ar hoot ax. baal vation wi betow 1x The simplest typeof unbalance ia equivalent o 9 heavy spot at a single point n the rier. This seated sate {hoalance because wil be present ave the rots ot tuning ~ placed in fconess bearings Ine rotor wall um so the heavy sect at the lowest postion. ‘State unbslance can be coracled wih single-lane Radial ‘State unbalance cect in 4X frees on both bearings ‘ofthe rotor and the forces on bol beangs ace always In tho some drecion. The vbraton signals fom tam =O 1~—< 2S CSCC TO ‘Se npnase” wth eachother Orders ‘Spectrum: High 1% the radial rectors. Low in the ‘rial dracton Waveform: The waveform wil be very sinusoidal when ined n unite of volo is no sinusoidal then ‘hore may (als) be misalignment cocked bearing, 8 ‘ont sat or some aor al conan. “Amplitude: Compare vertical © horizontal viraton on ‘9 horzonial machin. Horgan >2X vertcal ‘ampliude thon suspect foundation. oosoness oF ‘Phase: Look for 90° phase eh between verkea and honontal For pute sae unoance, pase easngs ‘teh and of the rotor ben ace,@ Unbalance: Couple imbalance ‘Symptoms: 1% radial (V & H) Expect to see larg peak in tha specrum athe shat’ __IMbalance (couple) ‘uring speed (1X) n vertcal and horizontal as. Axl ‘Xan wl be on 3 — 190%230° between vertical and horizontal [A rotor wity couple unbalance may be. statically ‘balance (itmay sam oe perfect balanced placed In ftoness bearings), but when rotated tl produce Contfugal frees onthe Beatngs, and they vail be of ‘opposite phase. > A two-lane balance required to orect couple unbalance Radial ‘Spectrum: High 1% inthe rail directions. Low inthe ‘a econ. Waveform: The waveform wil be very siusoidal when G43 aS owed in volt). It Ri rot sinusoidal than tore may Orders {@io) be misalignment, cocked beanng or some oer fault condton “Amplitude: Compare vara! to horizontal vibration on {9 horizon machina. if horzontal >2X vertical “anplude then Suspect looseness or resonance Phase: Look for 90° phaso chit betwoen vaca and odontal For pure couple unbalance, phase. at earings at ether end ofthe rotor wil be 180" ost phase. @ Unbalance: Dynamic unbalance ‘Symptoms: 1X radial (V & H) Imbalance (dynamic) Dynamic unbalance is 2 combination of statc and Coulee noma ers in tha re 0 ing compare or dant Syaricalaoe thm amon fom funn eae St 1x ‘oor. A worpane Sacer rere comet Same nine 030° between vertical and horizontal Spectrum: High 1X inthe racial directions. Low in the ‘ial cretion. Waveform: The waveform should be very sinusoidal i not there may also be misalignment, Icoseness or other fault condtion in adaton to unbalance. View in uns of velocity i posite st a Phase: Phase the best indicator. Look for 90° phase loners shit between verical ang horzontal. Phase at bearings at ether end of the rotor will be between 30° and 150° utotphase. ‘Soe also state and couple unbalance.@ Unbalance: Vertical machines ‘Symptoms: 1X radial (horizontal) The spectrum wil show a high amplitude peak at 1% turning speed when measured In the radial dracton (horizontal or tangent “Te dtnguish motor unbalance from pump unbslance, may be nocessary to break the couping and run the motor solo while measuring 1%. ff tho 1X level is stil igh the protim ste moter; obverse itis the pump. Spectrum: High 1Xin the racial drectos. ‘Waveform: The waveform wil be vary sinusoidal when ‘wed in unis of veoaty Amplitude: Amplitude wil be higher where the stitfness is lowest Typeally ampitose wil be highest on ep of ‘motor anit willbe lowost nthe recon af ppg Phase: Look for 90° phase shit between readings takon 90" apart. All eadings taken in the same decton should be in-phase. Imbalance (Vertical) In-phase +30° O Oo In-phase 430° 10 Orders Radial@ Analysis Defi ions: Misalignment Frequency: 1X axial, 2X radial (V & H) Malonment is a condtion where the centeines o@ Parallel Misalignment ‘coupled shafts do. not coince, Misalignment oO >? common duo te poor atgnment practices or because of thermal gow, sing foundations pe stan, oc 2x 1 the misaloned shaft centerines ate paaie! but not coincident, then tbe misalignment is said tbe parallel (oro) misabenment > the misatoned shart meet ‘a. point but are not para, ton the misalignment {Caled angular misalgnment’ The vibration does not always change in prosictable ways when shafts ae rsaligned ost misaignment cases ae a combination of paral and angular misalgnment Diagoosis, as agenerainie, 0 1 2.3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 is based upon dominant vibration at ie the rotational Orders rate (2x) th increase rotational rat (3X) velsactng inthe aslal and in elther the vertcal oF horizontal ‘rections. eee errr pert arene reer 2e {tect due to angular (ap) msatgnmert. and oh “"y peaks at 1X, 2X, 9K, and even 4X and SX hn he ada =f {recton oa othe pra et masher arate é a “The peaks may be higher in vrtical atone end ofthe component (eg. moter) but higher in heizontal at the ‘other end of he same component, 2x Fine: Th over (cnet od pg el eee eae Sete aicenemeeeaee ea Se eee ; Ram cirn cece theca cs, (Amma maT nL eae casters Waveform: The waveform wil be @ combination of 1X. 2X and possibly other sources and may therefore incude a "wobble or tke onthe "Mor W" shape. © Misalignment: Parallel (Offset) ‘Symptoms: 2X radial, small 1X radial (V & H) the misaloned shat ceterines are porate! but not Parallel Misalignment: Cainer an the misalignment sa Yo bo paral °o ¢ (crore) misaignment ‘Misalignment 1s common due to poor allnment 2x = fracioes ot because of arma grow ing foundations. pipe sain, ete The vibration does not Sivaye change In peddabe ways when sats are sales @ Parallel misalignment produces both a shoar force an benaing moment on the coupled end of each shat. ‘Spectrum measurements ate very use; however it can be confused with other fall, Phase readings ride adtonal evidence. o 1 2 3 4 8 6 7 8 9 10 Orders ‘Spectrum: We expect o see igh peaks at 1X, 2X. 3% and even &X and 8X inthe rads direction de 6 the paral (ost) misalgrment. 2X can be qute high {Compared t 1X vibration The presence of 3X. 4X, 8X fc wil depend on coupling’ type and degree of masaignment ‘The peaks may be higher in vaca at one end ofthe component (eg. motor) but higher In horaontl atthe ‘ther end of the same component Phase: When comparing vertical and horzontl phase readings, they may be in-phase oF 180" ou-okphase, Verical phase readings takon on opposites sides of he couping (e.g. moter ave end and pump seve na) wil be outof-ghase, a a Waveform: The wavelorm wil be 9 combination of 1#TS, 2xTS and possibly cher sources and. may therefore inte a Swobble™ or take onthe "MP or "W" shape| Misalignment: Angular (Gap) ‘Symptoms: 1X axial, small 2X axial, small 1X radial HF the misaligned shafts mest at a pont but are nat paral then the misalignment is called angular oF gap misalignment. Maatgrment f= common due to poor algnment praciees or because of thermal growth, shifting foundations, pipe stan, ote. The vibration ‘does nat ‘always change in pregciable ways when shafis are misaligned ‘Angular misalignment produces @ bending momont on ‘each shaft and this generates @skong vibration at 1 ‘and some voraton at 2X n the ail direction at both earns. “There wil also be faity strong red (vertical and horizon) “1K and. 2X ovals, however these ‘components wil bain phase Spectrum: We expect o see a high 1X peak nthe axial ‘rection, and a small 2 and SX peak depending upon {he "ineary”of the vibration. There may aso be. 1X and 2X nthe aca direction, Phase: The components (eg. motor and pump) wil be ‘utotghase axially due to angular misalignment Measure axially on the components on ether side of the ‘coupling and remember to compensate for sensor ‘dracton. The components a kay tobe outot phase radialy across te coupling, ‘Waveform: The wavetorm in the aval deecton wil be dominated by the siusoidl 1X baton, Misalignment (3-jaw coupling) 3x 2 10 Orders Radial@ Analysis Definitions: Rolling element bearings ‘Symptoms: Non-synchronous vibration and others There are a lange number of faut conditons that can be ‘associated. wih ling element bearings, inching Stage onefour bearing wear lubrication problems, cocked bearing, fingEDM, edding, and looseness ‘We have inckied information on each of these posse fault condone in tis ap. + Lubecation: Ineuient lubrication. + Woarcraks/spals: Damage on the inner or outer race ‘and damage on the ong elements, Damaged cages ‘re harder to detect wih viration analyte. + Fluing/EOM: Curent passing through bearing — ‘washboard pattem etched on raceways. + Cocked bearing: Iner race not tue on shal or outer ‘ae not ue in housing. + Excessive clearance: Dus to excessive w bearing selection + Skideing:Roling elements skiing over inner race ‘when out ofthe lad zone, + Loose on shat inner ace siding on shat + Loose in housing: Outer race tuning in housing Spectum analysis Is very useful, but tine waveform ‘analysis should also” be used’ High. frequoncy Techniques. (Enveloping. Demodulation, Peakvue™, Shock Pulse™ and Spko Enorgy"™) are very fective ‘at detecting many ofthe fault conditions. + poor LLubrleation: High equoncy vibration, Wearleracks/spalstigh frequency vibration italy ‘extending into lower frequency vation a8 the faut becomes worse, Non-synchronous frequencies, FlutinglEDM: Raised noise floor uth peaks in range 100-180 KCPM, CCocked bearing: Axial vibration ~ phase readings on face of component ald in the diagnosis Excessive clearance: High harmonics of turning spood (1%). ‘kidding: Raised nose floor wth peaks in range 100-180 KCPM, Loose on shalt: 3x peak with harmonic, Loose in housing: 4X peak