BASIC

ELECTRONICS
Lab report
S.SUNIL KUMAR

AP1910020045

P.AREN VARDHAN

AP19110030037
S.n Name of
experiment
Date of Page remar
ks sig
experiment no
o n
1 Resistor color 19/07/2019
Coding
2 Ohm’s lAW 26/07/2019
3 3a-kcl 26/07/2019
3B-KVL
4 Current division 26/07/2019
and voltage
division
5 p-n junction 5/08/2019
diode
6 Clipper’s 13/08/2019
circuit
7 Half-wave
6/09/2019
rectifier
8 Input and output 19/10/2019
charecterstics of
‘ce bjt’
9 Fixed bias of ce 1/11/2019
Amplifier

Experiment:1
Resistor colour coding
Date:19thJuly’19

AIM: To find the Resistance of a Resistor.

Things Required:Resistor,Multi-meter.
Basic Concepts:
1:To find the value of resistor we use a simple concept called
as “Resistor colour coding.
2: gfh

Colour on Digit of Multiplier Tolerance(%)

resistor Colour
Black 0 100
Brown 1 101 1
Red 2 102 2
Orange 3 103
Yellow 4 104
Green 5 105 0.5
Blue 6 106 0.25
Violet 7 107 0.1
Grey 8 108
White 9 109
Gold 10-1 5
Silver 10-2 10

Above table is used for calculating the resistance by using

colours in the resistors
3

3:By seeing the colours in the resistors and the values of

colours in the table we can find the value of resistance.
Procedure:
1:Take a resistor and calculate it’s resistance value by using
resistance colour coding.
2:We will get a value.
3:Now take a multi-meter and point the knob towards the
resistance value.
Multimeter: resistors:

4:Switch on the multi-meter and connect the positive

terminal of the multi-meter to one side of resistor.
5:Now connect the Negative terminal of the multi-meter to
another side of resistor.
6:See the value appears in the multi-meter.
Observation:The value which we get in multi-meter is nearer
value to the value which we get by using colour coding.
Result: We found the value of resistance value=2.162kohms.
Self Decleration:We have performed this experiment
in the lab and all the values mentioned are as per our 
observations and every section of the report is
prepared by both the lab members and no section is
copied either partly or fully and if found copied , can be
subjected to disciplinary regulations such as zero marks
for the experiment.
 Experiment – 2
Ohm’s Law
Date-19th July
Aim: To Prove Ohm’s Law
Components required: A resistor,a DC Output, a
Multimeter , Breadboard and two wires.
Theory: The voltage in a circuit is directly proportional
to the current passing through the circuit.That is V=iR
where , R=Resistance in the circuit
Circuit Diagram:

procedure:
1)First, we need to find the value the resistor.
2)Then,put the resistor in one of the two rows in the
terminal strips of a breadboard according to the given
circuit diagram.
3)Connect one end of the two wires to the DC
Output .One wire is connected at the positive terminal
and the other wire is connected at the ground
terminal.
4)Place the other end of one wire at the parallel
position of the resistor and other wire at the first row
in the Bus strips of the breadboard.
5)Now , use the multimeter to add the ammeter at
series to the resistor in the circuit.
6)Then, calculate the current values(in milli amperes)
by changing the voltage values(in volts).
7)Then,plot the values in the graph.

Observations:
Theoretical values:
 Voltage(V) Current(mA)
1V 0.48mA
2V 0.93mA
3V 1.36mA
4V 1.83mA
5V 2.29mA
6V 2.72mA
7V 3.14mA
8V 3.66mA
9V 4.10mA
10V 4.53mA
11V 5.02mA
12V 5.47mA
13V 5.94mA
14V 6.38mA
15V 6.81mA

Graph:
Precautions:
1) Place the resistor correctly in the breadboard.
2) Ammeter should be at the series position to the
resistor.
Conclusion:
We get the values of the current (in ammeter) by
varying voltage values.
Self Decleration: We have performed this experiment
in the lab and all the values mentioned are as per our 
observations and every section of the report is
prepared by both the lab members and no section is
copied either partly or fully and if found copied , can be
subjected to disciplinary regulations such as zero marks
for the experiment.
 Experiment:3(A)
Kirchoff’s Current Law
Date: 19th july’19

AIM: To verify Kirchoff’s Current Law.

Equipment Required:
DC power supply, Multimeter, Resistors(3),Connecting
Wires,Bread Board.
Theory:
KCL states that:
“Algebraic sum of currents flowing to a node is zero.”
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1)Take a resistor of resistance 2.2kohms and insert it
on the terminal strip B.
2)Now take resistor of resistance 10kohms and place it
at the series position to 2.2kohms.
3)Then take another resistor of resistance 2.2kohms
and connect it parallel to 10kohms.
4)After that,connect the DC power supply and pass a
voltage of 10V.
5)Now, measure currentwhich is being produced by
the 10V DC output voltage.
6)After that measure the current passing through each
resistor by breaking the circuit and inserting an
ammeter between each resistor by noting down the
readings one by one.
Observation:
Practical:
1)The total current which is entering into the circuit
from the voltage is2.5mA.
2)The current passing through the 10kohms resistor is
0.45mA.
3)The current passing through the second 2.2kohms
resistor is 2.05mA
4)At last the total current is getting back to the battery.
S.no Resistance Current(mA)
1) R1 = 2.2kohms 2.48
2) R2 = 10 kohms 0.48
3) R3 = 2.2kohms 2.04

Theoretical:
According to the circuit diagram we can say that,
I = I1 + I2
R(equivalent) = 2.2KΩ + (10KΩ // 2.2KΩ)
= 2.2KΩ + 1.8KΩ
= I1 = 10v/R(eq) = 10/4 = 2.5mA
V(R1) = 2.2KΩ × 2.5mA
= 5.5 v
V(R2) = V(R3) = 10 – 5.5
= 4.5 v
I2 = V(R2) / R2 = 4.5v/10KΩ
= 0.45 mA
I3 = V(R3) / R3 = 4.5v/2.2KΩ
 = 2.05 mA
I1 = I2 + I3
I1 = 0.45 + 2.05
= 2.5mA
Therefore, KCL is verified

Result:
The Total current is found to be2.5mA.
Self Declaration:
We performed this experiment in the lab and all the
values mentioned are as per our observations and
every section of this report is prepared by both of the
lab members and no section is copied partly or fully
from other group.

Experiment :3(B)
Kirchoff’s voltage law
Date: 19th July'19

Aim: To prove Kirchoff's voltage law

Equipment Required:

DC power supply, Multimeter, Resistors(3), Connecting

Wires, Bread Board.
Theory:

KCL states that:

“Algebraic sum of currents flowing to a node is zero.”

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1)Take a resistor of resistance 2.2kohms and insert it

on the terminal strip B.
2)Now take resistor of resistance 10kohms and place it
at the series position to 2.2kohms.
3)Then take another resistor of resistance 2.2kohms
and connect it parallel to 10kohms.
4)After that,connect the DC power supply and pass a
voltage of 10V.
5)Now, measure current which is being produced by
the 10V DC output voltageby applying ohm’s law.
6)Now calculate voltage through 2.2kohm resistor by
again using ohm’s law.
7)Now calculate voltage through 10kohm resistor by
applying KVL loop. It is done by taking the voltage of
battery is equal to the sum of 2.2kohm resistor and
10kohm resistor.
8)Now, calculate current through 10kohm resistor.
9)Then, again voltage through 10kohm resistor is equal
to second 2.2kohm resistor as they are parallel.

Observation:

1)The total current which is entering into the circuit

from the voltage is 2.5mA.
2)The voltage through 2.2kohm resistor is 5.5V.
3)The current passing through the 10kohms resistor is
0.45mA.
4)The voltage through 10kohm resistor is 4.5V.
5)The current passing through the second 2.2kohms
resistor is 2.05mA.
6)The voltage through second 2.2kohm resistor is also
4.5V as it is parallel to 10kohm resistor.
7)At last the total current and voltage is getting back to
the battery.

Practical:
s.n Resistance(Kohm) Voltage(v)
o

1. R1=2.2Kohm 5.4v

2. R2=10Kohm 4.4v

3. R3=2.2Kohm 4.4v

V(R1)= I1 ×R1

= 2.2KΩ × 2.5mA
 = 5.50v
V(R2) = R2 × I2
= 10KΩ × 0.45mA
= 4.5v
V(R3) = R3 × I3
= 2.2KΩ × 2.05mA
= 4.51v

Result:

Hence the Kirchoff's Voltage Law is proved.

Self Declaration:

We performed this experiment in the lab and all the

values mentioned are as per our observations and
every section of this report is prepared by both of the
lab members and no section is copied partly or fully
from other group.

Experiment:4
Current division and Voltage Division
Date: 26/07/2019
Aim: To Verify Current Division and Voltage Division in
a given circuit.
Components Required: Bread board, multi-metre ,
power supply, connecting wires, two resistors of
resistances 2.2 kilo ohm and 1.1 kilo ohm respectively.
Theory: Current Division takes place in a circuit when
two resistors are connected in parallel. (V is constant)
Voltage Division takes place in a circuit when two
resistors are connected in series. (I is constant)

Formula for Voltage Division:

Formula for Current Division:

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1)Take a Bread board and arrange the resistors in the
bread board given Below.
2) Choose first node in the bread board and put one end
of R1 in it. Choose second node and put another end of
R1 in it.
3) Choose a node parallel to second node and put one
end of R2 in it. Choose a third node and put another
end of R2 in it.
4) Choose a node parallel to second node and put one
end of R3 in it. Choose a fourth node and put another
end of R3 in it.
5)Choose a node parallel to fourth node and put one end
of R4 in it. Now choose a node parallel to third node
and put another end of R4 in it.
6)Take a wire and put one of end the wire in first
node. And now put the next end of the wire to the
positive terminal of Power supply. Take another wire,
now choose another node parallel to third node and now
put one end of wire in it. Now another end of the wire is
connected to negative terminal of the power supply.
Like this above circuit is kept in bread board.
A: Finding Voltage division:
1) Here R1 and R2 are in series so voltage divides there.
2)Take away one end of the resistor R1 from node 2
and find the voltage across it through multi-meter.Note
it as V1.
3)Now put another end resistor R1 back at it’s place.
4)Now take away one end of the resistor R2 from node
3. Now by using multi-meter find the voltage across
R2.Note it as V2.
B:Finding Current Division:
1:Here R2 and Rx(Value of resistance R3//R4 ) are in
parallel.There Current Division takes place.
2:Now by using multi-meter calculate the values of Ix
and Ix’.
Calculation:
Observations:
So we got all the values equal in both practically and
theoretically.
Final values of current and voltage values of both
theorectical and practical are:
Practical:
 S.n Resistance(KΩ) Current(mA) Voltage(v)
o

1. R1 = 1KΩ I1 = 2.45mA V1 = 2.46v

2. R2 = 10KΩ I2 = 0.74mA V2 = 7.56v

3. R3 = 2.2KΩ I3 = 1.71mA V3 = 3.75v

4. R4 = 2.2KΩ I4 = 1.70mA V4 = 3.75v

Theoritical:
S.n Resistance(KΩ) Current(mA) Voltage(v)
o

1. R1 = 1KΩ I1 = 2.46mA V1 = 2.46v

2. R2 = 10KΩ I2 = 0.75mA V2 = 7.56v

3. R3 = 2.2KΩ I3 = 1.71mA V3 = 3.76v

4. R4 = 2.2KΩ I4 = 1.70mA V4 = 3.76v

Precautions:
1:Measure the values of voltage and current without any
errors.
2:See that all the wires are connected properly.
3:Check that current should be constant while
calculating voltage division and voltage should be
constant while calculating current division .
Conclusion:
We verified how voltage and current divides in a
circuit.
SELF DECLARAION:
We have performed this experiment in the lab and all
the values mentioned are as per our observations and
every section of the report is prepared by both the lab
members and no section is copied either partly or fully
and if found copied can be subjected to disciplinary
regulations such as zero marks for the experiment.

Experiment:5
P-N Junction Diode
Date: 5/08/2019
Aim: To determine the operation of the P-N Junction
Diode in three conditions which are:
1)No bias
2)Forward bias
3)Reverse bias
Materials required: P-N Junction diode,wires for
connection,DC voltage output,
Multimeter,breadboard,resistor (1) of 1Kohms.
Theory: A P-N Junction diode consists of P type and N
type material. In P type side, there are holes as
majority charge carriers and electrons as minority
charge carriers. In N type side, there are electrons as
majority charge carriers and holes as minority charge
carriers.
materials connection:

Procedure:
 No Bias Condition:
In case of No Bias Condition , there is no drift current
flowing through the diodeas it is not connected in the
circuit.But it contains diffusion current.As we know
that P side has holes as majority charge carriers and N
side has electrons as majority charge carriers.So due to
interaction between holes on P side and electrons on N
side due to diffusion current and diode loses energy
and forms a dipletion layer.

Circuit Diagram:

 Forward Bias Condition:

In case of Forward Bias , the P side of the diode is
connected to the positive terminal of the battery and N
side of the diode is connected to negative terminal of
the battery. Due to this , the holes in P side are
attracted towards the negative terminal of battery and
the electrons in N side are attracted towards the
positive terminal of the battery. Therefore , the
depletion layer gets decreased as there is increase in
the diffusion current. So, the energy carriers move
slowly. Now calculate the current and voltage passing
through the diode by supplying the different voltages
from DC Output.At last, plot the values in the graph.

Circuit Diagram:
Table for forward bias:
V(in)[V] V(d)[V] I(d)[in mA]
0.1 0.101 0
0.2 0.217 0
0.3 0.371 0
0.4 0.435 0.02
0.5 0.476 0.04
0.6 0.520 0.13
0.7 0.530 0.21
0.8 0.556 0.34
0.9 0.566 0.42
1 0.579 0.48
2 0.623 1.36
3 0.651 2.34
4 0.669 3.37
5 0.684 4.39
6 0.692 5.36
7 0.701 6.37
8 0.708 7.38
9 0.716 8.24
10 0.724 9.28
11 0.729 10.36
12 0.737 11.38
13 0.744 12.78
14 0.756 13.56
15 0.768 14.45

Graph:

 Reverse Bias Condition:

In case of Reverse Bias , the P side of the diode is
connected to the negative terminal of the battery and
N side of the diode is connected to the positive
terminal of the battery.So due to this , the holes in P
side of the diode attracted towards the negative
terminal of battery and the electrons in N side
attracted towards the positive terminal of the
battery.Therefore the depletion layer increases as
there is decrease in diffusion current and the energy
barriers move fast. At last, plot the values in the graph.
Circuit Diagram:

Table for reverse bias:

V(in)[v] V(d)[v] I(d)[mA]
0.1 0.097 0
0.2 0.236 0
0.3 0.364 0
0.4 0.428 0
0.5 0.529 0
0.6 0.649 0
0.7 0.763 0
0.8 0.833 0
0.9 0.976 0
1 0.980 0
2 2.061 0.1
3 2.984 0.2
4 4.06 0.3
5 5.01 0.4
6 6.02 0.5
7 7.04 0.6
8 8.01 0.7
9 8.95 0.8
10 9.98 0.9
11 10.97 1.0
12 12.10 1.1
13 12.94 1.2
14 13.96 1.3
15 15.04 1.4
Graph:
Precautions:
1)Observe the diode properly while placing it in
Forward Bias or Reverse Bias.
2)Make sure the multi-meter which are using is not
damaged as the values will vary a lot.
3)Resistors placed according to the circuit in series or
parallel.
4)Do not use or working on this experiment with wet
hands.
5)While checking the current and voltage values in
multi-meter, place the dial of the multi-meter in proper
positions.
Self Declaration:
The above experiment is done by both of the team
partners and the values which are given above in tables
are calculated by the members of the team in the lab
and are not plagiarised from other member or other
team.
Result: Therefore , the values which are calculated for
a P-N Junction in all the three condition are proper and
this is experiment is proved.
 Experiment – 6:
CLIPPER’S CIRCUIT
Date : 13/08/2019
Aim: To build and verify the clipper’s circuit.
Apparatus: Bread board,1k ohm resistor ,p-n junction
diode, connecting wires,2-
probes,oscilloscope,signalgenerator,Independent
Voltage source.
Theory: In the clippers circuit some portion of the
input signal will be clipped and output will be the
remaining clipped input.
Circuits to be tested:
Part-A: Silicon diode (series) 
Part-B: Silicon diode (series).
Here diode terminals are reversed

Part-C: Silicon diode with input voltage(1V) (Parallel).

Procedure:
Part-A:
1) Take a 1kilo ohm resistor, probes and required
connecting wires.
2) Now arrange the apparatus as shown in the first
circuit diagram.
3) Put one end diode in first node and put another end
of diode in second node.
4) Now put one end of a resistor in second node and
put another end of resistor in third node.
4)Now put positive terminal of input in first node and
put negative terminal of input in third node.
5) Now put positive terminal of output in second node
and negative terminal of output in third node.
6) Now fix the input probe to signal generator and
output probe to the oscilloscope.
7) Our circuit is ready.
8) Give an input signal like sinusoidal, square and
triangular wave of frequency 1k-Hz and peak voltage of
1V in the signal generator.
9) Verify the output in the oscilloscope and draw the
corresponding output signals.
Part-B:
1) Now repeat the same procedure given in part-a
except reverse the diode terminals.
2) Give an input signal like sinusoidal, square and
triangular wave of frequency 1k-Hz and peak voltage of
1V in the signal generator
3) Verify the output in the oscilloscope and draw the
corresponding output signals.
Part-C:
1) Put one end of the resistor in first node and put
another end of resistor in the second node.
2) Now put the p-side of diode in the second node and
the n-side of diode in the third node.
3) Now by using connecting wires put two wires in the
voltage source and keep the voltage as 1.
4) Now put both the wires in the third node.
5) Now put the positive terminal of input in the first
node and negative terminal of input in the third node.
6) Put positive terminal of output in the second node
and put negative terminal of output in the third node.
7) Now put the input and output probe to the signal
generator and oscilloscope respectively.
8) Now give an input signal like sinusoidal, square and
triangular wave of frequency 1k-Hz and peak voltage of
1V in the signal generator.
9) Verify the output in the oscilloscope and draw the
corresponding output signals.
Observations:
Input Signal:
Sinusoidal Wave:

Square Wave:
Triangular Wave:

Out-put signal:
Practical output wave forms:
Part-A:
Sinusoidal Wave:
Square Wave:

Triangular Wave:
Part-B: Sinusoidal Wave:

Square wave:

Triangular Wave:
Part-C:
Square Wave:

Theoritical output wave forms:

Part –a:
Sinusoidal wave:
Square wave:

Triangular wave:

Part-b:
Sinusoidal wave:
Square wave:

Triangular wave:

Part-c:
Result:
Hence we built different clipper circuits and verified
them.
Self Decleration: We have performed this experiment
in the lab and all the values mentioned are as per our 
observations and every section of the report is
prepared by both the lab members and no section is
copied either partly or fully and if found copied , can be
subjected to disciplinary regulations such as zero marks
for the experiment.
 Experiment-7
HALF-WAVeRECTIFIER
Date : 6/09/2019
AIM: To verify a half-wave rectifier circuit.
Apparatus required: Bread Board, Oscilloscope, Diode,
Resistor, Signal Generator, Probes, Connecting wires.
Theory: Half-Wave rectifier is used to convert AC signal
into DC signal.
It converts half wave of AC input into DC output.
Ripple Factor:

Circuit Diagram:
Part 1
Part 2(1micro F)

47 micro F

220 micro f
Procedure:
Part 1:
1. Take a bread board and put one terminal of diode
in first node.
2. Now put another terminal in the second node.
3. Now put one end of resistor in second node.
4. Now put another end of resistor in third node.
5. Now take a probe and connecting wires.
6. Now put one end of wire in first node and wound
another end wire to positive terminal of probe.
7. Now put one end of second wire in third node and
wound another end wire to negative terminal of
probe.
8. Now put the probe into the first channel of signal
generator.
9. Now give input values in signal generator with
frequency 1KHz, time period 1ms and amplitude
10Vp-p.Note the values.
Part 2:
1)Connect capacitor of 1microF,8 and 220microF one
by one.
2)Calculate output wave form at each capacitor.
0BSERVATIONS:
Part 1:

Part 2:
For 1microF Capacitor
For 47micro F capacitor

For 220micro F capacitor

Result: Hence we proved and verified half wave
rectifier.
Self Decleration: We have performed this experiment
in the lab and all the values mentioned are as per our 
observations and every section of the report is
prepared by both the lab members and no section is
copied either partly or fully and if found copied , can be
subjected to disciplinary regulations such as zero marks
for the experiment.
.
 Experiment - 8
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Date : 19/10/2019
Aim: To check the input and output characteristics of
Common Emitter BJT.
Apparatus Required: Two resistors of 1kilo ohm and
100 kilo ohm, a BJT, Independent Voltage Source,
Connecting wires, Two multi-meters.
Theory: BJT is a device which conducts current
through both electrons and holes.
It consists of three terminals emitter, base and
collector.
Common Base BJT: It is a type of BJT in which
the base is grounded and both input and output
share the base terminal.

Circuit for finding input characteristics of BJT:

Procedure:

Part-A: For finding the input characteristics of the

common base BJT :
1)Take a BJT and put it’s emitter terminal in the ground
and keep it’s base and collector in first and second
node respectively.
2)Now take 1kilo-ohm resistor and put one terminal of
that resistor in second node and second terminal of
resistor in third node.
3)Now take two wires and connect those wires to
positive and negative terminals of DC output(In First
Channel).
4) Now put the positive terminal wire in the third node
and negative terminal wire in the ground.
5)Now take a multi-meter and another two connecting
wires and wound those wires to the positive and
negative terminals of multimeter.
6)Now put the positive terminal wire in the first node
and negative terminal wire in the ground. The above
multimeter should be used to measure the input
voltage(Vbe).
7)Now take another multi-meter and another two
connecting wires and wound those wires to the
positive and negative terminals of multi-meter.
8)Now put the negative terminal wire in the first node
and positive terminal wire in the fourth node.
9)The above multi-meter is used to measure the Input
current(Ib).
10)Now take 100 kilo-ohms resistor and connect one
terminal of resistor in fourth node and another
terminal of resistor in fifth node.
11) Now take two wires and connect those wires to
positive and negative terminals of DC output(In second
channel).
12)Now put the positive terminal wire in the fifth node
and negative terminal wire in the ground.
13)Now by keeping second channel voltage constant
and by varying the first channel voltage i.e Vce we get
corresponding input voltage and current values.Note
them in your observation table.
Circuit for finding output characterstics of BJT:

Part-B: For finding the output characteristics of the

common base BJT :
1)Take a BJT and put it’s emitter terminal in ground
and put base and collector terminals in first and second
node respectively.
2)Now take 100 kilo-ohms resistor and put one of it’s
terminal in first node and another terminal in third
node.
3)Now take two connecting wires and put those wires
to positive and negative terminals of DC output(In first
channel).
4)Now put the positive terminal wire in the third node
and put negative terminal wire in the ground.
5)Now take 1 kilo-ohm resistor and put one of it’s
terminal in the second node and put another terminal
in the fourth node.
6)Now take a multi-meter and two connecting wires
and wound those wires to positive and negative
terminals of the multi-meter.
7)Now put the negative terminal wire of multi-meter in
the fourth node and put the positive terminal wire in
fifth node. The above multi-meter is used to measure
the collector current(Ic)
8)Now take another two connecting wires and put
those wires in positive and negative terminals of DC
output(In second channel).
9)Now put the positive terminal wire in the fifth node
and negative terminal wire in the ground.
10)Now take another multi-meter and two connecting
wires and wound those wires to the positive and
negative terminals of the multi-meter.
11)Now the positive terminal wire is connected to
second node and negative terminal wire is connected
to ground.
12)Now by varying the voltage values in the second
channel and keeping the voltage constant in the first
channel find the output current and and voltage and
record them in observation table.
Observations:
Part-A:
C2(V) C1(V) Vbe(V) Ib(micro amperes)
1V 0.5V 0.007 5.2
1V 0.008 10.7
2V 0.009 20.6
3V 0.010 30.1
4V 0.012 40.2
5V 0.013 50.4
6V 0.014 61.1
7V 0.015 70.8
8V 0.016 81.1
9V 0.017 91.3
10V 0.018 101.2
11V 0.019 111.1
12V 0.020 121.7
 13V 0.021 132.0
14V 0.022 142.0
15V 0.023 151.7

C1(V) C2(V) Vbe(v) Ib(micro amperes)

1.5V 0.5V
1V
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Part-B:
C1(V) C2(V) Vce(V) Ib(micro amperes)
1V 0.5V 0.514V 0
1V 1.013V 0
1.5V 1.541V 0.1
 2V 2.006V 0.1
2.5V 2.54V 0.2
3V 3.007V 0.2
4V 3.996V 0.3
5V 5.07V 0.4
6V 6.08V 0.5
7V 7.09V 0.6
8V 8.04V 0.7
9V 9.06V 0.8
10V 10.04V 0.9
11V 11.06V 1.0
12V 12.13V 1.1
13V 13.06V 1.2
14V 14.08V 1.3
15V 15.09V 1.4

C1(V) C2(V) Vce(Volts) Ib(micro amperes)

1.5V 0.5V 0.574V 0
1V 1.056V 0
1.5V 1.574V 0.1
2V 2.018V 0.1
2.5V 2.553V 0.2
3V 3.054V 0.2
4V 4.089V 0.3
5V 5.03V 0.4
6V 6.04V 0.5
7V 7.09V 0.6
 8V 8.04V 0.7
9V 9.03V 0.8
10V 10.4V 0.9
11V 11.08V 1
12V 12.04V 1.1
13V 13.11V 1.2
14V 14.06V 1.3
15V 15.13V 1.4

Result: So we verified the common emitter BJT and

drawn it’s input and output characterstics.
Self Decleration: We have performed this experiment
in the lab and all the values mentioned are as per our 
observations and every section of the report is
prepared by both the lab members and no section is
copied either partly or fully and if found copied , can be
subjected to disciplinary regulations such as zero marks
for the experiment.
 Experiment:9
BJT-Fixed bias condition :
Aim:To prove the the Bipolar Junction
transistor under fixed bias condition.
Materials Required:A Bipolar Junction
Transistor(BJT), 2 resistors(1kohm and
470kohm), 2 capacitors(1microF and
10microF), connecting wires, DC output
source, oscilloscope, Input function generator
and probes.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1)First, place the resistors and capacitors
according to the circuit diagram.
2)Then connect the probes to the input
function generator and oscilloscope.
3)Here, we have to use the both input
voltages and output voltages.
4)After completing the connection of the
circuit, take input voltage of 50mVpp as
constant in the input function generator.
5)Now, take 15 values of frequency starting
from 50Hz to 2MHz.
6)Calculate the wave output and output
voltage(Vo) at each frequency value.
7)Now, plot the graph between 20log(V0/Vin)
on X-axis and log(freq) on Y-axis.

Observations:
Practical
 Vin Frequency Vo Vo/Vin 20log(Vo/Vin) log(freq)
(mVpp) (Hz) (Vpp)
50 50 4.08V 81.6V 38.233 1.69
100 6.72V 134.4V 42.56 2
200 9.20V 184V 45.29 2.30
500 10.4V 208V 46.36 2.69
1K 10.6V 212V 46.526 3
2K 10.6V 212V 46.526 3.36
3K 11.0V 220V 46.54 3.47
5K 11.2V 3.69
10K 11.2V 4
20K 11.0V 220V 46.54 4.301
50K 10.8V 216V 46.68 4.69
100K 10.8V 216V 46.68 5
200K 10.2V 204V 46.19 5.301
1M 5.20V 104V 40.34 6
2M 3.44V 68.8V 36.75 6.301

Result:The output voltage wave values are

calculated and the graph is plotted.
Self Decleration:We have performed this experiment
in the lab and all the values mentioned are as per our 
observations and every section of the report is
prepared by both the lab members and no section is
copied either partly or fully and if found copied , can be
subjected to disciplinary regulations such as zero marks
for the experiment.