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TASK – 2 SHELL SCRIPTING

SHELL:
 Shell is a user program or its environment provided for user interaction.
 It is a command language interpreter that executes commands.
 It reads from the input from the user and executes programs based on the input
 It displays the program output when the program finishes the execution
 Shell is not part of system kernel, but uses the system kernel to execute programs, create
files, etc.

SHELL SCRIPT:
 A shell script is a list of commands in a computer program that is run by the UNIX shell which
is a command line interpreter.
 It usually has comments that describes the steps
 Operations performed by shell scripts are program execution, File manipulation and text
printing

VARIABLES:
 The shell enables us to create, assign and delete variables.
 Variable names must contain only letters, numbers or the underscore
 Defining Variables:
Variable_name = variable_value
 Variable can be accessed by using a dollar sign ($) as a prefix for variable_name
 After a variable is marked read-only, its value cannot be changed
 Unsetting a variable directs the shell to remove the variable from the list of the variables.
 Unset command cannot be used on the variables which are marked read-only

READ STATEMENT:
 The Read statement is used to get input from user and store the data to variable
 Syntax: read variable1, variable2, …., variable

ECHO STATEMENT:
 The Echo statement is used to display text or value of variables on the screen.
 Syntax: echo [options] [string, variables…]

BASIC SHELL SCRIPT:

 touch HelloWorld.sh ---> creates a file
 nano HelloWorld.sh ----> opens the file in text editor

 chmod +x HelloWorld.sh ----> gives permission to execute the script

 ./HelloWorld.sh runs the script

Output:
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ARITHMETIC OPERTIONS:
 Demonstration for basic Arithmetic operations:
Code:

Output:

DECISION MAKING STATEMENTS

 There are two types of decision-making statements within shell scripting. They are:
- If-else statement
- Case-esac statement
IF-ELSE STATEMENT:
 It is a conditional statement.
 There are couple of varieties present within the if-else statement. They are:
- If-fi
- If-else-fi
- If-elif-else-fi
- Nested if-else
 Syntax:
- If-fi
if [ expression ]; then
statements
fi
- If-else-fi
if [ expression ]; then
statement1
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else
statement2
fi
- If-elif-else-fi
if [ expression ]; then
statement1
elif [ expression ]
then
statement2
else
statement3
fi
- Nested if-else
if [ expression ]
then
statement1
if [ expression ]
then
statement
else
statement
fi
else
statement
fi
Demo Program for If-else Statement:

Output:

THE CASE-ESAC STATEMENT:

 Case-esac is basically working the same as switch statement in programming.
 Syntax:
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case $var in
Pattern 1) Statement 1;;
Pattern n) Statement n;;
esac
 Demo for case-esac statement:

Output:

LOOPS:

 There are 3 looping statements which can be used in bash programming

- While statement
- For statement
- Until statement

FOR STATEMENT:
 The for loop moves through a specified list of values until the list is exhausted.
 Syntax:
for varname in list
do
statement
done

WHILE STATEMENT:
 Linux scripting while loop is similar to C language while loop
 There is a condition in while and commands are executed till the condition is valid. Once
condition becomes false, loop terminates.
 Syntax:
while [condition]
do
statement
done

UNTIL STATEMENT:
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 The only difference is that until statement executes its code block while its conditional
expression is false, and while statement executes its code block while its conditional
expression is true
 Until loop always executes at least once.
 Loop while executes till it returns a zero value and until loop executes till it returns non-zero
value.
 Syntax:
until [ condition ]
do
commands
done
 Demo program for all the loops:

Output:

 To display Shell: echo $0

 To find version of the shell: echo “${BASH_VERSION}”
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 To find path: echo $PATH

PROGRAMS:

Program-1: Write the Shell script to find Factorial of a number.

Aim: To find the factorial of a number.

Description: In this program, we try to read a number from the user and find factorial for that
number

Program:
#!/bin/sh
echo "Enter a number: "
read n
a=1
product=1
while [ $a -le $n ]
do
product=$(( $product * $a ))
a=$(( $a + 1 ))
done
echo "The factorial of number $n is $product"

Output:

Conclusion:
By executing the above shell script, we have successfully found factorial for the number given by
user.

Program-2: Write the Shell Script to check if the given number is even or odd.

Aim: To check if the given number is even or odd.

Description: In this program, we try to read a number from the user and check whether the given
number is even or odd.

Program:
#!/bin/sh
echo "Enter a number: "
read n
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rem=$(( $n % 2 ))
if [ $rem -eq 0 ]
then
echo "$n is even"
else
echo "$n is odd"
fi

Output:

Conclusion:
By executing the above shell script, we have successfully checked whether the given number is even
or odd.

Program-3: Write a shell script to find power of a number.

Aim: To find power of a number.

Description: In this program, we try to read the base and power of a exponent and find the value of
that exponent.

Program:
#!/bin/sh
echo "Enter a number for base: "
read a
echo "Enter a number for power: "
read b
i=1
res=1
while [ $i -le $b ]
do
res=$(( $res * $a ))
i=$(( $i + 1 ))
done
echo "$a^$b = $res"

Output:

Conclusion:
By executing the above shell script, we have successfully found power of a number.
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Program-4: Write a Shell script to check whether the given number is palindrome or not.

Aim: To check whether the given number is palindrome or not.

Description: In this program, we try to read the number from the user and check whether the given
number is palindrome or not.

Program:
#!/bin/sh
echo "Enter a number: "
read n
temp=$n
re=0
while [ $n != 0 ]
do
r=$(( $n % 10 ))
re=$(( $re * 10 + $r ))
n=$(( $n / 10 ))
done
if [ $re -eq $temp ]
then
echo "The given number is a Palindrome"
else
echo "The given number is not a Palindrome"
fi

Output:

Conclusion:
By executing the above shell script, we have successfully checked whether the given number is
palindrome or not

Program-5: Write a Shell Script to print the Fibonacci Series.

Aim: To print the Fibonacci Series.

Description: In this program, we try to print the Fibonacci Series

Program:
#!/bin/sh
echo "Enter a number: "
read n
a=0
b=1
echo "Fibonacci Series: "
echo $a
echo $b
i=3
while [ $i -le $n ]
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do
c=$(( $a + $b ))
echo $c
a=$b
b=$c
i=$(( $i + 1 ))
done

Output:

Conclusion:
By executing the above shell script, we have successfully printed the Fibonacci Series

Program-6: Write a Shell Script to find whether a given number is prime or not.

Aim: To find whether a given number is prime or not

Description: In this program, we try to read a number from the user and check whether the given
number is prime or not

Program:
#!/bin/sh
echo "Enter a number: "
read n
flag=0
if [ $n -le 1 ]
then
flag=1
else
i=2
a=$(( $n / 2 ))
while [ $i -le $a ]
do
rem=$(( $n % $i ))
if [ $rem -eq 0 ]
then
flag=1;
break;
fi
i=$(( $i + 1 ))
done
fi
if [ $flag -eq 0 ]
then
echo "$n is a prime number"
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else
echo "$n is not a prime number."
Fi

Output:

Conclusion:
By executing the above shell script, we have successfully found whether the number given by the
user is prime or not

Program-7: Write a shell script to check if the given number is an Armstrong number or not.

Aim: To find whether given number is an Armstrong number or not.

Description: In this program, we try to read a number from the user and check whether the number
is an Armstrong number or not.

Program:
#!/bin/sh
echo "Enter a number: "
read n
res=0
num=0
temp=$n
while [ $temp -ne 0 ]
do
num=$(( $num + 1 ))
temp=$(( $temp / 10 ))
done
temp=$n
while [ $temp -ne 0 ]
do
r=$(( $temp % 10 ))
re=1
i=1
while [ $i -le $num ]
do
re=$(( $re * $r ))
i=$(( $i + 1 ))
done
res=$(( $res + $re ))
temp=$(( $temp / 10 ))
done
if [ $res -eq $n ]
then
echo "$n is an Armstrong number"
else
echo "$n is not an Armstrong number"
fi
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Output:

Conclusion:
By executing the above shell script, we have successfully checked whether the given number is
Armstrong number or not.

Program-8: Write a Shell Script to demonstrate Mini Calculator.

Aim: To demonstrate Mini Calculator

Description: In this program, we try to perform all basic arithmetic operations by demonstrating a
mini calculator.

Program:
#!/bin/sh
echo "Enter two numbers: "
read a
read b
echo "Operations to be Performed: "
echo "1. Add"
echo "2. Sub"
echo "3. Multiply"
echo "4. Division"
echo "Enter your Choice: "
read c
while [ $c -le 4 ]
do
case "$c" in
"1") sum=$(( $a + $b ))
echo "$a + $b = $sum"
;;
"2") diff=$(( $a - $b ))
echo "$a - $b = $diff"
;;
"3") mul=$(( $a * $b))
echo "$a * $b = $mul"
;;
"4") div=$(( $a / $b ))
echo "$a / $b = $div"
;;
esac
echo "Enter your choice: "
read c
done
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Output:

Conclusion:
By executing the above shell script, we have successfully demonstrated the Mini Calculator