CHAPTER1; Chemical names and formulas; page 7; Chemical formula shows symbol and numbers of elements ex; C 8H8

Monoatomic ion; ion, which made of from one element only ex; K +, Mg2+

Charges of important monoatomic ions;

ionic compound; made of one metal and one nonmetal element

Writing ionic compounds; Cross their charges Ex; Al +3 O-2 ; Al2O3

Rules;
 plus charge written first
 signs are not written
 if charge is 1, it is not written

ex; Ca+2 Cl-1 ; CaCl2

Na+ Cl- ; NaCl

Ba+2 Br - ; BaBr2

 if possible we simplify it

C+4 O-2 ; C2O4 = CO2

Mg+2 O-2 ; Mg2O2 = MgO

1
Naming ionic compounds; formula; name of metal + name of nonmetal + ide

Ex; NaCl : Sodium chloride

Sample Problem1, page 11; Write the formulas and names for the ionic compounds formed between the following elements:

a. zinc and iodine b. zinc and sulfur

Zn+2 I-1 Zn+2 S-2

ZnI2 Zn2S2 ; ZnS ; Zinc sulfate

Zinc iodide

Practice questions, page 11;

1. Write formulas and names for the ionic compounds formed between the following elements:

a. potassium and iodine K+ I- = KI potassium iodide

b. magnesium and chlorine Mg+2 Cl- = MgCl2 Magnesium chhloride

c. sodium and sulfur Na+ S-2 = Na2S Sodium sulfide

d. aluminum and sulfur Al+3 S-2 = Al2S3 Aluminium sulfide

e. aluminum and nitrogen Al+3 N-3 = AlN Aluminium nitride

2. Name the ionic compounds indicated by the following formulas:

a. AgCl Silver chloride

b. SrF2 Strontium floride
c. BaO Barium oxide
d. CaCl2 Calcium chloride

The Stock system ( d block elements) ; for d block elements, we write the charge of metal in Roman numbers

FeCl2 = Iron (II) chloride

FeCl3= Iron (III) chloride

CuCl copper (l) chloride

CuCl2 copper (ll)chloride

Sample problem2 page13; Write the formula and give the name for the compound formed by the ions Cr and F .
3+ –

CrF3 Chromium (III) floride

Practice questions, page 13;

2
1. Write the formula and give the name for the compounds formed between the following ions: CuBr2 Copper(II)Bromide

a. Cu2and Br- CuBr2 Copper(II)Bromide

b. Fe2and O2- FeO Iron (II) oxide

c. Fe3and O2- Fe2O3 Iron (III) oxide

2. Give the names for the following compounds:

a. CuO Copper (II) oxide

b. CoF3 Cobalt(III) Floride

Compounds containing polyatomic ions; polyatomic ions; ion which has more than 1 element,
we name them just as ionic compounds

SO4-2 sulfate PO4-3 phosphate

CO3-2 carbonate ClO- hypochlorite
NO3- nitrate ClO2- chlorite
OH- hydroxide CIO3- chlorate
CIO4- perchlorate
SO3-2 sulfite CrO4-2 chromate
NO2- nitrite Cr2O7-2 dichromate
NH4+ ammonium
CN- cyanide
MnO4- permanganate

K2SO4 Potassium sulfate

 if it has number polyion written in bracket

Ba+2 and NO3- ; Ba(NO3)2 Barium nitrate

Al+3 and SO4-2 ; Al2(SO4)3 Aluminium sulfate

Sample problem3, page15;

Write the formula for vanadium(IV) sulfate. V+4 SO4-2 = V2 (SO4)4 = V(SO4)2

Practice questions, page15;

1. Write formulas for the following ionic compounds:

a. calcium chloride Ca+2 Cl- = CaCl2

b. potassium sulfide K+ S-2 = K2 S

c. copper(II) sulfate Cu+2 SO4-2 = CuSO4

d. calcium nitrate Ca+2 NO3- = Ca(NO3)2

3
e. potassium perchlorate K+ ClO4- = KCIO4

2. Give the names for the following compounds:

a. Ag2O Silver oxide Here Ag has only one charge so we don’t write its charge in the name AgCl silver chloride

b. KClO3 Potassium chlorate

c. FeCrO4 Iron (II) chromate

d. KClO Potassium Hypochlorite

Naming ( molecular) covalent compounds;

Latin numbers; 1;mono 2;Di 3;Tri 4;Tetra 5;Penta 6;Hexa 7;Hepta 8;Octa 9;Nona 10;Deca

The compound between two nonmetals is called as covalent compound.

Number of + name of + number of + name of

1stnonmetal 1st nonmetal nd
2 nonmetal 2nd nonmetal

P4O10 tetra phosphorous decoxide

N2O Dinitrogen monoxide

 If number of first nonmetal is 1, we don’t write it

NO Nitrogen monoxide

NO3 Nitrogen trioxide

N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide

N2O5 Dinitrogen pentoxide

CO = Carbon monoxide

CO2 = Carbon dioxide

SO2 = Sulfur dioxide

P2O3= Diphosphorous trioxide

 If the compound start with (C,S,P,N) it shows it is a covalent compound. Ex; write the formulas of ;

sulphur trioxide SO3

4
trinitrogen pentaoxide N3O5

dinitrogen trioxide N2O3

Sample problem4, page17;

a. Write the name of As2O5 Diarsenic pentoxide

b. Write the formula for oxygen difluoride. OF2

Practice questions, page175;

1. Name the following binary molecular compounds:

a. SO3 Sulfur trioxide

b. ICl3 iodine trichloride

c. PBr5 Phosphorous pentabromide

2. Write formulas for the following compounds:

a. carbon tetraiodide CI4

b. phosphorus trichloride PCI3

c. dinitrogen trioxide N2 O3

Covalent network compounds; For the 14th group elements. Sometimes they + like metal, sometimes they – like nonmetal.
For naming they are accepted as nonmetal

SiO2 Si3N4
silicon dioxide trisilicon tetranitride

Acids and salts; Acid is a compound which gives H+ to the water. General formula is HX

HCl Hydrocloric acid HF hydrofloric acid

5
HBr hydrobromic acid Hl hydroiodic acid

H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2CO3 carbonic acid

HNO3 nitric acid

H3PO4 phosphoric acid CH3COOH acedic acid HClO3 chloric acid

Section review questions, page 19;

1. What is the significance of a chemical formula? Chemical formula shows symbol and number of the elements

2. Write formulas for the compounds formed between the following:

a. aluminum and bromine AlBr3

b. sodium and oxygen Na2O

c. Sn2+ and I- SnI2

d. Fe3+ and S-2 Fe2S3

e. Cu2+ and NO3- Cu(NO3)2

f. NH4+ and SO4-2 (NH4)2SO4

3. Name the following compounds:

a. NaI Sodium iodide c. CuBr Copper(I) bromide

b. K2S Potassium sulfide d. FeCl2 Iron (II) chloride

4. Write formulas for the following compounds:

a. barium sulfide BaS

b. sodium hydroxide NaOH

c. potassium permanganate KMnO4

d. iron(II) sulfate FeSO4

e. diphosphorus trioxide P2O3

f. disulfur dichloride S2Cl2

g. hydrochloric acid HCI

All possible metals All possible nonmetals
LiF Lithium fluoride KF Potassium fluoride
NaF Sodium fluoride KCl Potassium chloride

6
 KF Potassium fluoride KBr Potassium bromide
RbF Rubidium fluoride KI Potassium iodide
CsF Cesium fluoride K2O Potassium oxide
AgF Silver fluoride K2S Potassium sulfide
BeF2 Berilium fluoride
MgF2 Magnesium fluoride K3N Potassium nitride
CaF2 Calcium fluoride K3P Potassium phosphide
SrF2 Strontium fluoride
BaF2 Barium fluoride K2SO4 Potassium sulphate
ZnF2 Zinc fluoride K2CO3 Potassium carbonate
CdF2 Cadmium fluoride KNO3 Potassium nitrate
AlF3 Aluminium floride KOH Potassium hydroxide

CuF Copper I fluoride KCN Potassium cyanide

CuF2 Copper ll fluoride K2MnO4 Potassium permanganate
VF2 Vanadium ll fluoride K3PO4 Potassium phosphate
VF3 Vanadium lll fluoride KClO Potassium hypochlorite
VF4 Vanadium lV fluoride KClO2 Potassium chlorite
CrF2 Chromium lll fluoride KCIO3 Potassium chlorate
CrF3 Chromium ll fluoride KCIO4 Potassium perchlorate
MnF2 Manganese ll fluoride K2CrO4 Potassium chromate
FeF2 Iron ll fluoride K2Cr2O7 Potassium dichromate
FeF3 Iron lll fluoride
CoF2 Cobalt ll fluoride HCl Hydrochloric acid
CoF3 Cobalt lll fluoride HBr Hydrobromic acid
SnF2 Tin ll fluoride HF Hydrofloric acid
SnF4 Tin lV fluoride Hl Hydroiodic acid
HgF2 Mercury ll fluoride HNO3 Nitric acid
PbF2 Lead ll fluoride H2CO3 carbonic acid
PbF4 Lead lV fluoride H2SO4 sulfiric acid

Section 2; Oxidation Numbers (Charges) In a compound total charge must be zero.

Sample problem 5, page 21;

Assign oxidation numbers (charges) to each atom in the following compounds or ions:

7
a. UF6 b. H2SO4 c. ClO3-

U+6 ,F - H+, S+6, O-2 Cl+5, Cl-

Practice questions, page 22;

1. Assign oxidation numbers to each atom in the following compoundsor ions:

a. CF4 b. PCl3 c. HNO3 d. KH e. N2O5

C+4, F- P+3, CI- H+, N+5, O-2 K+, H- N+5, O-2

Using oxidation numbers for formulas and names;

PCl3 phosphorus trichloride

PCl5 phosphorus pentachloride

Section review, page 23;

1. Assign oxidation numbers to each atom in the following compounds or ions:

a. HF b. CI4 f. Na2O2 g. H2CO3 h. NO2 - i. SO42-

H+, F- C+4, I- Na+1, O-1 H+1, C+4, O-2 N+3, O-2 S+6, O-2

2. Name each of the following compounds:

a. CI4 Carbon tetra iodide

b. SO3 Sulfur tri oxide

c. As2S3 Diarsenic trisulfide

Section3; Using Chemical Formulas

Formula mass; total mass of elements in a compound. (mass of each element will be given in questions)

mass of some elements; H:1.01 , K;39.10 , Cl;35.45 , O:16.00, S;32.07, Ca;40.08, N;14.01, 30.97, C=12.01, P;30.97

8
Calculate the mass of H2O
H2O = 2x1 + 16 =18.02 g/mol

Sample problem6, page 26; Find the formula mass of KClO3

KClO3 = 39.1 + 35.45 + 3x16 = 74.55 + 48 = 122.55 g/mol

Practice question, page 26;Find the formula mass of each of the following

a. H2SO4 2x1.01 + 32.07 + 4x16 = 34.09 + 64 = 98.09

b. Ca(NO3)2 40.08 + 2x14.01 + 6x16 = 40.08 + 28.02 + 96 = 164.10 g/mol

c. PO43 30.97 + 4x16 = 30.97 + 64 =  g/mol

Relationship between mass and numbers of atoms;

Mole; Number of atoms in 12 g Carbon. Totally 6.022x10 23 particle of any substance

Avagadros number; 6.0221367x1023 = 6.022x1023

Molar mass; Mass of 1 mol (6.022x1023 particle) of any element

Converting mole to mass;

Ex; 2 moles of He how many gram (He=4 g/mol) 2x4 = 8 g

Sample problem 7, page 28;

What is the mass of 3.50 mol of copper element (Cu=63.55 g/mol) 3.5x63.55 = 222.425 g

Practice questions, page 28;

1. What is the mass of 2.25 mol of iron (Fe= 55.85 g/mol) 2.25 x 55.85 = 126 g

2. What is the mass of 0.375 mol of potassium (K=39 g/mol) 0.375 x 39 = 14.7 g

Sample problem 8, page 28;

In an experiment, a chemist produced 11.9 g of Aluminium (Al). How many moles of aluminium are in this sample?
(Al= 26.98 g/mol)
26.98 g 1 mol

11.9 g X mol
9
26.98 x X = 11.9

X = 11.9 = 0.441 mol

26.98

n( mol) = given mass = 11.9 = 0.441 mol

molar mass 26.98

Practice questions, page 29;

1. How many moles of calcium (Ca) there are in 5.00 g of calcium? ( Ca= 40 g/mol)

n = given mass = 5 = 0.125 mol Ca

molar mass 40

2. How many moles of gold (Au) there are in 3.60x10 -10 g of gold? ( Au= 197 g/mol)

n = given mass = 3.60x10-10 = 1.8x10-12 mol

molar mass 197

Conversion using Avagadros number

1 mol of any element is particle

Sample problem 9, page 29;

How many moles of silver (Ag) are in 3.01x10 23 atoms?

1 mol 6.022x1023
X mol 3.01x1023
6.022x1023 x X =

X = 3.01x1023 = 0.5 moles

6.022x1023

In particle,

n = given particle
6.022x1023

Practice questions , page 30;

1. How many moles of lead (Pb) are in 1.50x10 12 atoms of lead?

n = given particle = 1.50x1012 = 2.49x10-12 mol

6.022x1023 6.022x1023

2. How many moles of tin (Sn) are in atoms of tin?

n = given particle = 2500 = 4.2x10-21 mol

6.022x1023 6.022x1023

10
3. How many atoms of aluminium are contained in 2.75 mol?

2.75 x 6.022x1023 = 1.66x1024 atoms

Sample problem 10, page 30; What is the mass of atoms of copper Cu? ( Cu; 63.55)

1.2x108 = 1.27x10-14 g Cu
6.022x1023

Practice questions, page 30;

1. What is the mass in grams of 7.5x1015 atoms of nickel (Ni) ? (Ni=58.7 g/mol)

7.5x1015 = 1.25x10-8 mol 1.25x10 -8 x 58.7 = 73x10-8 = 7.3x10-17 g Ni

23
6.022x10

2. What is the number of sulfur atoms contained in 4.00 g of sulfur? (S=32.06)

4 = 0.1247 mol 0.1247 x 6.022x10 23 = 0.751x1022= 7.51x1021 sulfur atoms

32.06

3. What mass of gold (Au) contains the same number of atoms as 9.0 g of aluminium (Al) ? (Au=196.97, Al= 26.98)

9/26.98 = 0.334 mol Al (question wants same mol with Al atoms) 0.334x 196.97= 66 g Au

Molar Mass; = mass of 1 mol (6.022x1023 particle) of any element or compound

Sample problem 11, page 31;

What is the molar mass of barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2? (Ba=137.33, N=14.01 , O=16 ) 261.35 g Ba

Practice questions, page 31;

1. How many moles of atoms of each element are there in one mole of the following compounds?

a. Al2S3 2 mol Al, 3 mol S

b. Ba(OH)2 1 mol Ba, 2 mol O, 2 mol H

2. Find the molar mass of each of the compounds listed in question 1.
Al= 26.98 , S=32.07, Ba=137.33, O; 16.00, H;1.01

a. Al2S3 = 2 x 26.98 + 3 x 32.07 = 53.96 + 96.18 = 150.17 g/mol

b. Ba(OH)2 = 137.33 + 2x16 + 2x1 = 137.33 + 32 + 2 = 171.35 g/mol

Molar mass as conversion factor; mol = mass

molar mass
n= m
MM

Sample problem 12, page 32;

11
What is the mass in grams of 2.50 mol of oxygen gas? (elements H2 O2 N2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 written in molecule form (by 2))

O=16, O2= 32 g / mol

n= m
MM

2.5 = m m= 2.5 x 32 = 80 g
32

Sample problem 13, page 33;

Ibuprofen, C13H18O2, is the active ingredient in many nonprescription pain relievers. Its molar mass is 206.31 g/mol.

a. If the tablets in a bottle contain a total of 33 g of ibuprofen, how many moles of ibuprofen are in the bottle?

n= m = 33 = 0.16 mol
MM 206.31

b. How many molecules of ibuprofen are in the bottle?

0.16 mol x 6.022x1023 = 0.96x1023 = 9.6x1022 molecule

c. What is the total mass in grams of carbon in 33 g of ibuprofen, C13H18O2?

in 1 mol 13 x 12 = 146 g C

in 0.16 mol X
X = 0.16 x 146 = 25 g C

Practice questions, page 34;

1. How many moles of compound are there in 6.60 g (NH4)2SO4 (N=14, H=1, S=32, O=16, Cu=63.55 )

n= m = 6.6 = 0.05 mol (NH4)2SO4 = 2x14 + 8x1 +32 + 4x16 = 28 +8 +32 +64 = 132 g/mol
MM 132

2. How many molecules are there in 25.0 g H2SO4

H2SO4 = 2x1 + 32 + 4x16 = 2 + 32 + 64 = 98 g/mol

25 / 98 = 0.255 mol

0.255 x 6.022x1023 = 1.54x1023 molecule

3. What is the mass in grams of 6.25 mol of copper(II) nitrate? (Cu=63.55, N=14, O=16,)

Cu(NO3)2 = 63.55 + 2x14 + 6x16 = 187.55 g/mol 6.25 mol x 187.55 = 1170 g

Percentage composition;

12
Sample problem 14, page 35; Find the percentage composition of copper(I) sulfide, Cu2S. (Cu=63.55, S=32.07 )

Cu2S = 2x63.55 + 32.07 = 127.1 + 32.07 = 159.17 g/mol

for Cu;

127.1 g 159.17
X 100
159.17 x X = 127.1 x 100

X = 12710 = 79.84 %
159.17

for S;

32.07 159.17
X 100
159.17 x X = 32.07 x 100

X = 3207 = 20.14 % or 100 - % of Cu = 100 - 79.84 = 20.14 %

159.17

Sample problem 15, page 35;

Find the mass percentage of water in sodium carbonate decahydrate, Na2CO3•10H2O, which has a molar mass of 286.19 g/mol.

(Na; 23, C;12, H;1, O;16)

Na2CO3•10H2O = 2x23 + 12 + 48 + 10x(2 +16) = 46 + 60 + 180 = 106 + 180 = 286 g/mol

180 g H2O in 286

X in 100
286 x X = 180 x 100

X = 18000 = 62.94 % water

286

Practice questions, page 36;

1. Find the percentage composition of PbCl2 (Pb=207, Cl=35.5 )

PbCl2 = 207 + 2x35.5 = 207 + 71= 278 g/mol

For Pb;

207 278
X 100
278xX = 207x100

X = 20700 = 74.5 % Pb
278
For Cl;

71 278
X 100
278xX = 71x100

13
X = 7100 = 25.5 % Cl or 100 – 74.5 = 25.5 % Cl
278

2. Find the mass percentage of water in ZnSO4•7H2O ? ( Zn= 65.38, S=32.07, H=1.01, O=16, )

ZnSO4•7H2O = 65.38 + 32.07 + 4x16 + 7(2+16) = 161.45 + 126 = 287.45 = 287.5 = 288

126 in 288
X 100
288 x X = 126x100

X= 12600 = 43.8 %
288

3. Magnesium hydroxide is 54.87 % oxygen by mass. How many grams of oxygen are in 175 g of the compound?
How many moles of oxygen is this? (Mg=24.31, H=1.01, O=16,)

Mg(OH)2 = 24.31 + 2x16 +2x1 = 24.31 + 34 = 58.31 g/mol

54.87 g O in 100
X in 175
100xX = 54.87 x 175

X = 9602 = 96.02 = 96 g oxygen

100

How many moles of oxygen is this? 96 / 16 = 6 mol Oxygen

Section review questions, page 36;

1. Define the following
a. The mole 6.02x1023 particle of any substance
b. Avagadros’ number 6.02x1023 particle
c. Molar mass 1mol mass

2. Find the mass in grams of:

a. 2 mol of N (N=14.01) 2x14.01 = 28.02 g

b. 3.01x1023 atoms of Cl (Cl=35.5) 3.01x1023 = 0.5 mol 0.5 x 35.5 = 17.75 g

6.02x1023

3. Find the numbers of moles in:

a. 12.15 g of Mg (Mg=24.31) 12.15 / 24.31 = 0.5 mol

b. 1.50x1023 atoms of F 1.5 x1023 = 0.25 mol

6.02x1023

4. Find the number of atoms in

a. 2.50 mol Zn 2.5 x 6.02x1023 = 15.05x1023

b. 1.50 g of C (C=12) 1.5/12 =0.125 mol 0.125x6.02x1023 = 0.75 x1023

5. Determine both the formula mass and molar mass of ammonium carbonate, (NH 4)2CO3.

14
 (N=14.01, H;1.01 C;12.01, O;16.00 )
(14.01+4x1.01) x2 + 12.01 + 16x3 = 18.05 + 12.01 + 48 = 96.11 amu formula mass
96.11 g molar mass

6. How many moles of atoms of each element are there in one mole of (NH 4)2CO3?

2 moles of N, 8 moles of H, 1mol of C, 3 moles of O

7. What is the mass in grams of 3.25 mol Fe2(SO4)3? (Fe=55.85, S=32.06, O;16.00)

3.25x (2x55.85+ 3x32.06+ 12x16) =

3.25x(111.7 + 96.18 + 192) = 3.25 x 399.88 = 1299.6 g

8. How many molecules of aspirin, C9H8O4, are there in a 100.0 g tablet of aspirin? (C;12, H=1.01, O=16)

C9H8O4 = 9x12.01 + 8x1.01 + 4x16 = 108.09 + 8.08 + 64 = 180.17 g/mol

100/180.17 = 0.555 mol 0.555 x 6.02 x1023 = 3.3411 x1023 molecule

SECTION 4; Determining chemical formulas;

Calculation of empirical formula ; Empirical formula is the simplest formula of a compound

To find empirical formula, first find mol number of each element and get the smallest whole number (usually by dividing them
to smallest number in the formula)

ex; A compound has 78.1 g of B and 21.9 g of H. find the empirical formula of this compound? (B=10.81, H=1.01)
(accept percentages as mass of these elements)
15
B 78.1 g H 21.9 g

B 78.1 H 21.9
10.81 1.01

B 7.2mol H 21.7 mol

B 7.2 H 21.7
7.2 7.2

B1 H3 = BH3

Sample problem 16, page 38;

Quantitative analysis shows that a compound contains 32.38% sodium, 22.65% sulfur, and 44.99% oxygen.
Find the empirical formula of this compound. (Na=22.99, S=32.28, O=16.00)

Na 32.38 g S 22.65 g O 44.99 g

Na 32.38 S 22.65 O 44.99
22.99 32.28 16

Na 1.4 mol S 0.7 mol O 2.8 mol

Na 1.4 S 0.7 O 2.8

0.7 0.7 0.7

Na 2 S1 O4 = Na2SO4

Sample problem 17, page 39;

Analysis of a 10.150 g sample of a compound known to contain only phosphorus and oxygen indicates a phosphorus content of
4.433 g. What is the empirical formula of this compound? (P=30.97 O;16)
10.15 – 4.433 = 5.7 g oxygen

P 4.433 g O 5.7 g

P 4.433 O 5.7
30.97 16

P 0.143 mol O 3.56 mol

P 0.143 O 0.356
0.143 0.143

P1 O 2.5

P2 O 5 = P2O5

Practice questions, page 39;

1. Find the empirical formula of a compound found to contain 26.56% potassium, 35.41% chromium, and the remainder
oxygen. (K=39, Cr=52 )
100 - 26.56 - 35.41 = 38.03
K 26.56 g Cr 35.41 g O 38.03 g

K 26.56 Cr 35.41 O 38.03 g

39 52 16

16
K 0.68 mol Cr 0.68 mol O 2.38 mol

K 0.68 Cr 0.68 O 2.38

0.68 0.68 0.68

K 1 Cr 1 O 3.5

K 2 Cr 2 O 7 = K2Cr2O7

2. Analysis of 20.0 g of a compound containing only calcium and bromine indicates that 4.00 g of calcium are present.What
is the empirical formula of the compound formed? (Ca=40, Br=80)
20 – 4 = 16 g Br

Ca 4 g Br 16 g

Ca 4 Br 16
40 80

Ca 0.1 mol Br 0.2 mol

Ca 0.1 Br 0.2
0.1 0.1

Ca 1 Br 2 = CaBr2

Calculation of molecular formula ; Molecular formula is the real formula. (Emprical formula is simple formula)

To get molecular formula, find the ratio of;

Molecular mass
Empirical mass (real mass how many time bigger than simple mass, Then, multiply te result with empirical formula)

Here molar mass will be given in the question, empirical mass we will find from empirical formula

ex; as we calculate in above, empirical formula of BH3 has empirical mass of 13.84 g/mol if molecular mass this compound is
27.67 g, find its molecular formula. (B=10.81, H=1.01)
BH3 = 10.81 + 3x1.01 = 10.81 + 3.03 = 13.84
Molecular mass
Empirical mass

27.67 = 1.999 = 2 so, molecular formula is B2H6

13.84

Sample problem 18, page 40;

In Sample Problem 17, the empirical formula of a compound of phosphorus and oxygen was found to be P 2O5. Experimentation
shows that the molar mass of this compound is 283.89 g/mol. What is the compound’s molecular formula? (P=30.97, O=16.00 )

P2O5 = 2x30.97 + 5x16 = 61.94 + 80 = 141.94

Molecular mass
Empirical mass

283.89 = 2.00 So, molecular formula is P4O10

141.94
17
Practice questions, page 40;

1. Determine the molecular formula of the compound with an empirical formula of CH and a formula mass of 78.110 amu?
(C;12, H;1)
CH = 12 + 1 = 13
Molecular mass
Empirical mass

78.11 = 6.0 So, molecular formula is C6H6

13

2. A sample of a compound with a formula mass of 34.00 amu is found to consist of 0.44 g H and 6.92 g O. Find its
molecular formula.(H;1, O;16)

First we must find its empirical formula

H 0.44 g O 6.92 g

H 0.44 O 6.92
1.01 16

H 0.44 mol O 0.43 mol

H1 O 1 = HO HO= 1 +16 = 17

Molecular mass
Empirical mass

34 = 2 So, molecular formula is H2 O2

17

Section review questions; Page41

1. Find the empirical formula of a compound that contains 53.70% iron and 46.30% sulfur. (Fe=56, S=32)

Fe 53.7 S 46.3
56 32

Fe 0.96 mol S 1.45 mol

Fe 0.96 S 1.45
0.96 0.96

Fe 1 S 1.5 = Fe2 S3 = Fe2S3

2. Analysis of a compound indicates that it contains 1.04 g K, 0.70 g Cr, and 0.86 g O. Find its empirical formula.
(K=39, Cr=52, O;16)
K 1.04 Cr 0.7 O 0.86
39 52 16

K 0.027 mol Cr 0.0135 mol O 0.054 mol

K 0.027 Cr 0.0135 O 0.054

0.0135 0.0135 0.0135

18
K2 Cr 1 O 4 = K2CrO4

3. If 4.04 g of N combine with 11.46 g O to produce a compound with a molcular mass of 108.0 g, what is the molecular
formula of this compound? (N=14, O;16 )

N 4.04 O 11.46
14 16

N 0.29 mol O 0.72 mol

N 0.29 O 0.72
0.29 0.29

N1 O 2.5 = N2 O5 = N2O5 N2O5 = 2x14 + 5x16 = 28 + 80 = 108 g

Molecular mass
Empirical mass

108 = 1 So, molecular formula is N2O5

108

4. The molar mass of a compound is 92 g/mol. Analysis of a sample of the compound indicated that it contains 0.606 g N,
1.390 g O. Find its molecular formula (N=14, O;16)

N 0.606 O 1.39
14 16

N 0.043 mol O 0.087 mol

N 0.043 O 0.087
0.043 0.043

N1 O 2 = NO2 NO2 = 14 + 2x16 = 14 + 32 = 46

Molecular mass
Empirical mass

92 = 2 So, molecular formula is N2O4

46

19