Rizal’s Life, Works and Writing

Mylene G. Almario

Instructor
What is Republic Act 1425 or Rizal Law?
- House Bill No. 5561 - Senate Bill No. 438.
- It is commonly known as the Rizal Act, established on
12th of June 1956 by Senator Claro M. Recto.
- It requires the curricula of private and public schools,
colleges and universities courses to include, works
 and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
- It was made effective on August 16, 1956.
Rizal Law (Republic Act No. 1425)
As stated in the preamble of RA 1425/Rizal Law;
“Whereas, today more than other period f or history, there is
a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and
nationalism for which our heroes lived and died.”

“Whereas, all educational institutions are under the

supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State, and
all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal

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discipline, civic conscience, and to teach the duties of
citizenship.”
Rizal Law (Republic Act No. 1425)
- The law requires all schools, colleges,
universities ,private or public to include in their
curricula courses on the life and works of Rizal. It
also sates that all schools are required to have an
adequate number of copies of the copies of the
original and unexpurgated editions of El
Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere, as well as other
works and biographies of Rizal.

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- The purpose of Batas Rizal is to rekindle the flame of
nationalism in the hearts of the Filipino, particularly
the youth. We are forgetting what our patriots have
done and given to fight for our freedom.
Factors in Determining of a Person

Just
Patient
Courageous
Bearerof Wisdom
Respectful
Nationalist

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Source: National Historical Commission

Criteria in Choosing the Philippine National Hero

Filipinocitizen
Patriot/nationalist
Has already been dead
Patient

Source: National Historical Commission

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Personalities Nominated to be our National
Hero

Marcelo H. del Pilar

Emilio Jacinto
Graciano Lopez-Jaena
Antonio Luna

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Issues about the Proclamation of Dr.Jose Rizal as
National Hero
1. He was the illegitimate son of Adolf Hitler
2. He should not be proclaimed as the national hero
because of his cowardice to fight the colonizers
through revolution.
3. He was regarded as an ―American-made hero‖.
First Philippine Commission was formed by the
United States President headed by the American
Governor-General William Howard c. Taft.

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 Declarationof Dr. Jose Rizal as our national hero
was only their strategy to hinder our nationalistic
feelings.
Philippines: Spanish Period
Emergence of political unrest in Spanish Politics
1.It started during the reign of King Ferdinand VII
2.Spanish political instability resulted to frequent
shifts of colonial policies and unfixed terms of
government officials in the Philippines.
Representation in the Spanish Cortes
Deprivation of Human Rights to the Filipino

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 Corrupt Spanish Official
Inequality
Racial Discrimination
Land ownership and Feudalism

Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda

Doctor – complete his medical course in Spain and was conferred the
degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid.
Jose – chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian St.
Joseph.
Protacio – form Gervacio P which come from a Christian calendar, in
consideration of the day of his birth.

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Rizal – from the word ―Ricial‖ in Spanish means a field where a wheat,
cut while still green, sprouts again.
Mercado – adopted by Domingo Lamco which Spanish term means
market.
Alonzo – old name surname of his mother.
Realonda – it was used by Doña Teodora from the surname of her
godmother based on the culture by that time.

Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda

- He was born near midnight of Wednesday of June 19,

1861 to the Rizal family of Calamba, Laguna.

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- He was baptized by Rev. Rufino Collantes in the
Catholic church of Calamba on June 22, 1861, three
days after birth.
- His Godfather named Father Perdo Casanas, a close
friend of Rizal family.
- Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery was the
governorgeneral of the Philippines when Rizal was
born.
Rizal’s Father
Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)
- Born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818.

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- Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San
Jose in Manila.
- Became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican-owned
hacienda.
- A hardly and independent-minded man, who talked
less and worked more, and was strong in body and
valiant in spirit.
- Died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at age of 80.
- Rizal affectionately called him ―a model father‖.
Rizal’s Mother

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Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911) -
Born in Manila on November 8, 1826.
- Educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a wellknown
college for girls in the city.
- A remarkable woman, possessing refined culture,
literary talent, business ability, and the fortitude of
Spartan.
- Is a woman of more than ordinary culture; she known
literature and speaks Spanish (according to Rizal).
- Died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at age of 85.

Information about his parents

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- Rizal always called her sisters Doña or Señora (married)
and Señorita (single).
- Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda
married on June 28, 1848, after which they settled down
in Calamba.
- The real surname of the Rizal was Mercado, which was
adopted in 1713 by Domingo Lamco (paternal great-great
grandfather of Jose Rizal), who was a full blooded
Chinese.
- Rizl‘s family acquired a second surname – Rizal – which
was given by a Spanish Alcalde Mayor (provincial
governor) of Laguna, who was a family friend.

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 The Siblings of Jose Rizal
Saturnina (1850-1913)
- Oldest of the Rizal children
- Nicknamed Neneng
- Married to Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.
Paciano
- Older brother and confident of Jose Rizal.
- He was the second father to Rizal.
- Immortalized him in Rizal‘s first novel Noli Me Tangere as the wise
Pilosopong Tasio.
- Rizal regarded him a s the ―most noble of Filipinos‖.
- He became a combat general in the Philippine Revolution.
- Died on April 13, 1930,an old bachelor at age of 79, he had two
children by his mistress (Severina Decena) – a boy and a girl.
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 The Siblings of Jose Rizal
Narcisa (1852-1939)
- Petname Sisa
- She was married to Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez),
a school teacher of Morong.
Olympia (1855-1887)
- Petname Ypia
- She was married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator in
Manila.
Lucia (1857-1979)
- she was married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a
nephew of Father Casanas.
Maria (1859-1945)
- Biang was her petname
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 The Siblings of Jose Rizal
- She was married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.
Concepcion (1862-1865)
- Concha was her pet-name
- She died at age of three because of sickness.
- Her death was Rizal‘s first sorrow in life.
Josefa (1865-1945)
- Panggoy was her pet-name
- An old maid, died at age of 80.
Trinidad (1868-1951)
- Trining was her pet-name
- An old maid, died at age of 83.
Soledad (1870-1929)
- Choleng was her pet-name
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 The Siblings of Jose Rizal
- She was married to Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba.

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 Rizal’s Home (Physical)
- It is one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba
during the Spanish times.
- It was a two-storey building, rectangular in shape, built
of adobe stones and hard-woods and roofed with red
tiles.
- During the day, it hummed with the noises of children at
paly and the songs of the birds in the garden; by night, it
echoed with the dulcet notes of family prayers.
- The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, town
aristocracy in Spanish Philippines.
- The Rizal family had a simple, contented and happy life.
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 Childhood Years in Calamba, Laguna
- Calamba was a hacienda town which belonged to
Dominican Order, which also owned all the lands
around.
- Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) – a
poem about Rizal‘s beloved town written by Rizal in
1876 when he was 15 years old and was student in the
Ateneo de Manila.
- The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy
days in the family garden when he was three.

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- Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus
prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related, his mother gathered
all the children at the house to pray the Angelus.
Childhood Years in Calamba, Laguna
- Another memory of Rizal during infancy was the nocturnal
walk in the town, especially when there was a moon.
- The death of Concha was his first sorrow.
- At age of three he began to take part in the family prayers.
- At 5, he was able to read haltingly the Spanish family bible,
and make sketches with this pencil and to mould in clay
and wax on objects which attracted his fancy.

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- ―The Story of the Moth‖ – made the profoundest
impression of Rizal.
- ―Sa Aking Mga Kabata‖- the first poem written in the
native language at age of 8, he also wrote his first dramatic
work (Tagalog comedy).

Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood

1. Hereditary influence
2. Environmental influence
3. Aid of the Divine Providence
- Tio Jose Alberto – he develop the artistic ability of Rizal.
- Tio Manuel – he guided Rizal on his physical exercises.

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 - Tio Gregorio – intensified Rizal‘s voracious reading of
good books.
- Father Leoncio Lopez – fostered Rizal‘s love for
scholarship and intellectual honesty.

Early Education in Calamba and Biñan

- The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who was
remarkable woman of good character and fine culture.
- Maestro Celestino – first private tutor.
- Maestro Lucas Padua – science tutor.

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- Leon Monroy – a former classmate of his father, that
instructed in Spanish and Latin. He diedfive months
later.
- June 1869 – Rizal left Calamba to study in Biñan,
accompanied byPaciano.
- Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – Rizal‘s first teacher in
Biñan.
Early Education in Calamba and Biñan
- Pedro – his classmate that challenge him to fight.
- Andres Lakindanan – challenged Rizal to an wrestling
match.

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- Juancho – an old painter who was the father-in-law of
the school teacher; freely give Rizal lesson in drawing
and painting.
- December 17, 1870 – he left Biñan after one year and a
half of schooling.
- Arturo Camos – a French friend of Rizal‘s father who
took care of him on board.
Martyrdom of GomBurZA
- January 20, 1872 – about 200 Filipino soldiers and
workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the leadership
of Sgt. Lamadrid (he was Filipino, but rose in mutiny
because of the abolition of their usual privileges).

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 - Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora – were
executed at sunrise of February 17, 1872, by the order
of Governor-General Izquierdo.
- The martyrdom of the GomBurZa in 1872 truly Rizal
to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem his
oppressed people.
- Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to
GomBurZa.
Injustice to Rizal’s Mother
- June 1872 – Doña Teodora was suddenly arrested on a
malicious charge that she and her brother Jose Alberto,
tried to poison the latter‘s perfidious wife.
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- Antonio Vivencio del Rosario – Calamba‘s gobernadorcillo,
who helped to arrest Doña Teodora.
- After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic Spanish
lieutenant forced her to walk from Calamba to Santa
Cruz, Laguna (50km.).
- Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the provincial prison,
where she languished for two years.
- Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan – the most
famous lawyers of Manila that defend Doña Teodora.
Scholastic Triumph at Ateneo de Manila
- Ateneo Municipal, a college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.

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- Escuela Pia (Charity School) – formerly name of Ateneo, a school for
poor boys in Manila which was established by the city government
1817.
- June 10, 1872 – Rizal was accompanied by Paciano on his way to Manila.
- Father Magin Ferrano – he was the college registrar, who refused to
admit Rizal in Ateneo for two reason: a) he was late or registration b) he
was sickly and undersized for his age.
- Manuel Xerez Burgos – because of his intercession, nephew of Father
Burgos, Rizal was reluctantly admitted Ateneo.
- He registered Rizal as his surname since Mercado was suspected by the
Spanish authorities.
- Rizal was first board in a house outside in Caraballo Street. This was
owned by a spinster named Titay who owed the family the amount of
300 pesos.
Jesuits System of Education
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- It trained the character of the students by rigid discipline and religious
instructions.
- Students were divided into two groups:
- Roman Empire – consisting of internos (boarders); red banner.
- Carthaginian Empire – composed of the externos (non-boarders); blue
banner.
- Intelligence distribution:
- Emperor – 1st
- Tribune – 2nd
- Decurion - 3rd
- Centurion – 4th
- Stand – 5th
- The Ateneo students wore a uniform consisted of ―hemp-fabric
trousers‖ and ―striped cotton coat‖. The coat material was called
ravadillo.

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 First Year in Ateneo (1872-1973)
- Father Jose Bech – Rizal‘s first professor in Ateneo who he described as
―tall thin man, with a body slightly bend forward, a harried walk, an
ascetic face, severe and inspired, smell deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose
that was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose fell toward
the chin‖.
- A Religious picture – a Rizal‘s first prize for being brightest pupil in the
whole class.
- To improve his Spanish, he took private lessons in Santa Isabel College
during noon recesses. He paid three pesos for those extra Spanish
lessons.
- At the end of the school year in March, 1873, he returned to Calamba
for summer vacation.
- When the summer vacation ended, Rizal returned to Manila for his
second year term in Ateneo. This time he boarded inside Intramuros at
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 No. 6 Magallanes Street. His landlady was an old widow name Doña
Pepay.
Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)
- At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent grades
in all subjects and a gold medal.
- The Count of Monte Cristo –(Alexander Dumas) – the first
favourite novel of Rizal which made a deep impression on
him.
- Universal History (Cesar Cantu) – Rizal persuaded his father to
buy him this set of historical work that was a great aid in his
studies.
- Dr. Feodor Jagor – a German scientist-traveller who visited the
Philippines 1859-1860 who wrote Travels in the Philippines.
He was impressed in this book because; 1) Jagor’s keen
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 observation of the defects of Spanish colonization, and, 2) his
prophecy that someday Spain would lose the Philippines and that
America would come to succeed her as colonizer.
Third and Fourth Year in Ateneo (18741876)
- Rizal's grades remained excellent in all subjects but e won
only one medal – Latin.
- At the end of the school year, Rizal‘s returned to Calamba
for the vacation. He himself was not impressed by his
scholastic work.
- June 16, 1875 – Rizal became an interno of the Ateneo.
- Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez – a great educator and
scholar, one of Rizal‘s professors who inspired him to
study harder and to write poetry. Rizal described this Jesuit
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 professor as ―model of uprightness, earnestness, and love
for the advancement of his pupils‖.
- Rizal‘s topped all his classmates ain all subjects and on five
medals at the end of the school term.

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 Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877)
- Rizal‘s studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of-fact, the excelled in
all subjects. The most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was truly the pride
of the Jesuits.
- March 23, 1877 – Commencement Day, Rizal who was 15 years old,
received from his Alma Mater; the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, with
highest honour.
- Marian Congeragtion – a religious society wherein Rizal was an active
member and later became the secretary.
- Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of Father Sanchez.
- Father Jose Vilaclara – advised Rizal to stop communing with the muse and
pay mote attention to more practical studies.
- Rizal studies painting under the famous Spanish painter, Agusti Saez, and
sculpture under omualdo de Jesus; a noted Filipino sculptor.
 Poems in Ateneo
- Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling with his
pocket-knife. - Father Lieonart – impressed by Rizal‘s sculptural talent,
requested him to
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carve for him an image of Sacred Heart of Jesus.
- It was Doña Teodora who was first discovered the poetic genius
of her son, and it also she who first encourage him to write
poems. However, it was Father Sanchez who inspired Rizal to
take full of his God-given gift in poetry.
- Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration), 1874, the Rizal
probably wrote during days in Ateneo which was dedicated to
his mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote he was 14 years old.
1875 (inspired by Father Sanchez)
1. Felicitacion
2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes
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 Poems in Ateneo
3.
Y Es Español:Elcano el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo
4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo
5. Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus) – brief ode.

1876 (religion, education, childhood and memories of war)

1. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) – honour for his
hometown Calamba.
2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Education (Intimate Alliance
Between Religion and Good Education) – shows the importance of religion
and education.
3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education the Country
Receives Light) – education plays in the progress and welfare a nation.

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 Poems in Ateneo
4. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucenas y Prison Boabdil (The
Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boadbil) –
the defeat and capture of Boabdil, the last Sultan of Granada.
5. La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal
Entry of the Catholic Monarchs into Granada) – victorious entry of King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain to Granada.
6. San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, The Martyr) – prose story of St. Eustace.

1877
1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus) – poem
praises Columbus.
2. Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II) – relates how King John
II of Spain missed fame and riches by his failure to finance the
projected expedition of Columbus to the New World.

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 Poems in Ateneo
3.
Gran Cunsuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great
Misfortune) – a legend relates to the tragic life of Columbus.
4. Un Dialogo Aluviso a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A
Farewell Dialogue of the Students) – farewell to his classmates in
Ateneo.
5. A la Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary) – another religious
poem which doesn‘t have exact date when it was written.

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 Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)
- After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy
and Letters (1877-1878). He transferred to the medical
course.
- April 1877 – he enrolled in the UST taking Philosophy
and Letters because; 1) his father like it, 2) he was “still
uncertain as to what career to pursue”.
- Father Pablo Ramon – Rector of Ateneo, who had been
good to him his students days in that college, asking for
advice on the choice of a career but unfortunately he was
in Mindanao.

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 Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)
- D u r i n g R i
studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational course leading
to the title of perito agrimensor (expect surveyor).
- Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying course in
Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in agriculture and
topography. He passed all the subject but the title was no
issued to him because he was only 17 yearsold,
underage. The title was issued to him on November 25,
1881- the title was issued to Rizal for passing the final
examination in the surveying course.
- Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literay Lyceum of Manila) –
society of literary men and artists held a literary contest

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 Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)
in the year 1879. He also served as the President of the
Spanish Literature in Ateneo.
- While at UST, he fell in love with three women. During
his first year, he fell in love with a woman simply called
“Miss L”, a woman with a fair, seductive and attractive
eyes. The romance dead a natural death because of two
reasons: (1) the sweet memory of Segunda Katigbak was
still fresh to in his memory a and, (2) Rizal‘s father did
not like the family of Miss L.
- During his sophomore year, he courted Leonor
Valenzuela, a tall girl with regal bearing. Rizal sent her

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 Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)
love notes in invisible ink. But just like Segunda he also
stopped visiting her.
- During his junior year, Rizal had romance with Leonor
Rivera, of Camiling, Tarlac. Leonor was a pretty girl and
a students of La Concordia Colllege. Both Rizal and
Leonor were engaged, he used the sign name ―Taimis‖ to
cover their relationship from their parents.
- Rizal studied in UST from 1878-1882. his grade in
Medicine consists of 2 excellent, 3 very good, 8 good,
and 2 fair (physics and general pathology). His grades in
UST College of Medicine were not as impressive as what
he got at Ateneo Philosophy and Letters due to the
hostility of the Dominican professors. Accordingly,
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Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)
laboratory equipment's are just for display and racial
discrimination against the Filipino students.

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 Education in University of Santo Tomas (1877-
1882)
- A La Juventud (To the Filipino Youth) – at 18, submitted tis
poem, it is inspiring poem of flawless form. This poem won
as a classic Filipino literature for two reasons: a) it was a great
poem in Spanish written by the Filipino, whose merit was
recognized by Spanish literary authorities, 2) expressed for the first
time the nationalistic concept that the Filipino, and not the
foreigners, were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”. The Board of
Judges, composed of Spaniards was impressed by Rizal‘s
poem and gave it gave it the first prize which consisted of a
silver pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon.

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- A Filipinas – a sonnet written by Rizal for the album of the
Society of Sculptors; in this sonnet, he urged all Filipino
artists to glorify the Philippines.
Education in University of Santo Tomas (1877-
1882)
- Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma – poem honouring the Ateneo
Patroness.
- Al M.R.P Pablo Ramon – poem dedication to Father
Pablo Ramon (Atenean Rector), who had been so kind
and helpful to him.

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 - Vicenta Ybardolaza – a pretty girl colegiala who
skillfully played a harp at the Regalado home, whom
Rizal was infatuated.
- Compañerismo (Comradeship) – Rizal founded a secret
society of Filipino students in UST 1880.
- Galicano Apacible – Rizal‘s cousin from Batangas who is
the secretary of the society.
Unhappy Days in UST
- Rizal found the atmosphere at the UST suffocating to his
sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at this Dominican
institution of higher learning because 1) the Dominican
professors were hostile to him 2) the Filipino students were

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 racially discriminated by the Spaniards 3) the method of
instruction was obsolete and repressive.
- In Rizal novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the
Filipino students were humiliated and insulted by their
Dominican professors and how backward the method of
instruction was, especially in the teaching of the natural
sciences. He related in Chapter XIII (The Class in Physics).

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Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882)
- After finishing his 4th year of medical course in UST,
Rizal decided to complete his studies in Spain.
- Aside form his studies in Spain, Rizal has his
―secret mission‖ a). To observe keenly the life and
culture ,languages and customs, industries and
commerce, and the government laws of the European
nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of
liberating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.
- Before the secret departure of Rizal, he wrote a
farewell letter to his parents and sweetheart Leonor
Rivera which was delivered to them – after he sailed
away.
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Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882)
- May 3, 1882 – the Spanish Steamer (Salvadora), Rizal
departed for Spain using Jose Mercado, on his travel
documents. His main reason in leaving the
Philippines was to transfer at the Universidad
Central De Madrid in Spain to finish his medicine
course.
- May 8, 1882 – they have two-day stopover in
Singapore. He reached the island considered by
him as ―Talim
Isand with the Susong Dalaga‖. The following day,
May 9, Rizal registered at Hotel de la Paz and spent
two-day sightseeing sorties of the city. He saw the

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Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882)
Botanical Garden, the Famous Buddhist Temple and
the founder of Singapore, Sir Thomas Stanford
Raffles.
- May 11, 1882 – he was board on the steamer
Djemnah, a French steamer, much larger and cleaner
than the Salvadora. On board the vessel were
British, French, Dutch, Spaniards, Malays, Siamese
and Filipinos. French was mostly spoken on the
board.
- May 17,1882 – he arrived at the Point Galle, a
seacoast town in southern Ceylon. The town is

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Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882)
lovely, quiet and sad at the sometime according to
him.
- May 18, 1882 – he had a stopover at Colombo. It is
more beautiful, smart, elegant than Singapore, Point
Galle and Manila.
- May 28, 1882 – the Djemnah continued its voyage and
crossed the Indian Ocean until he reached the Cape of
Guardafin, Africa. Rizal called it as inhospitable land but
famous. Then, he reached Aden, according to him it was a
city hotter than in Manila –for the first time he saw
camels.
- June 2, 1882 – he proceeded to Suez Canal. It took 5 days
to travel Suez. He disembarked for sightseeing and he
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Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882)
was fascinated to hear a the multiracial inhabitants
speaking a babel of tongues – Arabic, Egyptians, Greek,
Italian and Spanish.
- June 11, 1882 – the steamer proceeded to Europe and
reached Naple City, Italy. Rizal was fascinated by Mount
of Vesuvius, the Castle of St. Telno, and the historic sights
of the city. The city was busy because of its business
activity, lively people and panoramic beauty.
- June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the French
harbour of Marseilles. Rizal disembarked to visit the
famous Chateau d‘ef where Dantes, the hero of The
Count of Monte Cristo was jailed. He stayed at

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Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882)
Maseilles for two and a half days at Hotel Noailles for
3 days.
- June 15, 1882 – the steamer left Mersailles by on its last
trip Spain. The steamer reached Pyrenees and stopped
for a day at Port Bou. In this place, Rizal saw the
indifference accorded to tourists in comparison to the
courtesy accorded by the French immigration officers.
- June 16, 1883 - from Port Bou, Rizal continued his trip
for the last lap by train for Spain and finally reaching
his destination – Barcelona, Spain. Rizal stayed in
Hotel de España and in Sitges Street with Tomas
Cabangis and boarded a house in San Severo Street.
He visited Ronda de la Universidad of Barcelona –
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Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882)
ugly, dirty little inns, inhospitable people – because he
happened to stay upon his arrival in a stingy inn.
Later, he changed his mind and came to like the city –
as a great city with an atmosphere of freedom and
liberalism and the people were openhearted,
hospitable and courageous. He enjoyed promenading
along Las Rambles, the famous Barcelona
Street.

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Life in Barcelona, Spain (1882)

- Rizal was welcome by the Filipinos by the in Barcelona,

some of who were his classmates in Ateneo. They gave him
a party at their favourite café – Plaza de Catalina. They
exchanged toast and they Rizal of the attractions and
customs of the people in Barcelona. Rizal, in turn, gave
news and gossips in the Philippines. While in Barcelona,
Rizal received two bad news; 1. the cholera outbreak that
ravaged Manila and the provinces, and 2. the chatty letter
of Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera,
who was getting thinner due to the absence of a loved one.
-

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 Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
- On November 3,
to finish the medical course in Madrid, Rizal left Barcelona
in the fall of 1882 and went to Madrid.
- He enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid, in Medicine
and Philosophy and Letters.
- In Madrid, he lodged at Visitacion Street, No. 3, 3 rd floor
(Room 4) in 1883.
- On October 1884, he transferred to Pizarro Street, No. 13
and later on at Ventura de la Vega Street.
- He also studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of
Fine Arts of San Fernando, took tutoring lessons in French,
German and English and practiced fencing and
sharpshooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.

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 Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
- R i z a l l
Although he used to buy ticket in every draw of the Madrid
Lottery, he never wasted his money for gambling, wine and
women. Rizal spent his leisure time by reading books,
fencing, and shooting.
- He also visited his Filipino friends at the house of Paterno
brothers. He also fraternized with other students at the
Antigua Café d Cevantes. Every Saturday evenings he
visited the home of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey.
- During his stay in Barcelona and Madrid, hard times
occurred in Calamba such as harvest of rice and sugarcane
failed due to drought and locust, increasing of land leased to the
hacienda cultivated by the Rizal, and, Paciano was forced to sell
Rizal’s pony to send him money.
- June 21, 1884 – Rizal was conferred the Licentiate in Medicine wit
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 Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
Legal Medicine (excellent)
Obstetrical Clinic (fair)
Other subjects (good and very good)
- 1884-1885, he passed all the subjects leading to the degree of
Doctor of Medicine. In his three subjects he got ―fair ‖ in
History of Medical Science, ―good‖ in Surgical Analysis and
―excellent‖ in Normal Histology. However, he didn‘t
conferred Doctor of Medicine because of the failure to
present a thesis required for graduation and pay for the
corresponding fee.

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Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
-
Obtaining the degree of Licentiate in Medicine, the
became a full-fledged physician and qualified to
practice medicine. He was not interested in taking the
post-degree of Degree of Medicine because such a
degree is good only for teaching purposes, and he
knew that no friar-owned university in the Philippines
would accept him for a position because of his brown
complexion.
- June 24, 1884 – Rizal was broke. With empty stomach,
he attended his classes at the University, participated

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Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
-
in the contest in Greek language and won the gold
medal.
November 20, 1884 – student demonstrations started
to explode at the Universidad Central de Madrid due
to the expulsion of Dr. Miguel Morayta (history). Dr.
Morayta was also excommunicated by the Catholic
church because of his liberal idealism. All the
professor fought for his side was forced to resign from
the university.
- June 19, 1885 – on his 24th birthday, Rizal received his
degree on Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters

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Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
-
(sobresaliente). He was also qualified to be a professor
of humanities in any Spanish University.
June 15, 1885 – Rizal was invited to speak in an
banquet to celebrate the double victory of two artists;
Juan Luna (Spolarium) for winning the 1st prize, and
Felix Hidalgo (Virgenes Christianas Expuestas el
Populacio) for 2nd prize, in the National Exposition of
Fine Arts in Madrid. He saluted Luna and Hidalgo for
their artistic achievements.
- October 1885 – Rizal decided to went to Paris. Rizal
had stopover in Barcelona on his way to Paris. He

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Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
-
visited his friend MaximoViola, at lodge in Vergara
No. 1, 3rd floor Room 2. he also befriended Eusebio
Corominas, editor of the newspaper La Publisidad.

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Life in Paris, France(1885-1886)
- November 1885 – Rizal went to Paris and lived their there
for 4 mos., where he worked as assistant to Dr. Louis de
Wecket (a leading French ophthalmologist). He rapidly
improved his knowledge of ophthalmology. Outside of
his working hours, he relaxed by visiting his friends. He
also went to Luna‘s studio. He helped Luna by posing as a
model in several artworks. Rizal posed as Egyptian priest
in Luna‘s canvass ―The Death of Cleopatra‖ and Sikatuna
in ―The Blood Compact‖.
- After 4 months of staying in Paris, he left Paris for
Heidelberg, Germany.

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 Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886)
- He lived for a short time in with a German law students in
a boarding house but later on, he transferred to a boarding
house near the University of Heidelberg. He became a
member of the Chess Player‘s Club. He became a popular
friend to the German so that the German students joined
him in beer drinking, saber duel, and chess games.
- He worked at the University Eye Hospital under Dr. Otto
Becker (ophthalmologist). He also attended the lectures of
Dr. Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the university.
During weekends, he had sights seeing at the scenic spots
at Heidelberg (Heidelberg Castle, romantic Neckar River,
and old church).
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 Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886)
- He also spent a 3-month summer vacation at
Wilhelmsfeld. Here he became a good friend of Dr. Karl
Ullmer (Protestant pastor). On June 25, 1886, he left
Wilhelmsfeld, and returned to Heidelberg carrying with
him the memories of the Ullmer friendship and
hospitality.
- July 3, 1886 – Rizal wrote his first letter in Germany to
Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian ethnologist)- he
became the best friend of Rizal.
- August 6, 1886 – 5th centenary celebration of Heidelberg.
- August 9, 1886 – Rizal left Heidelberg and boarded a train,
visited other cities of Germany and arrived at Leipzig.
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-

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Tour in Germany (1886)
- August 14, 1886 – he arrived at Leipzig. He attended some
lectures at the University of Leipzig in history and
psychology. He met Prof. Friedrich Ratzel (historian) and
Dr. Hans Meyer anthropologist.
- He translated Scheller’s “William Tell” and Hans Christian
Anderson “Fairy Tale” in Tagalog. He found Leipzig as the
cheapest in Europe and so he stayed for two and half
months.
- October 29, 1886 – he arrived as Dresden, Germany and
met Dr. Adolf B. Meyer, Director of the Anthropological
and Ethnological Museum. He stayed two days in this city.

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 Life in Berlin, Germany (1886)
- November 1, 1886 – he left Dresden by train and reached
Berlin in the evening. Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor
Jagor, a German scientist. He also met famous personalities
Dr. Hans Virchow, Dr. Rudolf Virchow, Dr. W. Joest, and
Dr. Ernest Schweigger.
- He also worked in the clinic of Dr. Schweigger and upon
the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer he became
a member of the Anthropological Society, Ethnological
Society and Geographical Society.
- He was impressed with Berlin because of its scientific
atmosphere and absence of racial race. He lived in Berlin in
a frugal life. At night he attended the lecture in the
University of Berlin.
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 Life in Berlin, Germany (1886)
- He took private lessons under French professor Madame
Lucie Cerdale. He observed keenly the customs, dresses,
homes and occupations of the peasants. He made sketches of
the things he saw.
- During the winter, he lived in poverty because he was flat
broke. Because was unable to pay his landlord and because
he didn‘t had a money arrived from Calamba, he pawned
the diamond ring that was given to him by his sister
Saturnina. He had to eat only one meal a day, and a daily
meal consisted of bread and water or cheap vegetable soup.
He washed his clothes because he could not afford to pay
the laundry. Paciano was delayed in raising the necessary
funds, Rizal‘s health broke down. He began to cough and
feared that he was going to be sick with tuberculosis.
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 Life in Berlin, Germany (1886)
- After several months, Rizal received Paciano‘s remittance
of P1000, which was forwarded by Juan Luna form Paris.
Rizal paid the sum of P300 for the loan granted to Rizal for
the printing of Noli Me Tangere.
- He went to Berlin for the following reasons:
1.To increase his knowledge in ophthalmology
2.To broaden his studies of sciences and languages
3.To observe political and economic conditions of Germany
4.To associate with famous German scientist and scholars
5.To publish his novel

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 Grand Tour in Europe
- May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin for Dresden.
They visited Dr. Adolf B. Meyer. While strolling at the
scene of the Floral Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and
suggested them to meet Blumentritt.
- May 13, 1887 –Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz,
Bohemia. They met Ferdinand Blumentritt. The two
enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Blumentritt family.
- They also met famous scientist Dr. Carlos Czepelah and
another eminent naturalist Robert Klutschak.
- May 17, 1887 – they left Leitmeritz by train on their way to
the city of Prague. They carried recommendation letters of
Prof. Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of Natural
History in the University of Prague.
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 Grand Tour in Europe
- May 19, 1887 – they reached the city of Brunn.
- May 20, 1887 – they arrived at the city of Vienna, Austria.
They visited famous interesting scenic places like
churches, museums, art galleries, theatres, public parks,
beautiful buildings, and religious images. They also met
Mr. Norfenfoe (European novelist) and Masner and
Nordmenn (Austrian scholars).
- May 24, 1887 – they left Vienna, via river boat to see the
beautiful sights of the Danube river. The river voyage
ended in Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to
Salzburg and from there Munich. In Munich, they had a
short time savouring the famous Munich beer (best beer in
Germany).
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 Grand Tour in Europe
- From Munich, they went to Nuremberg (oldest city in
Germany), were their impressed by the manufacturer of dolls
which was the biggest industry in the city. Afterwards, they
went to Ulm particularly he city cathedral, they enjoyed they
view upon reaching the top, even though Viola felt dizzy and
tried.
- All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and Rheinfall.
- June 2-3, 1887 – they continued their trip on a boat and
reached Basel, Bern, Laussenne, and they cross to the lake of
Geneva.
- June 6, 1887- they reached Geneve, Switzerland. While in
Geneva, Rizal received sad news from his friends in Madrid
about the conditions of Igorots, who were exhibited in the 1887
Madrid Exposition, some of the natives died.
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 Grand Tour in Europe
- June 19, 1887 – it was 26th birthday, he treated Viola to a blowout
with a sumptuous meal. He also wrote a letter to Blumentritt
regarding Industrial exhibition.
- June 23, 1887 – Rizal and Viola parted ways. They both spent 15
days in Geneva. Viola returned to Barcelona and Rizal continued
his tour to Italy.
- June 24, 1887 – Rizal went to Italy, and visited Turin, Milan,
Venice and Florence.
- June 27, 1887 – he reached Rome and visited famous
architectural buildings.
- June 29, 1887 – he visited the Vatican City. He has sightseeing
and was impressed by the magnificent edifice like St. Peter‘s

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 Church, the rare works of the art, the vast St. Peter‘s Square, and
the colourful Papal Guard. After a week travel in Rome, he
decided to return to the Philippines.

Preliminary Examination

Topics: Midterm Period

 Jose Rizal’s Love Life

 Collaboration with the other Heroes

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 Contribution to Reform Movement

MIDTERM EXAMINATION

 The Women in Rizal’s Life
 Julia – a girl in the Pagsanjan River, who use to catch
butterfly.
 Segunda Katigbak – ―teenage crush‖
- She was a comely 14-year old Batangueña from Lipa City.
She also known as ―Paisana‖ but Rizal referred to her in his
diary as ―K‖. She was described by Rizal as gay, talkative,
witty, virginal, attractive, alluring, and beguiling.
- At 16, Rizal fell in love with his ―first romance ‖. Segunda
was boarding student at the Colegio de la Concordia where
his sister Olympia and Leonor Rivera also studied. He
found out later that Segunda was engaged to be married to
her town-mate, Manuel Luz.

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 The Women in Rizal’s Life
Margarita Almeda Gomez – ―Miss L‖
- A young lady from Pakil, Laguna. This young lady was
believed to be Leonor Valenzuela but she was not. She was
described by Rizal as with fair complexion, seductive and
with attractive eyes. Their romance died a natural death for
two reasons: 1) Rizal’s memory of Segunda was still fresh in his
heart, and 2) Rizal’s father objected their love affair.
Leonor Valenzuela – ―Orang‖
- The daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday
Valenzuela of Pansanjan, Laguna. She was a tall girl with
regal bearing. Rizal sends her love notes written in invisible
ink, that could only be deciphered over the warmth of the

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 The Women in Rizal’s Life
lamp or candle. He visited her on the eve of his departure to
Spain and bade her last goodbye.
Vicenta Ybardoza – ―pretty colegiala‖
- She was also from Pakil, Laguna who was a high school at that
time. Rizal get infatuated to her when she played a harp.
However, nobody knew what happened later between the
two.
Leonor Rivera – ―Taimis‖
- A lady form Camiling, Tarlac, a daughter of Antonio Rivera
(Rizal‘s uncle) and Silvestre Bauson. Rizal courted her, when
she was 13-year old and she got engaged to Rizal before the
age of 15. Their relationship was actually a ―love affair by
correspondence‖ wherein Rizal wrote several letters to Leonor
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The Women in Rizal’s Life
while he was in abroad. However, their relationship ended
when she married her mother choice Charles Henry C.
Kipping. Their love affair last for 10 years.

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The Women in Rizal’s Life

Consuelo Ortega y Rey – ―pretty Manileña‖
- She was a daughter of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey(a
former civil governor of Manila, under the administration
of Carlos Ma. De la Torre). He dedicated to her A la
Senorita C.O. y R., which became one of his best
poems. He probably fell in love with her and Consuelo
apparently asked him for romantic verses. He
suddenly backed out before the relationship turned
into a serious romance, because he wanted to remain
loyal to Leonor Rivera and he did not want to destroy

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The Women in Rizal’s Life

his friendship with Eduardo de Lete who was madly
in love with Consuelo.

Seiko Usui – ―O-Sei-San‖

- A Japanese samurai‘s daughter taught Rizal the
Japanese art of painting known as su-mie. Rizal was
29 at that time while Seiko was 23. She helped Rizal
improve his knowledge of Japanese language. They
spent a happy months together visiting old temples
and art galleries.
- If Rizal was a man without a patriotic mission, he
would have married this lovely and intelligent woman

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The Women in Rizal’s Life

and lived a stable and happy life with her in Japan
because Spanish legation there offered him a lucrative
job.
Gertrude Beckett – ―Gettie‖
- An English girl with brown hair, blue eyes and pink
cheeks. When Rizal was in London, he boarded in the
house of the Beckett family. During rainy days when
Rizal stayed at home, Gettie helped him mixed his
colours for paintings or assisted in preparing the clay
for sculpturing.

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The Women in Rizal’s Life

- Then Rizal realized that their friendship was drifting
to a serious affair, he drove to Paris in 1889 leaving
Gertrude behind. He could not return the English
girl‘s affection and marry her because of loyalty to
Leonor Rivera.

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 The Women in Rizal’s Life
Suzanne Jacoby – ―pretty girl in Brussels, Belgium‖
- She was a pretty niece of Rizal‘s landlady. Suzanne was deeply fell in
love with him, she cried when Rizal left for Madrid towards the ends
of July, 1890.
- Nellie Boustead – ―almost wife‖
- She was a daughter of Eduardo Boustead, they met when Rizal was a
guest in the Boustead family. She was described as gay-hearted,
sportsminded, highly intelligent, vivacious in temperament and
morally upright. Nelly was infatuated with Rizal but Rizal, at first,
loved Adelina. Antonio Luna, who had previously loved and lost
Nelly, encouraged Rizal court and marry her. Rizal having lost his
beloved Leonor Rivera came to entertain considerable affection for
Nelly.

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 The Women in Rizal’s Life
- However, their love affair didn‘t have a happy ending because of two
reasons: a) he refused to give up his Catholic faith, and 2) Nelly’s mother did
not like Rizal as a son-in-law.
Pastora Necesario – ―Totak‖
- She was a weaver of cloth at Dapitan.as a sign of love, Rizal gave her
a statue of a woman and also sent her letters of love and concern.
When Rizal was executed in Bagumbayan, she married Gonzalo
Carreon of Dapitan.
Josephine Bracken – ―unhappy wife‖
- In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal met an
18-year old petite Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair and a
happy disposition. She was the adopted daughter of George Taufer
from Hong Kong, who came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for eye
treatment. Rizal was physically attracted to her. His loneliness and

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 The Women in Rizal’s Life
boredom must have taken the measure of him and what could be a
better diversion that to fall in love again. But the Rizal sisters
suspected Josephine as an agent of the friars and they considered
her as a threat to Rizal‘s security.
- Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other, however, Fr.
Obach , refused to marry them without the permission of the
Bishop of Cebu. When Mr. Taufer heard their projected
marriage, he flared up because he could not endure the thought
of losing Josephine. He even tried to commit suicide by cutting
off his throat but Rizal prevented him from killing himself. To
avoid further injury, Josephine went with his uncle to Manila.
- Eventually, Mr. Taufer returned to Hongkong alone and
Josephine returned to Dapitan. Since no priest would marry
them, they lived happily as common law husband and wife.
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 The Women in Rizal’s Life
Their extremely happy marriage had begotten an 8-month old
premature baby boy who lived only for 3 hours. Their son was
named ―Francisco‖ in honour of Don Francisco.
- During the hours of Rizal on December 30, 1896, Josephine
was accompanied by Narcisa, arrived at Fort Santiago. At
5:00 am on the same day, Rizal requested Fr. Balaguer that
they be married canonically. Then Rizal gave his ―wife ‖ – a
wedding gift, a religious book ―Imitacion de Cristo ‖ which
he autographed: “To my dear and unhappy wife, Josephine
December 30th, 1896”.
Note: Rizal‘s canonical marriage to Josephine Bracken remains doubtful and
questionable. Since, there was no proof that they were married in court or in
church.

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 Collaboration with other Heroes
-
ANTONIO LUNA
- He received Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo (1881), afterwards he
studied literature, chemistry, and pharmacy at the UST. He also
obtained a licentiate (at Universidad de Barcelona) and doctorate (at
Universidad Central de Madrid) in Pharmacy.
- He collaborated with other Filipino expatriates like Rizal in working
for the Propaganda Movement. Writing for La
Solidaridad, he once contributed the article ‗Impressions‘ which
discussed Spanish unique traditions and customs under the
penname ‗Taga-ilog‘. He also managed the paper La
Independencia.
- Luna was good in sharpshooting, swords and military ability.

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 Collaboration with other Heroes
- Rizal challenged him for a duel for the chance to court Nellie
Boustead, eventually Luna surrendered and Rizal formally courted
Boustead.

He turned down the invitation of the Katipunan, believing that

reform was better than revolution. But when the Spanish authorities
had known about the Katipunan and its plans, the Luna brothers
were arrested and locked up in Fort Santiago for supposed
involvement in the society.
- He studied various aspects of military science like guerrilla warfare,
management, and field fortifications. Eventually, he joined
Aguinaldo‘s cause in the Philippine-American war. Assigned by
Aguinaldo as commander of the Philippine Revolutionary Army,
Luna founded the country‘s first military academy, formed
professional guerrilla soldiers which was later known as the ‗Luna

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 Collaboration with other Heroes
-
sharpshooters,‘ and designed the three-tier defense (Luna Defense
Line) which gave the opponents a hard campaign in Central Luzon.
- He was killed on June 5, 1899 by Filipino captain Pedro Janolino and
other elements of the Kawit troop.

MARIANO PONCE
- The overpowering feeling of patriotism got the better of Ponce that
he quit his studies to join the Filipino Movement in Spain. He
cofounded the ‗La Solidaridad,‘ served as secretary of the
Propaganda Movement, and became head of the Literary Section of
the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina.
- he used various aliases like Naning Kalipulako and ‗Tigbalang.
Through his writings, he disclosed the sad condition of Filipinos

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 Collaboration with other Heroes
under Spanish government, attacked the rulers‘ abuses, and fought
for reforms and equality.
In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo chose Ponce to represent the
newlyfounded First Philippine Republic and commissioned him to
design a framework of the revolutionary government. Assigned
later as a representative of the First Republic to Japan, Ponce went to
Japan to seek aid.
In Japan, he met, negotiated with, and became a close friend of Sun
Yat-Sen, the founder and First President of the Chinese Republic.
Through Dr. Sun‘s assistance, Ponce had procured weapons for the
Philippine revolution, though the shipment failed to reach the
Philippines because of a typhoon off the coast of Formosa.
- In 1917, he published his ‗Ang Wika at Lahi,‘ a discussion on the
significance of a having a national language. He was most likely
influenced by Rizal‘s interest in having a distinct Filipino language.
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 Collaboration with other Heroes
-
In Rizal‘s August 18, 1888 letter, he informed Ponce, ―The new
Tagalog orthography (a system of spelling) that we are using is
perfectly in accord with the ancient writing and with the Sanskrit
origin of many Tagalog words as I have found out through my
research in the British Museum.
- He died in the Government Civil Hospital in Hong Kong on May
23, 1918.

GRACIANO LOPEZ-JAENA
- At the age of 18, he anonymously wrote a satire, ―Fray Botod (Big
Bellied Friar)‖ which revealed the friars greed, immorality, cruelty,
and false piety. This incensed the Spanish clergy and authorities but
they could not prove that Lopez Jaena was its author. He got into
deep trouble, however, when he refused to testify that some

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 Collaboration with other Heroes
prisoners died of natural causes for he knew that they had died at
the hands of the mayor of Pototan. When threats were made on his
life, he left for Spain in 1880.
- He took medical courses at the University of Valencia. His thirst for
reforms nonetheless took him away from medical studies into
writing for patriotic cause and establishing the genesis of the
Propaganda Movement two years ahead of Rizal and nine years
before Marcelo Del Pilar. Rizal once reproved Graciano for not
finishing his medical studies

He became known as a great orator in socio-political clubs and thus

became a member of the Progressive Republican Party. Deputized
by the party to go on speaking engagements, Jaena became popular
for his fiery and eloquent speeches espousing liberal ideas.

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 Collaboration with other Heroes
-
- With a round of drinks, he would artistically craft very impressive
patriotic articles.
- Jose Rizal invited him to join the Kidlat Club in Paris, France,
through a mail, saying the appreciation of them to him.
- He died because of tuberculosis at age of 39 (January 20, 1896).

JOSE ALEJANDRINO
- He came from a rich family which was originally from Arayat,
Pampanga. pursued further studies in Spain and in Belgium where
he had outstanding academic performance. Eventually, he finished
his degree in chemical engineering in July 1895.
- Alejandrino joined the Propaganda Movement and served as an
editorial staff of La Solidaridad. He supported Rizal in the
PilaristasRizalistas rivalry.
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 Collaboration with other Heroes
- Being Rizal‘s roommate in Belgium, Alejandrino was the one who
canvassed printing press for El Fili. For his assistance, Rizal gave
him the El Fili‘s corrected proofs and the pen used in doing the
corrections. Unluckily, these historical souvenirs were either lost or
destroyed during the revolution. Having helped Rizal in correcting
errors in the El Fili, Alejandrino might have been the first person to
read the novel aside from the author.

Philippine Revolution - he served as an engineer and general in the

revolutionary army under Emilio Aguinaldo. he went to Hong Kong
to procure guns, ammunitions, and dynamites which would be used
in the Filipino revolutionary movement .
- Filipino – American War – he led the construction of trenches in
areas like Caloocan and Bulacan. He later served as acting secretary

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 Collaboration with other Heroes
-
of war, appointed as Central Luzon‘s commanding general of the
military operations, and assigned as Pampanga‘s military governor .
- At age 80, Jose Alejandrino died on June 1, 1951, some 55 years after
his former roommate‘s martyrdom.

EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA
- He came from a poor family in Sta. Cruz, Manila and he had to
work hard to have an education. To get further education in Europe,
he worked first as a cattle dealer, tobacco merchant, teacher, and
later a contractor of public works.
- Rizal counselled him to take engineering in Belgium. Upon the
suggestion proved fruitful as Evangelista finished civil engineering
and architecture with highest honours. Some European companies

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 Collaboration with other Heroes
offered him rewarding positions but he turned them down for
wanting to serve his country instead.
- He was asked to draft a constitution by the Magdalo and Magdiwang
—two rival factions in the Katipunan on which he remained neutral.
His composed constitution was accepted at the Imus Assembly on
December 31, 1896.

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 Collaboration with other Heroes
- H e w a s d e s c
would draw trenches on the ground even while the Spanish forces
were firing bombs at them. When a shell dropped near him one
time, he did not bother to wince or run away, instead he simply
brushed the dirt off his clothes and proceeded drawing.
- He nonetheless ―ran out of luck‖ when he was soon killed during
the Battle of Zapote Bridge on February 17, 1897. His military post
was succeeded by Miguel Malvar, the hero who could have been
listed as the second Philippine President for taking over the
revolutionary government after Aguinaldo‘s arrest in 1901.

Connection to Andres Bonifacio

ANDRES BONIFACIO

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- He joined Rizal‘s La Liga Filipina, being one of the 20 attendees in
the meeting administered by Rizal at the house of Doroteo
Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila on July 3, 1892.
- He founded the Katipunan on July 7, 1892, when Rizal was to be
deported to Dapitan. Considerably inspired by Jose Rizal, they
elected him as honorary president and the Katipuneros used his
name as one of their passwords.
- Instead of using the old Spanish spelling of letter ―c‖ for the name
of the society, Bonifacio preferred the Tagalog spelling of ―k‖, as
suggested by Rizal on his earlier La Solidaridad article as a way of
promoting nationalism.
Connection to Andres Bonifacio
- He used May Pag-asa as his pseudonym in the society. the
Katipunan created its organ, Kalayaan (Freedom) in which

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 Bonifacio wrote several articles like the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang
Lupa (Love for One´s Homeland) under the penname Agapito
Bagumbayan.
- Together with Emilio Jacinto, and Guillermo Masangkay had
entered the pier where Rizal‘s ship was docked. Jacinto personally
met with Rizal but the physician refused the suggestion to escape
and join Katipunan‘s imminent uprising.
- He wrote a Tagalog translation of the Mi Ultimo Adios entitled
Pahimakas.
- He was first married to Monica who died of leprosy; then in 1893
to Gregoria de Jesus of Caloocan. Gregoria and Andres had one
son named Andres (Junior) who died of smallpox at young age

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Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar
COLLABORATION:
- He fought against clerical abuses, like the unfair collection of
tax for the Church‘s financial gain, and once worked for the
establishment of a school for Filipinos.
- He met Rizal through a letter of Mariano Ponce saying that
Rizal was impressed to his work as Plaridel. One of his great
work was the Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayer-book and Teasing
game) - a mock-prayer book and satire on the friars‘
greediness, pretence, and extravagance.
- He was also helped Rizal with the agrarian trouble in
Calamba, when he was trying to seek justice for his family.
RIVALRY:

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Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar
- Their rivalry begins in 1890, when Del Pilar became the owner
of La Solidaridad and had taken the place of Jaena as editorin-
chief. His political views was different to Rizal. Jose Rizal and
his close friends objected to the periodical‘s editorial policy
which was occasionally contrary to his political views.
- To solve the issue, the Filipino community in Madrid, decided
to have an election for the Responsible – a leader. The faction
divided into two the Pilaristas and Rizalistas.
- Jose Rizal won the election because of the vote of Mariano
Ponce, however, he declined the position and decided to
abdicate his leadership and leave Madrid. Rizal also stopped
his contribution to La Solidaridad.

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Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar
- Through a letter, Rizal enumerated his reasons for stopping to
write for La Solidaridad:
a) I need time to work on my book
b) I wanted other Filipinos to work also
c) I considered it very important to the party that there be unity in
the work
- He died of tuberculosis on July 4, 1896 (46yo.) Del Pilar had
seven children by his wife Marciana, but only two of whom
(Sofia and Anita) grew to adulthood. The building that houses
the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Graduate School
was named after Marcelo H. Del Pilar.

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Connection to Aguinaldo
- Three days after the execution of Rizal, his common-law wife
immediately joined the Katipunan forces in Cavite. Initially
hesitant to admit her in the group, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
nonetheless even provided Josephine with lessons in shooting
and horseback riding. Bracken helped Aguinaldo‘s group in
taking care of the sick and wounded.
- Two years after Rizal‘s martyrdom, Aguinaldo as head of the
Philippine Revolutionary Government issued a decree
proclaiming December 30 of every year a national day of
mourning in honour of Jose Rizal.
- He died because of coronary thrombosis at age 94.
Noli Me Tangere: Notable Purposes

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1. To picture the past and the realities in the Philippines

2. To reply to insults heaped on the Filipinos and their country

3. To unmask the hypocrisy that have impoverished and

brutalized the Filipino people

4. To stir the patriotism of the Filipino people

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Noli Me Tangere Introduction
When Dr. Jose Rizal was 26, he published his first
novel “Noli Me Tangere” in Belgium in the year
1887 . It was the Book that gave a spark in the
Philippine Revolutions. It talked about the
Spaniard’s arrogance and despicable use of
religion to achieve their own desires and rise to
power. It mostly talked about the life of
Crisostomo Ibarra, a member of the Insulares
(Creoles) social class, and a series of
unfortunate events that he encountered
through the works of a Franciscan friar, namely
Padre Damaso Verdolagas, and by the Spanish
conquistadors.

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Noli Me Tangere Introduction
Noli Me Tangere, a Latin phrase used by Jose
Rizal as a title for his first novel, was
actually the words used by Jesus Christ to
Mary Magdalene when she saw him
resurrected from the dead. It roughly
translated as “Touch Me Not” in English.
These words were said because Jesus,
although risen in body and in spirit, was
not the same for as he was before. Being
glorified, waiting for the right time to
ascend to Heaven and such, he did not
allow himself yet to be known until the
Great Commission.
SILHOUETTE OF A FILIPINA- It was popular belief
that the silhouette of the woman in the cover of
Noli Me Tangere is the unfortunate Maria Clara,
Crisostomo

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 The Cover Symbols
Ibarra’s lover.

"'Padre Cura! Padre Cura!' [Padre Salvi] the Spaniards cried to him; but he did
not mind them. He ran in the direction of the Capitan Tiago's house. There he
breathed a sigh of relief. He saw through the
transparent gallery an adorable silhouette full of grace
and the lovely contours of Maria Clara and that of her
aunt bearing glasses
and cups." (366)
• HELMET OF THE GUARDIA
CIVIL/CONSTABULARY HELMET- An obvious take
on the arrogance of those in authority.

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 The Cover Symbols
• A MAN IN A CASSOCK WITH
HAIRY FEET- This symbolism at the lower part of the cover is to be a
representation for priests using religion in a dirty way, specifically
Padre Damaso.

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The Cover Symbols
• FLOGS- another symbolism for cruelties. It is a
representation of Jesus Christ’s scourging
before his imminent crucifixion.

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 The Cover Symbols
• WHIP/CORD- The cruelties present in the novel best explains the
symbol Rizal used in the cover.

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The Cover Symbols
• BAMBOO STALKS – One thing comes to mind
when bamboo stalks are talked about:
Resilience.

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 The Cover Symbols
• A LENGTH OF CHAIN- Rizal’s representation of slavery and
imprisonment.

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The Cover Symbols
• CROSS- The one that killed the Christ Jesus. It
was a representation of suffering and death. It
also represent a grave. Magnifies the
discrimination towards Filipinos, Chinese
Mestizos and Spaniards during this time
towards a proper burial.

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The Cover Symbols
• BURNING TORCH- A reference to the
Olympic torch, it tells everyone the
beginning of the defense of honors and
the start of proving themselves worthy
of victory. Rage and passion are most
abundant in this phase. Represents a
phrase that could possibly mean
everything to every single suffering
Filipinos: “The rise of the revolution is
now at hand.”
• POMELO BLOSSOMS AND LAUREL
LEAVES- They roughly represent faith,
honor and fidelity. P0melo blossoms are
utilized as loose potpourri or a mixture
of dried flower petals and spices used to
scent the air. It is commonly used in
prayers and cleansing. The laurel leaves,
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 The Cover Symbols
also known as bay leaves, are used as crowns during the Ancient
Greek Olympics wherein the best of the best are treated as heroes.
Filipinos in this time wants to embody these three virtues that Rizal
represented as two plants.
SUNFLOWERS- A unique behavior in sunflowers,
known as phototropism, is a motif that has
appeared in many ancient myths and is viewed as
a symbol of loyalty and constancy. The
sunflower's petals have been likened to bright
yellow rays of sunshine, which evoke feelings of
warmth and happiness. In addition, the sunflower
is often associated with adoration and longevity.
Rizal’s observation towards the happiness of the
Filipinos are, in the Spanish times, are only
fulfilled through their giving in and bowing down
to the more powerful entity: Spain.

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EL FILIBUSTERISMO COVER
Tagalog Translation:
Madaling ipagpalagay na ang isang rebelde
(pilibustero) ay lihim na umaakit sa liga ng mga
panatiko ng mga prayle at mga paurong nang sa
gayon, wala man sa loob na sumunod sa mga
panunulsol, ay dapat nilang panigan at paigtingin
ang patakarang sumusunod lamang sa iisang
layunun; ang maipalaganap ang mga kaisipan ng
rebelyon sa kabuuang haba at lawak ng lupain, at
mahikayat ang bawat Pilipino sa paniniwalang
walang katubusan liban sa seperasyon mula sa
inang bayan.

Ferdinand Blumentritt

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 NOLI ME TANGERE EL FILIBUSTERISMO
Touch me Not The Reign of Greed
• Uncle’s Tom Cabin •The Count of Monte Cristo
• Romantic Novel •Political novel
• Work of the heart •Work of the head
• Book of Feeling •Book of thought
• It has freshness, color, •It has bitterness, hatred,
humor, lightness, wit pain, violence, sorrow
• March 21, 1887 •September 18, 1891
• Motherland/Fatherland •GomBurZa
• 63 chapters and an epilogue •38 chapters
• Maximo Viola •Valentin Ventura

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La Liga Flipina – July 3, 1892
Objectives of the Liga

 To unite the whole archipelago into one compact,

vigorous, and homogenous body;
 Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
 Defense against all violence and injustice;
 Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and
commerce; and
 Study and application of reforms.

La Liga Filipina –The Split

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At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in particular exerted great
efforts to organize chapters in various districts of Manila. A few months
later, however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved the society.
The reformist leaders found out that most of the popular councils which
Bonifacio had organized were no longer willing to send funds to the
Madrid propagandists because, like Bonifacio, they had become
convinced that peaceful agitation for reforms was futile. Afraid that the
more radical rank and file members might capture the organization and
unwilling to involve themselves in an enterprise which would surely
invite reprisals from the authorities, the leaders of the Liga opted for
dissolution. The Liga membership split into two groups: the
conservatives formed the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which pledged to
continue supporting the La Solidaridad while the radicals led by Bonifacio
devoted themselves to a new and secret society, the Katipunan, which
Bonifacio had organized on the very day Rizal was deported to Dapitan.

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 Topics:
- First Travel
- First Homecoming
- Second Travel

Semi-Final Examination!!! 

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First Travel of Jose Rizal (1882-
1887)

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Mylene Gado Almario
 Secret Mission of Jose Rizal
Rizal conceived the secret mission, with the
blessing of his brother Paciano was to do the
following:
Observe keenly the life and culture,
languages and customs, industries and
commerce and governments and laws of the
European nations in order to prepare himself for

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the task of liberating his people from Spanish
Tyranny
Rizal’s Departure for Spain
His parents, Leonor Rivera and the Spanish authorities
knew nothing about his secret departure except;
1. Paciano
2. Antonio Rivera
3. Saturnina(Neneng)
4. Lucia

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5. Leonor Valenzuela and family
6. Pedro Paterno
7. Mateo Evangelista

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 Highlights:
• When Jose Rizal becomes Jose Mercado
▫ Due to the popularity of the surname and perhaps the
kind Jesuit priest who gave him letters of
recommendation for their Society in Barcelona – he
was claimed as a cousin
▫ May 3, 1882 – he left Manila through the steamer
Salvadora, with 16 passenger including him.
▫ May 8, 1882 – the Salvadora reached Singapore (an
English Colony), he stayed in Singapore for two days
spending his time sightseeing the sorties of the city.
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 Highlights:
• May 11, 1882 – he was board Djemnah, accordingly it is
more larger and cleaner than Salvadora. During the
travel he was ale to learn French language and
observation, because the steamer’s speaking language is
French.
• May 17, 1882 – he steamer arrived at the Point Galle,
Ceylon. The town was quiet, lovely and sad at the same
time.

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 Highlights:
• May 18, 1882 – he had an stopover at Colombo, Ceylon,
which describe by him as smart, elegant than Singapore,
Point Galle and Manila.

• May 28, 1882 – from Colombo, Djemnah continued it

voyage and crossed the Indian Ocean until he reached
Cape of Guardafin, Africa to Aden, Africa where he was
able to see camels for the first time.
• June 2, 1882 – he proceeded to Suez Canal. It took
5days to travel in the said canal, then they reached the
Port Said.
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 Highlights:
• June 11, 1882 – from Port Said, the steamer proceeded
it travel to Europe and reached the Naple City, Italy. The
city was busy because of its business activity, lively
people and panoramic beauty.

• June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the French

harbor of Marseilles, France. Rizal disembarked and
visited the Chateau d’ef where Dantes (The Count of
Monte Cristo) was in jailed. He stayed in Marseilles for 3
days.

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 Highlights:
• June 16, 1882 – by a train he continued his trip to
Barcelona, Spain. He stayed in Hotel de España. He
visited Ronda de la Universidad de Barcelona. At first, he
had a bad impresions to Barcelona – because he
happened to stay in a stingy people inn. But later on, he
realized the atmosphere of freedom and liberalism
around the place, the people were open-hearted,
hospitable and courageous.
Life in Barcelona:
1. He was welcomed by his former classmates in Ateneo.
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 Highlights:
2. He was treated and guided by his friend in European
way.
3. He received the bad news about the cholera outbreak
in Manila.
4. Leonor Rivera’s recounting happiness who getting
thinner and thinner due to the absence of her love-
one.

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 Highlights:
• November 3, 1882 – he left Barcelona for Madrid through the
advised of Paciano.
Life in Madrid:
1. He enrolled in Universidad Central de Madrid (Philosophy and
Letters and Medicine)
2. He lived frugally, budgeting hid money wisely.
3. He used to buy lottery tickets in every draw in Madrid
Lottery.
4. He spent his leisure time in reading books.
5. He met and attracted to Consuelo Ortega y Rey.
6. He graduated his degree in Philosophy and Letter and
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 Highlights:
Medicine. Mylene Gado Almario

Life in Paris, France:

• June 15, 1882 – Rizal was invited to speak for the celebration
for the double victory for the two artist namely: Juan Luna
(Spoliarium) and Felix R. Hidalgo (Virgenes Christianas
Expuestas El Populacio), for winning the 1st and 2nd prizes in the
Paris Exposition for the Arts.
• He lived in Paris, France for 4 months and be came an assistant
to the clinic of Dr. Louis de Wecket.
 Highlights:
• He also became a model for the artworks of Juan Luna (“The
Death of Cleopatra” and “The Blood Compact”).
• After his stay in Paris, he left for Heidelberg, Germany.

Heidelberg, Germany
1. He work in the University Eye Hospital under the supervision
of Dr. Otto Becker.
2. He also attended some lectures of Dr. Becker and Dr. Wilhelm
Kuehne.
3. He visited some scenic places in Heidelberg, such as castles,
rivers and old churches.
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 Highlights:
4. He was also befriended with Dr. Karl Ullmer, during summer
vacation where he stayed in Wilhelmsfeld.
5. He wrote his first letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt.
- During the 5th centenary celebration of Heidelberg, he decide to
left and went to Leipzig, Germany via train.
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Leipzig, Germany: August 14, 1886

- He attended the lectures at the University of Leipzig in history
and psychology.
- He met Dr. Hans Meyer and Prof. Friedrich Ratzel.
 Highlights:
- He translated Scheller’s William Tell and Hans Christian
Andersons’s Fairy Tale.
Dresden, Germany: October 29, 1886
- He met Dr. Adolf Meyer
- After two days of stay he left Dresden and went to Berlin,
Germany in the evening of November 1, 1886.

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 Berlin, Germany
• Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere
and the absence of race prejudice
• Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor, celebrated German
scientist-traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines, a book
which Rizal read and admired during his student days in Manila
• Dr. Rudolf Virchow- introduced to Rizal by Dr. Jagor; famous
German anthropologist
• Dr. Hans Virchow- son of Dr. Rudolf Virchow, professor of
Descriptive Anatomy.
• Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)- famous German
ophthalmologist where Rizal worked

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 Grand Tour in Europe
• Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society, the
Ethnological Society, and the Geographical Society of Berlin, upon
the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer.
- May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin for Dresden. They
visited Dr. Adolf B. Meyer. While strolling at the scene of the
Floral Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and suggested them to
meet Blumentritt.
- May 13, 1887 –Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz, Bohemia.
They met Ferdinand Blumentritt. The two enjoyed the warm
hospitality of the Blumentritt family.
- They also met famous scientist Dr. Carlos Czepelah and another
eminent naturalist Robert Klutschak.
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 Grand Tour in Europe
- May 17, 1887 – they left Leitmeritz by train on their way to the
city of Prague. They carried recommendation letters of Prof.
Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of Natural History in the
University of Prague.
- May 19, 1887 – they reached the city of Brunn.
- May 20, 1887 – they arrived at the city of Vienna, Austria. They
visited famous interesting scenic places like churches,
museums, art galleries, theatres, public parks, beautiful
buildings, and religious images. They also met Mr. Norfenfoe
(European novelist) and Masner and Nordmenn (Austrian
scholars).

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 Grand Tour in Europe
- May 24, 1887 – they left Vienna, via river boat to see the
beautiful sights of the Danube river. The river voyage ended in
Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to Salzburg and from
there Munich. In Munich, they had a short time savouring the
famous Munich beer (best beer in Germany).
- From Munich, they went to Nuremberg (oldest city in Germany),
were their impressed by the manufacturer of dolls which was the
biggest industry in the city. Afterwards, they went to Ulm
particularly he city cathedral, they enjoyed they view upon reaching
the top, even though Viola felt dizzy and tried.
- All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and Rheinfall.
- June 2-3, 1887 – they continued their trip on a boat and reached
Basel, Bern, Laussenne, and they cross to the lake of Geneva.
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 Grand Tour in Europe
- June 6, 1887- they reached Geneve, Switzerland. While in Geneva,
Rizal received sad news from his friends in Madrid about the
conditions of Igorots, who were exhibited in the 1887 Madrid
Exposition, some of the natives died.

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 Grand Tour in Europe
- June 19, 1887 – it was 26 th birthday, he treated Viola to a blow-out
with a sumptuous meal. He also wrote a letter to Blumentritt
regarding Industrial exhibition.
- June 23, 1887 – Rizal and Viola parted ways. They both spent 15 days
in Geneva. Viola returned to Barcelona and Rizal continued his tour to
Italy.
- June 24, 1887 – Rizal went to Italy, and visited Turin, Milan, Venice
and Florence.
- June 27, 1887 – he reached Rome and visited famous architectural
buildings.
- June 29, 1887 – he visited the Vatican City. He has sightseeing and
was impressed by the magnificent edifice like St. Peter’s Church, the
rare works of the art, the vast St. Peter’s Square, and the colourful
Papal Guard. After a week travel in Rome, he decided to return to the
Philippines.

Rizal’s First Homecoming (1887-

1888)
Rizal’s Plans of Homecoming
• As early as 1884, Rizal wanted to go back to the
Philippines for the following reasons:
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– Financial difficulties in Calamba
– Dissatisfaction with his studies in Madrid
– Desire to prove that there is no reason to fear going
home.
– His belief that the Spanish regime will not punish the
innocent.
 Decision to return home
• After five years of his memorable sojourn in Europe,
Rizal returned to the Philippines.
• However, Rizal was warned by the following not to
return to the Philippines because his Noli Me Tangere
angered the friars:
– Paciano Mercado – Rizal’s adviser and only brother.
– Silvestre Ubaldo – Rizal’s brother in law; husband of
Olimpia.
– Jose Ma. Cecilio (Chenggoy) – one of Rizal’s closest friends.

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• Rizal was determined to come back to the
Philippines for the following reasons:
– To operate his mother’s eyes
– To serve his people who had long been oppressed by
Spanish tyrants.
– To find out for himself how the Noli Me Tangere and
his other writings were affecting Filipinos and
Spaniards.
– To inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.

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 Rizal arrives in Manila
• Rizal left Rome by train to Marseilles, a French port
and boarded Djemnah, the same steamer that
brought him to Europe years ago.
• There were 50 passengers: 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans,
3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, 40 Frenchmen, and 1 Filipino
(Rizal)
• When the ship reached Aden, the weather became
rough and some of Rizal’s book got wet.

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• In Saigon (Ho Chi Minh), Vietnam – he transferred to
another steamer, Haiphong, that brought him to
Manila.
Happy Homecoming
• When Rizal arrived in Calamba, rumors spread that he was
a:
– German spy
– An agent of Otto Von Bismarck – the liberator of Germany. – A
Protestant
– A Mason
– A soul halfway to damnation

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• Paciano – did not leave him during the first days after arrival
to protect him from any enemy assault.
• Don Francisco – did not permit him to go out alone

In Calamba
• Rizal established a medical clinic.
• Doña Teodora – was Rizal’s first patient
• Rizal treated her eyes but could not perform any
surgical operation because her cataracts were not
yet ripe.

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• He painted several beautiful landscapes in
Calamba.
• He translated German poems of Von
Wildernath in Tagalog.
• Doctor Uliman – Rizal was called this name
because he came from Germany.
– He earned P900 in a few months and P5,000 before he
left the Philippines.
• Gymnasium – was opened by Rizal for the young
people

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• He introduced European sports fencing and
shooting to discourage them from cockfighting
and gambling.
Sad moments while Rizal was in
Calamba
• Leonor Rivera – Rizal tried to visit her in Tarlac but
his parents forbade him to go because Leonor’s
mother did not like him for a son-inlaw.
• Olimpia Mercado-Ubaldo – died because of child
birth.
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Storm over the Noli Me Tangere
• As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his enemies plotted his
doom.
• Governor General Emilio Terrero – wrote to Rizal requesting to
come to Malacañang Palace.
– Somebody had whispered to his ear that the Noli contains subversive
ideas.
– Rizal explained to him that he merely exposed the truth, but did not
advocate subversive ideas.
– He was pleased by Rizal’s explanation and curious about the book, he
asked for a copy of the novel.
– Rizal had no copy that time but promised to send one for him.

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 Rizal visited the Jesuits
• Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for their
feedback on the novel.
• He was gladly welcomed by the following friars:
– Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez
– Fr. Jose Bech
– Fr. Federico Faura – told Rizal that everything in the
novel was the truth and warned him that he may lose
his head because of it.

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• Governor-General Emilio Terrero – a liberal
minded Spaniard who knew that Rizal’s life was in
jeopardy because the friars were powerful.
– Because of this he gave Rizal a bodyguard to protect
him.

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• A Jose Taviel de Andrade
young Spanish
lieutenant who came
from a noble family
• He was cultured and
knew painting
• He could speak French,
English and Spanish.
• They became good

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 friends.

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Attackers of the
Noli
• Archbishop Pedro Payo
– a Dominican
• Archbishop of Manila
• Sent a copy of the Noli
to Fr. Gregorio
Echevarria, Rector of
the University of Santo
Tomas to examine the
novel.

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 UST and Rizal
• The committee that examined the Noli Me
Tangere were composed of Dominican professors.
• The report of the faculty members from UST
about the Noli states that the novel was:
– Heretical, impious and scandalous in the religious
orders, and anti-patriotic, subversive of pubic order,
injurious to the government of Spain and its function in
the Philippine Islands in the political order.
• Governor-General Terrero – was not satisfied with
the report so he sent the novel to the Permanent
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 Commission of Censorship which was composed of
priests and lawyers.
• Fr. Salvador Font – Augustinian friar curate of Tondo
was the head of the commission.
– The group found that the novel contain subversive ideas
against the Church and Spain and recommended that the
importation, reproduction and circulation of the pernicious
book in the islands be absolutely prohibited.
• The newspaper published Font’s written report
• The banning of the Noli Me Tangere served to
make it popular
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• The masses supported the book.
• Fr. Jose Rodriguez – Augustinian Prior of
Guadalupe
– Published a series of eight pamphlets under the
heading Questions of Supreme Interest to blast the Noli
and other anti-Spanish writing.
– Copies of anti-Rizal pamphlets were sold after mass
– Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to
displease the friars.

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 Noli Me Tangere in Spain
• The novel was fiercely attacked in the session hall of
the Senate of the Spanish Cortes.
• Senators:
– General Jose de Salamanca
– General Luis de Pando
– Sr. Fernando Vida
• Vicente Barantes – Spanish academician of Madrid
who formerly occupied high government position in
the Philippines bitterly criticized the novel in an article

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 published in the Madrid newspaper, La España
Moderna.
Defenders of the Noli Me Tangere
• Propagandists such as Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano
Lopez-Jaena, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Mariano Ponce
rushed to uphold the truths of the Noli.
• Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez – Rizal’s favorite
teacher in Ateneo defended and praised the novel in
public.
• Don Segismundo Moret – former Minister of the
Crown.
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• Prof. Miguel Morayta- historian and stateman
• Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt – Rizal’s best friend
• Rev. Fr. Vicente Garcia – a Filipino Catholic priest-
scholar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedral and
a Tagalog translator of the famous Imitation of
Christ by Thomas Kempis.
– Under the pen name Justo Desiderio Magalang he
wrote a defense of the novel published in Singapore.
• Rizal cried because of his gratitude to his defenders
especially to Fr. Garcia who defended him
unexpectedly.

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• He attacked Barantes by exposing his ignorance of
Philippine affairs and mental dishonesty which is
unworthy of an academician.
• Because of the interest of both enemies and
protectors of the Noli the price of the book increased
from five pesetas per copy to 50 pesetas per copy.
Agrarian Problem in Calamba
• Influenced by the novel, Governor-General Emilio Terrero
ordered a government investigation of the friar estates to
remedy whatever inequities might have been present in
connection with land taxes and with tenant relations.

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• One of the friar estates affected was the Calamba hacienda
by the Dominican order since 1883.
• Upon hearing about the investigation, the people of
Calamba asked helped from Rizal to gather facts and list the
grievances so that the government might institute certain
agrarian reforms.

Findings submitted by Rizal

• The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not
only the lands around Calamba, but the whole town
of Calamba.

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• The profits of the Dominican Order continually
increased because of the arbitrary increase of he
rentals paid by the tenants.
• The hacienda owner never contributed a single
centavo for the celebration of the town fiesta, for the
education of the children, and for the improvement
of agriculture.
• Tenants who spent much labor in clearing the
lands were dispossessed of the said lands for
flimsy reasons
• High rates of interest were arbitrarily charged the
tenants for delayed payment of rentals
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• When the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda
management confiscated the work animals, tools,
and farm implements of the tenants.
Friars Reaction
• Rizal’s exposure to the deplorable condition angered
the friars.
• The friars exerted pressure to Malacañang to
eliminate Rizal.
• They asked Gov. Gen. Terrero to deport Rizal but the
latter refused for there is lack of charges against Rizal
in court.
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• Anonymous threats in Rizal’s life alarmed his parents,
siblings, Andrade his bodyguard, friends, and even
Terrero, thus they all advised him to leave the
country.
Rizal’s reasons for leaving the
Philippines
• His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the
safety and happiness of his family and friends.
• He could not fight better his enemies and serve his
country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in
foreign countries.
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 Himno Al Trabajo
• A Poem for Lipa – shortly before Rizal left in 1888,
he was asked by a friend to write a poem in
commemoration of the town’s cityhood.
• Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn To Labor) – title of the
poem dedicated to the industrious people of Lipa.

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 Farewell Philippines
• On February 3, 1888 Rizal left his country with a
heavy heart.
• But this is for his own good and the safety of his
family and friends.
Second Travel of Dr. Jose Rizal (1888-
1892)
• February 3, 1888 – after a short stay of six months in Calamba,
Rizal was forced to leave his country for a second time. Rizal
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 left Manila for Hongkong on board the Zafiro. He was sick and
sad to leave Calamba.
• February 7, 1888 – the steamer made a brief stopover at
Amoy. But he got off the ship he was not feeling well and that
the city was dirty.
• February 8, 1888 – he arrived in Hongkong. He stayed at
Victoria Hotel. Accordingly, it was a small but very clean city.
He was welcomed by Filipino residents like Jose Maria Basa,
Balbino Mauricio and Manuel Yriarte. There were other
Filipinos in Hongkong but they were generally poor, gentle
and timid. He observed the noisy celebration of the Chinese

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 New Year due to the continuous explosions of firecrackers,
the noisy audience and music in a Chinese theatre.

• February 18, 1888 – Rizal and Basa visited Macao. They

boarded the ferry steamer, Ku-Kiang. The city was small,low
and gloomy. There were many junks, sampans, but few
steamers. The city looked sad and dead. They stayed at the
house of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros. They also visited the
theatre, casino, cathedral, churches, pagodas, botanical
gardens and bazaars.
• February 20, 1888 – after their two-day sojourn in Macao,
Rizal and Basa returned to Hongkong on board again on the
steamer Ku-Kiang.
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• February 21, 1888 – Rizal and Basa went back to Hongkong.
Rizal stayed in Hongkong for almost two weeks. While in
Hongkong, Jose Sainz de Varonda, a Spaniard, was
commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal.
Japan
• February 22, 1888 – Rizal left Hongkong alone on board the
Oceanic, American steamer to Japan his next destination. Rizal
liked the ship because it was clean and efficiently managed
but did not like the meals on board. Other passengers of the
ship were two Portuguese, two Chinese, several British and an
American woman Protestant missionary. His cabin mate was a
British Protestant missionary who lived in China for 27 years.

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• February 28, 1888 – Rizal arrived in Yokohama, Japan and
registered at the Grand Hotel.
• February 29, 1888 – he proceeded to Tokyo and took a room
at Tokyo Hotel where he stayed for 6 days. Japan was to him
the “Land of the Cherry Blossoms” because of its natural
beauty and the charming manners of the Japanese people.
Japan
• He visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish
legation. He wrote a letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt, sharing
his observation in Japan.
• During his first day in Tokyo, Japan, Rizal was embarrassed
because he didn’t know the Japanese language. To avoid
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 further embarrassment, he decided to study the Japanese
language and a few days, he was able to speak the language.
• He also studied Kabuki, visited museum, libraries, art
galleries and shrines, and villages. He was impressed by the
beauty of Tokyo, but he was not impressed with the mode of
transportation because the rickshaws were drawn by men,
which made Rizal disgusted because human were working
like horses.
Japan
• He also met Seiko Usui but Rizal called her as O-Sei-San. They
also met daily as they visited interesting spots of the city, like
the Imperial Art Gallery, the Imperial Library, the city parks

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 and picturesque shrines. She served as his guide, interpreter
and tutor.
• April 13, 1888 – Rizal boarded the Belgic, an English steamer
bound for the United States. He left Japan very sad because
he would never see again the beautiful land and his beloved
O-Sei-San. His sojourn in Japan for 45days was one of the
happiest interludes in Rizal’s life.
• On board the Belgic, he met a passenger, Techo Suchero, a
Japanese newspaperman who was jailed in his country for his
articles and principles and was exiled. The ship carried 643
Chinese people and other nationalities.

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Across the Atlantic - USA
• April 28, 1888 – Rizal and Techo arrived in San Francisco Port
on Saturday morning of April 28. All passengers were not
allowed to land because the ship was placed on a quarantine
on the ground that it came form the Far East where cholera
epidemic was alleged to be raging.
• He soon discovered that placing the ship under quarantine
was prompted by politics.
• After a week of quarantine, all first class passengers,
including Rizal were permitted to land but the Chinese and
Japanese passengers of the second and third class
accommodations was remained on board.

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Across the Atlantic - USA
• May 4, 1888 – it was the day when Rizal and other passengers
were permitted to land. Rizal registered at the Palace Hotel.
• May 6, 1888 – Rizal left San Francisco to Oakland by ferry
boat. In Oakland, he took his supper at Sacramento for 75
cents and slept in his coach.
• May 7, 1888 – Rizal boarded a train for a trip across the
continent.
• Reno, Nevada (May 7); Utah, Ogden, Denver (May 8); •
Colorado (May 9); Nebraska (May 10);
• Chicago (May 11); Canada (May 12);
• Albany (May 13) and travel to New York City.
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Across the Atlantic - USA
• May 13, 1888 – Rizal reached New York and stayed for 3 days.
Rizal called it as “The Big Town”. He visited the memorial
George Washington, and other scenic and historic places.
• May 16, 1888 – he left New York for Liverpool and board the
City of Rome. He also visited the Colossal Statue of Liberty on
Bedloe Island.
Rizal’s Impressions of America
1. Progressive nation
2. People were energetic and hard-working
3. Better opportunities for immigrants
4. Racial prejudice
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5. Freedom and democracy were only in words, not practiced
6. No true liberty
London, England
• May 25, 1888 – he went to London and stayed there for a
short time as a guest at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
(lawyer).
• He boarded at Becket family, and being close to Gertrude
Becket.
• He spent Sundays in the house of Dr. Reinhold Rost, and
played crickets with Dr. Rost son.

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• He also spent much of his time in the British Museum
annotating Morga’s book, Sucesos de los Islas Filipinas
(Historical Events of the Philippine Islands).
• For 10 months, he was deeply immensed in his historical
studies in London.
London, England He
received news:
• Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the petition
addressed to the Queen Regent of Spain requesting the
expulsion of the friars in the Philippines.
• Attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish
Cortes and Wenceslao Retana.
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• Persecution of the Rizal’s family and other Calamba farmers
for their courage to petition the government for agrarian.
• Exile of Manuel Hidalgo without due process.
• Arrest and jailing of Rizal’s friend – Lauriano Viado, for the
copies of Noli found in his house.
• September, 1888 – Rizal visited Paris for a week and visited
his Juan Luna and his wife Paz Pardo de Tavera with their son
Andres.
• December 11, 1888 – he went again to Spain and visited
Madrid and Barcelona. He went to visit his compatriots
Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Marciano Ponce. They exchanged
ideas and promised to cooperate in the fight for reforms.
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• December 24, 1888 – he returned to London and spent
Christmas and New Year with the Becket family.
• December 31, 1888 – the Associacion de La Solidaridad was
inaugurated, Rizal served as the Honorary President; Galicano
Apacible (President); Graciano Lopez-Jaena (VP); Manuel
Santa Maria (Secretary); Mariano Ponce (Treasurer); Jose Ma.
Panganiban (Accountant).
• January 14, 1889 – Rizal wrote Blumentritt of his proposal to
establish the “Inauguration Association of the Filipinologist”
and have its inauguration in the French capital. Blumentritt
gladly supported him.
• January 28, 1889 – Rizal a letter addressed to the members of
the Associacion de La Solidaridad recognizing his position as
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 Honorary President. On his letter, he stressed that the
individual should give way to the welfare of society and he
should nor expect rewards/honours for what he does.
• February 15, 1889 – Graciano Lopez-Jaena and Mariano
Ponce was founded newspaper, called as La Solidaridad in
Barcelona – the official organ of the Propaganda Movement.

La Solidaridad: Aims 1. To work for a peaceful political and

social reforms in the Philippines;
2. To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines so
that Spain may treat them;

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3. Oppose the evil forces of reaction; 4. To advocate liberal
ideas and progress;
5. Champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people to
life, democracy and happiness.
• Rizal congratulated Lopez-Jaena and its associates in founding
the news organ, however, he advised Lopez-
Jaena that great care should be taken in publishing only the
truth.

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Paris, France
•
March 19, 1889 – From London he went again to Paris.
He organized the society called Kidlat Club – aim to
bring together the young Filipinos in the French capital
so that they could enjoy their stay in the city during the
duration of the Paris Universal Exposition.
• May 6, 1889 – Rizal and his friends attended the opening
ceremonies of the Paris Universal Exposition.
- vast crowd of tourist attended
- greatest attraction was the Eiffel Tower (Alexander
Eiffel)

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Paris, France
•
- Felix Hidalgo (2nd), Felix Pardo De Tavera & Juan
Luna (3rd), Rizal’s artwork didn’t qualify for the exhibit.
June 24, 1889 – Rizal stood as Godfather to a baby-girl
(Maria de la Paz Blanca Laureana Hermenegilda Juana y
Pardo de Tavera) born to Juan Luna and his wife.
• August 1889 – Rizal scheduled the holding of the
inaugural convention of the International Association of
Filipinologist in Paris. This association aim to study the
Philippines from the scientific and historical point of
view. However, the inaugural convention did not
materialize because the French government discouraged

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Paris, France
•
the holding of conferences by private organizations
during the period of the international exposition.
September 21, 1889 – Rizal founded the secret society
called as Redencion de los Malayos (Redemption of the
Malays) - It was patterned after Freemasonry. It had
various degrees of membership, “with the members not
knowing each other.”
Members of the R.D.L.M Society
1. Gregorio Aguilera
2. Jose Ma. Basa
3. Julio Dorente
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Paris, France
•
4. Marcelo Del Pilar
5. Mariano Ponce
6. Baldomero Roxas
7. Fr. Jose Maria Chongco

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Brussels, Belgium
• January 28, 1890- Rizal left Paris for Brussels, Belgium Two
reasons impelled Rizal to leave Paris, namely;
1. the cost of living in Paris was very high because of the
Universal Exposition
2. the gay social life of the city hampered his literary works,
especially the writing of his second novel, El
Filibusterismo.
• Rizal was accompanied by Jose Albert when he moved to
Brussels. They lived in a modest boarding house on 38 Rue
Philippe Champagne, which was run by two Jacoby sisters

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 (Suzanne and Marie). Later Albert, left the city and was
replaced by Jose Alejandro, an engineering student.
Brussels, Belgium
• Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala (The New
Orthography of the Tagalog Language) was published in La
Solidaridad.
• Letters from home which Rizal received in Brussels worried
him;
1.the Calamba agrarian trouble was getting worse.
2.the Dominican Order filed a suit in court to dispossess the
Rizal family of their lands in Calamba.

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• Rizal had bad dreams during the nights in Brussels when he
was restless because he was always thinking of his unhappy
family in Calamba.
• Rizal feared that he would not live long. He was not afraid to
die, but he wanted to finish his second novel before he went
to his grave.
Brussels, Belgium
• In the face of the sufferings which afflicted his family, Rizal
planned to go home. He could not stay in Brussels writing a
book while his parents, relatives, and friends in the distant
Philippines were persecuted.

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• July 29, 1890- another letter to Ponce written at Brussels by
Rizal, he announced that he was leaving Brussels at the
beginning of the following month and would arrive in Madrid
about the 3rd or 4th (August).
• He had an amorous relationship with Suzanne Jacoby, and
when Rizal leave Brussels at the end of July, she cried a lot.
Misfortune in Madrid, Spain
• Early in August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid
• Upon arrival in Madrid, Rizal immediately sought help of the
Filipino colony, The Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, and the
liberal Spanish newspaper in securing justice for the
oppressed Calamba tenants.
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 - El Resumen- a Madrid newspaper which sympathized
with the Filipino cause, said: “To cover the ear, open the
purse, and fold the arms—this is the Spanish colonial
policy.
- La Epoca- an anti-Filipino newspaper in Madrid.
Life Events Madrid, Spain
• Jose Ma. Panganiban, his talented co-worker in the
Propaganda Movement, died in Barcelona on August 19, 1890,
after a lingering illness.
• Aborted duel with Antonio Luna
• Rizal challenged Wenceslao Retana – a Spanish talented
scholar, an agent of the Spanish friars, and his rival in pen
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• Infidelity of Leonor Rivera – marrying Charles Henry Kipping.
• Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry - Rizal wrote a brief note thanking his
compatriots for electing him as Responsible. It was the last
time he saw Madrid.
Biarritz, France
• To seek solace for his disappointments in Madrid, Rizal took a
vacation in the resort city of Biarritz on the fabulous French
Riviera. He was a guest of the rich Boustead family at its
winter residence—Villa Eliada.
• February, 1891- Rizal arrived in Biarritz, France.
• Frustrated in romance, Rizal found consolation in writing.
Evidently, while wooing Nellie and enjoying so “many
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 magnificent moonlight nights” with her, he kept working on
his second novel which he began to write in Calamba 1887.
• March 29, 1891- the eve of his departure from Biarritz to
Paris, he finished the manuscript of El Filibusterismo.
• March 30, 1891-Rizal bade farewell to the hospitable and
friendly Bousteads and proceeded to Paris by train.
Paris, France to Brussels, Belgium
• April 4, 1891 - Rizal wrote to his friend, Jose Ma. Basa, in Hong
Kong from Paris, expressing his desire to go to that British
colony and practice ophthalmology in order to earn his living.
• Middle of April, 1891- Rizal was back in Brussels. Since
abdicating his leadership in Madrid in January, 1891, owing to
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 the intrigues of his jealous compatriots, Rizal retired from the
Propaganda Movement or reform crusade.
• May 1, 1891- Rizal notified the Propaganda authorities in
Manila to cancel his monthly allowance and devote the money
to some better cause
• May 30, 1891- revision of the finished manuscript of El
Filibusterismo was mostly completed
• June 13, 1891- Rizal informed Basa that he was negotiating
with a printing firm.
Ghent, Belgium
• He published the El Filibusterismo.

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• July 5, 1891- Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a famous university
city in Belgium.
• Rizal reasons for moving to Ghent were;
1. the cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels;
2. to escape from the enticing attraction of Petite Suzanne.
• Rizal met two compatriots while in Ghent, Jose Alejandro and
Edilberto Evangelista, both studying engineering in the world-
famed University of Ghent.

Ghent, Belgium
• September 22, 1891 - four days after the Fili came off the
press, Rizal wrote to Blumentritt: “I am thinking of writing a
third novel, a novel in the modern sense of the word, but this
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 time politics will not find much space in it, but ethics will play
the principal role.”
• October 3, 1891 - two weeks after the publication of Fili, Rizal
left Ghent for Paris, where he stayed a few days to say
goodbye to the Lunas, the Pardo de Taveras, the Venturas and
other friends; Rizal proceeded by train to Marseilles.
• October 18, 1891- Rizal boarded the steamer Melbourne in
Marseilles bound for Hongkong during the voyage, Rizal
began writing the third novel in Tagalog, which he intended
for Tagalog readers.

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Hongkong
• Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong, where he lived from
November, 1891 to June, 1892. His reasons for leaving
Europe were;
1. life was unbearable in Europe because of his
political differences with M.H. del Pilar and other
Filipinos in Spain;
2. to be near his idolized Philippines and family.
• November 20, 1891 - Rizal arrived in Hong Kong. He
established his residence at No. 5 D’ Aguilar Street No. 2
Rednaxola Terrace, where he also opened his medical clinic.

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Hongkong
• December 1, 1891 - Rizal wrote his parents asking their
permission to return home. On the same date, his brother-
inlaw, Manuel T. Hidalgo, sent him a letter relating the sad
news of the “deportation of twenty-five persons from
Calamba, including father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and
the rest of us.”
• The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong was one of the happiest
Yuletide celebrations in Rizal’s life: For he had a happy family
reunion.
• January 31, 1892- Rizal wrote to Blumentritt, recounting
pleasant life in Hong Kong. His family very impressed with the
English government.
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• Rizal successfully operated on his mother’s left eye so that she
was able to read and write again.
Borneo, Colonization Project
• Rizal planned to move the landless Filipino families Filipino
families to North Borneo (Sabah), rich British owned island
and carve out of its virgin wildness a “New Calamba”.
• March 7, 1892- Rizal went to Sandakan on board the ship
Menon to negotiate with the British authorities for the
establishment of a Filipino colony.
• Rizal looked over the land up the Bengkoka River in Maradu
Bay which was offered by the British North Borneo Company.

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• April 20, 1892 - Rizal was back in Hong Kong. His brotherin-law
(Hidalgo), objected to the project for it was antinationalistic
act to have a colony.
Borneo, Colonization Project
• Governor General Eulogio Despujol – the present governor-
general (1891-1892)
• December 23, 1891- first letter of Rizal to Governor Despujol.
• March 21, 1892- Rizal’s second letter and gave it to a ship
captain to be sure it would reach Governor Despujol’s hand, in
this second letter, he requested the governor general to
permit the landless Filipinos to establish themselves in
Borneo.
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• Despujol could not approve the Filipino immigration to
Borneo, alleging that “the Philippines lacked laborers” and “it
was not very patriotic to go off and cultivate foreign soil.”
Writings in Hongkong
• “Ang Mga Karapatan Nang Tao- which is a Tagalog translation
of “The Rights of Man” proclaimed by the French Revolution
in 1789.
• “A la Nacion Espanola” (To the Spanish Nation) - which is an
appeal to Spain to right the wrongs done to the Calamba
tenants.
• “Sa Mga Kababayan” (To my Countrymen)- explaining the
Calamba agrarian situation.
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• “Una Visita a la Victoria Gaol” (A Visit to Victoria Gaol)- it
contrasted the cruel Spanish prison system with the modern
and more humane British prison system.
Writings in Hongkong
• “Colonisation du British North Borneo, par de Familles de Iles
Philippines” (Colonization of British North Borneo by Families
from the Philippine Islands)- an article in French which Rizal
elaborated on the same idea in another article in Spanish.
• “La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand) - it denounces the frequent
outbreaks of intentional fires in Manila

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• Constitution of La Liga Filipina - the most important writing
made by Rizal during his Hong Kong sojourn, which was
printed in Hong Kong, 1892

Decision to Return in Manila

• May, 1892- Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila.
• This decision was spurred by the following:
1. to confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Borneo
colonization project;
2. to establish the La Liga Filipina in Manila;
3. to prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in
Madrid that he was being comfortable and safe in Hong
Kong, had abandoned the country’s cause.
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• June 20, 1892- Rizal wrote two letters which he sealed,
inscribed on each envelope “to be opened after my death”
and gave them to his friend Dr. Marques for safekeeping.
Final Term Topics:
• Second Homecoming
• Jose Rizal in Dapitan
• The Last Hours
• Final Works
• Martyrdom in Bagumbayan
• Life after the Execution

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• Rizal’s in the Modern Time
• Recent Issues and Controversies about Jose Rizal
Final Examination – Happy Vacation

Second Homecoming
• May, 1892- Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila.
• This decision was spurred by the following:
1. to confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Borneo
colonization project;

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 2. to establish the La Liga Filipina in Manila;
3. to prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him
in Madrid that he was being comfortable and safe in Hong
Kong, had abandoned the country’s cause.
• June 20, 1892 - Rizal wrote two letters which he sealed, inscribed
on each envelope “to be opened after my death” and gave them
to his friend Dr. Lorenso Marques for safekeeping.
1st letter – “TO MY PARENTS, BRETHREN and FRIENDS”
2nd letter – “TO THE FILIPINOS”
• June 21, 1892 - Rizal penned another letter in Hong Kong for
Governor Despujol, incidentally his third letter to that
discourteous Spanish chief executive.

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• Immediately after Rizal’s departure from Hong Kong, the Spanish
consul general who issued the government guarantee of safety,
sent a cablegram to Governor Despujol that the victim “is in the
trap”.
• On the same day (June 21, 1892), a secret case was filed in
Manila against Rizal and his followers “for anti-religious and
anti-patriotic agitation”.
• Luis de la Torre - secretary of Despujol, ordered to find out if
Rizal was naturalized as a German citizen.
Arrival in Manila with Sister
• June 26, 1892 - Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal and his widowed
sister Lucia arrived in Manila.

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• In the afternoon, at 4:00 o’clock, he went to Malacañang Palace
to seek audience with the Spanish governor general, General
Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe.
• June 27, 1892- at 6:00pm, Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban
Station and visited his friends in Malolos (Bulacan), San
Fernando (Pampanga), Tarlac (Tarlac), and Bacolor (Pampanga)
• Rizal returned by train to Manila on the next day, June 28, at 5
o’clock in the afternoon.
• July 3, 1892 – Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina in Tondo, Manila.
Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Fort Santiago
• July 6, 1892- Wednesday, Rizal went to Malacañang Palace to
resume his series of interviews with governor general.

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• Pobres Frailles (Poor Friars) - incriminatory leaflets which
allegedly found in Lucia’s pillow cases; it is under the authorship
of Fr. Jacinto and printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais,
Manila
• Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by
Ramon Despujol, nephew and aide of Governor General
Despujol.
• July 7, 1892 - the Gaceta de Manila published the story of
Rizal’s arrest which produced indignant commotion among the
Filipino people, particularly the members of the newly organized
Liga Filipina. The same issue of the Gaceta (july 7, 1892)
contained Governor General Despujol’s decree
deporting Rizal to “one of the islands in the South”
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Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Fort Santiago
• July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is 12:30 am of July 15,
1892) – Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the steamer
Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. This steamer under Captain
Delgras departed at 1:00 AM, July 15, sailing south, passing
Mindoro and Panay and reaching Dapitan on Sunday, the 17 th of
July at 7:00 in the evening.
• Captain Ricardo Carnicero- Spanish commandant of Dapitan
whom Captain Delgras handed Rizal
• July 17, 1892 to July 31, 2896 - Rizal began his exile in lonely
Dapitan, a period of four years.
• Rizal practiced medicine, pursued scientific studies, continued his
artistic and literary works, widened his knowledge of languages,
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 established a school for boys, promoted developments projects,
invented a wooden machine for making bricks, and engaged in
farming and commerce (1892 to 1896).

Exile in Dapitan (July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896)

• The steamer Cebu which brought Rizal to Dapitan carried a letter
from Father Pablo Pastells, Superior of the Jesuit Society in the
Philippine, to Father Antonio Obach, Jesuit parish priest of
Dapitan
• Rizal lived in the house of the commandant, Captain Carnicero.
• A Don Ricardo Carnicero - Rizal wrote a poem on August 26,
1892, on the occasion of the captain’s birthday.

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• September 21, 18792- the mail boat Butuan was approaching
the town, with coloured pennants flying in the sea breezes
• Butuan - the mail boat, brought the happy tidings that the
Lottery Ticket no. 9736 jointly owned by Captain Carcinero, Dr.
Jose Rizal, and Francisco Equilior (Spanish resident of Dipolog, a
neighboring town of Dapitan) won the second prize of P20,000 in
the government-owned Manila Lottery.
Exile in Dapitan (July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896)
• Pablo Mercado (Florencio Namanan) - friar’s spy and posing as a
relative, secretly visited Rizal at his house on the night of
November 3, 1891 he introduced himself as a friend and relative,
showing a photo of Rizal and a pair of buttons with the initials

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 “P.M.” (Pablo Mercado) as evidence of his kinship with the Rizal
family.
• Captain Juan Sitges - who succeeded Captain Carnicero on May
4, 1893 as commandant of Dapitan, Rizal denounced to him the
impostor.
• August 1893 - Rizal’s mother and sister, Maria, arrived in
Dapitan and lived with him for one year and a half. Rizal
operated on his mother’s right eye.

Activities in Dapitan
• As Physician - Rizal became interested in local medicine and in
the use of medicinal plants. He studied the medicinal plants of
the Philippines and their curative values.

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• As Expert Surveyor - Rizal applied his knowledge of engineering
by constructing a system of waterworks in order to furnish clean
water to the townspeople.
• Rizal as Teacher - Rizal exile to Dapitan gives him the opportunity
to put into practice his educational ideas. In 1893 he established
a school which existed until the end of his exile in July, 1896.
Rizal taught his boys reading, writing, languages (Spanish and
English), geography, history, mathematics (arithmetic and
geometry), industrial work, nature study, morals and gymnastics.
He trained them how to collect specimens of plants and animals,
to love work and to “behave like men”.
Activities in Dapitan
• As a Scientist - Rizal built up a rich collection of concology which
consisted of 346 shells representing 203 species. Rizal also
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 conducted anthropological, ethnographical, archaeological,
geological, and geographical studies, as revealed by his
voluminous correspondence with his scientists friends in Europe.
• As a Linguist - he learned the Bisayan, Subanum, and Malay
languages. He wrote Tagalog grammar, made a comparative
study of the Bisayan and Malayan languages and studied
Bisayan (Cebuan), and Subanum languages. He knew 22
languages -
Tagalog, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek,
English, French, German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit,
Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish,
and Russian.
• As an Artist – he continued his artistic works such as, sketching
and woodcarving (The Mother’s Revenge and Dapitan Girl).
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Activities in Dapitan
• Rizal as Farmer - In Dapitan, Rizal devoted much of his time to
agriculture. Rizal introduced modern methods of agriculture
which he had observed in Europe and America. He encouraged
the Dapitan farmers to discard their primitive system of tillage
and adopt the modern agricultural methods.
• Rizal as Businessman - Rizal engaged in business in partnership
with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan merchant, he made profitable
business ventures in fishing, copra, and hemp industries.
January 19, 1893 - Rizal wrote a letter to Hidalgo expressing his
plan to improve the fishing industry.
May 14, 1893 - Rizal formed a business partnership with
Ramon Carreon in lime manufacturing.

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 January 1, 1895 - Rizal organized the Cooperative Association
of Dapitan Farmers to break the Chinese monopoly on
business in Dapitan.
Activities in Dapitan
• As an Inventor - Rizal invented a cigarette lighter which he sent
as a gift to Blumentritt. He called it “sulpukan”. This unique
cigarette lighter was made of wood. “Its mechanism”, said Rizal
“is based on the principle of compressed air.”
- He also invited a wooden machine for making bricks.
• My Retreat (Mi Retiro) - Rizal wrote this beautiful poem about
his serene life as an exile in Dapitan and sent it to her mother on
October 22, 1895, which acclaimed by literary critics as one of
the best ever penned by Rizal.

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Rizal and the Katipunan
• Andres Bonifacio - the “Great Plebeian”, sowing the seeds of an
armed uprising - the secret revolutionary society, called
Katipunan, which he founded on July 7, 1892.
• May 2, 1896 - a secret meeting of the Katipunan at a little river
called Bitukang Manok near the town of Pasig, Dr. Pio Valenzuela
was named emissary to Dapitan, in order to inform Rizal of the
plan of the Katipunan to launch a revolution for freedom’s sake.
• June 15, 1896 - Valenzuela left Manila on board the steamer
Venus. To camouflage Valenzuela’s real mission, he brought with
him a blind man Raymundo Mata and a guide, ostensibly going
to Dapitan to solicit Rizal’s expert medical advice
• June 21, 1896 - evening, Dr. Pio Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan.
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Rizal and the Katipunan
Rizal objected to Bonifacio’s audacious project to plunge the
country in bloody revolution because he was of sincere belief that it
was premature, for two reasons:
1. the people are not ready for a revolution, and;
2. arms and funds must first be collected before raising the
cry of revolution.

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Rizal as a Volunteer Doctor in Cuba
• Rizal had offered his services as military doctor in Cuba, which
was then in the throes of a revolution and a ranging yellow fever
epidemic. There was a shortage of physicians to minister to the
needs of the Spanish troops and the Cubans people.
• December 17, 1895 - Rizal wrote to Governor General Ramon
Blanco, offering his services as military doctor in Cuba.
• July 30, 1896 - Rizal received the letter from Governor General
Blanco dated July 1, 1896 notifying him of acceptance of his offer.
• “The Song of the Traveler” (El Canto del Viajero) - Rizal wrote
this heart-warming poem because of his joy in receiving the
gladsome news from Malacañang.
• July 31, 1896 - Rizal’s four-year exile in Dapitan came to an end.
Rizal embarked on board the steamer España. (4years, 13 days
and few hours)
• As farewell music, the town brass band strangely played the
dolorous Funeral March of Chopin.
Last Trip Abroad (1986)
• July 31, 1896 - Rizal left Dapitan at midnight on board the
España sailed northward.
• Isla de Luzon - a regular steamer that Rizal missed which sailed
to Spain the day before he arrived in Manila Bay
• Castilla - a Spanish cruiser wherein Rizal was kept as a “guest”
on board.
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• August 1, 1896 - at dawn of Saturday, it anchored at
Dumaguete. He met a friend name Herriro Regidor.
• August 26, 1896 - Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan raised
the cry of revolution in the hills of Balintawak, a few miles
north of Manila.
• September 3, 1896 - Rizal left for Spain on the steamer Isla de
Panay.
Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution
• August 19, 1896 - the Katipunan plot to overthrow Spanish rule
by means of revolution was discovered by Fray Mariano Gil,
Augustinian cura of Tondo.

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• August 26, 1896 - the “Cry of Balintawak” which raised by
Bonifacio and his valiant Katipuneros.
• August 30, 1896 - sunrise, the revolutionists led by Bonifacio
and Jacinto attacked San Juan, near the city of Manila.
• In the afternoon, after the Battle of San Juan, Governor
General Blanco proclaimed a state of war in the first eight
provinces for rising in arms against Spain - Manila (as a
province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga,
Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac.

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Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution
• Rizal learned of the eruption of the revolution and raging battles
around Manila through the newspapers he read on the Castilla.
He was worried for two reasons:
1.The violent revolution which he sincerely believed to be
premature and would only cause much suffering and
terrible loss of human lives and property had started,
and
2.It would arouse Spanish vengeance against all Filipino
patriots.
August 30, 1896 - Rizal received from Governor General Blanco
two letters of introduction for the Minister of War and Minister of

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Colonies, which a covering letter which absolved him from all
blame for the raging revolution.
September 3, 1896 – the Isla de Panay left Manila and reached
Singapore on the 7th.
Rizal: A Cabin Prisoner
• Don Pedro Roxas - rich Manila creole industrialist and Rizal’s
friend that advised him to stay on Singapore and take
advantage of the protection of the British law.
• Don Manuel Camus - headed several Filipino residents in
Singapore, boarded the steamer, urging Rizal to stay in
Singapore to save his life.

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• The Isla de Panay, with Rizal on board, left Singapore at
1:00pm, September 8.
• September 25, 1896 - Rizal saw the steamer Isla de Luzon,
leaving the Suez Canal, crammed with Spanish troops.
• September 27, 1896 - Rizal heard from the passengers that a
telegram arrived from Manila reporting the execution of some
Filipino patriots.

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Rizal: A Cabin Prisoner
• September 28, 1986 - a day after the steamer had left Port Said
(Mediterranean terminus of the Suez Canal), a passenger told
Rizal the bad news that he would be arrested by order of
Governor General Blanco and would be sent to prison in Ceuta
(Spanish Morocco), opposite Gibraltar.
• September 29, 1896 - Rizal wrote in his travel diary: “There are
people on board who do nothing but slander me and invent
fanciful stories about me. I’m going to become a legendary
personage.”
• September 30, 1896 - at 4:00pm, Rizal was officially notified by
Captain Alemany that he should stay in his cabin until further
orders from Manila.
• October 3, 1896 - at 10:00am, the Isla de Panay arrived in
Barcelona, with Rizal, a prisoner on board. The trip from Manila to
Barcelona lasted exactly 30 days. Rizal was kept under heavy
guard in his cabin for three days.
Last Homecoming and Trial (1896)
• October 6, 1896 - at 3:00am, Rizal was awakened by the guards
and escorted to the grim and infamous prison-fortress named
Monjuich. About 2:00 in the afternoon, Rizal was taken out of
prison by the guards and brought to the headquarters of
General Despujol.
• On the same date, at 8:00pm, Rizal left Barcelona through the
ship Colon “full of soldiers and guards and their families”.

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• October 8, 1896 - a friendly officer told Rizal that the Madrid
newspaper were full of stories about the bloody revolution in
the Philippines and were blaming him for it.
• October 11, 1896 - before reaching Port Said, Rizal’s diary was
taken away and was critically scrutinized the authorities.
• November 2, 1896 - the diary was returned to Rizal.
Last Homecoming and Trial (1896)
• Attorney Hugh Fort - an English lawyer in Singapore - his friends
(Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez) dispatched frantic
telegrams to Fort to rescue Rizal from the Spanish steamer when
it reached Singapore by means of Writ of Habeas Corpus.
• Chief Justice Lionel - denied the writ on the ground that the
Colon was carrying Spanish troops to the Philippines.
• November 3, 1896 - the Colon reached Manila, where it was
greeted with wild rejoicings by the Spaniards and friars because
it brought more reinforcements and military supplies.
• November 20, 1896 - the preliminary investigation on Rizal
began.
• Colonel Francisco Olive - the judge advocate. Two kinds of
evidence were presented against Rizal, namely documentary
and testimonial.

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The 15 Exhibits of Documentary Evidence
1. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, dated Madrid,
October 16, 1888, showing Rizal’s connection with the Filipino
reform campaign in Spain.
2. A letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid, August 20, 1890,
stating that the deportations are good for they will encourage
the people to hate tyranny.
3. A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Deodato Arellano, dated
Madrid, January 7, 1889, implicating Rizal in the Propaganda
campaign in Spain.

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4. A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly written by Rizal in
Manila on September 12, 1891.
5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person dated
Barcelona, September 18, 1891, describing Rizal as the man to
free the Philippines from Spanish oppression.
The 15 Exhibits of Documentary Evidence
6. A Masonic document, dated Manila, February 9, 1892,
honouring Rizal for his patriotic services.
7. A letter signed Dimas Alang (Rizal’s pseudonym) to Tenluz
(Juan Zulueta’s pseudonym), dated Hong Kong, May 24, 1892,

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 stating that he was preparing a safe refuge for Filipinos who
may be persecuted by the Spanish authorities,
8. A letter of Dimas Alang to an unidentified committee, dated
Hong Kong, June 1, 1892, soliciting the aid of the committee in
the “patriotic work”.
9. An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of the Hong
Kong Telegraph, censuring the banishment of Rizal to Dapitan.
10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Manila, September
3, 1892, saying that the Filipino people look up to him as their
saviour.
The 15 Exhibits of Documentary Evidence
11. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Manila, September 17,
1893, informing an unidentified correspondent of the arrest and
banishment of Doroteo Cortes and Ambrosio Salvador.
12. A letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan A. Tenluz (Juan Zulueta),
dated Madrid, June 1, 1893 recommending the establishment of a
special organization, independent of Masonry, to help the cause of
the Filipino people.
13. Transcript of a speech of Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto), in reunion of the
Katipunan on July 23, 1893, in which the following cry was, uttered
“Long Live the Philippines! Long live Doctor Rizal! Unity!”

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14. Transcript of a speech of Tik-Tik (Jose Turiano Santiago) in the same
Katipunan reunion, where in the Katipuneros shouted: “Long live
the eminent Doctor Rizal! Death to the oppressor nation!”
15. A poem by Laong Laan (Rizal), entitled A Talisay in which the author
makes the Dapitan schoolboys sing that they know how to fight
their rights.
Oral Testimonies consists of the following person:
1. Martin Constantino
2. Aguedo del Rosario,
3. Jose Reyes
4. Moises Salvador
5. Jose Dizon
6. Domingo Franco
7. Deodato Arellano
8. Ambrosio Salvador,
9. Pedro Serrano Laktaw
10. Dr. Pio Valenzuela
11. Antonio Salazar
12. Francisco Quison
13. Timoteo Paez
Trial
• November 26, 1896 - after the preliminary investigation,
Colonel Olive transmitted the records of the case to Governor
Dominguez as special Judge advocate to institute the
corresponding action against Rizal.
• After studying the papers, Judge advocate General, Don
Nicolas de la Peña, submitted the following recommendations:
1.The accused be immediately brought to trial,
2.He should be kept in prison,
 3.An order of attachment be issued against his property to
the amount of one million pesos as indemnity, and
4.He should be defended in court by an army officer, not
by a civilian lawyer.
• The only right given to Rizal by the Spanish authorities was to
choose his defense counsel.
Trial
• December 8, 1896 - Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception, a
list of 100 first and second lieutenants in the Spanish Army
was presented to Rizal.

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• Don Luis Taviel de Andrade - 1st Lieutenant of the Artillery,
chosen by Rizal to defend him brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de
Andrade, Rizal’s “bodyguard” in Calamba in 1887.
• December 11, 1896- the information of charges was formally
read to Rizal in his prison cell, with his counsel present.
• Rizal was accused of being:
1. the principal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino
insurrection,
2. the founder of societies, periodicals, and books dedicated to
fomenting ,and
3. propagating ideas of rebellion.
Court Martial
• December 13, 1896 - Dominguez forwarded the papers of the
Rizal case to Malacañang Palace.
• December 15, 1896 - Rizal wrote the Manifesto to His People
in his prison cell at Fort Santiago, appealing to them to stop
the necessary shedding of blood and to achieve their liberties
by means of education and industry.
• December 25, 1896 - a dark and cheerless Christmas for Rizal,
his last on earth, was the saddest in Rizal’s life.

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• December 26, 1896 - at 8:00am, the court-martial of Rizal
started in the military building called Cuartel de España
• Lt. Col. Togores Arjona - considered the trial over and ordered
the hall cleared. After a short deliberation, the military court
unanimously voted for the sentence of death.

Court Martial
• December 28, 1896 – Camilo Polavieja approved the decision
of the court-martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00 in the
morning of December 30 at Bagumbayan Field.
• After the court-martial, Rizal returned to his cell in Fort
Santiago to prepare his rendezvous with destiny.
• During his last 24 hours on earth - from 6:00am December 29
to 6:00am December 30, 1896 - he was busy meeting visitor,
named; Santiago Mataix - Spanish newspaper correspondent.
Pearl of the Orient Sea - Rizal called the Philippines.
Pearl of the Orient - Rizal’s last poem in an article
entitled “Unfortunate Philippines” published in The
Hong Kong Telegraph on September 24, 1892
The Last Hours - December 29, 1896
• 6:00am - Captain Rafael Dominguez, who was designated by
Governor General Camilo Polavieja to take charge of all
arrangements for the execution of the condemned prisoner,
read the death sentence to Rizal - to be on December 30, 1896
shot at the back by a firing squad at 7:00am in Bagumbayan.
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• 7:00am - Rizal was moved to the prison chapel, where he spent
his last moments. His first visitors were Father Miguel Saderra
Mata (Rector of Ateneo Municipal), and Father Luis Viza, Jesuit
teacher.
• 7:15am - Rizal, in a jovial mood, reminded Fr. Viza of the
statuette of the Sacred Heart of Jesus which he had carved with
his pen knife as an Ateneo student. Fr. Viza, got the statuette
from his pocket and gave it to Rizal. The hero happily received
it and placed it on his writing table.
The Last Hours - December 29, 1896
• 8:00am - Fr. Antonio Rosell arrived to relieve Father Viza. Rizal
invited him to join him at breakfast, which he did. After
breakfast, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade came, and Rizal thanked
him for his gallant services.
• 9:00am - Fr. Federico Faura arrived. Rizal reminded him that he
said that (Rizal) would someday lose his head for writing the
Noli. “Father”, Rizal remarked, “You are indeed a prophet.”
• 10:00am - Father Jose Vilaclara (Rizal’s teacher at the Ateneo)
and Vicente Balaguer (Jesuit missionary in Dapitan who had
befriended Rizal during the latter’s exile) visited the hero. After
them came Spanish journalist, Santiago Mataix, who
interviewed Rizal for his newspaper El Heraldo de Madrid.
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The Last Hours - December 29, 1896

12:00am (noon) to 3:30pm - Rizal was left alone in his cell. He
took lunch after which he was busy writing. It was probably
during this time when he finished his farewell poem and hid it
inside his alcohol cooking stove which was given to him as a gift
by Paz Pardo de Tavera during his visit to Paris in 1890. at the
same time, he wrote his last letter to Prof. Blumentritt in
German.
3:30pm - Father Balaguer returned to Fort Santiago and discussed
with Rizal about his retraction of the anti-Catholic ideas in his
writings and membership in Masonry.
4:00pm - Rizal’s mother arrived. Rizal knelt down before her and
kissed her hands, begging her to forgive him. Trinidad entered the
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cell to fetch her mother. As they were leaving, Rizal gave to
Trinidad the alcohol cooking stove, whispering to her in English;
“There is something inside” This “something” was Rizal’s
farewell poem.
The Last Hours - December 29, 1896
• 6:00pm - Rizal received a new visitor, Don Silvino Lopez Tuñon,
the Dean of the Manila Cathedral. Fathers Balaguer and March
left, leaving Vilaclara with Rizal and Don Silvino.
• 8:00pm - Rizal had his last supper. He informed Captain
Dominguez who was with him that he forgave his enemies,
including the military judges who condemned him to death.
• 9:30pm - Rizal was visited by Don Gaspar Cestaño, the fiscal of
the Royal Audiencia of Manila. As a gracious host, Rizal offered
 him the best chair in the cell. After a pleasant conversation, the
fiscal left with a good impression of Rizal’s intelligence and
noble character.
• 10:00pm - The draft of the retraction sent by the anti-Filipino
Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda was submitted by Father
Balaguer to Rizal for signature, but the hero rejected it
because it was too long and he did not like it.
The Last Hours – December 30, 1896
• 3:00am - Rizal heard Mass, confessed his sins, and took Holy
Communion.
• 5:30am - Rizal took his last breakfast on earth. After this, he
wrote two letters, the first addressed to his family and the
second to his older brother Paciano.
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 Josephine Bracken, accompanied by a sister of Rizal
(Josefa), arrived. Josephine, with tears in her eyes, bade
him farewell. Rizal embraced her for the last time and
before she left, Rizal gave her a last gift - a religious
book, Imitation of Christ.
• 6:00am - As the soldiers were getting ready for the death
march to Bagumbayan, Rizal wrote his last letter to his
beloved parents.
The Execution
• 6:30am - a trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago, a signal to begin
the death march to Bagumbayan, the designated place for the
execution.
• Rizal was dressed elegantly in black suit, black derby hat,
black shoes, white shirt and black tie. His arms were tied
behind from elbow to elbow. But the rope was quite loose to
give his arms freedom of movement.
• Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo - a Spanish military physician, asked
Rizal permission to feel his pulse and was amazed to find it
normal showing that Rizal was not afraid to die.
• 7:03am - Rizal died in the bloom of manhood - aged 35 years,
five months and 11 days.
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Last Works
• Mi Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell) - farewell poem of Rizal that
originally was without title and was unsigned.
• Father Mariano Dacanay - a Filipino priest-patriot, who gave
the title Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell) and under such title the
poem was published for the first time in La Independencia
(General Antonio Luna’s newspaper) on September 25, 1898
• Immediately after Rizal’s execution the Spanish spectators
shouted “Viva España!” “Muerte a los Traidores’ (“Long Live
Spain! “Death to the Traitors!”) and the Spanish Military
Band, joining the jubilance over Rizal’s death, played the gay
Marcha de Cadiz.

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• By Rizal’s writings, which awakened Filipino nationalism and
paved the way for the Philippine Revolution, he proved that
“pen is mightier than the sword”.
Why Rizal is Our Greatest National Hero?
1. Rizal is our greatest hero because, as a towering figure in the
Propaganda Campaign, he took an “admirable part” in that
movement which roughly covered the period from 1882-1896.
2. Rizal’s writings contributed tremendously to the formation of
Filipino nationality.
3. Rizal becomes the greatest Filipino hero because no Filipino
has yet been born who could equal or surpass Rizal as “a
person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or
fortitude in suffering.”
Mylene Gado Almario
4. Rizal is the greatest Filipino hero that ever lived because he is
“a man honoured after death by public worship, because of
exceptional service to mankind”

Mylene Gado Almario

References:
Camiloza, Loreto., 2010., Dr. Jose Rizal's Religious Thoughts: Revisited.,
National Bookstore
Craig, Austin, 2010, Lineage, Life and Labors of Dr. Jose Rizal., Vee Press
Publishing Inc.
Lopez-Bantug, Asuncion., 2008., Lolo Jose: An Intimate and Illustrated Portrait of
José Rizal. Vibal Publishing House. Quezon City.
Ocampo, Ambeth, 2010, Rizal Without the Overcoat, Anvil Publishing Corp.
Pasigui, Ronnie E. and Danilo H. Cabalu., 2006. The Man and the Hero (An
Anthology of Legacies and Controversies). C & E Publishing, Inc.
Zaide, Gregorio F. and Sonia M. Zaide., 1997., Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and
Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero.All Nations Publishing
Co. Inc.

Mylene Gado Almario

Zaide, Gregorio, et.al., 2010., Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius,
Writer, Scientist, and National Hero, All Nations Publishing Corp.
Zulueta, Francisco M. 2004., Rizal: Life, Works and Ideals. National Bookstore.