BRIDGE COURSE

Introduction to syllabus & identifying own weaknesses in English

What is your basic concept of Communication. Communication barriers generally we see

The International Maritime Organization

Basics of correct pronunciation:Phonetics

“The working language is English”: Maritime English. SMCP

Letter Codes

Topics of English Grammar

Eight Parts Of Speech

1. Noun

2. Pronoun

3. Verb

4. Adjective

5. Adverb

6. Preposition

7. Conjunction

8. Interjections

 Article:

 Helping Verbs (Sometimes Called " Auxiliaries"; Modals Are Another, Specialized Form ):
Helping Verbs Always Precede Main Verbs.

 Active And Passive Voice

 Gerund: 

 Participle: 

 Positive. Comparative. And Superlative

 Types Of Sentences,

 Conditionals,

 Subject-Verb Agreement,

 Common Errors In English

Get some Extra Knowledge from the Wikipedia

1)Indian Maritime History: Pre-independence and Post-independence

2)Significance of National Maritime Day of India

3)Ports of India

4)Role of shipping on national economic development

5)Maritime Training in India

 English uses symbols for written language, which are collectively known as the alphabet.
These symbols are representations of the sounds in speech, this makes English what is
called an alphabetic language, 

 Phonology refers to the sound system of a language.

 Phonics is a method for teaching people how to read and write an alphabetic language.

 Phonetics deals with two aspects of human speech: production—the ways humans make
sounds—and perception—the way speech is understood.

 A phoneme is a speech sound. It’s the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one
word from another.

Speech Sounds of English

Despite there being just 26 letters in the English language there are approximately 44 unique
sounds, also known as phonemes. The 44 sounds help distinguish one word or meaning from
another.

The 44 English sounds fall into two categories:

1. consonants and

2. vowels.

Below is a list of the 44 phonemes along with their International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
symbols and some examples of their use.  

Since sounds cannot be written, we use letters to represent or stand for the sounds. A
grapheme is the written representation of one sound.

 
Consonants
IPA
Phoneme Graphemes Examples
Symbol

1 b b, bb bug, bubble

2 d d, dd, ed dad, add, milled

3 f f, ff, ph, gh, lf, ft fat, cliff, phone, enough, half, often

4 g g, gg, gh,gu,gue gun, egg, ghost, guest, prologue

5 h h, wh hop, who

6 dʒ j, ge, g, dge, di, gg jam, wage, giraffe, edge, soldier, exaggerate

k, c, ch, cc, lk, kit, cat, chris, accent, folk, bouquet, queen,
7 k
qu ,q(u), ck, x rack, box

8 l l, ll live, well

9 m m, mm, mb, mn, lm man, summer, comb, column, palm

net, funny, know, gnat, pneumonic,

10 n n, nn,kn, gn, pn, mn
mneumonic

11 p p, pp pin, dippy

12 r r, rr, wr, rh run, carrot, wrench, rhyme

s, ss, c, sc, ps, st, ce, sit, less, circle, scene, psycho, listen, pace,
13 s
se course

14 t t, tt, th, ed tip, matter, thomas, ripped

15 v v, f, ph, ve vine, of, stephen, five

16 w w, wh, u, o wit, why, quick, choir

17 z z, zz, s, ss, x, ze, se zed, buzz, his, scissors, xylophone, craze

18 ʒ s, si, z treasure, division, azure

19 tʃ ch, tch, tu, ti, te chip, watch, future, action, righteous

sh, ce, s, ci, si, ch, sci, sham, ocean, sure, special, pension, machine,
20 ʃ
ti conscience, station

21 θ th thongs

22 ð th leather

23 ŋ ng, n, ngue ring, pink, tongue

 IPA
Phoneme Graphemes Examples
Symbol

24 j y, i, j you, onion, hallelujah

Vowels
IPA
Phoneme Graphemes Examples
Symbol

25 æ a, ai, au cat, plaid, laugh

a, ai, eigh, aigh, ay, er, et, bay, maid, weigh, straight, pay, foyer,
26 eɪ
ei, au, a_e, ea, ey filet, eight, gauge, mate, break, they

end, bread, bury, friend, said, many,

27 e e, ea, u, ie, ai, a, eo, ei, ae
leopard, heifer, aesthetic

e, ee, ea, y, ey, oe, ie, i, ei, be, bee, meat, lady, key, phoenix, grief,
28 i:
eo, ay ski, deceive, people, quay

it, england, women, busy, guild, gym,

29 ɪ i, e, o, u, ui, y, ie
sieve

i, y, igh, ie, uy, ye, ai, is, spider, sky, night, pie, guy, stye, aisle,
30 aɪ
eigh, i_e island, height, kite

31 ɒ a, ho, au, aw, ough swan, honest, maul, slaw, fought

o, oa, o_e, oe, ow, ough, open, moat, bone, toe, sow, dough, beau,
32 oʊ
eau, oo, ew brooch, sew

33 ʊ o, oo, u,ou wolf, look, bush, would

34 ʌ u, o, oo, ou lug, monkey, blood, double

o, oo, ew, ue, u_e, oe, who, loon, dew, blue, flute, shoe, through,
35 u:
ough, ui, oew, ou fruit, manoeuvre, group

36 ɔɪ oi, oy, uoy join, boy, buoy

37 aʊ ow, ou, ough now, shout, bough

38 ə a, er, i, ar, our, ur about, ladder, pencil, dollar, honour, augur

39 eəʳ air, are, ear, ere, eir, ayer chair, dare, pear, where, their, prayer

40 ɑ: a arm

bird, term, burn, pearl, word, journey,

41 ɜ:ʳ ir, er, ur, ear, or, our, yr
myrtle

aw, a, or, oor, ore, oar, our, paw, ball, fork, poor, fore, board, four,
42 ɔ:
augh, ar, ough, au taught, war, bought, sauce

43 ɪəʳ ear, eer, ere, ier ear, steer, here, tier

44 ʊəʳ ure, our cure, tourist

Unit 2

The International Maritime Organization

The International Maritime Organization (IMO for short) “is the United Nations specialized
agency with responsibility for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine
pollution by ships.” Quite a large task to manage, but fortunately almost every nation of the
world has agreed to work towards a common goal for the shipping industry. The IMO is the tool
to reach this goal for safety and security for crews, ships and the environment.

“The working language is English”

Maritime English (ME) is part of the “family” Language for Special Purpose (LSP). One may think
that ME is strictly for the special purpose of technical English, but in fact, it embraces so much
more! On board a ship with a multinational crew, one also needs to communicate for social
reasons, for everyday matters like food and amenities, and of course, to keep a safe work
environment. Ensuring that a message given is received and perceived according to the
sender’s intentions is one of the main focuses when those involved speak different first
languges. A simple “Yes, Sir!” is not sufficient in all situations, and therefore the IMO requires,
under the international convention for Standards of Training, Certification and Watch-keeping
for Seafarers, 1978, with amendments (STCW), the ability to use and understand the Standard
Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) for the certification of officers in charge of the
navigational watch on board ships of 500 gross tonnage and more.

 Maritime English

 Difference between General English & Maritime English

Maritime English, also known as Standard Maritime Communication Phrases (SMCP), is the
lingua franca at sea so to speak, and is vitally important for a multitude of reasons; the safety
of the crew, the efficiency of daily tasks and the integrity of the ship.

Maritime English’s main purpose is to serve as a manifestation of foundation English along

with unique phrases to allow ship to ship communication, ship to shore communication and
internal communications on board a vessel.
Here are some examples of Maritime English terms for positions on a boat:
Front of ship – bow/fore
Propeller region – oft/stern
Region in between the oft and bow – midship
Left hand side of vessel – Port
Right hand side of vessel – Starboard
Ship levels – decks
Base of ship – keel
Where captains/officers operate – bridge
As English is considered to be the common language while at sea, Maritime English builds on
the basic vocabulary of English while including unique phrases and terms to rule out any
possible ambiguity.
It primarily serves three main functions-
1. Ship to ship communication
2. Ship to shore communication
3. Internal communications onboard a ship

Why English?
 Wide use – globalisation!
 Language of the maritime industry
  Promoted by IMO – working language; STCW
 Increasingly the language of trade, administration and instruction
 The boss says we must use it!!!

Unit 3

Prefixes, Suffixes, Idioms, Phrases

Unit 4

Compare the speeches made by the speakers of different backgrounds and

regions.

Unit 5

Speaking activities in various contexts: Describing objects/situations/people,

Making Requests and Seeking Permissions, Giving Directions and Guidelines,

Agreeing and Disagreeing, Extempore Speeches, Welcome Speech, and Vote of

thanks