Module 1 : Department Policies

MODULE PROPER
MODULE PROPER
GOOGLE MEET LINK: https://meet.google.com/owf-kjxg-vpp
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course covers competencies, skills and knowledge promoting
enjoyment and success in outdoor and indoor activities with provision from
historical perspective and is imperative in the basic Physical Education
curriculum. It intends to bring about in the students the skills in team sports,
group exercises, outdoor and adventure activities, and consciousness in
their growth and development.
MODULE 1 : UB PVMGO and Department Policies
 Orientation and UB PVMGO
MODULE 2: Introduction to Team Sports (Volleyball)
 The Origin, Equipment and Facilities and Basic Terminologies
MODULE 3: Volleyball Reception and Pass
 Forearm Pass
 Setting / Overhead Pass
MODULE 4: Volleyball Service
 Definition and Importance of Good Service
 Underhand and Overhand Service
 Float and Jump Service
MODULE 5: Volleyball Attack and Hit and Blocking
 Attack Hit
 Blocking
MODULE 6: Official Volleyball Rules
 Playing Format.
 Volleyball Rules Violation and Officials
MODULE 7: Officials Referee and Hand Signals
 Hand Signal 1
 Hand Signal 2
MODULE 8: Volleyball Official Line Judge Hand Signal
 Hand Signal
 

Course Requirements
 Access, synthesize and evaluate information on history, basic terms,
equipment, facilities, rules and regulations and techniques in volleyball.
 Devise, apply and appraise a range of strategies to improve their own
techniques and skills in volleyball and those of others.
 Promote practical and creative interventions that will create community
connection and contribute to the health and well-being of the of the school
and/or larger community.
 Apply concepts such as fair play, empathy, respect for others’ abilities
and diversity by understanding how these can influence their interaction
with others.

Assessment and Grading System

Grade Source (Score or Rubric
Percentage of Grade
Grade)
Other Requirements 20%
Performance Tasks 60%
Major Exams 20%
Total 100%
 
Grade Source (Score or Rubric
Percentage of Final Grade
Grade)
Midterm Grade 40%
Final Grade 60%
Total Grade 100%
  
Netiquette and Guidelines in the Conduct of Synchronous Online Classes for
Higher Education
Students
Before Online Class
 Always use your UB mail account in joining online classes.
 Come to class early (we can set the time here like 5 minutes before)
 Dress appropriately. Remember this is still a classroom setting.
 Make sure that necessary devices are sufficiently charged to avoid
interruptions.
 Choose a learning-conducive area free from noise, distractions and
unnecessary movements
 
During Online Class
 Use your full name when you sign-in to an online classroom. Upload a
recent picture that will serve as the profile pic of your Google Account. This
will allow you to be better recognized by your professor and classmates
whenever the camera is off.
 Mute your microphone during the lesson to avoid disturbing the class with
any background noise
 Do not interrupt the professor or fellow classmates while they are speaking.
Unmute and speak only when you have been recognized by the professor
to recite.
 Be respectful of the learning process.  Holding up any items, signs, or
pictures that are not necessary for the lesson is unacceptable.
 No food and drinks allowed during online class.
 Use the chat box responsibly.  It is meant to facilitate conversation, around
the lesson topic and not for anything else.
 Avoid sending controversial or outrageous messages to bait your
classmates to reply. If you want to contradict others, you are free to
disagree with their point of view, but please be polite.
 Respect your instructor and your peers. Be polite.
 Keep unnecessary gadgets/devices off during online class discussions.
 Recording of class sessions is discouraged. If you missed a class due to a
valid reason, inform the teacher of your intention of acquiring a copy of the
recorded session
 Be an active learner. Participate fully in online discussions.
 Everyone should leave the Google Meet when the class is over.
 
COURSE REFERENCE:
Books
Rokade, P.R. (2018). Officiating Coaching and Health Education in
Physical Education. ABD Publisher
Lyle, J.et al. (2017). Sports Coaching Concepts: A Framework for
Coaching Practice. Routledge, NY
Federation Internationale de Volleyball. (2016). Official Volleyball
Rules 2017-2020.Lausanne, Switzerland. Author.
 
Internet Sources
Federation Internationale de Volleyball (2021). Volleyball History.
Retrieved from:
https://www.fivb.com/en/volleyball/thegame_glossary/history
Pakmen Volleyball Club. (2019). Volleyball drills. Retrieved from:
https://www.pakmen.com/volleyball-drills-hitting-attacking-spiking/
The Art of Coaching Volleyball. (2018). Basic Volleyball Rules and
Terminology. Retrieved
from: https://www.theartofcoachingvolleyball.com/basic-volleyball-rules-
and-terminology/
 
 MODULE 2: INTRO TO TEAM SPORTS (VOLLEYBALL)
LESSON 1: The Origin, Equipment and facilities and Basic
Terminologies

THE ORIGIN
 
William G. Morgan (1870-1942)
 was born in the State of New York
 inventor of the game of volleyball
 originally gave the name "Mintonette".
The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the
Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association)
where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After
graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after
which, during the summer of 1895, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke
(Massachusetts) where he became director of physical education. In this role
he had the opportunity to establish, develop and direct a vast program of
exercises and sports classes for male adults.
His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in
numbers. He came to realize that he needed a certain type of competitive
recreational game in order to vary his programmed. Basketball, a sport that
was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was
necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older
members.
At that time Morgan knew of no similar game to volleyball that could
guide him; he developed it from his own sports training methods and his
practical experience in the YMCA gymnasium. Describing his first
experiments he said, "In search of an appropriate game, tennis occurred to
me, but this required rackets, balls, a net, and other equipment, so it was
eliminated, but the idea of a net seemed a good one. We raised it to a
height of about 6 feet, 6 inches (1.98 meters) from the ground, just above
the head of an average man. We needed a ball and among those we tried
was a basketball bladder, but this was too light and too slow. We, therefore,
tried the basketball itself, which was too big and too heavy."
 In the end, Morgan asked the firm of A.G. Spalding & Bros. to make a
ball, which they did at their factory near Chicopee, in Massachusetts. The
result was satisfactory: the ball was leather-covered, with a rubber inner
tube, its circumference was not less than 25 and not more than 27 inches
(63.5 cm and 68.6 cm, respectively), and its weight not less than 9 and not
more than 12 ounces (252 gr and 336 gr, respectively).
Morgan asked two of his friends from Holyoke, Dr. Frank Wood, and
John Lynch, to draw up (based on his suggestions) the basic concepts of
the game together with the first 10 rules.
Early in 1896, a conference was organized at the YMCA College in
Springfield, bringing together all the YMCA Directors of Physical Education.
Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, director of the professional physical education
training school (and also executive director of the department of physical
education of the International Committee of YMCA's) invited Morgan to
make a demonstration of his game in the new college stadium.
 Morgan took two teams, each made up of five men (and some
loyal fans) to Springfield, where the demonstration was made before the
conference delegates in the east gymnasium.
 The captain of one of the teams was J.J. Curran and of the
other John Lynch who were respectively, mayor and chief of the fire
brigade of Holyoke.
 Morgan explained that the new game was designed for
gymnasia or exercise halls, but could also be played in the open air.
 An unlimited number of players could participate, the object of
the game being to keep the ball in movement over a high net, from one side to
the other.
After seeing the demonstration, and hearing the explanation of
Morgan, Professor Alfred T. Halstead called attention to the action, or the act
phase, of the ball's flight, and proposed that the name "Mintonette" be replaced
by "Volley Ball." This name was accepted by Morgan and the conference.
(It is interesting to note that the same name has survived over the years,
with one slight alteration: in 1952, the Administrative Committee of the
USVBA voted to spell the name with one word, "Volleyball", but continued
to use USVBA to signify United States Volleyball Association).
Morgan explained the rules and worked on them, then gave a hand-
written copy to the conference of YMCA directors of physical education, as
a guide for the use and development of the game. A committee was
 appointed to study the rules and produce suggestions for the game's
promotion and teaching.
A brief report on the new game and its rules was published in the July 1896
edition of "Physical Education" and the rules were included in the 1897
edition of the first official handbook of the North American YMCA Athletic
League.
 

BASIC TERMS
SERVE
 A serve begins each rally.
 A player must hit the ball with his or her hand over the net to land inside the
lines of the court.
 Players may serve underarm or overarm (hardly anyone at the elite level
would offer an underarm serve).
 A popular service is the "jump" or "spike" serve: the player jumps and
serves the ball while airborne.
Each player gets only one chance to serve. The serve can touch the
net and continue into the opponent's court. Before this rule was introduced,
a net touch on service ended the rally and the point was awarded to the
receiving team. When the serving team loses a rally, it loses the right to
serve. The receiving team then rotates one position on the court.
 
DIG
 The "dig" is a forearm pass that is used to control the ball and pass it to the
setter at the net.
 It is usually the first contact by the team and an effective shot to use in
defense, such as when receiving a spike.
 The "libero" handles much of the team's serve reception and is pivotal in
backcourt defense.
 
SET
 The "set" is an overhead pass used to change the direction of the dig and
put the ball in a good position for the spiker.
 It is usually the team's second contact. The setting is the tactical center of
Volleyball.
 A setter must be good enough to keep the big blockers from dominating the
net. The setter must feed his or her best hitters while also looking for the
opponent's blocking weaknesses (such as a short player on the front line or
a slow center blocker).
SPIKE
 The "spike" is when the ball is hit or smashed across the net.
 It is the most powerful shot in volleyball – and the most effective way
to win a rally.
 
BLOCK
 This is the first line of defense in Volleyball.
 The objective of the "block" is to stop the spiked ball from crossing
the net or to channel the spike to defenders.
 The three front-court players share blocking.
 Teams usually opt for a "read and react" block (whereby they try to
react to the ball leaving the setter's hands) or for a "commit" block (whereby
they decide before the point whether to jump on the quick middle balls).
The key to good blocking is penetration – the best blockers reach well over
the net and into the opponent's court rather than reaching straight up when
the block can be easily penetrated by quality hitters.
 

THE BALL
After testing many colors, the FIVB introduced a ball with yellow,
blue, and white panels at the World Championships in Japan in 1998. It
replaced the traditional all-white ball.
 
THE RALLY POINT SYSTEM
In 1998 the FIVB also tried some different scoring systems. At its
World Congress in October 1998, the FIVB ratified the "rally point system."
Every rally would now earn a point. The first four sets are played to 25, but
the winning team must be ahead by at least two points. The fifth set is
played to 15 – and again the winner must have a two-point margin. The
system was designed to make the scoring system easier to follow and
games faster and more exciting.
 
THE LIBERO
 The FIVB introduced a new specialized defensive player, the "libero",
in 1996.
 The libero can perform only as a backcourt player and may not play
an attacking shot (when the ball is hit back across the net), serve or block.
If the libero makes an overhead set of the ball in front of the 3-meter attack
line, the ball may not be spiked over by the team.
 If the libero makes the same action behind the front zone, the ball
may be freely attacked.
 The libero must wear a jersey with a different color or design than
those of other team members.
 
ROTATION
 Each of the six players on an indoor team rotates a position after
winning back service from the opponent.
 This is the key to the tactics of indoor Volleyball – you cannot simply
keep your best blockers and spikers at the net or your best defenders in the
backcourt.
After serving from position one, players rotate to position six (middle
back), then position five (left back), position four (left front), position three
(middle front), and position two (right front) before returning to serve.
 A team must be in correct rotation order before the serve is put into
play.
 Once the ball is served, the players can move positions but backcourt
players cannot move to the net to block or spike.
 They must make all attacking actions from behind the attack line
(hence the advent of the backcourt attack to have great spikers
participating in all six rotations).
 The rotation rule explains why a setter often appears to be "hiding"
behind his or her players before a point.
  The setter must be in proper rotation order before sprinting to the net
or a point is given to the opposition.

EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

Court and Equipment The volleyball court is 18 meters from endline to
endline and 9 meters from sideline to sideline (figure I.1). The centerline
(below the net) divides the court in half. Each team’s attack line is three
meters from the centerline. A back-row player must stay behind the attack
line when jumping to contact a ball that is above the height of the net.
Players may initiate the service from anywhere along the endline.

 For women’s volleyball, the net is 2.24 meters (7 feet, 4-1/8 inches) high;
for men’s volleyball, the net is 2.43 meters (7 feet, 11-5/8 inches) high.
 The net should be strung tightly to avoid any sagging and to allow a ball
driven into the net to rebound cleanly instead of dropping straight to the
floor.
 Antennae are connected to the volleyball net just above the sidelines
(figure I.2).
 The volleyball must always pass over the net and between the antennae on
a serve and throughout a rally.
 Safety rules require that the poles and the referee stand must be padded.
Most beginning volleyball players think of each side of the court as two
zones: front row and back row.
 Help your players discover right from the start that there are six zones
(figure I.3): right back (zone 1), right front (zone 2), middle front (zone 3),
left front (zone 4), left-back (zone 5), and middle back (zone 6).
 What do you need to play? Begin with volleyball shoes, knee pads, and
volleyball. Choose an indoor or outdoor court. Talk to a local volleyball
coach for sound advice on what type of ball to purchase.
 The proper uniform includes matching T-shirts and shorts, appropriate
volleyball shoes, and knee pads.
 If you are starting a new team, you will need to purchase T-shirts with
numbers on the front and back; then select team shorts.
 The color and brand should be the same for all players, with the exception
of the uniforms worn by liberos, who are required to wear a shirt of a
contrasting color.
 

BASIC RULES
 Volleyball is a sport played by two teams on a playing court divided by a
net.
 There are different versions available for specific circumstances in order to
offer the versatility of the game to everyone.
 The object of the game is to send the ball over the net in order to ground it
on the opponent's court, and to prevent the same effort by the opponent.
 The team has three hits for returning the ball (in addition to the block
contact).
 The ball is put in play with a service, hit by the server over the net to the
opponents.
 The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court, goes
"out" or a team fails to return it properly.
 In Volleyball, the team winning a rally scores a point (Rally Point System).
When the receiving team wins a rally, it gains a point and the right to serve,
and its players rotate one position clockwise.
Volleyball is a complex game of simple skills. The ball is spiked from
up to 60 cm above the height of a basketball hoop (about 3.65 meters) and
takes fractions of a second to travel from the spiker to the receiver. That
means the receiver must assess the incoming angle, decide where to pass
the ball, and then control their pass in the blink of an eye. A purely rebound
sport (you can't hold the ball), volleyball is a game of constant motion.
 A team can touch the ball three times on its side of the net. The usual
pattern is a dig (an underarm pass made with the forearms), a set (an
overhead pass made with the hands), and a spike (the overhead attacking
shot). The ball is served into play. Teams can also try to block the
opponent's spike as it crosses the net. A block into your own court counts
as one of your three touches in beach volleyball, but not in volleyball.
Power and height have become vital components of international
teams, but the ability of teams and coaches to devise new strategies,
tactics, and skills has been crucial for continued success.
 
 There are six players on the court in a volleyball team, who each must
rotate one position clockwise every time their team wins back service from
the opposition. m
 Only the three players at the net positions can jump and spike or block near
the net.
 The backcourt players can only hit the ball over the net if they jump from
behind the attack line, also known as the three-meter line, which separates
the front and back part of the court.
Volleyball has developed into a very specialized sport. Most teams
will include in their starting line-up a setter, two center blockers, two
receiver-hitters, and a universal spiker. Only certain players will be involved
with service reception. Players will also have specialist positions for attack
and defense. Substitutions are allowed during the game.
Since 1998, volleyball has been using a new scoring system. Teams
scored a point on every rally (Rally Point System), regardless of which
team served. Formerly, a team could only win a point if it served the ball.
Winning the serve back from the opposition was known as a side-out.
  
 Matches are played best of five sets.
 The first four sets are played to 25 points, with the final set being played to
15 points.
 A team must win a set by two points.
 There is no ceiling, so a set continues until one of the teams gains a two-
point advantage.
 Previously, all sets were to 15 points, with the first four sets having a ceiling
of 17 and the final set requiring at least a two-point winning advantage.
In 1998, the FIVB introduced a new specialist role:

The Libero

 This player wears a different colored uniform from the rest of the team and
can be substituted in the backcourt for any player on the team.
 The libero cannot serve, spike the ball over the net or rotate into the front-
line positions, but plays a vital role for the team in serve reception and
backcourt defense.
 There must be at least one point played between a libero substituting off for
a player and going back on the court for another player – hence he/she
cannot be on the court for the whole game.
 The libero has added an extra dimension to backcourt defense, improving
the reception of teams, lengthening the rallies, and giving a vital role to
shorter players.
 Module 3 : Volleyball Reception and Pass
Forearm Pass
The three-contact rule is unique to volleyball. It was not one of the original rules of
the game but appeared early in the sport and was first developed in the Philippines.
Let’s look at these contacts one at a time, beginning with the first contact or touch by
the receiving team.
One of the primary skills used to receive the serve is a forearm pass, an action
commonly referred to in our sport as “passing.” Just as volleyball rules continue to
change, so too our jargon has changed. At one point, using the forearms to pass the ball
was more commonly referred to as “bumping.”

Certainly, in the 1970s and 1980s, at most levels of volleyball, if a player attempted
to receive a serve with an overhead setting motion, the whistle would blow accompanied by a
hand signal for a lift or doub in le contact. The exclusivity during that time period of using
a forearm pass to receive the serve created one of the first and toughest challenges for those
teaching the game: helping new players gain some competency in developing a skill that
felt foreign in every way. A significant rule change allowing double contacts (including the
use of hands) on any first team contact created, in the minds of many, a more user-friendly
game.
This rule change led to a significant shift in ball control tactics by coaches. A
second technical and tactical option, now commonly employed to receive a serve, can be
described as overhand passing. In either case, the objective of the first touch in a serve
reception system is to control the ball and redirect the serve to a target.
Receiving the serve is often considered the most critical skill in the game. Without an effective
pass, it is very difficult to execute your offense. As you begin to practice passing skills, it’s
important that you always practice passing to a target (whether that is a designated
setter or area near the net) and use communication skills (“mine” or “ball”) at the same
time.
 

Forearm Pass
 
To receive a serve and execute a forearm pass successfully, you need to move your
feet in response to the serve, create a platform with your arms (keeping your arms away from
your body), and contact the ball while in a relatively low athletic stance. Having said that,
and while the following description can assist you in developing your passing skills,
perhaps a disclaimer is in order.
One of the volleyball basics related to the tension between teaching
fundamentals and allowing the game to teach the game. If we watch the greatest
players on the planet receive a serve with their forearms—and, in fact, compare
freezeframe photos of their body at ball contact throughout a match—we are likely to
see a variety of body and arm positions. Mastery of this and many fundamental skills
will be enhanced as you get to respond to experiential learning opportunities.
The keys for passing include;
(1) move feet to ball,
(2) create platform,
(3) contact on forearms, and
(4) freeze to target.
 
Prior to the serve, players on the receiving side of the net need to be in a ready-
to-move position with feet at least shoulder-width apart, knees bent, and hands apart. You
need to move the moment the ball is served and react to the direction and speed as it
travels toward your side of the net. A common phrase you’ll hear from coaches is “feet to
ball.” Even though the serve is intercepted with your forearms, moving your feet is often
the key to success in passing.
Keep your shoulders forward and arms out in front of you as you move to receive the
serve (figure 3.1a). Do not move with your hands together. You will discover that you
will be able to move more quickly and efficiently with your hands apart. Use shuffle
steps in all directions in response to the serve while remaining in a slightly staggered
stance with both knees bent comfortably and shoulders forward.
 As you complete your movement, bring your hands together with thumbs and wrists
touching to create a platform (figure 3.1b). Simply grab one hand with the other and
straighten your arms to prepare to contact the ball. The key is for the arms to work as a
platform, rebounding the served ball to the target. When first learning, you may struggle
to have the ball contact your arms consistently above the wrists and below the elbows
(figure 3.1c). Be patient. Some sports refer to hand-eye coordination; passing requires
development of arm-eye coordination.
In most cases, the legs remain stable throughout the contact, although with soft
or short serves, some leg drive will assist in pushing the pass toward the target. In this
scenario, it is helpful to imagine the amount of leg drive needed to stand up from sitting
on the very front edge of a folding chair.
Use every cue possible to predict where the server will direct the ball. The server
may look to a zone of your court, or the server’s foot may point in that direction.
Your objective when you pass the served ball is to guide the ball to the target, a
designated setter who is responsible for setting to available attackers. Through trial and
error, you will discover that if you contact the bottom of the ball and swing your arms
with a lot of force, the ball will rebound high to the rafters. Focus on getting your
platform to contact the back of the ball to correct this error.
“Freeze to the target” is our final fundamental key to emphasize that you need to finish
with your platform aimed at your target (figure 3.1d).
In one way, having four or even five players with first contact responsibility may
increase a team’s chances of not letting a serve hit the floor, but it also creates a lot of
seams between players, and for each seam, teammates need to decide quickly who is
taking the ball.
If fewer players on the court are assigned to receive the serve, there are now fewer
seams but more ground for each of them to cover. As your court space responsibility
increases, it is much more likely that you will contact many balls outside of your body
line (figure 3.1e). Game-like drills and activities will enable you to learn what it takes on
any given serve to make adjustments with your platform to successfully push that first
team contact to your designated setter.
 Setting Overhead Pass
 
Setting / overhead passing.
 
When asked to describe the necessary traits of a setter, coaches are likely to
offer a variety of responses, including golden hands, nerves of steel, thick skin, leader
of the pack, team quarterback, or better yet, a coach on the floor. They will also tell you
that setters must develop and possess great vision, reaction, and instantaneous
decision-making skills. You will discover that all of these are important as you gain a
greater understanding of the complexities of attacking options within a team’s offensive
system.
Although it is most common to have a designated player performs the role of
setter, it is important to recognize that all players will find themselves in circumstances
where they need to use their hands. As mentioned in previous topic, setting, or
overhead passing, as it is commonly referred to, can be used as a team’s first touch to
receive serve or free balls from an opponent.
Let’s start with the premise that at the moment of serve,
 One player on the receiving team has been predetermined and designated within an
offensive system to receive the first team contact from a teammate and deliver it to an
attacker.
 If you are the designated setter, you first need to move, if necessary, to the agreed-
upon target area for your team’s service reception.
 Let’s split the net into nine zones, numbering them from left to right (figure 4.1).
 You want to establish your position as a target for the passers in zone 6, just to the right
of the center of the net. You should arrive at the target with your right shoulder near the
net, but you should be ready to chase down an inaccurate serve receive contact.
 Your communication as the designated setter is crucial. You have a few key
responsibilities in terms of effective communication. First, provide a visible target for
passers (right hand in the air) and then add a verbal signal (“here”).
You will soon realize that a good percentage of passes will not arrive at the target.
The execution of most volleyball skills requires effective movement of players prior to
contacting the ball. This is certainly true of setting. You must react to the pass and decide
immediately if you can get to the ball and execute a set. If you decide to travel to the ball,
the next key communication skill is to say “mine” as you move. Teammates need to give
way when you call “mine” since you are claiming responsibility to get to the ball.
Coaches will train designated setters to move quickly and assertively in all directions
to chase down a less than perfect first contact and to make the next play on the ball
whenever possible. Your ultimate goal as the designated setter should be to get an
available attacker a jump and a swing. If and when you determine that getting to the
poor serve receive contact is not possible, you need to call for help. In this scenario,
teammates need to be ready to step in and use their hands to set the ball to available
attackers. The bread and butter drill (figure 4.11) allows you to work on this exact
scenario.
 
Technical Setting Keys
 
Once the ball has been passed to the target either with the hands or the forearms,
we can refer to the set as the second touch. Since the goal is to control the ball using
only three contacts and ultimately smash the ball into the opponent’s court, accuracy
and consistency will obviously play an important role in setting.
When executing a set (let’s use net zone 1 as your target), focus on moving your feet
to the ball (figure 4.2a), and upon arrival, your hands go up quickly. This idea of feet first
and then hands will be reinforced constantly with verbal reminders of “feet [pause]
hands.” To be able to square your shoulders to the target, arrive at the spot where the
ball is heading before it gets there. It is preferable to have your right foot forward,
especially if a serve reception forces you near the net.
Next, as shown in figure 4.2b, form your hands in the shape of the volleyball. It is
critical to have your thumbs pointed at your eyes. Practice this without volleyball and
you will be able to picture the ball settling into your hands quite nicely. Your goal should
be to contact the ball near forehead level.
As you contact the ball with your finger pads (figure 4.2c), be sure to extend with both
your arms and legs in the direction of the intended set (figure 4.2d).
 
 
SPRING IN THE WRISTS
 
The action of the wrists is important in the execution of a set. With your hands open and in
the shape of the volleyball, your wrists will naturally give a little as the ball contacts your
finger pads. This can be described as the ball going to the hands. Think of your wrists as
a spring and be sure that the ball doesn’t stop in your hands (figure 4.3a). This would
result in a held ball violation. Use the natural spring of your wrists (figure 4.3b) to assist
in pushing the ball back out of your hands.
 

 
THE BACK SET
 
As a setter, you are not always limited to setting to teammates in front of you. You can
also send the ball to eligible attackers behind you with a back set. While the back set may be
challenging for new players, the technical keys presented above in regard to body, arm,
and hand position also relate in the execution of the back set.
It is quite common for new players learning to back set to significantly arch their backs
before contacting the ball as a way of helping get the set to a teammate behind them.
When I train new setters, I use the setter neutral drill (figure 4.12) to help them keep a
neutral body position prior to contact. As your game progresses, and if you become a
designated setter, you will discover it is advantageous for your offense when the
opposing blockers and defenders can’t predict who you are going to set to base on your
pre-contact body position.
 
JUMP SETTING
 
As setters gain confidence and develop solid and consistent contact, jump setting can
take an offense to the next level (see figure 4.5). Begin by recognizing that driving off the
floor with the legs as part of the full extension described earlier is no longer available
with a jump set. Now all the strength needed for the contact and finish will be provided
by the upper body. Your execution of the jump set starts with all of the same pre-contact
reaction and movement details already presented, but now your hands get to the
passed ball faster because you are intercepting the ball sooner than if you remained on
the ground. You must use your arms as you jump, which will naturally allow you to get
your hands in the shape of the ball just prior to contact. With practice, you will develop
the fine-tuning skills needed to make adjustments at contact to deliver sets of different
heights to a variety of locations
 MODULE 4 : Volleyball Service
Underhand Service
 

An underhand serve is a type of serve in which the player holds the ball in one hand,
swings the other in an arc motion below the waist and strikes the ball from the bottom
with a fist to put it in play.
 

How to perform an Underhand Serve

1. Get your feet into position 

 Stand with your non-dominant foot in front with your toes facing forward.
 Your dominant foot should be in the back with toes pointed slightly out.
 Shift your weight to your dominant foot.
 Make sure your hips are facing straight forward, not angled to the side

2. Knees are slightly bent

 3. Ready the ball 
 Cup your non-dominant hand slightly and place the ball in it.
 Make sure the ball securely balanced so it won't wobble or fall out of your hand. 
 Keep your fingers slightly loose to distribute the weight of the ball. This will help it stay
balanced.
 Don't grip the ball with your fingers. You want it to be stable, but it still has to be able to
fly out of your hand when you hit it.
4. Lower the ball 

 Bring the arm holding the ball across to the side of your body in front of your
hitting arm. The ball should be at the height of your mid-thigh. 
 Straighten the arm with the ball in it, and move it to the side by shifting your arm at the
shoulder, not the elbow.
 You want the ball to be low so that you can put more power into it as you move
your whole body forward and up.
5. Draw your hitting arm straight up 

 It should move quickly, like a pendulum. Then swing it forward firmly, hitting the bottom
of the ball with your closed fist.
 You should hit the ball just below the center so it will follow an upward trajectory over
the net.
 Speed up your swing just before you make contact with the bottom of the ball.
6. As you swing your arm, step forward
 You should shift your weight onto your non-dominant foot, which should be in
front. Move your whole body forward and up, propelling the ball over the net.
7. Follow through with your arm

 Your arm should continue in an upward arc after you hit the ball. Bringing your arm all
the way up will better guarantee a straight and true flight path over the net.
 Keep your arm straight. It should swing straight up like a pendulum, to a height equal to
or just above your head.
Overhand & Sidearm Service
An overhand serve in volleyball is a serve in which the player tosses the ball with one
hand and strikes it in the air above their head with the other hand  
How to perform an Overhand Serve

1. Extend your arm holding the ball. Toss the ball int the air above your head and
slightly in front of you.

2. Hit the center of the ball with your off hand sending the ball upwards and forward.
Extend your hand. When you hit the ball shift body weight to your back foot to your front
foot.
Float & Jump Service
Float Serve
 A float serve, also known as a floater, is a serve that does not spin at all.
 It is called referred to as a floater because it moves in extremely unpredictable
ways, which makes it difficult to receive, corral, and pass.
 This serve catches the air and can move unexpectedly to the right or the left or it
can drop suddenly.

Hand Placement for Float Serve

How to perform a Float Serve

Jump Serve

 The jump serve utilizes a higher toss, and that toss should be several feet in front
of the server.
 The server utilizes more of an attack approach, jumping and striking the ball in
the air. 
 The extra motion generated allows the server to put additional power on the ball
and this can make the serve very difficult to handle for the receiving team.

How to perform a Jump Serve

1. Position yourself 2-3 meters behind the baseline and look at the area you want to aim
at.

2. Toss the ball infront of you with your dominant hand, move towards the ball following
its movement with your eyes and accelerate into the last 2 steps before the jump.
 MODULE 5 : VOLLEYBALL ATTACK HIT & BLOCKING
Lesson 1 : Attack Hit
 

1. ATTACK HIT
An attack is any ball that is sent over the net to the opponent.
An attack is an offensive action of hitting the ball, attempting to terminate the play by
hitting the ball to the floor on the opponent's side or off the opponent's blockers.
 

Diagram 1. Attack Hit

The attack usually takes place on a team’s third and final contact. Because an
attacker’s goal is to down the ball on the other team’s side of the court, players often
jump when striking the ball to increase the difficulty of receiving the hit.
30th SEA Games Women’s Volleyball | Photo Credit: foxsports.ph

 
 
Here is one of the best practices and drills that you can try while you are engaging
yourself in learning the basic volleyball attack hit.
 
 
Wall Spikes Drill
 

1. At the beginning, a player who wants to practice wall-spikes drill has to stand
about 10 feet the wall.
2. A player has to hold a ball in one of his hands. It is better for a player to hold a
ball in his/her non-dominant hand.
3. A player has to keep his/her hand with a ball straight and then raise it up to head-
height level. At the same time, it is necessary to lift and draw back another hand. Its
elbow has to be bent, so the opposite hand will be on the level of shoulders.

4. Now, a player has to complete the hit with the dominant hand. The ball will
bounce off the floor, hit the wall and return back to the player.
5. The task of a player is to track the ball and hit it again. As a result, the drill will be
continued. If a player can’t receive or return the ball the volleyball drill is finished.
6. A player has to practice the wall spikes drill for about 5 minutes. Afterwards, a
player has to change hands. So, the drill is performed with another hand.
7. The link provided will serves as your guide to fully understand how wall spike
drills perform.  
 
A volleyball spike 
 Attack is the strategy used to send the ball over the net to the opponent in such a
manner that ball is not returnable.
 The spike is performed by moving the arm in a way such that you angle the ball
to land on the ground of your opponent's side of the court.
  Usually, a spike is hit with great force at a downward angle.
 
However, more skilled spikers use other volleyball strategies for attacking to trick the
opponent while positioned to receive the ball. One way to catch the opponents off guard
is to tip or dink the ball.
 
A tipor dink
 is performed by contacting the ball in a controlled manner with the fingers.
 With this open hand playing action, the ball is then quickly directed to the
opponent’s court.
 Tipping the ball with the fingers can often be deceptive if the spiker has a
reputation of hitting the ball hard.
 
 
Volleyball Spike Approach
 
Which players on the team perform the volleyball attack?
 
To legally spike the ball when positioned at the net, you must be a front row player. So
usually, it's just the front row players on the team that spike the ball.
 
Back row players can legally spike the ball from behind the 10 foot (3 meter) line. This is
a much more difficult type of volleyball attack and is used only by more experienced
volleyball players.
 
 

1. The basic classical spike is made by jumping off of both feet.

2. A spiker usually takes a series of steps to attack the ball.
3. These steps are called a volleyball approach.
4. The goal of the volleyball approach is to get in the best position possible to attack
the ball.
 
When teaching a player to approach and hit volleyball, you might start with learning the
last 2 steps. Once the last 2 steps are learned, you can move on to perfecting a 3 step
or a 4 step volleyball approach.
 
Last 2 Steps
 
When first learning to spike, concentrate on just these last two steps and work on timing
the hit.

1. For a right handed hitter, the last 2 steps are right foot then left foot.
2. For a left handed hitter, the last 2 steps are left foot then right foot.
 
 
3 Step Approach
 
1. For a right-handed hitter, the 3 step approach is left foot, right foot, then left
foot.
2. For a left-handed hitter, the 3 step approach is right foot, left foot, then right
foot.
 
 
4 Step Approach
 

1. For a right-handed hitter, the 4 step approach is right foot, left foot, right foot
        then left foot.

1. For a left-handed hitter, the 4 step approach is left foot, right foot, left foot, then
         right foot.
 

Point of Contact
 The ball should be contacted reaching up high with the arm straight, elbow
extended.
 The contact should be made reaching directly above or slightly in front of the
body.
 The ball is contacted by the hand using a wrist snapping type motion to direct the
ball downward into the opponent’s court.
 
 
Trajectory of the Set
 The approach for the volleyball spike can also be different depending on the
trajectory of the set.
 When attacking a ball that's set to the outside, the volleyball attacker can
approach to hit at an angle coming from outside the court.
 This volleyball approach at an angle prepares the attacker to effectively hit the
ball hard angle or turn and hit the ball down the line.
 
 
All actions which direct the ball towards the opponents, with the exception of the service
and block, are considered as attack hits.
 
During an attack hit, tipping is permitted only if the ball is cleanly hit, and not caught or
thrown.
 
An attack hit is completed at the moment the ball completely crosses the vertical plane
of the net or is touched by an opponent.
 
 
RESTRICTION OF THE ATTACK HIT
 

1. A front-row player may complete an attack hit at any height, provided that the
contact with the ball has been made within the player’s own playing space.
2. A back-row player may complete an attack hit at any height from behind the front
zone
3. at his/her take-off, the player’s foot (feet) must neither have touched nor crossed
over the attack line;
4. after his/her hit, the player land within the front zone.
5. A back-row player may also complete an attack hit from the front zone, if at the
moment of the contact a part of the ball is lower than the top of the net.
6. No player is permitted to complete an attack hit on the OPPONENT’S service,
when the ball is in the front zone and entirely higher than the top of the net.
 
 
FAULTS OF THE ATTACK HIT
 

1. A player hits ball within the playing space of the opposing net.
2. A player hits the ball “out”.
3. A back-row player completes an attack hit from the front zone, if at the moment
of the hit the ball is entirely higher than the top of the net.
4. A libero completes an attack hit if at the moment of the hit the ball is entirely
higher than the top of the net.
5. A player completes an attack hit form higher than the top of the net when the ball
is coming from an overhand finger pass by a libero in his/her front zone.  
Lesson 2. : Volleyball Blocking
BLOCKING
 
Blocking is the action of players close to the net to intercept the ball coming from the
opponent by reaching higher that the top of the net, regardless of the height of the ball
contact. Only front-row players are permitted to complete a block, but at the moment of
the contact with the ball, a part of the body must be higher than the top of the net.
 

Diagram 3. Volleyball Blocking

In volleyball, blocking is when you deflect the ball delivered from the opposing team’s
attacking hit. The main responsibility of a blocker is to block the ball back into the
opposing team’s court. Think of it as playing goalie in soccer or hockey,
you’re trying to keep the ball out by guarding your zone!
UAAP: FEU VS UP | PHOTO BY JOSH ALBELDA/RAPPLER

 
 
What Does a Blocker Do?
 
In volleyball, blocking is when you deflect the ball delivered from the opposing team’s
attacking hit. The main responsibility of a blocker is to block the ball back into the
opposing team’s court. Think of it as playing goalie in soccer or hockey, you’re trying to
keep the ball out by guarding your zone!
 
 
Different Types of Blocking
 

1. Single blocking. While not the most effective type of blocking, a single block
allows the back row to dig or pass more easily and prevents a free kill. When you’re
playing against tough competition, your team may be scattered and scrambling and this
may be the only kind of blocking you can do on many plays. When your opposition is
running multiple hitters on approach, you may have to divide and each is ready to single
block if necessary.
 

2. Double blocking. Two blockers focus attention on the opposition’s hitter to

deflect an attacked ball at the net. Whoever the player is closest to being in front of the
attacker becomes the primary blocker. The teammate next to them needs to come in
and assist by lining up as closely as possible to create a wall.

3. Triple blocking. With more hands available to deflect the ball and deter the play,
triple blocking is the most effective type. All three front row players jump in unison to
create this triple block. This really becomes the goal when you’re facing a dominant
hitter that you need to shut down. If you can mount a solid wall, the hitter will be forced
to play around or over it which will give your back-row a much easier ball to defend.
 
This is usually going to happen near the middle of the net because your middle blocker
will need to be your primary blocker. They will line up and each of the outside hitters will
close the gap on each side.
 
 
Block Attempt. A block attempt is the action of blocking without touching the ball.
 
Completed Block. A block is completed whenever the ball is touched by a blocker.
 
Collective Block. A collective block is executed by two or three players close to each
other and is completed when one of them touches the ball.
 
 
BLOCK CONTACT
 
Consecutive (quick and continuous) contacts with the ball may occur by one or more
blockers, provided that the contacts are made during one section.
 
 
BLOCKING WITHIN THE OPPONENT’S SPACE
 
In blocking, the player may place his/her hands and arms beyond the net, provided that
this action does not interfere with the opponent’s play. Thus, it is not permitted to touch
the ball beyond the net until an opponent has executed an attack hit.  
 
 
BLOCK AND TEAM HITS
 
A block contact is not counted as a team hit. Consequently, after a block contact, a
team is entitled to three hits to return the ball.
 
The first hit after the block may be executed by any player, including the one who has
touched the ball during the block.
 
 
BLOCKING FAULT
 

1. The blocker touches the ball in the OPPONENT’S space either or simultaneously
with the opponent’s attack hit.
2. A back-row player or libero completes a block or participates in a completed
block.
3. Blocking the opponent’s service
4. The ball is sent “out” off the block
5. Blocking the ball in the opponent’s space from outside the antenna.
6. A Libero attempts an individual or collective block
7. To block an opponent’s service is forbidden.
 
When a player fakes an attack to throw the blockers off so another spiker can hit the
ball or another attack can be carried out it called “feints”.
 MODULE 6 : OFFICIAL VOLLEYBALL RULES
LESSON 1 : VOLLEYBALL PLAYING FORMAT
PLAYING FORMAT
 
TO SCORE A POINT, TO WIN A SET AND THE MATCH
 
 TO SCORE A POINT
 Point
      A team scores a point:

1. by successfully landing the ball on the opponent’s court;

2. when the opponent team commits a fault;
3. when the opponent team receives a penalty.
Fault
A team commits a fault by making a playing action contrary to the rules (or by
violating them in some other way). The referees judge the faults and determine the
consequences according to the Rules:

1.  If two or more faults are committed successively, only the first one is
counted.
2. If two or more faults are committed by opponents simultaneously, a
DOUBLE FAULT is called and the rally is replayed.
 
Rally and completed rally
 A rally is the sequence of playing actions from the moment of the service hit by
the server until the ball is out of play.
 A completed rally is the sequence of playing actions which results in the award of
a point.
 
This includes:
 –the award of a penalty
–loss of service for service hit made after the time limit.
 

1.  If the serving team wins a rally, it scores a point and continues to serve.
 2.  If the receiving team wins a rally, it scores a point and it must serve
next.
 
 TO WIN A SET
        A set (except the deciding 5th set) is won by the team which first scores 25 points
with a minimum lead of two points. In the case of a 24-24 tie, play is continued until a
two-point lead is achieved (26-24; 27-25; etc.).
 
 TO WIN THE MATCH

1.  The match is won by the team that wins three sets.

2.  In the case of a 2-2 tie, the deciding 5th set is played t o 15 points with a
minimum lead of 2 points.
 
 
 DEFAULT AND INCOMPLETE TEAM

1.  If a team refuses to play after being summoned to do so, it is declared in

default and forfeits the match with the result 0-3 for the match and 0-25 for each set
2.  A team that, without justifiable reason, does not appear on the playing
court on time is declared in default with the same result as in Rule 6.4.1.
3.  A team that is declared INCOMPLETE for the set or for the match, loses
the set or the match. The opponent team is given the points, or the points and the sets,
needed to win the set or the match. The incomplete team keeps its points and sets.
 
 
STRUCTURE OF PLAY
  THE TOSS
Before the match, the 1st referee carries out a toss to decide upon the first
service and the sides of the court in the first set. If a deciding set is to be played, a new
toss will be carried out.

1.  The toss is taken in the presence of the two team captains.

2.  The winner of the toss chooses:
 EITHER
- the right to serve or to receive the service,
 OR
- the side of the court.
The loser takes the remaining choice
 
 
 OFFICIAL WARM-UP SESSION

1. Prior to the match, if the teams have previously had a playing court
exclusively at their disposal, they are entitled to a 6-minute official warm-up
period together at the net; if not, they may have 10 minutes.
 For FIVB, World and Official competitions, teams will be entitled to a 10-minute
warm-up period together at the net.

1.  If either captain requests separate (consecutive) official warm- ups at the
net, the teams are allowed 3 minutes each or 5 minutes each.
2.  In the case of consecutive official warm-ups, the team that has the first
service takes the first turn at the net.
 
 TEAM STARTING LINE-UP

1.  There must always be six players per team in play. The team’s starting
line-up indicates the rotational order of the players on the court. This order must be
maintained throughout the set.
2.  Before the start of each set, the coach has to present the starting line-up of
his/her team on a line-up sheet or via the electronic device, if used. The sheet is
submitted, duly filled in and signed, to the 2nd referee or the scorer or electronically
sent directly to the e-scorer.
3. The players who are not in the starting line-up of a set are the substitutes
for that set (except the Liberos).
4.  Once the line-up sheet has been delivered to the 2nd referee or scorer,
no change in line-up may be authorized without a regular substitution
5.  Discrepancies between players’ position on court and on the line-up,
sheet are dealt with as follows:
- When such a discrepancy is discovered before the start of the set, players’ positions
must be rectified according to those on the line-up sheet–there will be no sanction;
 - when, before the start of the set, any player on court is found not to be
registered on the line-up sheet of that set, this player must be changed to
conform to the line-up sheet–there will be no sanction;
- however, if the coach wishes to keep such non-recorded player(s) on the
court, he/she has to request regular substitution(s), by use of the corresponding
hand signal, which will then be recorded on the score sheet. If a discrepancy
between players’ positions and the line-up sheet is discovered later, the team at
fault must revert to the correct positions. The opponent’s points remain valid and
in addition they receive a point and the next service. All points scored by the
team at fault from the exact moment of the fault up to the discovery of the fault
are cancelled.
- Where a player is found to be on court but he/she is not registered on the
team roster, the opponent’s points remain valid, and in addition they gain a point
and service. The team at fault will lose all points and/or sets (0:25, if necessary)
gained from the moment the non-registered player entered the court, and will
have to submit a revised line-up sheet and send a new registered player into the
court, in the position of the non- registered player.
 
 
 POSITIONS
     At the moment the ball is hit by the server, each team must be positioned within its
own court in the rotational order (except the server).

1.  The positions of the players are numbered as follows:

-  The three players along the net are front-row players and occupy
positions 4 (front-left), 3 (front center) and 2 (front-right);
-  The other three are back-row players occupying positions 5 (back-left), 6
(back-center) and 1 (back-right).

1.  Relative positions between players:

-  Each back-row player must be positioned further back from the center
line than the corresponding front-row player;
-  The front-row players and the back-row players, respectively, must be
positioned laterally in the order indicated in Rule 7.4.1.

1.  The positions of players are determined and controlled according to the

positions of their feet contacting the ground as follows:
 -  each front-row player must have at least a part of his/her foot closer to the
center line than the feet of the corresponding back-row player;
-  each right- (left-) side player must have at least a part of his/her foot
closer to the right (left) sideline than the feet of the center player in that row.

1.  After the service hit, the players may move around and occupy any position on
their court and the free zone.
 
 POSITIONAL FAULT

1.  The team commits a positional fault, if any player is not in his/her correct
position at the moment the ball is hit by the server. When a player is on court through
illegal substitution, and play restarts, this is counted as a positional fault with the
consequences of an illegal substitution.
2.  If the server commits a serving fault at the moment of the service hit, the
server’s fault is counted before a positional fault.
3.  If the service becomes faulty after the service hit, it is the positional fault
that will be counted.
4.  A positional fault leads to the following consequences:
-  the team is sanctioned with a point and service to the opponent;
-  players’ positions must be rectified.
 ROTATION

1.  The rotational order is determined by the team’s starting line-up and

controlled with the service order and players’ positions throughout the set.
2.  When the receiving team has gained the right to serve, its players rotate
one position clockwise: the player in position 2 rotates to position 1 to serve, the player
in position 1 rotates to position 6, etc.
 
 ROTATIONAL FAULT

1.  A rotational fault is committed when the SERVICE is not made according

to the rotational order. It leads to the following consequences in order:
-  the scorer stops play by the buzzer; the opponent gains a point and next
service. If the rotational fault is determined only after the completion of the rally
which started with a rotational fault, only a single point is awarded to the
opponent, regardless of the result of the rally played.
 -  the rotational order of the faulty team must be rectified;

1.  Additionally, the scorer should determine the exact moment when the fault was
committed, and all points scored subsequently by the team at fault must be cancelled.
The opponent’s points remain valid. If that moment cannot be determined, no point(s)
cancellation takes place, and a point and service to the opponent is the only sanction.
 
 
PLAYING ACTIONS
STATES OF PLAY
 BALL IN PLAY
      The ball is in play from the moment of the hit of the service authorized by the 1st
referee.
 BALL OUT OF PLAY
      The ball is out of play at the moment of the fault which is whistled by one of the
referees; in the absence of a fault, at the moment of the whistle.
 BALL “IN”
    The ball is “in” if at any moment of its contact with the floor, some part of the ball
touches the court, including the boundary lines.
  BALL “OUT”
      The ball is “out” when:

8.  all parts of the ball which contact the floor are completely outside the boundary
lines; 8.4.2 it touches an object outside the court, the ceiling or a person out of play;
9.  it touches the antennae, ropes, posts or the net itself outside the side bands;
10.  it crosses the vertical plane of the net either partially or totally outside the
crossing space, except in the case of Rule 10.1.2;
11.  it crosses completely the lower space under the net.
 
PLAYING THE BALL
     Each team must play within its own playing area and space (except Rule 10.1.2).
The ball may, however, be retrieved from beyond its own free zone.
 TEAM HITS
     A hit is any contact with the ball by a player in play.
     The team is entitled to a maximum of three hits (in addition to blocking), for returning
the ball. If more are used, the team commits the fault of “FOUR HITS.”

9.  CONSECUTIVE CONTACTS A player may not hit the ball two times
consecutively (except Rules 9.2.3, 14.2 and 14.4.2).
10.  SIMULTANEOUS CONTACTS Two or three players may touch the ball at the
same moment.
-  When two (or three) teammates touch the ball simultaneously, it is
counted as two (or three) hits (with the exception of blocking). If they reach for
the ball, but only one of them touches it, one hit is counted. A collision of players
does not constitute a fault.
-  When two opponents touch the ball simultaneously over the net and the
ball remains in play, the team receiving the ball is entitled to another three hits. If
such a ball goes “out,” it is the fault of the team on the opposite side.
9.1.2.3 If simultaneous hits by two opponents over the net lead to an
extended contact with the ball, play continues.
 
ASSISTED HIT
        Within the playing area, a player is not permitted to take support from a
teammate or any structure/object in order to hit the ball. However, a player who is about
to commit a fault (touch the net or cross the center line, etc.) may be stopped or held
back by a teammate.
 
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIT

1.  The ball may touch any part of the body.

2.  The ball must not be caught and/or thrown. It can rebound in any
direction.
3.  The ball may touch various parts of the body, provided that the contacts
take place simultaneously. Exceptions:
- at blocking, consecutive contacts may be made by one or more
player(s), provided that the contacts occur during one action;
-  at the first hit of the team, the ball may contact various parts of the body
consecutively, provided that the contacts occur during one action.
 
 FAULTS IN PLAYING THE BALL

1.  FOUR HITS: a team hits the ball four times before returning it.
2.  ASSISTED HIT: a player takes support from a teammate or any
structure/object in order to hit the ball within the playing area.
3.  CATCH: the ball is caught and/or thrown; it does not rebound from the hit.
4.  DOUBLE CONTACT: a player hits the ball twice in succession or the ball
contacts various parts of his/her body in succession.
 
BALL AT THE NET
BALL CROSSING THE NET

1.  The ball sent to the opponent’s court must go over the net within the
crossing space. The crossing space is the part of the vertical plane of the net limited as
follows:
-  below, by the top of the net;
-  at the sides, by the antennae, and their imaginary extension;
 -  above, by the ceiling.

1.  The ball that has crossed the net plane to the opponent’s free zone totally or
partly through the external space, may be played back within the team hits, provided
that:
-  the opponent’s court is not touched by the player;
-  the ball, when played back, crosses the net plane again totally or partly
through the external space on the same side of the court. The opponent team
may not prevent such action.
-  The ball that is heading toward the opponent’s court through the lower
space is in play until the moment it has completely crossed the vertical plane of
the net.
 
 
 BALL TOUCHING THE NET
While crossing the net, the ball may touch it.
 BALL IN THE NET
 1.  A ball driven into the net may be recovered within the limits of the three
team hits.
2.  If the ball rips the mesh of the net or tears it down, the rally is cancelled
and replayed.
 
PLAYER AT THE NET
 REACHING BEYOND THE NET

1.  In blocking, a player may touch the ball beyond the net, provided that
he/she does not interfere with the opponent’s play before or during the latter’s attack hit.
2.  After an attack hit, a player is permitted to pass his/her hand beyond the
net, provided that the contact has been made within his/her own playing space.
 
PENETRATION UNDER THE NET

1.  It is permitted to penetrate into the opponent’s space under the net,
provided that this does not interfere with the opponent’s play.
2.  Penetration into the opponent’s court, beyond the center line:
-  to touch the opponent’s court with a foot (feet) is permitted, provided
that some part of the penetrating foot (feet) remains either in contact with or
directly above the center line;
 -  to touch the opponent’s court with any part of the body above the feet is
permitted provided that it does not interfere with the opponent’s play.

1.  A player may enter the opponent’s court after the ball goes out of play.
2.  Players may penetrate into the opponent’s free zone provided that they
do not interfere with the opponent’s play.
 
 CONTACT WITH THE NET

1.  Contact with the net by a player between the antennae, during the action
of playing the ball, is a fault. The action of playing the ball includes (among others) take-
off, hit (or attempt) and landing safely, ready for a new action.
2.  Players may touch the post, ropes, or any other object outside the
antennae, including the net itself, provided that it does not interfere with play.
 3.  When the ball is driven into the net, causing it to touch an opponent, no
fault is committed.
 
PLAYER’S FAULTS AT THE NET

1.  A player touches the ball or an opponent in the opponent’s space before

or during the opponent’s attack hit.
2.  A player interferes with the opponent’s play while penetrating into the
opponent’s space under the net.
3.  A player’s foot (feet) penetrates completely into the opponent’s court.
4.  A player interferes with play by (amongst others): – touching the net
between the antennae or the antenna itself during his/her action of playing the ball, –
using the net between the antennae as a support or stabilizing aid, – creating an unfair
advantage over the opponent by touching the net, – making actions which hinder an
opponent’s legitimate attempt to play the ball, – catching/holding onto the net. Any
player close to the ball as it is played, and who is him/herself trying to play it, is
considered in the action of playing the ball, even if no contact is made with it. However,
touching the net outside the antenna is not to be considered a fault
 

LEGAL VOLLEYBALL HITS

Short list of legal volleyball hits allowed in the match:
 The bumpalso called the pass
 The setalso called the volley
 The attack hitalso known as the spike
 The tip
 The down ball
 The roll shot
 Even a kick is a legal volleyball hit
 A player can score a point by contacting the ball with any of their (opponent) body
 Only one consecutive contact is permitted per player in a row
 The ball can contact the net and be played off the net during a rally
 A player in the back row can attack hit a ball as long as they take off from behind the
attack line
 A back row hitter can land in front of the attack line as long as they have contacted the
ball before they land in the front row
 A setter can attack hit a ball as long as she/he is in the front row
 

SUBSTITUTION
 A substitution is the act by which a player, other than the Libero or his/her replacement
player, after being recorded by the scorer, enters the game to occupy the position of
another player, who must leave the court at that moment.

1. When the substitution is enforced through injury to a player in play this may
be accompanied by the coach (or game captain) showing the corresponding
hand signal.
LIMITATION OF SUBSTITUTIONS

1.  A player of the starting line-up may leave the game, but only once in a
set, and re-enter, but only once in a set, and only to his/her previous position in the line-
up.
2.  A substitute player may enter the game in place of a player of the starting
line-up, but only once per set, and he/she can only be substituted by the same starting
player.
EXCEPTIONAL SUBSTITUTION
A player (except the Libero) who cannot continue playing due to injury or illness,
should be substituted legally. If this is not possible, the team is entitled to make an
EXCEPTIONAL substitution, beyond the limits of Rule 15.6. (Limitation of Substitution)
An exceptional substitution means that any player who is not on the court at the
time of the injury/illness, except the Libero, second Libero or their regular replacement
player, may be substituted into the game for the injured/ill player. The substituted
injured/ill player is not allowed to re-enter the match.
An exceptional substitution cannot be counted in any case as a regular
substitution but should be recorded on the score sheet as part of the total substitutions
in the set and the match.
 
SUBSTITUTION PROCEDURE
Substitution must be carried out within the substitution zone.

1. A substitution shall only last the time needed for recording the substitution on
the score sheet and allowing entry and exit of the players.
2. The actual request for substitution starts at the moment of the entrance of the
substitute player(s) into the substitution zone, ready to play, during an
interruption. The coach does not need to make a substitution hand signal
except if the substitution is for injury or before the start of the set.
 3. If the player is not ready, the substitution is not granted and the team is
sanctioned for a delay.
4. The request for substitution is acknowledged and announced by the scorer or
2nd referee, by use of the buzzer or whistle respectively. The 2nd referee
authorizes the substitution.
If a team intends to make simultaneously more than one substitution, all substitute
players must enter the substitution zone at the same time to be considered in the same
request. In this case, substitutions must be made in succession, one pair of players
after another. If one is illegal, the legal one(s) is/are granted and the illegal is rejected
and subject to a delay sanction.
 LESSON 2 : VIOLATIONS AND OFFICIALS
VOLLEYBALL RULE VIOLATIONS
Violation that may result to a point for the opponent:
 When serving, the player steps on or across the service line as while making contact
with the ball
 Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully
 Errors in ball handling. Contacting the ball illegally (lifting, double touching, carrying,
throwing, etc.)
 Touching the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play.
 When blocking a ball coming from the opponent’s court, contacting the ball when
reaching over the net is a violation if both: a) your opponent hasn’t used 3 contacts; b)
they have a player there to make a play on the ball  
 When attacking a ball coming from the opponent’s court, contacting the ball when
reaching over the net is a violation if the ball hasn’t yet broken the vertical plane of the
net.  
 Crossing the court center line with any part of your body is also a violation. Except: if it’s
the hand or foot, the entire hand or entire foot must cross for it to be a violation.  
 Serving out of rotation.  
 Back row player blocking (deflecting a ball coming from their opponent), when at the
moment ofcontact the back row player is near the net and has part of his/her body
above the top of the net, this is an illegal block.
 Back row player attacking a ball inside the front zone (the area inside the 10 foot line),
when at the moment of contact the ball is completely above the net this is an illegal
attack.
 

VOLLEYBALL OFFICIALS
Volleyball officials are responsible for officiating the two competing teams.  The
refereeing crew for a match is composed of 1st referee, 2nd referee, scorer and four or
two line judges.
The responsibility of the 1st referee, she/he is in charge from the beginning until
the end of the match. He/she has the authority over all other members of the officiating
crew.
The 1st referee should talk to all the officiating crew before the match starts, going
over any questions officials might have about their responsibilities. He/ she should have
a talk with the 2nd referee before the match starts to discuss issues such as pre-match
protocol and anything that will help the match run smoothly.
 While the 2nd referee should establish a rapport with the scorekeeper. If the
scorer has a problem or do not understand something, they should be comfortable
enough to ask the 2nd referee for help.
The scorekeeper’s responsibility during the match is to:
 record points
 watches the servers
 record player substitutions
 records any sanctions
 records all the events as instructed by the referees
 records the final result of the set
After the match;
 records the final result of the match
 signs the score sheet
For line judges;
 watch the endline and sideline of their respective corners
 main responsibility is to make signals to help out the referees in making
judgment calls may be instructed to use flags to make the signals
LESSON 1: Hand Signal 1

ABOUT THE LESSON:

Volleyball is one of the most popular team sports not only in the Philippines but
all over the world. This game is very enjoyable and exciting to play, but there are many
volleyball rules that a player must need to know and to practice. Let us know those
volleyball official rules approved by the 35 th FIVB Congress 2016.

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

LO1. Identify the different official referee hand signals

LO2. Perform different official referee hand signals

Officials Referee Hand Signals

 It is important that every player on the court understands when the serve is about to
come.

 In volleyball it is illegal to serve without the official signaling the start of the rally.

 The first referee would signal the start of the rally and indeed the start of the serve
by blowing the whistle and waving their hand from the server side to the receiving
team side.
 Move the hand to indicate the direction of service.

Extend the arm to the side of the team that will serve.

 In volleyball after each set the teams must switch sides.

 After the referee has signaled the end of the set, they will place one arm in front of
them and the other arm behind them.

 This indicates one team must rotate round to the other side of the court in front of
the referee whilst the other team rotates behind the referee.

Raise the forearms front and back, and twist them around the body.

 In volleyball teams are allocated a certain number of time-outs per set. These
timeouts can be used for a multitude of reasons.

 Whether it’s discussing tactics with your team, give a motivational speech or simply
just to break out the play.

 If a player or team requests a time-out the officials will signify this by creating a T
using their hands.

 This T will be displayed at head level to ensure all players can visibly see it.
 After the T is displayed, the official will point to the side which has called the timeout
so it can be noted down on the score sheet.

Place the palm of one hand over the fingers of the other, held vertically (forming a “T”), and then indicate the
requesting team.

 Much like many other sports volleyballs uses substitutions.

 Substitutions are used for many reasons, whether it be to replace an injured player, change
up the lineup or simply just to swap in a service specialist to try and get a few aces.

 If a team wants to sub in a player, they must follow a simple process.

 The player which is to be substituted in will be given the number of the player that they are
to replace.

 The coach will mention to the referee that they would like to substitute a player.

 The player who is being subbed in will stand on the side of the court by the side of the
referee and hold up a paddle with the number of the player they are replacing.

 The referee will show that a substitution is taking place by placing their arms horizontally
one over the other.

 They will then rotate their arms in a spin cycle motion to signify that a swap or rotation in
the line-up has occurred.
 Circular motion of the forearms around each other

Only the first referee can sanction a team or individual. 

However, the second referee may request a sanction and the first referee should honor
that request. 

As a second referee, you should discuss your method for sanctioning before the start of
the match. 

As a first referee when you are sanctioning a team or player, remember to blow the
whistle and get everyone's attention. 

Next, show the appropriate volleyball referee signal. 

Remember, for a penalty sanction, signal the next team to serve first before showing the
card. 

Hold up card/cards in the hand on the side of the team member being sanctioned. 

Avoid "pushing" the card at the individual. The R2 doesn't repeat the hand signal. 

Misconduct Show a yellow card for a warning; red card for a penalty.
 Show both cards jointly for expulsion.

Show red and yellow cards separately for disqualification.

Now this one really doesn’t need much explaining as it is very self-explanatory.

This signal is used to indicate the end of the game.

The end of the game is indicated by the 1st referee taking both arms and crossing them
across the chest to form an X shape with the arms.

In volleyball after each set the teams must switch sides.

After the referee has signaled the end of the set, they will place one arm in front of them and the
other arm behind them.

This indicates one team must rotate round to the other side of the court in front of the referee
whilst the other team rotates behind the referee.
 Cross the forearms in front of the chest, hands open.

Lift the extended arm, the palm of the hand facing upward.

Once the referee has blown the whistle to initiate the start of the rally, a player has 8 seconds to
serve the ball.

If for whatever reason the player takes longer than the allocated 8 seconds, the referee will award
the point to the other team for the delay in service.

A referee will show this has occurred by raising their hand with a flat open hand before awarding
the point to the opposition team.
 Raise eight fingers, spread open.

Now this may come as a surprise to you as you will often see players from the serving team
grouping at the net and raising their arms to restrict the receiving teams view.

However, screening or blocking the line of sight is actually illegal in volleyball.

With that being said there is a rather loose interpretation of this rule.

Players are allowed to group together and raise their arms as long as the receiving team has a
clear line of sight to the server and or service flight path.

This means as long as the serving team adopt normal base positions then a screen fault would not
occur.

Raise both arms vertically, palms forward.

In Volleyball teams must start each rally in a specific rotation. This means players must
stand in the correct order on court.
To learn more about rotations and in what order players should stand you can read my
article here.

However, in short once a point is won when the other team is serving you must rotate 1
position in a clockwise direction.

If a team is stood in the wrong location at the time the serve commences or the wrong
person serves the ball, the other team will be awarded the point.

A referee would indicate this by straightening their arm at a 45 degree angle towards
the floor on the side that is at fault. The referee would then make small circle motions to
indicate that a rotation area has occurred. 

Make a circular motion with the forefinger.

When the ball lands in a point is awarded to the team who was able to ground the ball
on the opposition’s side and between the lines.

Obviously, an official needs a way of indicating whether the ball landed in or out of the
court.

Especially in situations where it is tight to the line and could go either way.

An official would indicate that the ball landed in court by placing their arm at a 45 degree
angle between the hip and shoulder and then pointing with their full arm and hand to the
side in which the ball has landed in on.
 Point the arm and fingers toward the floor.

If the ball lands out of bounds or touches the aerial the opposing team would be awarded the
point.

Just to clarify out of bounds encapsulates a few different things. The ball is considered out of
bounds if it lands outside the court lines, contacts the net outside the antenna, the supporting or
guide ropes of the net or the post and referee stand.

If the ball lands out of bounds or contacts the aerial the official would show this by bending both
forearms upwards so the fingers are pointing towards the sky with their arms out in front of
them.

Raise the forearms vertically, hands open, palms toward the body
LESSON 2: Hand Signal 2

ABOUT THE LESSON:

This lesson explains the Volleyball Referee’s hand signals.

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

LO1. Identify the different official referee hand signals

LO2. Perform different official referee hand signals

Slowly lift the forearm, palm of the hand facing upward.

Although each team gets three contacts before the ball must be returned, with the exception of
the blocking rule mentioned above, a player cannot contact the ball twice simultaneously.
If a player receives the ball from the opposition, another player must touch the ball before the
player that first received it can touch it again.

When hand setting, it is very easy to double contact the ball.

If the ball doesn’t enter or leave the hands at the exact same time an official will often call a
double contact.

A referee would indicate that a double touch has occurred by simply showing 2 up on one hand.
 Raise two fingers, spread open.

Each team is allowed 3 hits/ contacts from when the ball crosses the net to the point in
which it must be returned back over the net.

The only exception to this rule is when a player blocks the ball, this does not count as a
touch towards the team 3 touches, it also does not count as a touch for the individual
player, this means a player can block the ball and then play it a second time without
committing a fault.

There are many situations in which four hits may occur.

The most common one that springs to mind is sometimes when a player attacks the ball
on a third hit, sometimes it actually bounces off the net band as opposed to being
blocked.

If the team that just hit the ball touches it again after it comes off the net band this would
be 4 touches.

This is actually one of the more obvious calls in volleyball in the sense that an
official indicates this fault by simply holding up four fingers on one hand.
 Raise four fingers, spread open.

 Touching the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play. Exception: If
the ball is driven into the net with such force that it causes the net to contact an
opposing player, no foul will be called, and the ball shall continue to be in play.

Indicate the respective side of the net.

Now this rule is actually not as straightforward as it sounds and to the untrained or
inexperienced player this is actually a very misleading rule.
In volleyball you are not allowed to reach over the net to attack the ball, however, there
are actually quite a few exceptions to this rule.

You are allowed to reach over the net to play the ball if the opposition have you used
their 3 allocated touches, hence why you are allowed to press a block over the net.

You can also reach over and attack the ball if the ball is travelling on to your side and
there is no possibility of the opposition playing the ball again.

A referee would indicate that a hand over (or over-the-net) has occurred by placing their
arm over the top of the net when stood on the podium or steps.

If the referee is not stood on the referee stand, they may use their other arm vertically to
create a net whilst placing their other arm horizontally over the top to indicate the same
thing.

Place a hand above the net, palm facing downward.

In volleyball, especially at top level, a back row is very viable option and is used an awful lot.

It is illegal for a back row player to attack the ball from on or in front of the 3m (10 Foot) line.
When focusing on the ball it is very difficult to judge exactly where the dividing line is and as
such an illegal back row attack may occur.

It is also illegal to attack the ball from above the height of the net directly from a serve. This is to
prevent people from jumping up and trying to block or spike the serve back.

Both of these faults would be shown the same way by the official.

The official would raise their forearm only keeping the upper arm horizontal at shoulder level.

From this position the official would rotate their arm at the elbow making a downward waving
motion.

Make a downward motion with the forearm, hand open.

When serving in volleyball it is illegal to step on or over the baseline during the serve.

The baseline are the two lines that form each end of the Volleyball court .

The officials that are normally in charge of the side and baselines are the line judges.

If a line judge or even referee spots a player stepping on or over the line when serving
they would indicate this in the following way.
The official would point down at the offending line to indicate that a line violation has
occurred.

 Crossing the court centerline with any part of your body. Exception: if it's the
hand or foot, the entire hand or entire foot must cross for it to be a violation.

Point to the center line or to the respective line.

This is certainly a signal that I feel is used a lot more at lower level volleyball.

A replay or let is shown for a few different reasons in Volleyball.

Where multiple games are being played at the time, occasionally balls or even players
may enter a different court.

This not only causes a health and safety risk to the players on court but can also lead to
obstruction or hindrance.

In these situations, the fairest and safest option is to halt play and replay the point.

For example, if there has been a net touch but both players appear to touch the net at
the same time, occasionally the official may choose to play a let or replay of point.

The referee would show a let or replay of the point by putting both thumbs up on either
side of the net.
 Raise both thumbs vertically.

Everybody knows that if the ball lands out of bounds it is a point to the opposite team of
the player who touched it last.

When a ball is hit by the attacking side it is quite common for the blockers or defenders
to get a touch on the ball.

It is important for officials to notice this, as if the ball was to land out after a touch from
the blockers or defenders, the attacking team would be awarded the point.

This is known as touch out or ball touched.

An official would indicate that the ball has been touched and gone out by placing one
hand up and out in front of them, with their other hand they would brush their fingers
upwards.

This shows the ball touching someone and then coming off them and out.
 Brush with the palm of one hand the fingers of the other; held vertically; USAV: Brush fingers of opposite
hand once over palm of vertical hand.

For a delay sanction, hold hand against the opposite wrist on the side being
sanctioned. This is for a delay warning. 

For a delay penalty, place a yellow card against the opposite wrist on the side being
sanctioned. Remember, for a penalty, first show the point signal. 

The R2 doesn't repeat any of the signals. 

Cover the wrist with a yellow card (warning) and with a red card (penalty).
 VOLLEYBALL OFFICIAL LINE JUDGE SIGNALS

A. Characteristics of a good Line Judge

i. Performs duties in a quiet, efficient manner
ii. Cooperative and positive
iii. Refrains from reacting as a spectator
iv. Makes objective calls that are quick and decisive using correct signal

B. Line Judge Equipment

“The red flag is on”
i. Flag should be approximately 12” x12” to 16”x16”.
ii. Prefer white top, black pants, and black shoes.

C. Positioning

Legend: R1 – First Referee / Chief Referee

R2 – Second Referee / Umpire
LJ1 – Line Judge 1
LJ2 – Line Judge 2

i. Base Position – intersection of the left sideline and the end line in the left back
corner of each court.

Figure 1

ii. Ready Position – at base position, be alert and focus on the line not on the
ball.
 a. Arms at side
b. Flag ready to signal
c. Focus on the line before the ball

iii. During Time-outs – where LJ1 and LJ2 must stay.

LJ1 and LJ2 must position themselves along the sideline beside R 1 at their
own court coverage at the attack line.

Figure 2

iv. Between Sets / End of Sets

Between Sets line judges should report to the neutral area determined
prior to the start of the match.
At the End of Each Set the line judge should assist in retrieving and
delivering all game balls and flags to the scoring table.

Five (5) Major Hand Signals of the Line Judge

“Ball In” – ball lands inside fair playing
court.
 Arm fully extended downward with
flag pointing toward his court.
 Signal used when ball contacts
ground inside court boundaries.
 Focus on the line, not on the ball.

“Ball Out” – ball lands outside the fair

playing court.
 Arm fully extended upward with
the flag.
 Signal used when ball touches the
floor completely outside of the
playing court. Boundaries and not
touched by a player.
 Ball touches object outside or
beyond the vertical plane of the
net.
 Use to obtain the attention of R1.

Ball Outside or Touching the Antenna

or Service Line Fault
 Arm holding flag fully extended
upward wave flag and point other
hand to:
 Signal used when ball contacts
antenna within the body of the net.
 When server commits end line
violation, steps on the end line at
the moment they make contact
with the ball
 When the ball does not cross the
net. Entirely with the net antenna.

Ball Out after contact with a player

 Raise flag so top of the flag is at
the chin and place palm of the
other hand on top of the flag.
 Signal used when player touches
the ball going out of bounds on
player’s side of the net.

Impossible to Judge – line judge has no

perfect vision or being obstructed on the
situation.
 Raise and cross both arms in front
of chest.
 Palms facing body while
continuing to hold flag.