Output (Y)

Hypothesis Testing 1-Proportion Test

1 Sample HO: p1 = Ptarget
Continuous Categorical of Categorical Inputs (Xs)* Ha: p1 ≠ , <, or > Ptarget
Input (X)

Continuous Stat>Basic Stat>

Continuous “Y” Data Categorical “Y” Data 1-Proportion

Categorical 2-Proportion Test

Normality
Normality Test
Test 2 Samples Ho: p1 = p2
Data are Not Normal HHOO:: Data
Data is
are
Normal
Normal Data are Normal Ha: p1 ≠ , <, or > p2
HHaa:: Data
Data is
are
notnot
Normal
Normal Stat>Basic Stat>
2 or More 2 or More Stat>Basic
Stat>Basic Stat>Normality
Stat>NormalityTest
Test or
or
1 Sample 1 Sample 2 or more 1 Sample 2-Proportion
Samples Samples Stat>Basic
Stat>Basic Stat>Graphical
Stat>Graphical Summary
Summary Samples
For 2 or more
Samples,
Compare Variances Compare Variance Compare Mean Compare Mean Test for Chi Square Test
Independence HO: FA Independent FB
to Target differences to Target
Levene’s Test Ha: FA Dependent FB
HO: 1= 2 = 3… Chi2 Test Paired t-Test 1-Sample t-Test Stat>Tables>Chi2 Test
Ha: i ≠ j for i to j HO:  1 =  target HO: µd = µO HO: µ1 = µtarget
(or at least one is different) Ha:  1 ≠  target Ha: µd ≠ , <, or > µO Ha: µ1 ≠, <, or > µtarget
Stat>ANOVA>
Test for Equal Variances Stat>Basic Stat>Graphical Stat>Basic Stat>Paired t Stat>Basic Stat>1-Sample t Compare Variance
Summary
to Target
(if target std dev. falls within
95% CI, then fail to reject HO; 1 Variance Test
Compare 2 otherwise, reject) Compare Variances 1 Sample HO: 21 = target
Medians Ha: 21 ≠ target
Bartlett’s Test (> 2) or F-Test (2)
Mann-Whitney Test Stat>Basic Stat> 1 variance
HO: 21 = 2 2 = 23…
(if several outliers, use Compare Median Ha: 2i ≠ 2j for i to j
Mood’s Median test) to Target (or at least one is different)
HO: 1 = 2 Stat>Basic Stats>2 variances (or)
Ha: 1 ≠, <, or > 2 1-Sample Wilcoxon Stat>ANOVA>Test for Equal Variance
(if several outliers, use 1-
Stat>Nonparametrics> Sample Sign test)
Mann-Whitney (Mood’s
Median Test) HO: 1 = target Equal Variances
Ha: 1 ≠ , <, or > target
Stat>Nonparametrics> Compare More Than Compare 2 Means
Compare More 1-Sample Wilcoxon (1- 2 Means
Than 2 Medians Sample Sign) 2-Sample t-Test
1-Way ANOVA HO: µ1 = µ2
Kruskal-Wallis Test (assumes equality of variances) Ha: µ1 ≠, <, or > µ2
(if several outliers, use HO: µ1 = µ2 = µ3… Stat>Basic Stat>2-Sample t
Mood’s Median test) Ha: µi ≠ µj for i to j Check: Assume = Variances (if
HO: 1 = 2 = 3… (or at least one is different) If P-Value ≤ alpha, then reject Ho
variances test equal) If P-value ≤ alpha, then reject Ho
Ha: i ≠ j for i to j Stat>ANOVA>1-Way If P-Value > alpha, then fail to reject Ho
If P-value > alpha, then fail to reject Ho
(or at least one is different) (select stacked or unstacked data) Alpha is usually pre-set at 0.05. Use
Alpha is usually pre-set at 0.05. Use
other values as appropriate.
Stat>Nonparametrics> other values as appropriate.
If P-Value > alpha, ensure sufficient
Kruskal-Wallis (Mood’s If P-value > alpha, ensure sufficient
power and correct sample size if
Median Test) *NOTE: If (X,Y) are believed bivariate and X is power and sample size.
necessary.
All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc. Continuous and Y is Continuous, proceed with
Regression and Correlation Analysis.
 Hypothesis Testing Protocol
Practical Problem or Theory: State problem or state theory to be proven.
Statistical Problem: State Ho and Ha (with the correct test in mind)
Statistical Analysis: Test to be used, alpha and power. Run test, show printout, results and p-value
Statistical Conclusion: Based on p-value, Reject Ho or Fail to Reject Ho. (“If the p is low, the null must go”)
Practical Conclusion: Answer to your practical problem. Theory is proven true or not.

Hypothesis Tests by Data Type

Y
Continuous Categorical
How does change in X affect change
in Y? Logistic Regression (out of scope)
Statistical: Regression
Continuous
Graphical: Scatter Diagrams

X Means or Medians Different?

Statistical:
Are the outputs different?
Statistical: Chi Square, Proportions
tests
If Normal: t-tests; ANOVA
Graphical: Pareto Diagrams;
If Non-Normal: Wilcoxon, Mann-
Stratification
Categorical Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis
Graphical: Histograms; Box Plots
Variance Different?
Statistical: Test for Equal Variances
(Bartlett’s, Levene’s)
Graphical: Histograms; Box Plots

All Rights Reserved, Juran Institute, Inc.