1 Highway Engineering-II CEng-4183
Chapter 5:
HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE AND
REHABILITATION
Instructor: Fasika Mekonnen
[email protected] Introduction
2
Hot mix asphalt pavement is intended to provide a
smooth, safe, and durable layer
However, HMA like all other paving materials is
subjected to a variety of failures.
Failures are expected to occur as a result of
environment and repeated traffic loads.
It is important to accurately identify the type of
failure in order to assess the causes and to
recommend a proper repair techniques for HMA
failure .
HMA Pavement failures
3
Some of HMA Pavement failure:
Cracking Disintegration
Alligator (Fatigue) cracking Raveling
Transverse(thermal) cracking Striping
Pothole
Longitudinal cracking
Reduced skid resistance
Block cracking
Polished aggregate
Reflective cracking Bleeding
Slippage cracking Patching
Distortion
Rutting
Shoving and corrugation
Depression
HMA Pavement failures
Cracking: Alligator (Fatigue) Cracking
4
A series of interconnected cracks that resembles the back of an
alligator or crocodile
Possible causes
Asphalt binder aging
Inadequate structural support for the given loading
Problem
Roughness
Cracks allows moisture infiltration and it disintegrate a pavement
Repair
Patching for small cracks (< 1/2 inch wide and infrequent cracks)
Overlay for large cracks (> 1/2 inch wide and numerous cracks)
HMA Pavement failures
Cracking: Transverse (Thermal) Cracking
5
Cracks perpendicular to the pavement's centerline or lay
down direction.
Possible causes
Shrinkage of the HMA surface due to
Low temperatures
Asphalt binder hardening
Problem
Roughness
Moisture infiltration
Repair
Crack seal for small severity cracks
Overlay for large severity cracks
HMA Pavement failures
Cracking: Block Cracking
6
Interconnected cracks that divide the pavement into
rectangular pieces
Possible causes
Inability of asphalt binder to expand and contract with daily
temperature cycles due to:
Asphalt binder aging
Poor choice of asphalt binder in the mix design
Problem
Roughness
Moisture infiltration
Repair
Crack seal for low cracks and If looks are important, or cracking
is extensive, a slurry seal can be placed over the sealed cracks.
Overlay for high block cracks
HMA Pavement failures
Cracking: Longitudinal Cracking
7
Cracks parallel to the pavement's centerline or lay down
direction
Possible causes
Poor joint construction or location. Joints are generally the least
dense areas of a pavement. Therefore, they should be
constructed outside of the wheel path
Problem
Roughness
Moisture infiltration
Repair
Crack seal for low severity cracks
Overlay for high severity cracks
HMA Pavement failures
Cracking: Slippage Cracking
8
Half-moon shaped cracks generally having two ends
pointed into the direction of traffic
Possible causes
Braking or turning wheels which slide and deform the pavement
surface due to:
A low-strength surface mix
Poor bonding between the surface HMA layer and the next
underlying layer
Problem
Roughness
Moisture infiltration
Repair
Removal and replacement of affected area
HMA Pavement failures
Cracking: Reflection Cracking
9
Cracks in a flexible overlay of a rigid pavement
Possible Causes
Movement of cracks or joints in under laying layer due
to:
Thermal and moisture changes
Problem
Roughness
Moisture infiltration
Repair
Crack seal for low severity cracks
Overlay for high severity cracks
HMA Pavement failures
Distortion: Rutting
10
Surface depression in the wheel path
Possible Causes
Insufficient compaction of HMA layers
Subgrade depression (e.g., as a result of inadequate pavement
structure)
Improper mix design or manufacture (e.g., excessively high
asphalt content)
Problem
Ruts filled with water can cause vehicle hydroplaning
Repair
Pavement with deeper ruts should be leveled and over laid
HMA Pavement failures
Distortion: Corrugation and Shoving
11
A form of plastic movement usually at points where traffic
starts and stops (corrugation) or areas where HMA touch a
rigid object (shoving)
Possible Causes
Traffic action (starting and stopping) combined with
An unstable (i.e. low stiffness) HMA layer
Excessive moisture in the subgrade
Problem
Roughness
Repair
Patching for small damages
Overlay for large damages
HMA Pavement failures
Distortion: Depression
12
Localized pavement surface areas with slightly lower
elevations than the surrounding pavement
Possible Causes
Subgrade settlement resulting from
Inadequate compaction during construction.
Problem
Depression filled with water can cause vehicle hydroplaning
Roughness
Repair
Depressions should be repaired by patching
HMA Pavement failures
Disintegration: Ravelling
13
The progressive disintegration of HMA layer from the surface down ward
as a result of the dislodgement of aggregate particles
Possible Causes
Loss of bond between aggregate particles and the asphalt binder due to
aging, inadequate compaction ,aggregate segregation etc
Problem
Roughness, water collecting in the raveled locations resulting in vehicle
hydroplaning, loss of skid resistance
Repair
Patch for small raveled pavement . If the pavement is still structurally sound, the
raveling can be fixed with a fog seal or slurry seal.
Overlay for large raveled pavement
HMA Pavement failures
Disintegration: Pothole
14
Small, bowl-shaped depressions in the pavement surface that
penetrate all the way through the HMA layer down to the base course
Possible Causes
Serious fatigue cracks. potholes are the end result of fatigue cracking
Problem
Roughness (serious vehicular damage can result from driving across
potholes at higher speeds), moisture infiltration
Repair
In accordance with patching techniques
HMA Pavement failures
Disintegration: Stripping
15
The loss of bond between aggregates and asphalt binder that
typically begins at the bottom of the HMA layer and progresses
upward
Possible Causes
Poor aggregate surface chemistry
Water in the HMA causing moisture damage
Problem
Decreased structural support, rutting, shoving/corrugations, raveling, or
cracking (fatigue and longitudinal)
Repair
The stripped pavement needs to be removed and replaced after
correction of any subsurface drainage issues
HMA Pavement failures
Reduced skid resistance: BLEEDING
16
A film of asphalt binder on the pavement surface. It usually
creates a shiny, glass-like reflecting surface
Possible Causes
Excessive asphalt binder in the HMA
Low HMA air void content
Problem
Loss of skid resistance when wet
unsightly
Repair
Applying coarse sand on the excess asphalt binder for minor
bleeding
Major bleeding corrected by cutting off excess asphalt with a
motor grader . If the resulting surface is rough, resurfacing may
be necessary
HMA Pavement failures
Reduced skid resistance: Polished Aggregate
17
Areas of HMA pavement where the portion of aggregate extending
above the asphalt binder is very small
Possible Cause
Repeated traffic applications. Generally, as a pavement ages the
protruding rough, angular particles become polished
Problem
Decreased skid resistance
Repair
Apply a skid-resistant slurry seal, BST or non-structural overlay
Traffic Loading on Pavements
Patching
18
An area of pavement that has been replaced with new
material to repair the existing pavement.
A patch is considered a defect no matter how well it
performs.
Problem
Roughness
Possible Causes:
Previous localized pavement deterioration that has been
removed and patched
Utility cuts
Repair:
either a structural or non-structural overlay
Maintenance and Rehabilitation
19
Design of Overlays
20
Design of Overlays
21
Design of Overlays
Types of Overlays
22
HMA Overlays on Asphalt Pavements
HMA Overlays on PCC Pavements
Major problem:
Reflection Cracking
Methods used to minimize:
Design thicker HMA overlay
Break and Seat Procedure
Crack relief Layers
PCC Pavements on HMA Overlays
PCC Pavements on PCC Pavements
Design of Overlays
Design Approach's
23
Effective Thickness Approach: the required thickness of overlay is the
difference between thickness for a new pavement and the effective
thickness of the existing pavement.
Deflection Approach: the basic is that larger pavement surface
deflections imply weaker pavement and subgrade and thus require
thicker overlays. Simply it is based on empirical relationship
between pavement deflection and overlay thickness.
Thank You!
24
QUESTIONS?
