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Behaviorism

Behaviorism is a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and discounts internal mental processes. It was developed by psychologists like Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning by pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. Watson established behaviorism by focusing only on observable behaviors. Skinner expanded on this with operant conditioning, showing how behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences. While behaviorism provided important contributions, it was criticized for ignoring internal cognition.

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Watcharee Wongthanet
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44 views48 pages

Behaviorism

Behaviorism is a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and discounts internal mental processes. It was developed by psychologists like Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning by pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. Watson established behaviorism by focusing only on observable behaviors. Skinner expanded on this with operant conditioning, showing how behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences. While behaviorism provided important contributions, it was criticized for ignoring internal cognition.

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Watcharee Wongthanet
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Class 2

Behaviorism
Learning Theory
http://www.free-powerpoint-templates-design.com
Behaviorist Theory
By Watcharee Wongthanet
To p i c s 01 Background & Concept
covered What is behaviorism all about?

02 Major contributors
Some of the major figures associated with learning and the
behavioral school of psychology

03 Conditioning
Classical conditioning VS Operant conditioning

04 Criticism
Many criticisms of behaviorism
What is behaviorism?
Definitions

an approach in psychology which attempts to


explain all behaviour in terms of learning. This
1 reductionist approach largely focuses on overt
behaviour and ignores internal mechanisms
such as cognitions (e.g. thoughts).

2 a theory of animal and human learning that


only focuses on objectively observable
behaviors and discounts mental activities.
Behavior theorists define learning as nothing
more than the acquisition of new behavior.
What is behaviorism?
Underpinning concepts

assumes that a learner is believes that a learner starts


essentially passive, out with a clean slate, and
responding to environmental behavior is shaped by
stimuli. positive and negative
reinforcement.

Behaviorism
recognizes that learning is Behaviorism is a
an internal event. However, it precursor to cognitive
is not recognized as learning learning.
until it is displayed by overt The environment shapes
behavior. behavior
Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner
John B Watson Father of "Radical Behaviorism." His
Father of "Classical
Father of "Behaviorism." His contributions in behaviorism were
Conditioning." His contributions
contributions in behaviorism were influenced by the work of Pavlov,
in behaviorism stemmed from
influenced by the work of Pavlov. Watson, Thorndike, Peirce, and James.
his research on physiology of
digestion.

1849-1936 1878 - 1958 1904 - 1990

1938
Birth of Radical Behaviorism
Radical Behaviorism was born
out of Skinner's 1938
1906 1920 publication "The Behavior of
Organisms.“ He developed the
"Little Albert Experiment" by Watson theory of Operant
Birth of Classical Conditioning conditioning.
The Little Albert Experiment was a
Classical Conditioning was born out demonstration of the effectiveness of
of Pavlov's 1906 publications. This classical conditioning in a human
school of thought analyzes respondent participant.
behavior.
Ivan Pavlov John B Watson B.F. Skinner

1849-1936 1878 - 1958 1904 - 1990


Russian physiologist American psychologist American psychologist,
behaviourist, author, inventor,
developed his concept of the The “Little Albert” experiment.
and social philosopher.
conditioned reflex through a He gets credit for establishing
famous study with dogs and the psychological school of referred his approach to the
won a Nobel Prize Award in behaviorism. study of behavior as radical
1904 behaviorism
1906
Classical
Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov was a noted Russian


physiologist who went on to win the 1904
Nobel Prize for his work studying
digestive processes. It was while
studying digestion in dogs that Pavlov
noted an interesting occurrence – his
canine subjects would begin to salivate
whenever an assistant entered the room.
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an
association is made between a previously neutral stimulus
and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response. Classic
conditioning occurs when a natural reflex responds to a
stimulus.

In Pavlov’s classic experiment, the smell of food was the


naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the
previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association
had been made between the two, the sound of the bell
alone could lead to a response.
1. The Unconditioned Stimulus - The unconditioned stimulus is one that
unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response.

2. The Unconditioned Response - The unconditioned response is the unlearned


response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.

3. The Conditioned Stimulus - The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral


stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus,
eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.

4. The Conditioned Response - The conditioned response is the learned response


to the previously neutral stimulus.
Phase 1: Before Conditioning
During this phase of the processes, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) results in an
unconditioned response (UCR). For example, presenting food (the UCS) naturally
and automatically triggers a salivation response (the UCR).
Phase 2: During Conditioning
During the second phase of the classical conditioning process, the previously
neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus. As a result of
this pairing, an association between the previously neutral stimulus and the UCS is
formed.
Phase 3: After Conditioning
Once the association has been made between the UCS and the CS, presenting the
conditioned stimulus alone will come to evoke a response even without the
unconditioned stimulus. The resulting response is known as the conditioned
response (CR).
1930
Father of
Behaviorism
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-
formed, and my own specified world to
bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take
any one at random and train him to become
any type of specialist I might select --
doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and,
yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless
of his talents, penchants, tendencies,
abilities, vocations, and race of his
ancestors.”
1938
Operant
Conditioning

Skinner used the term “operant” to refer


to any "active behavior that operates
upon the environment to generate
consequences." Skinner's theory
explained how we acquire the range of
learned behaviors we exhibit every day.
Operant conditioning
Its Framework

Framework
1. Positive reinforcement - something is added to the mix that
makes the behavior more likely to continue or reoccur

2. Negative reinforcement - something is taken away from the


mix that makes the behavior more likely to continue or reoccur

3. Positive punishment - something is “added” to the mix that


makes the behavior less likely to continue or reoccur

4. Negative punishment - something is “taken away” from the


mix that makes the behavior less likely to continue or reoccur
















Final thought

As a future teacher, how do you


feel about this theory and how
are you going to apply this
theory?
THANK YOU

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