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International Conference on Agribussines, Food and Agro-Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 205 (2018) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/205/1/012016
The characteristic and problems of beef cattle – palm oil
integration in Indonesia
Firman RL Silalahi1,2,5, Abdul Rauf3, ChairaniHanum3, and Donald Siahaan4
1
Agricultural Extension College of Medan, Indonesia
2
Department of Natural Resources and Enviromental Management, Graduate School,
UniversitasSumatera Utara, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
4
Indonesia Oil Palm Research Institute, Indonesia
5
CorrespondingauthorE-mail address:
[email protected] Abstract. Since 2003, the Indonesian government through the Ministry of Agriculture has
been promoting the program of integration of beef cattle- palm oil. After fifteen years the
program is conducted, it is needed a study to find out the progress of integration
implementation. The objective of this study is to identify the main characteristics and problems
of implementing integration that have been carried out on a small and large scale from palm oil
plantations in several provinces in Indonesia. The study has been conducted in several
locations of integration in Indonesia. The conclusion of this research is the integration in
Indonesia is carried out with intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive integration patterns. Bali
Cattle is the most commonly used. There is no standard processing of cattle feed made from
biomass of palm oil plantation industry. The issues encountered in the implementation
integration by small-scale farmers are the difficulty of obtaining palm kernel cake,
unfavourable feed processing technology, and the issue cattle destroying palm oil plantations.
And large-scale are the issue cattle destroying palm oil plantations, marketing problem, and
understanding of the principle of implementation integration.Business diversification carried
out on integration activities is manufacture of solid organic fertilizer, liquid organic fertilizer,
and the manufacture of biogas from cattle dung and urine.
1. Introduction
In 2017 to 2021, it is estimated that the average consumption of Indonesian beef per capita will grow
6.30% per year. In 2017 it is estimated that Indonesian beef consumption is 2.40 kg capita/year which
continues to increase up to 2021 by 3.02 kg/capita/year [1]. It is projected that up to 2020 to meet the
beef needs of the Indonesian, it still has to go through imports. Various programs have been carried
out by the government to address the problem of the need for beef, one of which is implementing
integration of beef cattle – palmoil.
The integration is very potential, because the area of Indonesian palm oil plantations is very wide.
It is predicted that in 2016, the area of palm oil plantations in Indonesia will reach 11,672 million
hectares [2]. The area of palm oil plantations in Sumatra and Kalimantan can be used for breeding but
as many as around 9 million heads [3]. Based on the results of various studies it was reported that the
development of cattle breeding through the beef cattle – palm oil integration system can breed well by
utilizing biomass derived from oil palm plantation activities. The product and by product from the
palm oil indsutry are valuable feed resources with potential to be utilised raw material of animal feed
[4]. The beef cattle – palm oil integrated production systems are considered as one ofsuccessfull and
sustainable integrated agricultural production systems in Malaysia. [5]. Farmers in Rokan Hulu
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International Conference on Agribussines, Food and Agro-Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 205 (2018) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/205/1/012016
Regency of Riau Province, have increased their income level by implementing integration of beef
cattle – palm oil [6]. The increasing production of beef cattle towards meat self-sufficiency can be
achieved through the development of integration of beef cattle – palm oil [7].
Since 2003, The Indonesian government through the Ministry of Agriculture has been promoting
program of integration of beef cattle – palm oil to secure the availability of beef needs. Several
government agencies, both at the central and regional levels, have participated in encouraging the
development of integration. Since 2003 the Agricultural Research and Development Agency, has
studied the development of integration of beef cattle – palm oil, the results of studies has implemented
to the farmers [8]. The Directorate General of Animal Husbandry and Health from 2012 to 2016 has
provided cattle, cages, equipment for made feed from biomass of the palm oil industry, and fertilizer-
making equipment to farmer groups in Indonesia to support the implementation of integration [9]. The
Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises has also encouraged the State Oil Palm Plantation Company to
participate in the integration of beef cattle – palm oil [10].The Company of Perkebunan Nusantara III
has implemented the integration strategy of beef cattle - palm oil since 2012 [11]. The government
encourages all levels of society, farmers, state companies, private companies, and research bodies to
implement integration. Integration activities have been carried out by various companies and people in
the form of small scale and large scale.
After fifteen years the program of integration of beef cattle – palm oil has been promoting, it is
needed a study to find out the progress.The progress can be observed from characteristic and problems
in the implementation of integration. The information generated from this study is very useful for
program evaluation and as materials for preparation of further development strategies.
The objective of this study is to identify the main characteristics and problems of implementation
of integration was conducted on a small and large scale of palm oil plantations in several provinces in
Indonesia.
2. Materials and Methods
The research was conducted in areas of palm oil plantations and in areas where the integration of
cattle-oil has been successful. The locations of the research are Langkat regency, and Batu Bara
regency in North Sumatra Province, Pelalawan regency and Siak regency in Riau Province,
TanjungJabung Barat regency in Jambi Province, and Kotawaringin Barat regency in Central
Kalimantan.This location was selected by the office that handled the Integration of cattle –palm oil in
each province and the Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia. Interviews have been conducted to the
parties that have implemented cattle - palm oil integration. The names of institutions interviewed for
each location and business scale are presented in Table 1.
Respondentsconsit of small farmer groups and large scale companies. Small farmer groups are a
group of farmers who own palm oil plantations or not, which seeks business integration of beef cattle -
palm oil. Large Scale is a palm oil plantation company that operates a large scale cattle - palm oil
integration and has a large area of land. Respondents who were interviewed were responsible for
activities, namely: chairman or farmer group management for respondents from farmer groups and
managers and personnel in charge of large scale companies. Each respondent has been interviewed
directly with a structured questionnaire. The number of respondents in this study were two
respondents from large scale and ten respondents from small scale.
The data collected are patterns of integration implementation, feed used, type of cattle used, and
problems of implementing integration. Data evaluation is done by categorizing data to provide an
overview of the application and problems of integration in several provinces in Indonesia.
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International Conference on Agribussines, Food and Agro-Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 205 (2018) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/205/1/012016
Table 1. Research Location, Institution, and Business Scale
No. Research Location Institution Cattle Business
Heads Scale
1. Langkat Regency in North Sumatera Palm Oil Research Center 160 Small
Province
2. Batubara Regency in North Sumatera Group Farmer of Sentosa 25 Small
Province
3. Pelalawan Regency in Riau Province Group Farmer of Karya Lestari 148 Small
4. Siak Regency t in Riau Province Group Farmer of MajuMakmur 77 Small
Group Farmer of SumberRejeki 71 Small
Group Farmer of KaryaBersama 52 Small
5. Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency in Group Farmer of Bumi Aji 75 Small
Jambi Province Group Farmer of Sidomakmur 28 Small
Group Farmer of Teladan 67 Small
6. Kota Waringin Barat Regency in PT. Agro Lestari >5.000 Large
Central Kalimantan Province PT. Sulung Ranch >5.000 Large
Group Farmer ofSuburMakmur 130 Small
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Pattern of Cattle - Palm oil Integration Adopted
Table 2 shows the pattern integration adopted by the community consists of three patterns that is
intensive integration, semi-intensive integration, and extensive integration. There are four that
conducted intensive integration, four of semi-intensive integration, and four of extensive integration.
There are twelve institutions surveyed that consist of two large-scale institutions and both conducted
extensive integration, while ten small-scale conducted intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive
integration. This suggests that a large-scale tendency of choosing extensive integration. This condition
is done to reduce the cost for the manufacture of cages and feed. In livestock breeding cost of feed is
the biggest production cost that is sixty until eighty percent [12]. While small-scale does not tend to be
one pattern of integration model, it may be based on various factors that is the ability to prepare feed,
the availability of raw materials, the availability of palm oil plantation, the ability of human resources,
and profit considerations. Farmers who conducted intensiveintegration due to consideration of not
owning plantation, plantation companies do not allow their land to be used as grazing sites, and
develop organic fertilizer businesses. Farmers who conducted semi-intensive integration because of
the existence of oil palm plantations that can be used as grazing and security for cattle. And farmers
who conducted extensive integration due to the availability of land for grazing and reducing the cost of
making cage.Optimizing the utilization of palm oil by products through technological approaches,
integration of beef cattle - palm oil can be implemented by semi-intensive patterns as well as intensive
patterns [13].
3.2 Type of Feed Used
Table 2 shows that feed used generally in the intensive integration is biomass of the palm oil
plantation industrythat is leaves: midrib, palm kernel cake, and solid. At the palm oil research center,
biomass derived from palm oil is 88.6 percent, farmer group of Karya Bersama is 90 percent, farmer
group of BumiAji is 75 percent, and farmer group of Subur Makmur is 98 percent. At the palm oil
research center, the biomass used consists of leaves and midrib from harvesting, and palm kernel cake.
Leaves and midrib chopped using a chopper machine that capable destroy leaves and midrib in fine
size. The farmer group of Karya Bersama, and Bumi Aji use leaves and midrib only, while the palm
kernel cake and solids are not used because it is difficult to get. Farmer group of Subur Makmur using
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International Conference on Agribussines, Food and Agro-Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 205 (2018) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/205/1/012016
leaves and midrib chopped, palm kernel cake,and solid.This suggests that the integration can rely on
feed from biomass derived palm oil industry. The potential of biomass derived palm oil industry that
can be used as cattle feed is midrib, leaves, palm kernel cake, and solid [3]. Complete feed based palm
oil biomass can be used for cattle fattening [14]. The use of midriband leaves palm oil up to 60 percent
can increase the weight of beef cattle compared to feeding forage only and more efficient in the use of
feed [15]. Table 2 shows that there is a difference in the composition of the feed used, indicating that
the preparation of cattle feed from palm oil biomass still has no standard. The study of cattle – palm
oil integration still requires feed enrichment innovation that cheaper and easier in the utilization of
biomass for cattle feed by mechanical, chemical and biological means in a fermentation [16]. Addition
of urea and EM-4 through the ammoniation-fermentation process shows the results relatively equal
control over the consumption of feed, digestibility, and body weigth gain of pampangan buffalo [17].
In the semi-intensive integration, the feed given mainly is the grass growing on the palm oil
plantation. Types of grass that is consumed, consist of leguminous, ferns, bushes, and reeds. These
grasses can be eaten by cattles. In addition to eating grass on the palm land, in the morning and
afternoon cattle are also given grass taken from around the location of farms and grasses exclusively
planted specifically. Unlike the others, group farmer of Karya Lestari provide concentrate on cattles in
the morning. The raw material of concentrate is 90 percent biomass of palm oil that consist of solid,
palm kernel cake, and midrib chopped and processed by fermentation. Meanwhile, when cattle graze
to palm oil plantations only for additional and enrich the type of intake and in the afternoon no longer
given food.
Tabel 2. Institution, Cattle Heads, Integration Pattern, Cattle type Used, and Feed Used
No. Institution Integration Cattle type Used Feed used
Pattern
1 Palm Oil Intensif Bali Cattle, Ongole Concentrate (Leaves and Midrib
Research Center Crossbreed, and Chopped of Palm Oil, and Palm Kernel
Simmental Cake: 88.6%)
2 Group Farmer of Semi Intensif Bali Cattle Leaves and Midrib Chopped of Palm
Sentosa Oil: 90%
3 Group Farmer of Semi Intensif Bali Cattle Leaves and Midrib Chopped of Palm
Karya Lestari Oil: 75%
4 Group Farmer of Semi Intensif Bali Cattle dan Concentrate (Palm Kernel Cake, Solid,
MajuMakmur Ongole Crossbreed danMidrib Chopped: 98%)
5 Group Farmer of Ekstensif Ongole Crossbreed Grass under Palm oil, and Grass
SumberRejeki cultivated
6 Group Farmer of Intensif Bali Cattle Grass under Palm oil, and Concentrat
KaryaBersama (Solid Palm Kernel Cake, and leaves
and Midrib chopped of palm oil: 90%)
7 Group Farmer of Intensif Bali Cattle Grass under Palm oil, and Grass taken
Bumi Aji from the surrounding land
8 Group Farmer of Semi Intensif Bali Cattle Grass under Palm oil, and Grass taken
Sidomakmur from the surrounding land
9 Group Farmer of Ekstensif Bali Cattle Grass under Palm oil
Teladan
10 PT. Agro Lestari Ekstensif Bali Cattle Grass under Palm oil
11 PT. Sulung Ranch Ekstensif Peranakan Ongole Grass under Palm oil, and Concentrate
(Palm Kernel Cake, and Solid: 69%)
12 Group Farmer Intensif Ongole Crossbreed Grass under Palm oil, and Concentrate
ofSuburMakmur and Bali Cattle (Palm Kernel Cake, and Solid: 69%)
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International Conference on Agribussines, Food and Agro-Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 205 (2018) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/205/1/012016
In Extensive integration, there are two institutions (Farmer Group of SumberRezeki, and Farmer
Group of Teladan) release cattle to graze on palm oil plantation and do not give any additional feed.
Cattle grazing on palm oil sites owned by plantation companies in the surrounding area. There is an
agreement that cattle are only grazed on palm oil above 10 years old. Plantation still holds that cattle
are pests and can disrupt the growth of palm oil. Meanwhile, two other institutions (PT Agro Lestari
and PT Sulung Ranch) release cattle for grazing on palm oil sites, but provide additional feed in the
form of concentrate 69 percent composition of palm oil byproduct in the morning and afternoon. The
given dose is 3 kg/day. According to the manager this is done to meet the nutritional needs of cattles.
Shepherding is done in their palm oil plantations that are over 10 years old. According to the manager,
grasses that grow less nutritious and the amount that can be consumed a little. The increasing age of
palm oil, the growing variety and vegetation and the decreasing number of natural vegetation [13].
3.3 Cattle type used
Table 2 shows the types of cattles that are cultivated in integration activities, namely Bali, Simmental,
and Ongole crossbreed. Bali type is the most culltivated. Bali can be breeded on intensive, semi-
intensive, and extensive integration patterns. The development of Bali cattle in the integration of
cattle–palm oil in an intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive pattern can improve the productivity and
population of bali cattle [18]. According to the statement of the respondents there are several
advantages of using the type of Bali cattle, which is easy to adapt to feeds derived from palm oil
biomass, easy to get livestock seeds, not easily attacked by disease, preferably the community, and
easier in marketing. While Simmental and Ongole crossbred have some disadvantages that is the body
is too large to be difficult to market, susceptible to disease, and difficult to adapt to the feed derived
from palm oil. Bali cattle have proven to be adaptive and productive, and very suitable for
development in palm oil plantation [19]. Bali cattle are preferred because the feed is easy and can
develop well [20]. Bali cattle have a high fertility rate, and are able to adapt well in the palm oil
plantation, which is indicated by good production performance and reproductive power and productive
age of more than 10 years old [18]. Bali cattle are also smaller in size, making it easy to graze on
extensive palm plantations.
3.4 Integration Implementation Issues
Table 3 shows, that problems faced by small-scale institutions are the difficulty to obtain solid and
palm kernel cake, have not mastered the feed processing technology made from palm oil industry
biomass, and issues about the problems caused by cattle that can damage the palm oil. Palm kernel
cake has high nutritional value and has been widely used as a mixture of feed making. Palm kernel
cake produced by palm oil mills have generally been contracted by large-scale feeding companies and
exported. This condition makes the palm kernel cake has been controlled large-scale feeding
companies and should not be sold to other parties. The needs of small-scale institutions are not able to
make contracts with the palm oil mills, so it is not possible to obtain palm kernel cake. The palm
midrib and leaves are the raw material feed source of crude fiber, each containing 50.9 percent and
21.5 percent so it can be used as a substitute for grass [21]. However, the level of lignin on the skin of
palm midrib and leaves is quite high, so to be consumed by cattle and increased its palatability needs
to be reduced in size. Appliances and chopper machines owned by small farmers have not been able to
produce a delicate product, so it can interfere with the digestion of the cattle. Stick contained in the
leaves, and midrib can not be chopped smoothly. Except at the palm oil research center, already has a
chopping machine capable of chopping leaves and midrib until the existing stick can be consumed by
the cattle.
Crude fiber, making palm kernel cake in its use as livestock feed is limited, to improve its
utilization required fermentation process with Aspergillus nigermold. Similarly, the solid easily
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International Conference on Agribussines, Food and Agro-Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 205 (2018) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/205/1/012016
becomes rancid and overgrown with mold if left in the open air. Increasing solid protein content can
be done through fermentation process with Aspegillusniger [22]. Farmers have not mastered the feed
processing technology of biomass of palm oil industry. Based on the results of field visits, farmer have
never received training on cattle feed processing made from biomass of palm oil industry. And farmer
do not know for sure the nutritional content of cattle feed that they make.
Cattle grazing in palm oil plantations by some parties is believed to cause damage to the growth
and production of palm oil. Small farmers usually utilize existing palm oil areas as well as other
community lands. These activities often get obstacles from the owners of oil palm plantations, they
consider that the cattle can have a negative impact on palm oil. The cattle may consume the leaves on
immature crops that damage the leaves, the cattle can be a carrier for the spread of ganoderma and
caterpillar disease (metisa plana). In the rainy seasons, cattle may also damage the path for harvesting
in the palm oil plantations.The damage caused by cattle in the palm oil plantation is the damage of
leaves on immature crops, eating the falling palm oil fruit, to be a carrier of ganoderma boninense
disease and caterpillar, and soil degradation in the form of soil compaction [23]. The conflict between
farmer and owners of palm oil is common. Farmer need palm oil land as a grazing area, while palm oil
plantation owners refuse because can damage their palm oil plantations. This condition leads to social
problems in the community that is the conflict between farmers and owners of palm oil plantations.
In the palm oil plantation companies are implementing integration cattle – palm oil that is the belief
that cattle grazing in palm oil plantations can have negative impacts for palm oil. The policy of the
company that is still in doubt and considers that the entry of cattle into oil palm plantations is a pest
and hamper the increase of palm productivity. Concerns about the destruction of palm oil are a major
problem factor in the implementation of cattle – palm oil integration [24]. The number of cattle grazed
in large quantities, often considered to be able to solidify the soil on palm oil area and damage to the
harvest road especially in the rainy season. Harvest workers feel disturbed because the harvest road is
damaged and difficult to transport the harvest. So there is a conflict of interest between the manager of
the palm oil plantation and the livestock manager.
The problem that may also arise in the implementation of integration for large-scale institutions is
the problem of marketing. That cattle breeding integration systems will continue if marketing can be
adequate [24]. The remote location of the farm is a problem in the marketing. The transport from
location to consumer will increase the cost and increase the selling price, so it will be difficult to
compete with the cattle fattened close to the consumer. The location of large palm oil plantations and
providing abundant feed for cattle is on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. In addition, the
location of palm oil plantations are far from the city that can be tens to hundreds of kilometers from
downtown. While the island of Java is where the largest consumer of beef, so it takes more
transportation to send it to the island of Java.
Another problem with integration is that there is no complete understanding of the principles of
integration. There is still a conflict of interest between livestok manager and palm oil manager. That
some principles in the implementation of cattle – palm oil integration are the palm oil industry is the
main business that needs to be addressed in order to develop sustainably; and the presence of livestock
in the integration should be able to improve competitiveness, preserve the environment, add value, and
improve the welfare of farmers [16]. Concerns also arise from the negative impacts caused by the
introduction of cattle livestock activities into palm oil plantations, may be an obstacle to the
achievement of sustainable palm oil plantations. At the point of principle and criteria of sustainable
palm oil Indonesia, it explain that is the plantation company must be able to carry out the maintenance
of plants in support of crop productivity, and able to implement the control of plant pest organisms
with the application of integrated pest control [25].
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International Conference on Agribussines, Food and Agro-Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 205 (2018) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/205/1/012016
Table 3. Integration Implementation Issues
No. Institution Integration Integration Implementation Issues Diversification Activities
Pattern
1 Palm Oil Intensif Cattle issues damaging palm oil Solid organik fertilizer,
Research Center plantation Liquid organik fertilizer,
and Biogas
2 Group Farmer of Semi Difficulty obtaining palm kernel cake, Solid organik fertilizer,
Sentosa Intensif feed processing technology that has not Liquid organik fertilizer
been optimal, and cattle issues
damaging palm oil plantation
3 Group Farmer of Semi Difficulty obtaining palm kernel cake, Solid organik fertilizer
Karya Lestari Intensif feed processing technology that has not
been optimal, and cattle issues
damaging palm oil plantation
4 Group Farmer of Semi Difficulty obtaining palm kernel cake, Solid organik fertilizer
MajuMakmur Intensif feed processing technology that has not
been optimal, and cattle issues
damaging palm oil plantation
5 Group Farmer of Ekstensif Difficulty obtaining palm kernel cake, -
SumberRejeki feed processing technology that has not
been optimal, and cattle issues
damaging palm oil plantation
6 Group Farmer of Intensif Difficulty obtaining palm kernel cake, Solid organik fertilizer,
KaryaBersama feed processing technology that has not Liquid organik fertilizer,
been optimal, and cattle issues and Biogas
damaging palm oil plantation
7 Ghroup Farmer of Intensif Difficulty obtaining palm kernel cake, Solid organik fertilizer,
Bumi Aji feed processing technology that has not Liquid organik fertilizer,
been optimal, and cattle issues and Biogas
damaging palm oil plantation
8 Group Farmer of Semi Difficulty obtaining palm kernel cake, Solid organik fertilizer
Sidomakmur Intensif feed processing technology that has not
been optimal, and cattle issues
damaging palm oil plantation
9 Group Farmer of Ekstensif Difficulty obtaining palm kernel cake, -
Teladan feed processing technology that has not
been optimal, and cattle issues
damaging palm oil plantation
10 PT. Agro Lestari Ekstensif Cattle issues damaging oil palm -
plantations, marketing problem, and
understanding of the principle of
implementation of cattle – palm oil
integration
11 PT. Sulung Ranch Ekstensif Cattle issues damaging oil palm -
plantations, marketing problem, and
understanding of the principle of
implementation of cattle – palm oil
integration
12 Group Farmer Intensif Difficulty obtaining palm kernel cake, -
ofSuburMakmur feed processing technology that has not
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International Conference on Agribussines, Food and Agro-Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 205 (2018) 012016 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/205/1/012016
been optimal, and cattle issues
damaging palm oil plantation
3.5 Diversification Activities
Table 3 shows the institutions that carry out intensive cattle-palm oil integration pattern, all of
which undertake business diversification activities that is the making of manure, liquid fertilizer, and
biogas. The integration of beef cattle – palm oil has the potential for the development of bio-industry
of solid organic fertilizer from cattle dung and liquid organic fertilizer from cattle urine[3].The
purpose of this additional activity is to increase income and utilize livestock waste to support palm oil
plantation. The solid organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer are sold to the group members and
also to the farmers around. The results of this activity was able to cover the operational costs of
integration activitiesthat is labor costs. The resulting biogas is used for energy needs of cooking
activities.In accordance with [12] reported, the cattle fattening business based on the waste of palm oil
industry in Siak Regency can be feasible because of diversification from the processing of cattle dung
and urine.
In the semi-intensive integration there are three institutions that carry out the utilization of solid
and liquid waste. Two institutions do business of making solid organic fertilizer, liquid organic
fertilizer, and utilization of biogas, while one institution only processed solid organic fertilizer. This
activity can be done by using cattle dung and urine that existed when the cattle was held from the
afternoon until morning. According to the manager, cattle generally throw a lot of dung in the
morning. At the time cattle are grazed, the cattle dung that is wasted on the land is believed to be
fertilized for palm oil.
In the extensive integration there is no diversification of business in the utilization of cattle dung.
The cattle grazed throughout the day on oil palm plantations dump dung in any place on palm oil area,
making it difficult to collect and process further. In PT Agro Lestari and PT. Sulung Ranch, cattle
grazed on land bounded by an electric wire with an average area of 30 hectares and filled as many as
300 head of cattle. Every day cattle are moved to another location. According to the manager there are
several advantages of extensive integration that is weed control costs are reduced and soil fertility is
better. In line with [26] reports that livestock can be integrated with plantation because saving weeding
costs. And another advantage cattle can produce feces and become organic fertilizer.According to [27]
that goat manure can enrich the soil with valuable nutrients for plant growth, inhibit the growth and
development of pathogenic fungi planted by S. Rolfsii soil and simultaneously reduce incidine disease.
4. Conclusions
The integration of beef cattle - palm oil in Indonesia is carried out with intensive, semi-intensive, and
extensive integration patterns. Type of Bali is the most commonly used. There is no standard
processing of cattle feed made from biomass of palm oil plantation industry. The issues encountered in
the implementation of cattle-palm oil integration by small-scale farmers are the difficulty of obtaining
palm kernel cake, unfavorable feed processing technology, and the issue cattle destroying palm oil
plantations. And large-scale are the issue cattle destroying palm oil plantations, marketing problem,
and understanding of the principle of implementation of cattle - palm oil integration. Business
diversification carried out on integration activities is manufacture of solid organic fertilizer, liquid
organic fertilizer, and the manufacture of biogas from cattle dung and urine.
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