AL0-35356-2

SUPERIOR HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS FOR SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING

~\ APPLICATIONS
~
.... Final Report for the Period August 21, 1978-December 31, 1979

By
Leo Parts
David R. Miller
james W. Leffingwell
Quentin E. Thompson

September 1980

Work Performed Under Contract No. AC04-78CS35356

Monsanto Research Corporation

Dayton Laboratory
Dayton, Ohio

U.S. Department of Energy

Solar Energy
t

~STRIBUTION O:CU~~~I''T IS U ~JMm.'D

 DISCLAIMER

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otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any
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do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government or any agency thereof.
 DISCLAIMER

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 AL0-35356-2
Distribution Category UC-59c

SUPERIOR HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

FOR SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING APPLICATIONS

FINAL REPORT

For Period 21 August 1978 - 31 December 1979

Leo Parts
David R. Miller
James W. Leffingwell
Quentin E. Thompson

SEPTEM:BER 1980

MONSANTO RESEARCH CORPORATION

DAYTON LABORATORY
Dayton, Ohio 45407

Prepared for the

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY
Under Contract DE-AC04-70CS35356
(previously EM-78-C-04-5356)

I)ISTR'IBUTION OFTH IS DOCUMENT Is UNl. !M~

 THIS PAGE
WAS INTENTIONALLY
· LEFT BLANK
 ABSTRACT

The major objective of this program was the identification of.

superior, currently available organic heat transfer fluids for
solar collector applications. Organic fluids used in the form of
aqueous solutions were also to be identified.

The required design and handling properties of the fluids were

determined through a survey in which 115 designers and manu-
facturers of solar collectors and collection systems participated.

A state-of-the-art survey of commercially available organic heat

transfer fluids provided information on fifty fluids. These were
grouped into nine classes. This report contains information on
limiting, design, and handling properties of these fluids. The
limiting properties affix the use temperature ranges of the
fluids. The design properties include the following thermo-
physical data: densities, vapor pressures, viscosities, specific
heats, thermal conductivities, heats of vaporization, and coef-
ficients of thermal expansion. The handling properties include:
compatibility and incompatibility with construction materials~
chemical sensitivity, ignitability, physiological effects, and
biodegradability characteristics.

Mutagenicity tests with Salmonella typhimu~ium bacteria, and

ignitability tests were conducted with a number of fluids in this
program.

The properties of the fluids were analyzed with reference to the

required design and handling properties established in the survey
of collector manufacturers.

Guidelines are provided for the selection of superior fluids to

meet specific collector operational and compatibility require-
ments. These guidelines include the use of heat transfer effi-
ciency factors, that were calculated for the temperature ranges
for which thermophysical data were available.

iii
 ··,~

-,

THIS PAGE
WASi INTENTIONALLY
I
I

LEFT BLANK
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT • . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION . 1
DISCUSSION . 2
I Heat Transfer by Fluids . • 2
II Operational Considerations . . . . . 3
III Solar Design . . . . . . . . 5
IV Survey Results Pertaining to Performance and
Other Requirements on Heat Transfer Fluids . 6

.A. Information Acquisition. . . . . . . . . • . . 6

B. Grouping of Collector Designers and
Manufacturers Responding to Questionnaire. . 7
C. Limiting Operating Conditions. . . . . 12

1. Operating Temperature Range. . . • . . . . 12

2. Stagnation Temperature • . . . . . . . 12
3. Maximum Fluid Vapor Pressure . . . . . 12
4. Pumping Power. . • . • . . . . . . . . 17
5. Expected Half-Life of Fluids . . . . . . . 17

D. Handling Properties . . 22
1. Hottest Surface Contacted. . 22
2. Compatibility with Metals, Plastics,
Elastomers, and Other System Construc-
tion Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3. Physiological Safety Requirements~ . . . . 25
E. Currently Used Fluids. . . . . . . . . 31
F. Problems Encountered with Currently Used
Fluids . • . . . . • . . 32
G. Acceptable Prices. . . . . . . . . 33

V Commercial and Developmental Heat Transfer

Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A. Grouping of Fluids . . 35
B. Limiting Properties. . 38

1. Melting and Pour Points. . . . . . . . . . 38

2. Boiling Points and Thermal Deyrdddtion
Temperatures. Use Temperature Ranges. . 38

c. Design Properties. 41

1. Density . . . . 41

v
 CONTENTS (continued)

2. Vapor Pressure . . . 41
3. Kinematic Viscosity . . 41
4. Specific Heat. . . . . 44
5. Thermal Conductivity . 44
6. Heat of Vaporization 47
7. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion . 47

D. Handling Properties . . . . 47

1. Compatibility and Incompatibility of

Heat Transfer Fluids with Metals,
Plastics, Elastomers, and Other
Construction Materials . . . . . . . . . 47
2. Chemical Sensitivity to Water, Inorganic
Bases, Trace Quantities of Strong
Acids, Chloride Ions, Soldering and
Welding Fluxes, and Oxygen . . . . . 49
3. Ignitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4. Fire Extinguishing Agents. . . . . . . . . 51
5. Physiological Effects. . . . . . . . . 51
6. Biodegradability Characteristics . . . . . 55
7. Solvents and Cleaning Methods. . . • • • • 55
8. Surface Tension. . . . . . . . . . 56
9. Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

E. Prices . . . . 57

F. Guidelines for the Selection of Fluids . 57

1. Establishment of Limiting Properties

and Selection of Candidate Fluids. . . . 58
2. Heat Transfer Efficiency Factor. . . . 58
3. Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness, and
Preliminary Screening. . . . . . . . . . 61
4. Review of Handling Properties and
Final Selection. . . . . . . . . 62

CONCLUSIONS. . . . ..... . 63
RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • i • • • 65
REFERENCES . . . . . . . 66
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. . . . . .. 69
APPENDICES

I Questionnaire to Designers and Manufacturers of

Solar Energy Collectors and Collection Systems . 70
 CONTENTS (continued)

APPENDICES (continued)

II Questionnaire to Manufacturers of Heat Transfer

and Storage Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 76
III Addresses of Heat Transfer Fluids
Manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . 82
IV Properties of Heat Transfer Fluids . 86

vii
 FIGURES

Number

1 Numbers of responding flat plate collector

designers and manufacturers, grouped on the
basis of collector surface area produced per year . 8
2 Numbers of responding concentrating collector
designers and manufacturers, grouped on the
basis of collector surface area produced per year . 9
3 Percentages of responding flat plate collector
designers and manufacturers on the basis of
collector surface area produced per year. • • . 10
4 Percentages of responding ~onr.entrating
collector des i.!Jners and manufacturers on the
basis of collector surface area produced per year . 10
5 Relative contributions of responding flat plate
~ollector designers and manufacturers, on the
basis of their annual production volumes, to the
total surface area produced . . . . . . . . . . 11
6 Relative contributions of responding concentrating
collector designers and manufacturers, on the
basis of their annual production volumes, to the
total surface area produced . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7 Lower limits of flat plate collector operatin!J
temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8 Lower limits of concentrating collector
operating temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9 Upper limits of flat plate collector operating
temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
10 Upper limits of concentrating collector
operating temperatures . . . . . . . o • o • o • o • 14
11 Stagnation temperatures of flat plate
collectors . . 0 o o o o ••••• 15
12 Stagnation temperatures of concentrating
collectors. 0 0 o •••••••••• o 15
13 Maximum allowable vapor pressures of fluids in
flat plate collectors • . . . • . o 16
14 Maximum allowable vapor pressures in
concentrating collectors . . . 0 • • •• 16
15 Pumping power as a fraction of power output
of flat plate collectors. . . 0 • • • • • • 18

viii
 FIGURES (continued)

Number

16 Pumping power as a fraction of power output

of concentrating collectors . . . . . . . 18
17 Maximum acceptable viscosities of fluids during
the startup of flat plate collectors . . . . 19
18 Maximum acceptable viscosities of fluids during
the startup of concentrating collectors . . . . . . 19
19 Maximum acceptable viscosities of fluids in the
operating temperature range of flat plate
collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
20 Maximum acceptable viscosities of fluids in the
operating temperature range of concentrating
collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
21 Expected half-lives of heat transfer fluids for
flat plate collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
22 Expected half-lives of heat transfer fluids for
concentrating collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
23 Maximum measured or estimated hot surface
exposure temperatures of heat transfer fluids
used ih flat plate collectors . . . . . . . . . 23
24 Maximum measured or estimated hot surface
exposure temperatures of heat transfer fluids
used in concentrating collectors . . . . . . 23
25 Compatibility requirements for fluids at
maximum use temperatures with metals used in
flat plate collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
26 Compatibility requirements for fluids at
maximum use temperatures with metals used in
concentrating collectors . . . . . . . . 24
27 compatibility requirements for fluids at
21°C (70°F) with plastics used in flat plate
collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
28 Compatibility requirements for fluids at
21°C (70°F) with plastics used in concentrating
collectors· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
29 Compatibility requirements for fluids at
21°C (70°F) with elastomers used in flat plate
collectors . . . . . . . • . . . • · . . . 27
30 Compatibility. requirements for fluids at
21°C (70°F) with elastomers used in
concentrating collectors . . . . . . .27

ix
 FIGURES (continued)

Number

31 Compatibility requirements for flat plate

collector fluids at 21°C (70°F) with
different materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
32 Compatibility requirements for concentrating
collector fluids at 2l~C (70°F) with different
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 28
33 Compatibility requirements for flat plate
collector fluids at maximum use temperatures
with different materials . . . . . . . . . . 29
34 Compatibility requirements for concentrating
collector fluids at maximum use temperatures
with different materials . . . . . . . . . . 29
35 Maximum acceptable price per gallon for heat
transfer fluids to be used in flat plate
collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
36 Maximum acceptable price per gallon for heat
transfer fluids to be used in concentrating
collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
37 Use temperature ranges of heat transfer
fluids by groups . . • . . . . . 40
38 Available density data . 42
39 Available vapor pressure data. . 43
40 Available kinematic viscosity data . 45
41 Available specific heat data .
I
. . . 46
42 Available thermal conductivity data. 48
43 Flash point ranges for different classes of heat
transfer fluids by Pen$ky-Martens closed
cup test • • • • • . . • 52
44 Autoignition temperature ranges for different
classes of heat transfer fluids . . • • . . . . 53
45 Prices of heat transfer fluids • . • • • . . • 126

X
 TABLES

Number

1 Currently Used Heat Transfer Fluids, Based

on Chemical Type . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2 Compositions and Manufacturers of Heat Transfer
Fluids . . . . . . ·. . . 36
3 Heat Transfer Efficiency Factors . . . 60
4 Addresses of Heat Transfer Fluids Manufacturers . . 83
·5 Melting, Pour, and Boiling Points. . . . . . •. 87
6 Use Temperature Ranges and Thermal Degradation
Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7 Summary of Density Data. . . . . . . . . . 91
8 Summary of Viscosity Data. 92
9 Summary of Specific Heat Data. . ..... 93
10 Summary of The~mal Conductivity Data . 94
11 Heats of Vaporization and Coefficients of
Thermal Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . 95
12 Metals Compatible with Heat Transfer Fluids
at 21°C (70°F) . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 97
13 Plastics Compatible with Heat Transfer Fluids
at 21°C (70°F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
14 Elastomers Compatible with Heat Transfer Fltiids
at 21°C (70°F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
15 Various Construction Materials Compatible with
Heat Transfer Fluids at 21°C (70°F) . . . . . . . . 100
16 Metals Compatible with Heat Transfer Fluids
at Maximum Use Temperatures . . . • • . • . . . 10~

17 Plastics, Elastomers1 and Other Construction

Materials Compatible with Heat Transfer Fluids
at Maximum Use Temperatures • . . . • . • • . • 102
18 Metals, Plastics, and Elastomers Incompatible
with Heat Transfer Fluids at 21°C (70°F) • • . 103
19 Metals, Plastics, and Elastomers Incompatible
with Heat Transfer Fluids at Maximum Use
Temperatures • • • • . • • . • . • • . • . • • 104
20 Chemical Sensitivity of Heat Transfer Fluids
to Water, Inorganic Bases, and Trace Quantities
of Strong Acids . • . • . . . • • . • . • . . • • • 105

xi
 TABLES (continued)

Number

21 Chemical Sensitivity of Heat Transfer Fluids

to Chloride Ions, and to Soldering and
Welding Fluxes . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . 107
22 Chemical Sensitivity of Heat Transfer Fluids
to Oxygen. . . . • . . . . • . . . . . • • . 108
23 Flash Ignition and Fire Points, and Autoignition
Temperatures of Heat Transfer Fluids • • . . . • . 109
24 Fire Extinguishing Agents for Heat Transfer
Flult.l::; . . . . . . . . . ..... . 111
25 Physiolog1ca1 .Properties of Heat TL'c:UU::;f!::!.t:·
Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
26 Summary of Ames Mutagenicity Test Results . . 117
27 Biodegradability Characteristics of Heat Transfer
Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
28 Solvents for Heat Transfer Fluids. 120
29 Cleaning Methods for Heat Transfer Fluid Spills . . 122
30 Surface Tensions and Colors of Heat Transfer
Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
31 Densities of Heat Transfer Fltiids . . . . . 127
32 Kinematic Viscosities of Heat Transfer Fluids. 141
33 Specific Heats of Heat Transfer Fluids 157
34 Thermal Conductivities of Heat Transfer Fluids 175
35 Vapor Pressures of Heat Transfer Fluids . . . . 189

xii
 INTRODUCTION

The major objective of this program was the identification of

superior, currently available heat transfer fluids for solar
collector applications.

Use of fluids for heat transfer is a mature, industrially applied

technology. Therefore, the emphasis in the program was placed on
the definition of required performance characteristics of fluids,
the establishment of currently available fluids and their prop-
erties, and providing guidelines for the selection of fluids.
The program encompassed the following elements:

• Definition of required performance.characterist~cs of

fluids for flat plate, and for low- and medium-temperature
concentrating collectors~

• State-of-the-art survey of industrial heat transfer fluids

that are currently available commercially.

• A survey of industrial firms and literature for develop-

mental or experimental fluids that could be of interest in
solar energy utilization.

• An e·xamination of other fluids of commerce for their appli-

cability as solar ·heat transfer fluids.

• Determination of certain ignitab~lity and toxicological

properties of commercially available fluids, if these were
not available from the respective manufacturers.

• Organization of al:I, pertinent data regarding heat transfer

fluids in a form useful for the designers, builders and
users of solar collectors. ·

• Development of guidelines for the selection of superior

fluids on the basis of collector operating characteristics
and materials used for construction.

The. required performance characteristics of fluids were estab-

lished on the basis of responses to a questionnaire that was
directed to designers and manufacturers of solar collectors.
It was followed by selective direct contacts with some
respondents.

The report contains up-to-date information on limiting, design

.- r·-
·-··

and handling properties on available commercial and developmental

fluids. Guidelines for the selection of fluids are provided.

1
\
 DISCUSSION

I Heat Transfer by Fluids

Most of the knowledge gained in industrial fluids technology is

directly applicable in solar design. In common with their indus-
trial and commercial counterparts, solar collection systems con-
tain at least one heat source (collector unit) , one heat sink, an
interconnecting fluid-filled circuit, and provisions for charging,
containing, circulating and draining the heat exchange fluids.
The role of the fluid is to accept heat at the source unit,
physically convey it as increased fluid enthalpy to the sink unit,
release it there as heat to the surroundings, and return to the
source for the next cycle. The fluict may remnin liquid through-
out the cycle (liquid-system), or it may be partially or totally
vaporized in the source unit (ebullient system) . The energy
needed to circulate the fluid may be supplied by external means
(pumped systems) or by gravity-density gradients (gravity and
natural convection systems) .

Complete thermal systems, whether solar or industrial, often

contain several thermal loops of the simple types just described,
interconnected in various ways to accomplish multiple objectives.
These are called binary or complex (e.g., tertiary, etc.) systems.

Heat transfer by fluids is a mature engineering technology. The

technical background information is provided by numerous books
[1-11], proceedings of meetings, and other publications. Design
equations, charts, and tables are available that cover heat
exchange and fluid flow situations encountered in industrial and
solar systems. Extensi,re use is made of dimensionless groups
(Reynolds, Prandtl, Nusselt, Grashof, Stanton, Condensation, etc.)
to generalize and correJ.ate important heat transfer and fluid
flow characteristics with physical properties of fluids, equip-
ment dimensions and·geometries, and flow conditions.

A scrutiny of the dimensionless groups reveals the fluid physical

properties of importance: heat capacity, thermal conductivity,
viscosity, density, coefficient of thermal expansion,· and latent
heat of vaporization. With the addition of vapor pressure and
freezing (or pour, or pumping) point, the list of fluid properties
affecting the system performance is essentially complete. This
list is the basis for the collection and compilation of property
oata spanning the useful temperature range of each heat transfer
fluid.

2
II Operational Considerations

Good solar collection system design involves the heat transfer

fluid as a vital component, chosen to optimize the system rela-
tive to design and performance objectives. System performance,
reliability, durability, economics, and safety are important
design considerations affected by the choice of the fluid.

In the selection of a fluid, the designer is limited to known,

available, well-characterized fluids that meet certain perfor-
mance and handling properties. The number of such fluids is not
great, and prevailing technological and economic factors affect
the availability of the chemically differe.nt types of fluids at
any time.

Geiringer published a handbook on heat transfer media in 19~2

[4]. A significant part of information compiled in this book
has become obsolete because of the removal of fluids from the
marketplace. A major objective of our program was to establish
a comprehensive information base encompassing presently available
fluids, to aid the solar collector designers in selecting fluids
that will allow their systems to function with optimum
effectiveness.

The information on presently available fluids, collected from

manufacturers, is presented in Section V in following sequence:

1. Limiting properties of fluids, that determine the use

temperature ranges (i.e., melting, pour and boiling points,
and thermal degradation temperatures) .

2. Design properties, that determine pumping power requirements

and heat transfer efficiency. The following physical prop-
erties are normally involved in design calculations:
density, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity and
vapor pressure. Included in this report are also data on
the coefficients of thermal expansion for the fluids.

3. Handling properties of fluids. These include the following:

• Compatib~lity and incompatibility with metals, plastics,

elastomers and other construction materials (e.g.,
building materials) •

• Chemical sensitivity to water, alkaline and acidic sub-

stances, chloride ions, soldering and welding fluxes,
and to oxygen.

• Ignitability characteristics (flash and ·fire points,

autoignition temperatures), and recommended fire
extinguishing agents.

3
 • Physiological effects (i~e~, threshold limit value
(TLV), acute toxicity, a~d mutagenicity. The Ames muta-
genicity test [12] was conducted with a number of fluids,
for .which data were not available from manufacturers).

• Biodegradability characteristics.

• Solvents and cleaning methods for heat transfer fluids.

4. Prices.

Sine~ the different properties of fluids are not independently

variable, trade-offs and compromises must often be made in the
selection of a fluid. Frequently encountered trade-offs involve
fire safety vs. cost, fire safety vs. corrosiveness, and thermal
stability vs. cost. Fire-resistant organic fluids are usually
more costly than their non-fire-resistant counterparts. Also,
fire-resistant water-based compositions are generally more cor-
rosive than non-water-based f~qids.
The operational considerations in the selection of an optimum
fluid for a given collector system must encompass all factors
cited in the above four subsections.

4
III Sol~r Design

Solar collector system design requires the same considerations

with regard to heat transfer fluids as an industrial-commercial
design, but with differences in emphasis.

Insolation (ground level solar energy flux) peaks typically near

500 watts/m 2 (160 Btu/hr•ft2) [13]. Radiant convective heat
fluxes encountered in industrial fluid heaters commonly exceed
63,000 watts/m 2 (20,000 Btu/hr·ft 2 ). This 125-fold difference
in energy flux is important in terms of both surface and fluid
temperatures attained, and the distribution and circulation of
carrier fluid through collector elements.

Flat plate collectors are generally capable of heating carrier

fluid to temperatures below 127°C (260°F). The low energy flux,
coupled with low fluid flow rate, requires close attention to
piping insulation, and minimizing piping surface area and pumping
power, to maximize energy collection efficiency. Fluids offering
the highest energy absorption per unit of energy consumed for
pumping are normally preferred. Because of their usual proxim-
ity to people and dwellings, flat plate systems need to be
designed with safety and property protection as prime
considerations.

Concentrating collectors, with relatively higher energy fluxes

and operating temperature capabilities, used frequently in remote
locations, resemble industrial applications more closely.

The required peak and average power capacities of any solar

system establish the collector intercept area, and hence the
required ground, roof-top, or field area. When a large area is
to be covered by a multiplicity of fluid-supplied collector units,
problems of flow distribution through a series-parallel network
of piping must be solved.

variability of the solar flux, due to the earth's motion and

atmospheric changes, poses problems not typical of industrial
installations. Transient heat transfer conditions are the rule
rather than the exception, and off-peak conditions must be con-
sidered in the design. Consideration of fluid properties over
the entire spectrum of operating temperatures, from winter night
cold soak to peak no-flow insolation, is a necessity. If a sup-
plementary fossil-fueled heat source is to be included in the
loop, its requirements must be satisfied. Also, if the collector
fluid is to serve dual duty as a thermal storage medium, its cost
and heat capacity become prime factors.

5
IV Survey Results Pertaining to Performance and Other
Requirements on Heat Transfer Fluids

A. Information Acquisition

To enable evaluation of performance characteristics of present

commercial, developmental and candidate heat transfer fluids for
solar energy collection purposes, the performance requirements
needed to be determined. The designers and manufacturers of
solar collectors were contacted for this purpose. They were asked
to complete a questionnaire designed to define the requirements
imposed on fluid performance by their system(s). The question-
naire covered the following areas:

• Physical properties affixed by system design

• Handling properties (including fire, physiological
and environmental safety requirements)
• Acceptable price
• General information (to obtain an indication of the
type and extent of the respondents's involvement).

A copy of this questionnaire is included in the Appendix.

The names and addresses of the firms to be contacted were

obtained from the National Solar Heating and Cooling Information
Center, from trade directories [14 and 15], and from reports
covering recently completed and current work. Questionnaires
were mailed to 575 firms.

Completed responses were received from 115 firms (20% of those

contacted). An additional 80 firms responded, indicating either
that the questionnaire did not pertain to their current activi-
ties, or that the requested information was considered proprietary
and will not be released. The most frequently cited reasons for
the nonresponses were: (1) discontinuation of collector design
and fabrication activities, and (2) nonutilization of organic
liquids for heat transfer.

Forty-nine questionnaires were returned as undeliverable. This

figure suggests that the frequency of business closings among
solar collector designers and manufacturers has been high.

The responses pertaining to flat plate and concentrA~ina collec-

tors were separated. The received information was extracted and
organized in tabular format under the following subject headings:

• Manufacturing organization, its area of involvement

(i.e.,·collectors and/or systems), production volume in
terms of collector surface area, and the fluids used.

6
 • Physical performance requirements for fluids (i.e., operat-
ing temperature range, stagnation temperature, maximum vapor
pressure, viscosity, pumping power and half-life).
• Fire resistance requirements for fluids.
• Compatibility requirements with metals, plastics, elastomers,
and other materials.
• Physiological safety, biodegradability, cost, and other
requirements.
• Problems encountered with the selected fluids.

This information was presented, without a detailed· analysis, in

an interim report [16]. Such an analysis has now'been performed
and the results will be presented in this report. To facilitate
overview of the information, it is presented mainly in graphical
format. The information pertaining to flat plate and concentrat-
ing collectors is presented separately. Identical subject matter
pertaining to the two types of collectors (e.g., collecto'r
operating temperature range) is presented in the same sections of
this report. ·

B. Grouping of Collector Designers and Manufacturers

Responding to Quest1onna1re

In Figures 1 and 2 are shown the surface areas of solar co.l·lec-

tors produced by the one hundred respondents who indicated."their
production volumes. Since most of the respondents consider their
production volumes confidential information, they are identified
only by code numbers in our reports. ·

More respondents (89%) are involved in the production of flat

plate collectors than concentrating collectors (20%) ; some re-
spondents (9%) produce both types 6f'collectors.

None of the concentrating collector manufacturers indicated annual

production volume in excess of 100,000 ft 2 • Five flat plate col-
lector manufacturers reported annual production volumes in the
range of 100,000 to 2,000,000 ft 2 •

A large percentage of manufacturers reported small production

volumes. Thus, 20% of flat plate collector manufacturers and
25% concentrating collector manufacturers reported production
volumes ranging up to 1,000 ft 2 • The production volume of more
than a nalf of the manufacturers did not exceed 10,000 ft 2 (see
Figures 3 and 4).

It should be noted that a small percentage of manufacturers pro-

duces a very significant fraction of collector surface area (see
Figures 1, 2, 5 and 6). The combined production volume of three
manufacturers represents 64.3% of the total reported flat plate

7
1i"'
"CC
5

8.. 4
:c
0::: 3

~ 2
E
:2 1

Surface Area !tt21

Surface Area (ft2)

..____. ......... _ --- ----r·- •. . . ~ ____ _.......,-.-

Surface Area !tt21

Figure 1. Numbers of responding flat plate collector
designers and manufacturers, grouped on the
basis of collector surface area produced
per year.

8
 Surface Area lft2l
Figure 2. Numbers of responding concentrating collector
designers and manufacturers, grouped on the
basis of collector surface area produced
per year.
 2,000,000 ttl - 1.2% ---.,I
600,000 to 660,000 tt2 - 2.4%
125.000 to 500,000 tt2- 2.4%

60,000 to 100,000tf 30 to 1000 tt2

30. 000 to 50,000 tt2

12.000 to 25.000 tt2 .

1, 200 to 2, 500 tt2

3,000 to 5.000 tt2

Figure 3. Percentages of responding flat plate collector

designers and manufacturers on the basis of
collector surface area produced per year.

70,000 to 100,000 tt 2

19 to 1000 tt2

26.000 to 50,000 tt2

2600 to 5000 tt 2

n.ooo to 25,000 112

Figure 4. Percentages of responding concentrating collector

designers and manufacturers on the basis of
collector surface area produced per year.

10
 [ 1.100 to z.soo.tti '· ·
II 2.600 to 5.ooo Jt2
1
,100 to 10.000
aooo to 2s .ooo ttZ

uon.ooo to UXJ.ooo ttl ·- 51,000 to 100.000 tt2

110,000 to 500,000 ttZ

Figure 5. Relative contributions of responding flat plate

collector designers and manufacturers, on the
basis of their annual production volumes, to the
total·surface area produced.

5100 to 10 IXKl tt 2
ll,IXKl to 25,1XKl tt2

2
51, IXKl to lOO:..r..IXKl=-'ft"----,t--

261XKl to 50,1XKl tt2

Figure 6. Relative contributions of responding concentrating

collector designers and rnanufac~urers, on the
basis of their annual production volumes, to the
total surface area produc~d.

11
collector surface area produced. The combined production volume
of two concentrating collector manufacturers represents 48.3% of
the total for that type of collectors. Thus, the design
characteristics of cbllectors produced by a relatively small
number of manufacturers can strongly influence the volumes of
fluids with specific performance characteristics needed for the
solar energy market.

C. Limiting Operating Conditions

1. Operating Temperature Range

The lower limits of most flat plate collector operating tempera-

tures extend from -46°C (-50°F) to +38°C (+100°F) (see Figure 7).
The corresponding values for most concentrating collectors range
from -34°C (-30°F) to +66°C (+150°F) (see Figure 8). With most
systems, the lower operating temperature is determined by climatic
factors.

The upper operating temperature limit is affected by a number of

factors, which include: the maximum energy flux in the geograph-
ical area where the collector is operated, the collection effi-
ciency of the system, thermal stability of the heat transfer
fluid, system construction materials that contact the fluid, and
heat capacity of the system. The upper temperature limit for
flat plate collectors peaks sharply around 93°C (200°F) (see
Figure 9). Concentrating collector manufacturers report a
broader range for the maximum operating temperature that centers
around 260°C (500°F) (see Figure 10).

2. Stagnation Temperature

The reported stagnation temperatures extend over very broad ranges.

Those for flat plate collectors encompass the interval from 82°C
(180°F) to 482°C (900°F) (see Figure 11). The range is still
wider for concentrating collectors (149°C to 1,093°C, 300°F to
2,000°F) (see Figure 12). The very high temperatures generated
under stagnation conditions in some collectors are above the
upper thermal stability limit of organic and silicone type heat
transfer fluids.

3. Maximum Fluid Vapor Pressure

The pressure tolerances of flat plate and concentrating collec-

tors do not differ significantly. The majority of the solar
collection systems are operated at pressures below 6.8 atm (100
psig). A few respondents indicated that their systems operate in
the 22-51 atm (326-750 psig) range (see Figures 13 and 14).
These values indicate acceptable vapor pressures of heat transfer
fluids at the.maximum collector operating temperatures.

12
 7

"' 6
...
'E
"C
c 5
8.
"'...
~· 4
...
0

~ 3
E
::::J
:z 2

Temperature (°F)

Figure 7. Lower limits of flat plate collector

operating temperatures.

-VI
cQ,):
"1::::1
c:
5

4
0
c.
VI
Q,)
3
-
c:::
0
'-
Q,) 2
..c
E
::I
z 1

Temperature (°F)
Figure 8. Lower limits of concentrating collector
operating temperatures.

13
 23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
~ 15
~ 14
8.
Ill 13
"''0 12
lu
:2 10
9
8

'
2
1
_m__m mm m
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#~~~~##
~~~~~~~....~~....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.,~....~~$'~~~1'~~~$~.,~
Temperature (•F)

Figure 9. Upper limits of flat plate collector

operating temperatures.

Temperature (°F)
Figure 10. Upper limits of concentrating collector
operating temperatures.

14
 20 .
19.
18
17
16
15
14
-E 13
~ 12
8.
~ 11
a::
'0 10

!
:>
9
z 8

Temperature (0 f)

Figure 11. Stagnation temperatures of flat

plate collectors.

Temperature (°F)
Figure 12. Stagnation temperatures of
concentrating collectors.

15
 7

6
-5
VI
r::::
Q)
"0
r::::
0
Q.
VI
Q) 4
-3
0:::

0
II...
Q)
.Q
E
::J 2
z
1

Vapor Pressure (psig)

Figure 13. Maximum allowable vapor pressures

of fluids in flat plate collectors.

Vapor Pressure (psig)

Figure 14. Maximum allowable vapor pressures

in concentrating collectors.

16
 4. Pumping Power

Figures 15 and 16 depict acceptable pumping power, with reference

to the power transferred from the collectors, for flat plate and
concentrating collectors, respectively. With one exception, the
values range from 0.01 to 0.06, with a mean value of 0.03.

The power required to pump the fluid in a solar collector is pri-

marily affected by its viscosity. The designers and ~anufacturers
of solar collectors were asked to indicate the maximum acceptable
kinematic viscosities of fluids at the start-up and operating
temperatures. The responses are indicated in Figures 17 to 20.
The number of persons responding to this question was small.
Also, the responses were provided not only in terms of kinematic
viscosities (in centistoke units), but also in terms of absolute
viscosities (in centipoise units). The latter quantity is the
product of kinematic viscosity and density. Since the densities
of the organic and silicone heat transfer fluids do not differ
greatly from 1 g/cm 3 , the responses in terms of both viscosities
are shown together.

Since the power output of concentrating collectors is normally

higher than that of flat plate collectors, more power can be
used for the pumping of fluids in the former systems. Therefore,
more viscous fluids are acceptable for concentrating collectors
than for flat plate systems.

5. Expected Half-Life of Fluids

The expectations regarding the half-life of heat transfer fluids

vary greatly. They extend from 1 to 40 years (see Figures 21
and 22). The mean expected half-life for fluids in flat plate
collectors, on the basis of responses to the questionnaire, is
fourteen years; the corresponding figure for fluids used in con-
centrating collectors is nine years.

The half-life is the time within which the amount of originally

introduced heat tra~sfer fluid is reduced to one half. The loss
can result from several reasons, including evaporation, thermally
induced condensation and pyrolysis reactions, and oxidation
reactions.

If the thermal and oxidative exposures of fluids would correspond

to conditions specified by their manufacturers, their half-lives
in solar collection systems could generally meet the expectations
of collector designers and manufacturers, with the exception of
glycols. However, heating of fluids in collectors under stagna~
tion conditions and oxidation by air admitted into the collection
systems can significantly reduce their useful lifetimes.

17
 0.10
lal Allowable pumping power < 0.02
0.09 lbl Allowable pumping power 0.005 to 0.029
lei Allowable pumping power 0.05 specified by two respondents.
All other data presented in this graph were specified
0.08 by a single respondent.

.... 0.07
Q,)

§
c. 0.06
C"'
c::
·a 0.05
E
:3
a..
0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

Respondents

Figure 15. Pumping power as a fraction of power

output of flat plate collectors.

lal Allowable pumping power 0.02

0.06 specified by two respondents.
Other d@1!! prmnl~d In lhl~
gruph were specified by a single
respondent.
0.05

k; 0.04
~
!' 0.03
·a.
e
:3
a..
0.02

0.01

Respondents
Figure 16. Pumping power as a fraction of power
output of concentrating collectors.

18
 -.... 2
0
Q)
..c
E 1
::l
z

Viscosity ( cp or cs)
Figure 17. Maximum acceptable viscosities of fluids during
the startup of flat plate collectors.

-
VI
cQ)
"C

8.
VI
Q)
3
0::: 2
'0
....
~ 1
e·
::::J
z

Vi scoslty (cs or cp)

Figure 18, Maximum acceptable viscosities of fluids during
the startup of concentrating collectors.

19
 -Cl)

cQ):
""0
c:
8.
Cl)
Q)

-
0::::
0
'-
Q)
2
.c
E
:::J
:z
1

Figure 19. Maximum acceptable viscosities of fluids in the

operating temperature range of flat plate
collectors. ·

-Cl)

cQ):
""0
c: 3
8.
Cl)

-
Q)
0:::: 2
Q
'-
~ 1
E
:::J
:z

Viscosity (cp or cs)

Figure 20. Maximum acceptable viscosities of fluids in the
operating temperature range of concentrating
collectors.

20
 12

11
10

c"' 8
~
c::
8. 7
~
"'0 6
...
~ 5
:::1
z 4

3
2

Half-life (years I

Figure 21. Expected half-lives of heat transfer

fluids for flat plate collectors.

-V)

c:
<I>
"0
c:
5

4
0
c.
V)
<I>
a::: 3
-0
L...
<I>
2
.0
E
z
::I 1

Half-life (years)
Figure 22. Expected half-lives of heat transfer
fluids for concentrating collectors.

21
D. Handling Properties

The properties covered in this section pertain to handling of

the heat transfer fluids. These include:

• The temperature of the hottest surface that the fluid

may contact.
• Required fire resistance characteristics to achieve
acceptably low probability of the occurrence of fires
upon accidental exposure of fluids to known ignition sources
during transfer and use.
• Compatibility with metals, plastics, elastomers, and
other collector construction materials.
• Physiological safety and. biodegradability requirements.
• Other requirements, which may be unique to specific solar
collection systems and their environments.

1. Hottest Surface Contacted

The hottest surface contacted by a solar collector fluid under

unplanned or accidental conditions is usually the collector
surface under stagnation conditions. A leak in fluid transfer
lines can allow fluid to spray or flow onto the hot surface.
Ignition could occur, even in the absence of a flame, if the
temperature of the surface that the fluid contacts is above its
autoign~tion temperature.

Figures 23 and 24 depict the maximum measured or es.timated hot

surface exposure temperatures to which heat transfer fluids, used
in flat plate and concentrating collectors, respectively, could
inadvertently become exposed. Based on the results of our sur-
vey, the maximum estimated hot surface fluid exposure temperatures
with 90% of the flat plate collectors are below 343°C (650°F).
The accidental fluid surface-exposure temperatures for 87% of
concentrating collectors are below 588°C (1,000°F). Figures 23
and 24 indicate the need for greater fire resistance with fluids
used in concentrating collectors.

2. Compatibility with Metals, Plastics, Elastomers,

and Other System Construction Materials

The compatibility requirements of fluids with metals at maximum

use temperatures are shown in Figures 25 and 26. The three
metals most often contacted by the fluids in flat plate collectors
are copper, aluminum, and carbon steel (in the order of diminish-
ing frequency). In concentrating collectors, the metals most
frequently contacted by the fluids are carbon steel, copper, and
stainless steel.

22
 13

12

11

"'
...
'E
"C
c:
8.
~
..."' 7
0 6
.._
...
&l
E
::l 5
z
4

3
2

•'
Temperjtture (°F)

Figure 23. Maximum measured or estimated hot surface

exposure temperatures of heat transfer
fluids used in fla.t· plate collectors.

"'
~4
"CI
c::
8.
:£ 3
a::
oz
...
Cl>
.&:>
E 1
::J
z

Temperature ("'FI

Figure 24. Maximum measured or estimated hot surface

exposure temperatures of heat transfer
fluids used in concentrating collectors.

23
 I
I

'
30

-
"'c:
Q)
"C
c:
8.
"'
Q)
20

-
0:::
0
._
Q)
.c
E
:J
z

Figure 25. Compatibility requirements for fluids

at maximum use temperatures with metals
used in flat plate collectors.

-"' 10
cQ):
-g 8
g_
"'
~ 6

~
.c
4
E
~ 2

Figure 26. Compatibility requirements for fluids

at maximum use temperatures with metals
used in concentrating collectors.

24
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated PVC and Teflon are the
plastics used most widely in contact with heat transfer fluids
in solar collectors. Other plastics reported to contact plastics
in solar collectors are shown in Figures 27 and 28.

Silicone, neoprene, buna-N and Viton are the elastomers reported

to contact heat transfer fluids at 21°C (70°F) most frequently.
Other elastomers that have been reported to have been used in
contact with fluids in solar collectors are shown in Figures 29
and 30.

A number of other materials may come in contact with heat trans-

fer fluids at temperatures ranging from ambient up to the maxi-
mum use temperatures (see Figures 31 to 34). These materials
include: gaskets, sealants, solders, various minerals that serve
as heat storage materials, and insulating and roofing materials.
Compatibiiity is particularly important with materials that con-
tact heat transfer fluids at elevated temperatures.

3. Physiological Safety Requirements

The responses of solar collector designers and manufacturers

pertaining to physiological safety requirements extended from
"none" to "should be nontoxic" [16].

Potential problems associated with the use of heat transfer

fluids in solar collector systems have been recognized. Steps
have been taken to define and to minimize the physiological
hazards arising from the use of heat transfer fluids.

The major physiological safety concerns are associated with the

contamination of potable water supplies [17 and 18]. Such con-
tamination could occur in heat exchangers used for solar heating
and cooling (SHAC) in which transfer of energy between heat
transfer fluids and potable water occurs. Contamination of water
supplies could arise also from dispos·al of fluids.

To help to define the potential problems, Searcy and associates

[19] have comiJiled published toxicological data for a number of
heat transfer fl\lids. They have also discussed two toxicological
rating methods for substances and provided references to some
major compilations of toxicological information.

The toxicological properties of 34 liquids, candidates for direct

contact liquid-liquid heat exchangers, were evaluated in a study
at Colorado State University [7].

Interim perfu:r-mance criteria for the design, development, tech-

nical evaluation and procurement of solar heating and cooling
systems were developed by the National Bureau of Standards for
the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). These

25
-"'
1:
Q)
"0
1:
&
"'
-
Q)
~

0
L..
Q)
.c
E
::I
z

Figure 27. Compatibility requirements for fluids

at 21°C (70°F) with plastics used in
flat plate collectors.

Figure 28. Compatibility requirements for fluids

at 21°C (70°F) with plastics used in
concentrating collectors.

26
 "'
'E
Cl)
"'C
~
8.
"'
Cl)
0:::

0
'-
CI)
.0
E
:::1
z

Figure 29. Compatibility requirements for fluids

at 2l°C (70°F) with elastomers used
in flat plate collectors .

.:!!
~
Cl)
"'C
~

8.
:c
0:::

0
'-
CI)
. .0
E
·::I
z

Figure 30. Compatibility requirements for fluids

at 21°C (70°F) with elastomers used
in cori~entrating coll~ctors.

27
 ~igure 31. Compatibility requirements for flat
plate collector fluids at 21°C (70°F)
with different materials.

~
~
c~
~
c
& 2
~
~
~
~
0
~
1
~
~
E
~
z

Figure 32. Compatibility requirements for

concentrating collector fluids at
21°C (70°F) with different materials.

28
Figure 33. Compatibility requirements for flat plate
collector fluids at maximum use temperatures
with'different materials.

Figure 34. Compatibility requirements for concentrating

collector fluids at maximum use temperatures
with different materials.

29
criteria applied primarily to systems installed in residential
baildings. The initially developed criteria were revised [21]
on the basis of experience gained in their implementation and
the comments received. It is envisioned that definitive per-
formance criteria will evolve, for use in Federal specifications
and as a model for state and local building codes.· The HUD
interim performance criteria for SHAC systems seek to reduce the
possibility of potable water contamination by specifying double-
walled heat exchangers for systems utilizing heat transfer
fluids that are toxic, and by specifying the manners of handling
and disposal of these fluids.

Eisenhard has conducted surveys of state legislations relating

to solar energy [22 and 23]. Guidelines for solar systems have
been proposed in the city of Los Angeles [24]. ~he National
Solar Heating and Cooling Information Center maintains a com-
puterized file pertaining to legislation and regulations covering
solar energy collection systems.

Concurrent with the development of mandatory guidelines by the

various governmental agencies, professional, trade and standards
organization are developing voluntary compliance standards for
the evolving solar collector technology [17]. Some of these
standards will encompass heat transfer fluids.

As the aforegoing discussion indicates, the physiological safety

requirements pertaining to heat transfer fluids for SHAC appli-
cations are in the evolutionary stage at the present. In trade-
off analysis during the selection of fluids, it is essential to
consider the toxicological properties of heat transfer fluids,
and to be attuned to the evolving mandatory requirements and
voluntary compliance standards.

30
E. Currently Used Fluids
The manufacturers of solar collectors were asked to indicate the
fluids they are currently recommending or using. The responses,
based on the chemical type of the fluids, are summarized in the
follow.ing table.
TABLE 1. CURRENTLY ·USED HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS,
BASED ON CHEMICAL TYPE

Percentage of responses
Flat plate Concentrating
collector collector
Fluid type manufacturers manufacturers

Petroleum-based aliphatic hydrocarbons 2.3 15.8

Synthetic aliphatic hydrocarbons 2.3
Aromatic hydrocarbons 1.6 18.4
Ethylene glycol/water 18.6 15.8
Propylene glycol/water 17.0 5.3
Watera 29.5 13.1
Ethers 0.8 5.3
Esters 0.8
Silicones 8.5 15.8
Fluorocarbons 0.8 2.6
Other 17.8 7.9
100.0 100.0

aFrequently with corrosion-inhibiting additives.

For flat plate collector systems, ethylene and propylene glycol,

water, and silicones account for 72.6% of the responses regard-
ing the fluids used. The "other" category, accounting for 17.8%
of the responses includes glycerine-water solutions, low-
viscosity oils, proprietary fluids, and some heat transfer fluids
that have been withdrawn from the market.
For concentrating collector systems, the glycols, aromatic and
petroleum-based aliphatic hydrocarbons, silicones and water
account for 84.2% of the responses. No attempt was made to
relate the frequency of responses to quanties of fluids used.

31
F. Problems Encountered with Currently Used Fluids

The manufacturers of solar collectors were also asked to indicate

problems known to occur with currently used fluids. The follow-
ing responses were received. The numbers in parentheses refer
to the frequency of responses.

Problems encountered in flat plate collectors:

• Failure of seals (8).

• Thermal degradation; low upper operating temperature
limit of fluids used (5).
• Corrosion with glycol-water solutions (4) and with
water (1).
• High viscosity of silicones and glycol-water
solutions (4).
• Low heat transfer efficiency (3) .
• Destruction and staining of roofing materials {3).
• Mineral deposits formed from water (3).

Problems encountered in concentrating collectors:

• Thermal degradation; low upper operating temperature

limit for fluids used (3).
• Toxicity of working fluids in contact with potable
water systems (2).
• Corrosion with ethylene g~ycol-water solution (1).
• High vi~cosity of silicone (1).
• Low heat transfer efficiency of silicone (1).
• High cost of fluid-compatible sealing materials (1).
• Mild toxicity {1).
• H~gh vapor pressure of glycols, nec~ssitating use
of expansion flasks (1).
• Formation of gaseous degradation products, including
hydrogen, from glycol (1).
• Short service life of glycols, necessitating
frequent replacement (1).

Since many collectorS are sold to the consUmers indirectly

through distributors, it is probable that the manufacturers are
hot fully aware of all problems associated with the use of
fluids. Therefore, the above list may be incomplete. However,
because of the large number of responses to the questionnaire,

32
the relative frequency of reported problems is believed to
be significant.

Some of the cited problems can be avoided or minimized by care-

fully selecting fluids that will meet the system performance
requirements (e.g., upper operating temperature limit), and by
considering the compatibility of system construction materials
(e.g., seals) with the fluids.
G. Acceptable Prices

The designers and manufacturers of solar collectors·were also

asked to indicate maximum prices acceptable to them for heat
transfer fluids. Their responses are shown graphically in
Figures 35 and 36. They are weighted heavily toward low-cost
(<$5/gallon) fluids.

3~
 13

12
11

10
~ 9
...,c:
Cl.>
c:
&. 8
"'Cl.>
0::
7
'0
....
Cl.>
J:J 6
E
:l
z 5

Price per Gallon ($)

Figure 35. Maximum acceptable price per gallon for heat

transfer fluids to be used in flat plate
collectors.

Figure 36. Maximum acceptable price per gallon for heat transfer
fluids to be used in concentrating collectors.

34
V Commercial and Developmental Heat Transfer Fluids

The information base on heat transfer fluids was established in

this program by two approaches:

1. Contact with known manufacturers of heat transfer fluids,

asking them to complete a questionnaire for each of
their fluids and to supply technical trade literature.

2. Computerized literature searches.

A questionnaire was developed for collecting the needed data

from the manufacturers of heat transfer fluids. It encompassed
the relevant limiting, design, and handling properties, as well
as price information. This questionnaire is included in the
report as Appendix II.

Copies of the questionnaire were mailed to twenty-eight manu-

facturers, who were asked to provide data pertaining to their
commercial and developmental heat transfer fluids. Twenty-two
manufacturers supplied information regarding fifty-two fluids.
One manufacturer preferred not to supply information about the
fluid he is marketing for solar heat transfer and storage. The
remaining five manufacturers that were contacted are currently
not promoting their fluids for solar applications.

The addresses and telephone numbers of fluids manufacturers who

supplied information for this program are included as Table 4 in
,Appendix III.

A. Grouping of Fluids

The fluids currently available in commercial and developmental

quantities have been divided into following groups in this
report:

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based aliphatic hydrocarbons
Synthetic aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based fluids
Propylene glycol-based fluids
Esters
Ethers
Silicones
Fluorocarbons

The chemical compositions of the fluids are presented in Table 2.

35
TABLE 2. COMPOSITIONS AND MANUFACTURERS OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS
Fluid Composition of the fluid Manufacturer

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 Mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons Exxon Company, USA
and selected additives
Diala.AX Refined mineral oil, and oxidation Shell Oil Company
inhibitor
Mobiltherm 603 Mixture of paraffinic base Mobil Oil Corporation
hydrocarbons
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43 Paraffinic type oil with oxidation A. Margolis & Sons Corp.
inhibitor
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 21 Paraffinic type petroleum oil Sun Oil Company
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 25 Paraffinic type petroleum oil Sun Oil Company
Texatherm Refined paraffinic oil from Texaco, -Inc.
petroleum stocks
Thermia Oil c Refined mineral oil and oxidation Shell Oil Company
.i.nh.iLit.,;,~:

Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Brayco 888 Synthetic-aliphatic hydrocarbons Bray Oil Company
Brayco 888 HF Synthetic aliphatic hydrocarbons Bray Oil Company
ESH-4 Hydrogenated polyalphaolefin Ethyl Corporation
ESH-5 Hydrogenated polyalphaolefin Ethyl Corporation
ESH-6 Hydroge~ated polyalphaolefin Ethyl Corporation
H-30 Synthetic, polymeric hydrocarbon Mark Enterprises, Inc.
H-30C Synthetic, polymeric hydrocarbon Mark Enterprises, Inc.
Uniroyal PAQ-13C Synthetic, saturated polyalphaolefin Uniroyal, Inc.
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J Alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons The Dow Chemical Company
Dowtherm LF Mixture of diphenyl oxide and ·The Dow Chemical Company
methylated biphenyl
DXE 1,1-Di(ortho-xylyl)ethane Gulf Oil Chemicals Company
Mobiltherm 600 Mixture of aromatic and paraffinic Mobil Oil Corporation
hynrnr.,.rhnn"
MCS-1958 Halogenated aromatic compounds Monsanto Company
MCS-1980 Mixed terphenyls and higher Monsanto Company
polyphenyls
MCS-2046 Modified mixed terphenyls and Monsanto Company
higher polyphenyls
Therminol 55 Mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons Monsanto Company
Therminol 60 Mixture of polyaromatic hydrocarbons Monsanto Company
Therminol 66 Modified terphenyls Monsanto Company
Therminol 88 Mixed terphenyls Monsanto Company

(continued)

36
 TABLE 2 (continued)

Fluid Composition of the fluid Manufacturer

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowthenn SR-1 Ethylene glycol with inhibitors The Dow Chemical Company
Prestone II Ethylene glycol with inhibitors Union Carbide Corporation
Sunsafe 100 Ethylene glycol with inhibitors Nuclear Technology Corp./
NPD Energy Systems, ~nc •.
Sunsafe 130 Ethylene glycol with inhibitors Nuclear Technology Corp./
NPD Energy Systems, Inc.
UCAR TF-17 Ethylene glycol with inhibitors Union Carbide Corporation
Zerex Ethylene glycol with inhibitors PPG Industries, Inc.
Propylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowfrost Propylene glycol with inhibitors The Dow Chemical Company
Practical Solar Fluid Propylene glycol with inhibi·tors Practical Solar Heat, Inc.
Solar Winter Ban Propylene glycol-water solution Cameo Manufacturing, Inc.
with in)libitors
Sunsafe 200 Propylene glycol with inhibitors Nuclear Technolog~ Corp./
NPD Energy Systems, Inc.
Sunsafe 230 Propylene glycol with inhibitors Nuclear Technology Corp./
NPD Energy. Systems, Inc.
Sunsol 60 Propylene glycol with inhibitors Sunworks
UCAR FF-35 Propylene glycol with inhibitors Union Carbide Corporation

Esters
Stauffer 3664-A Polyol ester-based fluid Stauffer Chemical Company
Therminol 44 Modified ester Monsanto Company

Ethers
Dowtherm A Eutectic mixture of diphenyl oxide The Dow Chemical Company
and biphenyl
Dowtherm G Mixture of di- and triaryl ethers The Dow Chemical Company
Therminol VP-1 Eutectic mixture composed of Monsanto Company
73.5 wt-% diphenyl oxide and
26.5 wt-% biphenyl
UCON HTF-500 Polyalkylene oxide ether Union Carbide Corporation

Silicones
SF-96(20) Poly(dimethylsiloxane) General Electric Company
SyltheL·m 444 Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Dow Corninq Corporation
)(2-11(,2 -~Olyldimethylsiloxane) Dow Corning Corporation

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 Trichloromonofluoromethane E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Freon 114 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Freon TA Azeotrope containing 89 wt-% E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
trichlorotrifluoroethane and
11 wt-% acetone

37
B. Limiting Properties

Physical and thermophysical properties data for water are included

with those for organic heat transfer fluid in the following
tables and figures.

1. Melting and Pour Points

The limiting properties of a fluid affix the temperature range

within which a system, utilizing that fluid, can be operated.
The lower limit of the operating temperature range is determined
either by the melting point or the pour point of the fluid.
The pour point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid, sub-
jected to gravitational force, will flow. Since some heat trans-
fer fluids become very viscous upon cooling, before reaching the
pour point, the lowest practical use temperature for these fluids
would be higher than the pour point. The lowest use temperatures
of fluids, recommended by manufacturers, are presented in
Table 5 (Appendix IV) .

2. Boiling Points and Thermal Degradation Temperatures.

Use Temperature Ranges

The boiling points and thermal degradation temperatures of fluids

serve as quantified indicators of the upper use temperature limit
of fluids. If a heat transfer system is designed to operate at
or near ~tmospheric pressure, it cannot be operated above the
normal boiling point of the fluid. Alternatively, if the system
is designed to be operated also at superatmospheric pressures,
its pressure tolerance establishes (via the log P vs. 1/T rela-
tionship) the upper use temperatures with different fluids.

With fluids that decompose below their boiling points, the ther-
mal degradation characteristics affix the upper use temperatures.
Thermal degradation of fluids is dependent upon the structures
of the compounds that constitute the fluids. It can cause dif-
ferent problems in th~ operation of the heat transfer system.
Degradation producing gaseous products results in loss of liquid
volume, and can produce flammable substances of high volatility.
It can also produce highly corrosive acidic substances. If the
degradation causes condensation and crosslinking processes in
the fluid, the viscosity increases. Associated with viscosity
increase is higher pumping power requirement. Under conditions
of severe overheating, the degradation of some fluids can pro-
duce ohar. If the char becomes deposited on the walls of fluid
transfer pipes or tubing, the efficiency of heat transfer can be
reduced very significantly.

Different experimental methods have been used to determine ther-

mal degradation characteristics of fluids. Some investigators
have monitored sample pressure at constant volume and at selected,

38
fixed temperatures [25]. Others have identified the volatile
degradation products and quantified their evolution [26]. Still
others have used the viscosity of fluids as a quantifiable meas-
ure of thermal stability.

Varying sophistication has been applied in degradation measure-

ments involving pressure monitoring. It has extended from the
ranking of fluids on the basis of the rate of pressure increase
at a selected temperature to isoteniscopic measurements [25].
In the latter, the rates of pressure increase in a bulb of fixed
dimensions are measured at selected temperatures. The thermal
degradation temperature of a substance is defined in isoteniscopic
measurements as the temperature at which the rate of pressure
increase in the test system is 0.014 torr/sec (50 mm/hr). That
temperature is normally determined by interpolation between
degradation rates at selected temperatures.

If the mechanism of degradation and the identities of degradation

products are of interest, these products are recovered from the
gaseous and liquid mixtures in the isoteniscope after the comple-
tion of the experiment. They are then subsequently separated
and identified by instrumental analytical techniques.

The isoteniscopic test is a useful initial test for thermal

stability of fluids. However, it is imperative that the fluids
also be evaluted by tests that simulate actual use more closely.
This necessitates long-term testing under conditions that expose
the fluids to the widely used transfer line materials that they
contact.

The maximum use temperatures recommended by manufacturers of

fluids are normally 28°C (50°F) to 83°C (150°F) lower than the
decomposition temperatures determined in stability tests. The
recommended maximum use temperatures for the fluids covered in
this report are presented in Table 6 (Appendix IV). The use
temperature ranges for the different classes of fluids are shown
in Figure 37.

The lack of standardized methods for thermal stability measure-

ment and the use of dissimilar test methods by manufacturers
cause difficulty for potential users in evaluating comparative
performances of different fluids. Recommendations have been made
to standardize use-simulative tests for solar fluids in general,
and thermal stability tests in particular [27].

At times, fluids may inadvertently become exposed to temperatures

higher than the recommended maximum use temperatures. Such an
e~posure may cause partial degradation, detrimental to the effi-
ciency of operation. Some manufacturers offer reprocessing
·Service for some of their fluids at a cost significantly lower
than replacement cost.

39
 Temperature (°CI
-100 0 100 200 300 400
' '
Petroleum- based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Synthetic aliphatic
· hydrocarbons
Aromatic
hydrocarbons
Ethylene glycol-
based fluids
Propylene glycol-
based fluids
Esters
Ethers
Silicones ••
Fluorocarbons

Water .I
I I I I I I I I I I

-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature (0 f)
Figure 37. Use temperature ranges of heat
transfer fluids by groups.

40
c. Design Properties

Design properties are those physical properties required for the

calculation of pumping power requirements, and heat transfer
efficiency and heat transport capacLty of the solar collection
system. The use of the data will be discussed in Section V-F.

1. Density

The density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume.

The densities of heat transfer fluids for the temperature inter-
vals for which the heat transfer efficiency factors could be
calculated on the basis of available data are summarized in
Table 7 in Appendix IV. All density data supplied by the manu-
facturers of fluids are presented in Table 31, Appendix IV.
The temperature ranges for which data are included in this report
are shown in Figure 38.

2. Vapor Pressure

Vapor pressure data for the fluids are presented in Table 32,
in Appendix IV. If the temperature range of interest extends
beyond the range of available experimental data, the Clausius-
Clapeyron equation

ln

can be used for extrapolation. In this expression, the symbols

represent the following physical parameters in a consistent set
of units:

P - vapor pressure, ~H
- heat of vaporization,
vap
R - gas constant, and T - temperature.

Because of deviation from ideal behavior, the data should not be

extrapolated over a broad temperature range, especially with
fluids composed of mixtures of cumJ?uunds.

The temperature ranges for which vapor pressure data for the
different fluids are included in this report are shown in
Figure 39.

3. Kinematic Viscosity

Kinematic viscosity is defined as the rat~o of absolute viscosity

of a fluid to its density at the same temperat~re. Absolute
viscosity represents the tangential force per unit area required
to move a fluid layer, at a unit distance, with unit velocity.

41
 0
Temperature ( C)
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Hydrocarbons I I ! I I I I II I
Petroleum- based
all2hatlc h~drocarbons
Calorla HT-43
Dlala AX
Mobiltherm 603
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43
Sunoco Heat Transfer 011 21
Sunoco Heat Transfer 011 25
Texatherm
Thermla Oil C
S~nthetic a112hatic h~drocarbons
Brayco 888
Brayco 888 HF
•
•••
ESH-4
ESH-5
ESH-6
H-30
H·30C
uniroyal PAO ilC
Aro111atlc hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J
Oowtherm LF
DXE
Moblltherm 600
MCS-1958
MO·U80
MCS-2046
Ttierminol 55
Therml no I 60
Thermi no I 66
Thermlnol 88
Gycols and water
Eth~lene gl~col·based fluids
Oowtherm SR·1
Prestone II
Sunsafe 100
Sunsafe 130
IJCAR TF-17
••
Zerex
Prol!}:lene gl~col-based fluids
Dow frost
Practical Solar Fluid
Solar WInter Ban

••
Sunsafe 200
Sunsafe 230
Sunsol 60
IJC.~P. rr-3~

~
Esters
--stauffer 3664-A
Thermlnol 44 •
Ethers
Oowtherm A
Oowtherm G
Thermlnol VP·1
UCON HTF-500 ·--

~
s
Syltherm 444
X2·1162
Fluorocarbons
Freon I!
Freon 114
Freon TA

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature (°F)

Figure 38. Available density data.

42
 Temperature (°Cl
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
II I I IT I
Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
all~hatlc h~drocarbons
Calorla HT-43
Dlala AX
Mobiltherm 603
1--
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 21
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 25
Texatherm
Thermla Oil C
S~nthetlc all~hatlc h~drocarbons
Brayco 888
Brayco 888 HF
ESH-4
ESH-5 •
ESH-6
H-30
H·30C • :
Uniroyal PAO 13C
Aromatic h~drocarbons
Oowtherm J
Dowtherm LF
DXE
Mobiltherm 600
MCS-1958
MCS-1980
MCS-2046
Therminol 55
Thermlnol 60
Thermlnol 66
=
Thermlnol 88
Gycols and water
Eth~lene gl~col-based fluids
Dowtherm SR-I
Prestone II
Sunsafe 100
Sunsafe 130
UCAR TF-17
Zerex
Pro~lene gl~col·based fluids
Dow frost
Practical Solar Fluid
Solar WInter Ban
Sunsafe 200
Sunsafe 230
•
Sunsol 60
UCAR FF-35 •
Water
Esters
--sii"ufler 3664-A
Thermlnol 44
Ethers
---oGWlherm A
Dowtherm G
Thermlnol VP-1
UCON HTF-500
Silicones
SF-96
Syltherm 444
X2-1162
Fluorocarbons
Freon II
Freon 114 ~
......
Freon TA
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature (°F)
Fiqure 39. Available vapor pressure data.

43
Kinematic viscosity of fluids is commonly reported in centistoke
units; absolute viscosity is reported in centipoise units.

In evaluating and comparing the performance characteristics of

fluids, it should be noted that the pumping power required for
transporting fluids is increased and heat transfer efficiency is
diminished with increasing viscosity (see Section V-F).

Figure 40 indicates the temperature ranges for which viscosity

data for the fluids are included in this report. The data, as
functions of temperature, are presented in Tables 8 and 33 in
Appendix IV.

4. Specific Heat

Specific heat is defined as the quantity of energy required to

raise the temperature Of a unit mass of a material by one degree.
The specific heat has identical numerical value in both t.hc
metric (cal/g•°K) and the English (Btu/lb•°F) system of units.

The specific heat values at constant pressure·are those commonly

used in heat transfer efficiency calculations on fluids. The
heat transport and heat transfer efficiencies of fluids are
enhanced by higher specific heat values (see Section V-F).

The temperature ranges for which specific heat data for heat
transfer fluids are included in this report. (see Tables 9 and 34
in Appendix IV) are shown in Figure 41.

5. Thermal Conductivity

The thermal conductivity of a substance is defined as the quantity

of energy transferred in unit time through a sample of unit area
and unit thickn~ss, having a temperature differential of one
degree across this thickness.

The thermal conductivity (k) is incorporated into Fourier's Law

that defines the rate of heat transfer between two regions

dH = -kA dT
dt dx

where the symbols represent the following parameters:

H - heat conte11L, t - time, ll. - area, r~nd

x - distance in the direction of heat propagation.

Heat transfer efficiency of fluids is enhanced by high values of

thermal conductivity (see also Section V-F'). In general, thermal
conductivity values of fluids diminish with temperature. Water
represents an exception to this generalization.

44
 Temperllurt f-tl
-100 -50 0 50 lGO }50 200 250 300 350 G) 450
Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
all~halic h~drocarbons
Caloria HT-43
Oiala AX
Moblllherm 603
Silogram Heal Transfer Fluid 43
Sunoco Heal Transfer Oil 21
Sunoco Heal Transfer Oil 25
Texalherm
Thermla Oil C
S~nlhetlc all~hallc h~droc~rbons
Brayco 888
Brayco 888 HF
ESH-4
ESH-5
ESH-6
H-30 ~
H-30C
Uniroyal PAO 13C
Aromallc h~drocarbons
Dowlherm J
Dowlherm LF
OXE
Mobillherm 600 '
MCS-1958
MCS-1980
MCS-2046
• •
Therminol 55
Thermlnol 60
Therminol 66
Therminol 88
Gycols and waler
Elh~lene gl~col-based fluids
Dowlherm SR-I
Prestone II
Sunsafe 100
Sunsafe 130
UCAR TF-17
Zerex
Proexlene gl~ol-based fluids
Dowfrosl
Practical Solar Fluid
Solar Winter Ban
Sunsafe 200
• • ,•
Sunsafe 230
Sunsol 60 ~
UCAR FF- 35
Water
Esters
---stauffer 3664- A
Therminol 44
Ethers
Dowtherm A
Dowlherm G
Thermlnol VP-1
UCON HTF- 500
~
SF-96
Syllherm 444
X2-llh2
Fluorocarbons
Freon II
Freon 114 ••
Freon TA •
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Temperature I°FI

Figure 40. Available kinematic viscosi~y data.

45
 Temperature 1°C)
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
I I
Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
all~hatlc h~drocarbons
Caloria HT-43
Dlala AX
Moblltherm 603
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43
Sunoco Heat Transfer 011 21
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 25
Texatherm
Thermla Oil C
S~nthetic all~hatlc h~drocarbons
Brayco BBB
Brayco BBB HF
ESH-4
ESH-5
ESH-6
H-30
H·30C
Uniroyal PAO 13C •
Aromotie h~dr~~tarbon!
Oowtherm I -
Oowtherm LF
OXE
Mobiltherm 600
MCS-1958
-
MCS·1910
MCS-2046 4
Therminol 55
Therminol 60
Therminol 66
Therminol 88
Gycols and water
Eth~lene gl~col-based fluids
Oowtherm SR·I
Prestone II
Sunsafe 100
Sunsafe 130
UCAR TF-17
Zerex
Pro~lene gl~col·based fluids
Dow frost
Practical Solar Fluid
Solar Winter Ban
Sunsafe 200
Sunsafe 230
• •
Sunsol 60 !--
UCAR FHS
~
Este~s
S auffer 3664·A
Thermlnol 44
Ethers
"""DDWtherm A
Oowtherm G
Thermlnol VP·I
UCON HTHOO
~
SF-96
Syltherm 444
X2·1162
Fluoromllons
Freon II
Freon 114
Freon TA

-100
•100 200 300 600 700 800
0 400 500
Temperature (°F)
Figure 41. Available specific heat data.

46
In Figure 42 are shown the temperature ranges for which thermal
conductivity data are included in Tables 10 and 35 in Appendix IV.

6. Heat of Vaporization

Heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a unit

mass of liquid to gaseous form at a specified temperature and at
constant pressure. The heat of vaporization values of fluids are
of interest with reference to heat transfer only if vaporization
and condensation occur during thermal cycling of the fluid.
The available data for heat transfer fluids have been summarized
in Table 11 (Appendix IV) .

7. Coefficient of ~hermal. Expansion

The values of the coefficients of thermal expansion for the

fluids are shown in Table 11 (Appendix IV).

D. Handling Properties

1. Compatibility and Incompatibility of Heat Transfer

Fluids with Metals, Plastics, Elastomers, and Other
Construction Materials

Tables 12-17 in Appendix IV contain information about the com-

patibility of fluids with construction materials at 21°C (70°F)
and also at maximum use temperatures of the respective fluids.
To ascertain that potential users would also become aware of
known incompatibilities of fluids with construction materials,
this information transmitted by the manufacturers of fluids is
presented in Tables 18 and 19 in Appendix IV.

The major physical signs of materials incompatibility are:

corrosion of metals, swelling of plastics and elastomers by the
fluids, and swelling and dissolution of plastics. A less readily
visible form of incompatibility arises from the catalysis of the
oxidation of fluids by certain metals. Low softening temperatures
of some plastics preclude their use as componen~s in high-temper-
ature segments of the collector systems, even if they are physi-
cally compatible with. the fluids.

Galvanized steel and zinc corrode readily in aqueous glycol-based

fluids. Copper catalyzes oxidation of hydrocarbons at high tem-
peratures, and therefore the manufacturers of fluids recommend
that its use be restricted to only small system components.

Plastics and elastomers are used almost exclusively in segments

of the systems where they will not contact fluids at high tem-
peratures. Some thermoset plastics may find limited applications
in the high-temperature segments of flat plate collector systems.

47
 Temperature (0 C)
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
·-· 450
Hydrocarbons I I
Petroleum- based
all~hatlc h~drocarbons
Calona HT-43
Oiala AX
Mobiltherm 603
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 21
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil Z5
Texatherm
Thermla Oil C
S~nthetic all~hatic h~drocarbons
Brayco 888
Brayco 888 HF
ESH-4
ESH-5
ESH-6
H-30
H·30C
Uniroyal PA.O nr.
Aromatic h~drocarbons
•
IJnwtherm J
Oowtherm LF
OXE
Mobiltherm 600
MCS-1958
MCS-1980
MCS-2046
1herrntnol ~5
Thermlnol 60
Therminol 66
Thermlnol 88
G~cols and water
Eth~lene gl~col-based fluids
Oowtherm SR-I
Prestone II
Sunsafe 100
Sunsafe 130
UCAR TF-17
Zerex •
Prol!):lene gl~col-based fluids
Dow frost
PraCtical Solar Fluid
Solar Winter Ban
Sunsafe 200
Sunsafe 230
Sunsol 60
UCAR FF-35
~
Esters
----siau ffer 3664- A
Therminol 44
Ethers
Oowtherm A
Oowtherm G
Therminot VP-1
UCON HTF-500
Silicones
- Sf· 'II:
Syltherm 444
X2-1162
Fluorocarbons
Freon II
•
••
Freon 114
Freon TA

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature (0 f)

Figure 42. Available thermal conductivity data.

48
Potential users may obtain additional information about the com-
patibility of fluids with specific plastics or elastomers from
the manufacturers of the materials of interest to them. Their
addresses and phone numbers are available in annually updated
reference handbooks [28 and 29].

2. Chemical Sensitivity to Water, Inorganic Bases, Trace

Quantities of Strong Acids, Chloride Ions, Soldering
and Welding Fl~xes, and Oxygen

Organic heat transfer fluids are susceptible to oxidation, when

exposed to oxygen at high temperatures. Many fluids contain
oxidation inhibitors that reduce their rates of oxidation very
significantly. To minimize oxidation of fluids and related
problems (e.g., corrosion of metals by acids formed in oxidation,
increase of viscosity caused by crosslinking of silicone fluid) ,
it is imperative to minimize the exposure of fluids to oxygen.
To accomplish this, the vapor space above the fluid in the heat
transfer system is commonly filled with an inert gas (e.g.,
nitrogen).

The susceptibility of fluids to hydrolysis is dependent upon their

chemical structures. Silicones, esters and Freon 11 (trichloro-
monofluoromethane) are subject to hydrolysis at high temperatures.
The rates of hydrolysis of these substances are generally
enhanced by the presence of $trong acids and bases. Thus, it is
imperative to remove water and any acidic or basic contaminants
(e.g., acidic fluxes) fro~ the pipes and other components through
which the fluid will be cycle~.

It is also essential to completely remove soldering and welding

fluxes from systems in which aqueous glycol solutions are to be
used. Metals corrode when exposed to aqueous solutions contain-
ing fluxes.

Detailed information regarding the sensitivity of heat transfer

fluids to water, inorganic bases, acids, soldering'and welding
fluxes, and oxygen is compiled in Tables 20~22 in Appendix IV.

3. Ignitability

Safe use of fluids is a concern for designers, manufacturers·, and

users of solar collectors, and also for the manufacturers of
flu·ids. Two major considerations are those of fire and health
safety.

The results of two tests were selected to allow the 4esigners,

manufacturers and users of ~olar collectors to evaluate the rela-
tive propensities of fluids for ignition under controlled,
laboratory conditions. Thes~ tests are:

49
 1. Flash point by Pensky-Martens closed tester [30], and
2. Autoignition temperature test [31].

Additionally, many fluids manufacturers ~upplied flash point data

obtained with an open cup tester, and also fire point data.

When fluids ignite, the ignition process occurs in the gas phase
where the vapors of organic liquids are intimately mixed with
air. The ignition and combustion processes normally entail
reaction of the organic vapors with oxygen.

For a fluid to ignite, the vapors must be present at sufficiently

high concentration to propagate the flames from the site of
ignition through thP. vr~por phase above the liquid. 011ly wi Lll.iu
a limited concentration ratio of combustible vaporR ~n oxy~en will
ignition occur. The lower flammability limit defines the lowest
combustible vapor concentration (at specified temperature and
pressure) at which ignition can occur, if a source of energy to
initiate the process (e.g., spark or flame) is present. To gen-
erate the vapor concentrations corresponding to the lower flam-
mability limits, heat transfer fluids used in solar collector
systems would have to be at temperatures above ambient. The
Pensky-Martens flash point determination [30] establishes the tern-
perature at which a fluid in a heated, closed container ignites
when the container is opened and the vapors are exposed to a flame.

The rate of vaporization of fluids at the flash point is not

sufficiently high to sustain a flame. Upon heating to higher
temperatures, a temperature defined as the fire point is reached,
at which the rate of vaporization of the combustible fluid has
reached a sufficiently high rate to sustain combustion.

The autoignition test [31] entails the determination of the low-

est temperature at which a fluid, when introduced into a uniformly
heated space containing air, will ignite in the absence of a
flame or spark. The autoignition temperatures of combustible
fluids are usually significantly higher than the respective flash
points.

The Pensky-Martens flash point test and the autoignition test

simulate in the laboratory conditions that could be encountered
in the use of heat transfer fluids in solar energy collection
systems.

Flash point and autoignition temperature data for the heat trans-
fer fluids are presented in Table 23 in Appendix IV. For a
number of fluids for which these data were not available from
the manufacturers, they were determined experimentally at Monsanto
Research Corporation (MRC) in this program.

50
Figures 43 and 44 depict flash point and autoignition temperature
ranges, respectively, for the different classes of heat transfer
fluids.

4. Fire Extinguishing Agents

The fire extinguishing agents recommended by manufacturers for

their heat transfer fluids are shown in Table 24, Appendix IV.

In general, the following two factors exert greatest influence

in the selection of fire extinguishing agent and apparatus for a
solar collector installation: the quantity of fuel that may
accidentally become involved in the fire, and the mass burning
rate of the fluid.

For large installations, it is advisable to rely on the extin-

guishment effectiveness of the aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF)
or dry chemical powders. With small quantities of fluids, water
spray or mist, and carbon dioxide can be expected to perform
satisfactorily.

With r~gard to prevention and control of accidental fires, it is

recommended to consider the fire safety of the solar collector
system at the design and installation stage. Potential locations
of fluid leakage should be anticipated. Features should be
incorporated in the installation to confine the leaking fluids,
and especially to prevent its dispersion onto parts of the
structure built from combustible materials.

5. Physiological Effects

Table 25 in Appendix IV contains a summary of known physiological

effects of heat transfer fluids. The information contained in
this table has been obtained mainly from Material Safety Data
Sheets supplied by the manufacturers of fluids. Included is
information on acute oral and inhalation toxicity, effects of eye
and skin exposure, and on mutagenic effects.

The acute oral toxicity data have been obtained in experiments

with rats. The LDso (lethal dose for 50% of test animals) values
for most fluids are so high that ingestion of equivalent amounts
on weight basis by humans would be highly improbably, though not
impossible. Fluids composed of, or containing certain aromatic
hydrocarbons or ethers have the highest oral toxicity among the
heat transfer fluids, with LDso values ranging from 1 to 4 g/kg
body weight.

51
 Temperature (°F)
100 200 300 400 .500
I I T
Petroleum- based e
hydrocarbons e • E>

Synthetic aliphatic e
hydrocarbons e ee • E>

Aromatic hydrocarbons
Ethylene glycol-water
solution (50 wt-%) No flash ignition
Propylene glycol-water No flash ignition
solution (50 wt-%)
Esters
Ethers
Silicones 0

No flash ignition
Fluorocarbons
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 300
Temperature (°C)
Figure 43. Flash point ranges for different classes of heat
transfer fluids by Pensky-Martens closed cup test.

52
 Temperature (°FI
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
I

Petroleum-based
0 99 E)
hydrocarbons
Synthetic aliphatic 0 9 E)
hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons o e ee ee ee E)

Ethylene glycol-water f)
solution (50 wt-%1
Propylene glycol-water I!)
solution (50 wt-%1
Esters 0 E)

Ethers
Silicones @

~
Fluorocarbons
I I I I I I I I i

200 300 400 500 600

Temperature (°C)
Figure 44. Autoignition temperature ranges for different
classes of heat transfer fluids.

53
The threshold limiting values (TLV's) for inhalation exposure for
fluids in the form of vapor or mist are 0.5 ppm or higher.
Because of low vapor pressures of the heat transfer fluids at
ambient temperatures, inhalation at concentrations exceeding the
TLV values could occur only when humans become exposed to vapors
arising from heated fluids.

Upon eye exposure to heat transfer fluids, temporary irritation

has been noted with a number of fluids. This effect has been
transitory; no permanent eye damage has been observed.

Skin irritation has been observed upon dermal contact with fluids.
The skin irritation has also been .only a temporary reaction.
No permanent effects have been detected.

Most of the available information regarding the physiological

effects of heat transfer fluids was found to pertain to short-term
effects. It was desirable to establish also if these fluids cause
any mutagenic effects.

The Ames test [12] was selected for that purpose. This test was
conducted at MRC with 30 fluids. The Ames/SaZmoneZZa test detects
mutagenic activity (gene mutations) for a number of chemicals. of
a variety of chemical classes, including those requiring mammalian
metabolic activation. It is used as a screening system for
potential mutagenic and carcinogenic activity in mammals.

The toxic concentrations of the heat transfer fluids to

SaZmoneZZa strain TAlOO were initially determined. Subsequently,
mutagenicity spot and plate incorporation tests were conducted
with SaZmoneZZa strains TA98, TAlOO, TA1535, and TA1537. In plate
incorporation tests, the fluids concentrations were below toxic
levels. The results are summarized in Table 26 in Appendix IV.

Dose-related mutagenic effects were not observed repeatably with

any fluid. Twenty-five fluids provided no positive responses in
any test. Five fluids (Freon TA, Therminol 55, Therminol 60,
Therminol 66 and Uniroyal PA0-13C) gave a dose-related positive
response in one test. Upon repeating this test with the indi-
cated five fluids, the results were negative. The manufacturers
of Freon TA and Uniroyal PA0-13C have had the Ames test indepen-
dently performed on these fluids; the results of their tests have
also been negative.

Nondose-related positive mutagenic response was experienced in

tests with Therminol 55, in the presence of liver preparation
S-9. In view of the nondose-related response, these data are
considered of questionable validity.

54
In view of the findings of these tests, it is suggested that the
fluids that did not always respond in conclusively negative
manner be tested further. The possibility that the positive
response of bacteria was caused by toxic reaction should be
considered. Also, it is recommended that the five fluids be
further tested by the Salmonella suspension test, Saccharomyces
mutagenicity assay, or a mouse lymphoma assay.
Discussions of physiological and environmental effects of solar
collectors and collector materials have appeared in some recent
reports [18-23]. An interim handbook addressed to hazardous
properties and environmental effects of materials used in solar
heating and cooling technologies is particularly called to the
attention of readers [19].

To minimize conceivable hazards from contamination of potable

water by toxic heat transfer fluids from solar heaters, regula-
tions have been introduced specifying double-walled heat
exchangers. Such regulations have been issued by the Department
of Housing and Urban Development for domestic hot water systems,
and also by the Department of Building and Safety of the City of
Los Angeles for heat exchangers containing potable water [24].

It can be anticipated that physiological safety aspects of heat

transfer fluids and use safety will receive progressively
greater attention from standard-setting and regulatory agencies.

6. Biodegradability Characteristics

Some quantified information is available regarding the biodegrad-

ability characteristics of heat transfer fluids (see Table 27 in
Appendix IV). However, diverse experimental conditions have been
used with different fluids and most .of the data cannot be com-
pared directly. It is evident fromI the data that glycols are
degraded very rapidly in the ecosystem. Hydrocarbons, ethers and
esters are also degraded in the environment, although at slower
rates than the glycols.

Silicone type fluids are not biodegradable. When accidentally

released into streams or lakes, they are adsorbed by particulate
.
matter and become a part of bottom sediments. Silicones do not
dissolve in water.

7. Solvents and Cleaning Methods

To clean equipment of adhering heat transfer fluids, and to clean

surfaees after minor spills, it is uocful to know effective sol-·
vents for the fluids of concern. Therefore, a list of solvents
(see Table 28 in Appendix IV) has been compiled from information
supplied by the manufacturers.

55
Hydrocarbon, ether and ester type fluids dissolve readily in
most common organic solvents (e.g., toluene, xylene, acetone,
and chlorinated solvents). The glycols are completely miscible
with water. Silicones dissolve in aromatic hydrocarbon solvents
(e.g., toluene and xylene), and also in chlorinated hydrocarbons.
The fluorocarbon type heat transfer fluids used for refrigeration
applications are sufficiently volatile to vaporize in the
atmosphere.

Guidelines for the removal of large spills with specific heat

transfer fluids are provided in Table 29, Appendix IV. Generally,
as much of the fluid as feasible is recovered in liquid form. A
solid adsorbent (e.g., Fuller's Earth or dry sawdust), is sub-
sequently applied to the spill area. The adsorbent is stirred
periodically. When all the liquid has been adsorbed from the
spill area, the consumed adsorbent is collected. The spill area
can then be washed with detergent and water.

8. Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force across an element of a

line at the surface of a liquid, divided by the length of that
element. It is the force that causes the liquid droplets to
minimize their surface-to-volume ratio. It may also be viewed
as the force that influences the wetting of solid surfaces by the
fluids with which they come in contact. The lower the surface
tension, the more readily will the liquid wet a surface that it
contacts. Therefore, surface tension data for liquids will indi-
cate their relative propensities for leakage through threaded
joints.

Surface tension data for heat transfer fluids are compiled in

Table 30, Appendix IV. Data are available mainly for the
20°-25°C (68°-77°F) range. No data were available from manu-
facturers for the upper operating temperature range of solar
collectors, with the exception of silicone fluid SF-96(20).

Review of data in Table 27 indicates that leak-tight threaded

connections are more difficult to achieve with fluorocarbon and
silicone fluids than other types of heat transfer fluids covered
in Ulis report.

9. Color

The colors of heat transfer fluids are shown in Table 30,

Appendix IV. These colors are caused by dyes dissolved in the
fluids to facilitate identification and detection upon leakage,
and to reduce the probability of misuse.

56
 )

E. Prices

The price information on fluids was acquired during the fourth

quarter of 1978 and the first quarter of 1979. The prices of
the specific fluids were listed in the interim report [16].
They are shown graphically, indicating also the ranges for the
groups of fluids, in Figure 45, Appendix IV.

Although the prices have increased markedly during the past year,
the relative prices of fluids, and the price ranges for the groups
of fluids merit notice.

The petroleum-based aliphatic hydrocarbons are the lowest-priced

commercially available heat transfer fluids. The synthetic
aliphatic hydrocarbons are significantly more expensive. However,
they offer a broader use temperature range than the fluids of the
former group.

In the group of aromatic hydrocarbons appear also some blends of

aromatic compounds with either aliphatic compounds or diphenyl
oxide. The price range for fluids in this group is broad. In
general, the more costly fluids are thermally more stable and
allow operation at higher temperatures. The ester and ether type
fluids, and the fluorocarbons are priced comparably with the
upper price range of the aromatic fluids.

The glycol-based fluids are relatively inexpensive. However,

their service life is shorter than that of fluids of other
categories, necessitating more frequent replacement. Corrosion
problems encountered in use of water-based fluids negate some of
the apparent price advantage.

Silicones are the most costly heat transfer fluids currently on

the market.

F. Guidelines for the Selection of Fluids

A superior fluid for any solar collector is one that meets Lhe
system's performance requirements and provides heat transfer in
the most cost-effective manner.

Since the performance characteristics of systems differ, and are

partly dependent upon climatic conditions at the operating site,
the performance requirements for the fluid should be reviewed for
each installation.

A four-step procedure is recommended for establishing the superior

fluid for a solar collector operated at a specific site:

57
 1. Establish the limiting properties that a heat
transfer fluid·must have and select candidate
fluids that meet the limiting properties
requirements.
2. Compare the calculated heat transfer efficiency
factor values for the candidate fluids in the
operating temperature range.
3. Determine the costs of candidate fluids and
eliminate the less cost-effective fluids from
consideration.
4. Review the handling properties of the preferred
candidate fluids and make the final selection
of a fluid for that specific installation.

1. Establishment of Limiting Properties and Selection of

Candidate Fluids

To establish the limiting properties which a heat transfer fluid

must have for a specific applicatioh, it is essentidl to kriow
the lowest and the highest temperatures that it may attain in
that application. This necessitates establishment of the coldest
temperature of the year in the area where the system is to be
located. It also requires knowledge of the stagnation temperature.

The selected candidate fluids must ~ave use temperature ranges

(see Fig~re 37 and Table 6, Appendix IV) that encompass the
system's minimum operating temperature under operating conditions
and the stagnation temperature.

Since the several ethylene and propylene glycol-based compositions

have closely similar use temperature ranges, it is sufficient
to consider these fluids as two groups with essentially identical
use temperature ranges.

2. Heat Transfer Efficiency Factor

A major factor that serves as the basis in the evaluation and

selection of fluids is their efficiency to transfer heat. It is
desirable to express this efficiency in a quantifiable manner that
will allow comparison of the performance of different fluids.
For a generalized consideration of heat transfer efficiencies of
different fluids, without reference to a specific system, con-
sideration of the effects of geometry can be disregarded. The
heat transfer efficiency can be expressed as the ratio of heat
transfer coefficient to the frictional energ·y required to pump
the fluid [13, 32, 3~].

For heat transfer in an exchanger in which the fluid flows through

the tube, in a tube-and-shell arrangement, Fried has shown [33]
that the ratio of the heat transfer coefficient (h) to pumping

58
power per unit surface area (E, to 0.286 power) can be expressed
in terms of the physical properties of the fluid and the tube
diameter:
Cp 0•333 X k0•667 X p0•572
h
------ = 19.75 ~0·52~ x 0 o-1~3

In this expression, the symbols designate the following properties:

CP - specific heat (Btu/lb•°F), k - thermal conductivity
(Btu/hr•ft•°F), p - density (lbs/cu ft), ~ - absolute viscosity
(lb/hr•ft), D- diameter of the tube (ft).

This equation applies to turbulent flow in smooth pipes at

Reynolds numbers from 5,000 to 200,000 and Prandtl numbers from
0.6 to 120.

Fried defined a parameter, heat transfer efficiency factor (HTEF),

in a manner completely independent of system geometry and
dimensions:

HTEF = 19.75
~0·52~

The latter equation indicates that high values of specific heats,

thermal conductiviti~s ~nd densities are advantageous for greater
heat transfer efficiency of fluids; conversely, high viscosity
affects heat transfer efficiency adversely.
Heat transfer efficiency factor values were calculated for the
fluids included in this work, for the temperature ranges for
which specific heat, thermal conductivity, density, and viscosity
data are available. The results are presented in Table 3. (The
values of HTEF reported graphically in Reference 66 are low by
the factor of 19.75.)

The relative HTEF values for the classes of fluids can be ranked
as follows:

glycols > aromatic hydrocarbons ~ esters and ethers >

petroleum-based and synthetic aliphatic hydrocarbons >
silicones.
There is significant variation of HTEF values for the individual
fluids within the classes of aromatic hydrocarbons, and ester
and ether type fluids. The physical property that has the
greatest effect on the HTEF values of the fluids covered in this
report is the viscosity.
For the fluids that had earlier in the selection process met the
operating temperature requirements, the HTEF values represent
"figures of merit" in the progressive stages of evaluation and
selective elimination.

59
 TABLE 3. HEAT TRANSFER EFFICIENCY FACTORS
HTEF at indicated te~~rature (oF:•
Fluid -so 0 so 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4-50 500 550 600 650 700 750

Caloria HT-43 2.8 3.7 6.3 8.3 9.5 11.2 13.2 14.7 15.9 17.1 18.6
Diala AX 4.9 7.8 10.6
Mobiltherm 603 10.2 12.4 14.5 16.7 18.8 20.6 22.4
Sunoco Heat Transfe.c Oil 21 4.4 6.1
Sunoco Heat Trans fee Oil 25 3.7 5.7
Texatherm 2.6 4.2 6.5 8.8 11.1 13.2 15.3 17.0 18.5 19.9
Thermia Oil c 2.2 3.8 5.6 7.4 9.2
Uniroyal PA0-13C 11.8
Dowtherm J 9.4 .12.4 17.1 21.8 24.7 27.1 30.6 34.7 39.0 42.3 42.7 43.0 43.7
Dowtherm LF 7.3 10.4 13.6 17.0 19.9 22.6 25.0 27.1 28.5 29.8 31.1 32.7
Mobiltherrn 600 8.5 10.5 12.6 14.9 17.2 19.3 21.3 23.3
MCS-1958 0.66 2.6 5.2 7.8 lC·.S 12.7 14.8 16.8 18.6 20.1 21.2
MCS-1980 7.4 8.9 10.7 12.6 1!:.4 18.6
m Therminol 55 0.40 1.4 3.2 5.4 7.8 10.3 12.7 15.0 17.2 lC::.l 20.8 22.2 23.5
0
Therminol 60 0.43 1.9 4.4 7.5 10.4 13.1 15.7 18.1 20.7 23.0 2!:.2 26.9 28.5 30.5
Therminol 66 0.055 0.9 2.7 5.2 7.7 10.3 12.~ 14.8 16.8 1E.7 20.5 22.0 23.4 24.5
Therminol 88 14.3 1:6.7 19.3 2].6 24.3 26.6 29.3 31.3 33.3
Dowtherm SR-1 (50 wt-%) 8.9 18.2 29.5
Prestone II (50 vo:...-%) 32.6 42.3
UCAR TF-i7 (50 wt-~) 10.3 20.2 31.9 44.0 57.0 67.5
Dowfrost (50 wt-%) 14.2 26.6
UCAR FF-35 (50 wt-'!;;) 14.8 26.3 38.5 54.0 67.8
Thermino1 44 0.36 1.5 3.6 6.1 8.7 11.2 13.6 15.9 17.5 19.1
Dowtherm A 11.2 14.2 17.3 20.1 22.8 25.2 27.4 2~.5 31.3 33.2 35.5
Dowtherm G 4.6 7.9 10.6 13.2 16.2 19.1 21.9 2t;,.7 27.2 29.4 31.5 32.8 33.8
Therminol VP-1 10.1 13;4 16.7 20.1 22.8 25.0 27.2 29.0 30.7 32.3 34.2 34.7 34.8 34.5
UCON HTF-500 2.5 3.8 5.5 7.2 8.7 9.9 10.8 11.7
SF-96(20) 2.3 3.2 4.0 5.1 5.9 6.3 7.0 7.5 7.6
Syltherm 444 4.1 5.4 6.3 7.2 8.2
X2-1162 5.6 6.9 8.3 9.9 11.6 13.5 15.5 1"'.7 20.0 22.4 25.0
Water 56.1 83.0 108.3 131.4 151.3 167.9 180.1 :.89.8 194.6 197.0
 3. Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness, and Preliminary
Screening

The evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of candidate heat trans-

fer fluids should pe made on the basis of the expected life-cycle
length of the system. The cost considerations should include
the following factors:

1. Initial investment for the inventory of

the fluid.
2. Pumping energy cost.
3. Periodic refilling or replacement cost.
4. Regeneration cost.
5. Fluid-associated system repair and component
replacement cost.

Recent cost data for the fluids are presented in Figure 45,
Appendix IV. Because of the rapidly changing prices of the
fluids, it is advisable to obtain up-to-date price information
from the manufacturers (see Table 4 in Appendix III for addresses
and phQne numbers).

The pumping energy cost for the different candidate fluids can be
calculated [34) from their physical data. The use of some fluids
may necessitate periodic refilling of the system, addition of
small quantities to replace fluid that has either volatilized or
degraded thermally. Glycol-type fluids are readily oxidized
upon exposure to atmospheric oxygen at elevated temperatures.
Supplemental addition of oxidation and corrosion inhibitors may
be required with this type of fluids after periods of use. More
frequent total replacement of fluid is normally required with
systems utilizing glycol-based fluids than with those in which
other types of heat transfer fluids are used.

After prolonged use, especially if the fluid has been subjected

extensively to stagnation conditionst regeneration may be
required. In this process, thermal degradation products are
removed and heat transfer efficiency of the originally introduced
fluid is restored.

Finally, the indirect costs associated with use of different

types of fluids should be included in the cost evaluation.
This should include replacement of gaskets and seals. When the
cost of using water-containing he~t transfer fluids is estimated,
the cost of repair of corrosion-damaged components, and their
periodic replacement should be included in the evaluation of the
cost-effectiveness of candidate fluids.

This stage of the selection of fluid, in conjunction with the

use of heat transfer efficiency information, should reduce the
number of candidate fluids significantly.

61
 4. Review of Handling Properties and Final Selection

The handling properties of the more cost-effective fluids should

be reviewed to establish compatibility with the solar collector
system and its components, fire safety in operation, and ability
to meet other essential safety precautions.

In Tables 12-17, Appendix IV, is presented information regarding

the compatibility of various metals, plastics, elastomers, and
other materials with specific metals. Materials known to be
incompatible with specific fluids are shown in Tables 18 and 19,
Appendix IV. If problems of incompatibility are noticed with
some minor components, their replacement can be considered.

~n evaluating the fire safety characteristics of the different

candidate fluids, their maximum estima~P.n accidental exposure
temperatures should be compared with the known flash ignition
and autoignition temperatures of the fluids. To assure fire-
safe operation, it is desirable that the latter temperatures
exceed the maximum estimated accidental exposure temperature of
the fluid. ·

It should also be ascertained that the known physiological effects

and biodegradability characteristics would be compatible with
operational safety and accident prevention procedures practicable
at the solar collector installation.

The final selection of a fluid should be based on best estimates

and most informed judgments that can be made at the time of
selection.

62
 CONCLUSIONS

1. Most fluids performance requirements, communicated by

designers and manufacturers of solar collectors in response
to a questionnaire, can be met with presently commercially
available organic heat transfer fluids. Information con-
tained in this report should facilitate finding the superior
heat transfer fluid for any solar energy collection and
storage system. Some respondents to the questionnaire
indicated need for less viscous fluids than those presently
available, to reduce pumping power requirements.

2. Although many firms design, fabricate and market solar col-

lectors, a very small percentage of manufacturers· produce
the major share of flat plate and concentrating collectors.
Therefore, certain fluids performance requirements will either
be established or influenced by a small number of major
collector manufacturers.

3. The distribution curves Jf the upper operating temperature

and the stagnation temperature peak more sharply for flat
plate collectors than for concentrating collectors produced
by different manufacturers.

4. Present commercial organic heat transfer fluids meet the

lower operating temperature requirements of flat plate and
concentrating collectors. They also meet the upper operating
temperature and stagnation temperature requirements of
nearly all flat plate collectors. However, these fluids are
not thermally stable at the upper operating temperatures and
the stagnation temperatures of some concentrating collectors.

5. The responding collector manufacturers indicated that 1% to

6% (mean value 3%) of collected power can be consumed for
the pumping of heat transfer fluid.
6. The flash ignition temperatures of organic heat transfer
fluids are lower than the maximum temperatures of hot surfaces
of most flat plate and concentrating collectors, to which they
could be exposed upon accidental leakage. The autoignition
temperatures of most organic heat transfer fluids are higher
than the measured or estimated maximum hot surface exposure
temperatures with both flat plate and concentrating collec-
tors. Consequently, the presence of an ignition source
(e.g., spark or flame) at the time of fuel l~akage or spil-
lage represents the major fire hazard.

7. The nonexistence of a uniform practice in the performance of

physiological and biodegradability tests, and in use simula-
tion tests to determine handling properties, has resulted in

63
 incomplete data. It has also resulted in data, for fluids
produced by different manufacturers, that often do not
enable comparative performance evaluation by potential
users (see also Reference 27).
8. Copper, aluminum, and carbon steel are the metals most
frequently contacted by fluids in flat plate collectors.
Carbon steel, copper, and stainless steel are the corres-
ponding metals in concentrating collectors.

9. Plastics and elastomers can be selected that are compatible

with heat transfer fluids at ambient temperature. Most
constr~ction materials fabricated from synthetic polymers
are not compatible with heat trnnRfP.r fluids at th~ir maxi""
mum use temperatures.

10. All organic heat transfer fluids are susceptible to oxida-

tion at high temperatures.

11. The information on toxicological properties of some com-

mercially offered heat transfer fluids is quite incomplete.

12. Only limited information is available about biodegradation

characteristics of heat transfer fluids. '

13. The relative heat transfer efficiency factors (HTEF's) for

the classes of fluids can be ranked as follows:

glycols > aromatic hydrocarbons ~ esters and

ethers > petroleum-based and synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons > silicones.

There is significant variation of HTEF values for the

individual fluids within the classes of aromatic hydro-
carbons, and ester and ether type fluids. The physical
property that has the greatest effect on the HTEF values of
fluids covered in this report is the viscosity.

14. ·Heat transfer efficiency is a major factor in the evaluation

of candidate fluids. In the selection of fluida, other fac-
tors must also be considered. These include: (1) limiting
properties of the fluids, (2) initial investment for the
inventory of the fluid, (3) energy cost for pumping the
fluid, (4) periodic refilling or replacement cost, (5) fluid-
associated system repair and component replacement cost, and
(6) acceptability of handling properties.

64
 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Establish, under identical conditions, acute oral toxicity

of the approximately 50 organic heat transfer fluids sup-
plied commercially for solar applications, using Gosselins'
Rating System.

2. Acquire through industrial cooperation, or determine experi~

mentally, additional physical properties data for fluids,
to enable more extensive-comparative evaluation of pumping
power and heat transfer efficiency evaluation over the
temperature ranges of interest to potential users.

3. Prepare a heat transfer fluids manual for so~ar applications.

The preparation of this manual represents an e~tension of
tne work summarized in this report. It should contain infor-
mation on limiting, design, and handling properties of
fluids. It is suggested that this manual also incorporate
the following: ( 1) .graphical presentation of thermophysical
data, to facilitate comparative evaluation of fluids, (2) a
tutorial section, with examples and calculations, to guide
the.user~ in the selection of superior fluids for their
specific solar collectors. This manual should be updated
periodically by DOE, to include new information ·on previously
included fluids, and intormat~on on newly available fluids.
Th~ updates ~f the tutorial section should reflect changes
ih technology.

4. To assure development of a more 90mplete data base for

comparative evaluation of fi"uids, it is recommended that DOE
specify a set of tests for the determination of handling,
physiological, and biodegradability properties of fluids.
The availability of the results of these tests should be a
prerequisite for use of fluids in federally funded or
financed solar collector installations.

5. The fea»ibi~ity of dsveloping new, fire-resistant, thcrm~lly

stable, low-viscosity organic heat transfer fluids should be
explored with the objective of reducing a potential fire
hazard in the operation of concentrating collectors.

65
 REFERENCES

1. C. 0. Bennett and J. E. Myers, "Momentum, Heat and Mass

Transfer," McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1963.

2. A. J. Chapman, "Heat Transfer," Second Edition, The

Macmillan Company, New York, 1967.

3. J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman, "Solar Energy Thermal

Process," John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974.

4. P. L. Geiringer, "Heat Transfer Media," Reinhold Publishing

Corporation, New York, 1962.

5. H. D. Hottel and A. F. Sarofim, "Radiative Transfer,"

McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1967.

6. F. W. Hutchinson, "Industrial Heat Transfer," Industrial

Press, Inc., New YOrk, 1952.

7. M. Jakob, "Heat Transfer," Vol. 1, John Wiley and Sons,

New York, 1949.

8. Ibid., Vol. 2, 1957.

9. W. M. Kays, "Convecting Heat and Mass Transfer," McGraw-Hill

Book Company, New York, 1966.

10. D. Q. Kern, "Process Heat Transfer," McGraw-Hill Book

Company, New York, 1950.

11. w. H. McAdams, "Heat Transmission," Third Edition, McGraw-

Hill Book Company, New York, 1954.

12. B. N. Ames, J. McCann and E. Yamasaki, "Methods for Detecting

carcinogens and Mutagens with the Satmonetta/Mammalian-
Microsome Mutagenicity Test," Mutation Research 31, 347,
1975. --

13. J. P. Walton, "Solar Energy Activity at Georgia Tech -

1971-1974," Engineering Experiment Station~ Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, March 1975.

14. "Solar !ndustry Index," Solar Energy :tndustries .Association,

Washington, D.C., 1977.

15. J. A. Berny, "Survey of the Emerging Solar Energy Industry,"

Solar Energy Information Services, San Mateo, California,
1977.

66
 REFERENCES (continued)

16. L. Parts, D. R. Miller, and Q. E. Thompson, "Superior Heat

Transfer Fluids for Solar Heating and Cooling Applications,"
AL0/45356-1, Semiannual Report under Contract DE-AC04-
78CS45356, September 1979.

17. F. E. Metz and M. J. Orloski, "State-of-the-Art Study of

Heat Exchangers Used with Solar Assisted Hot Water Systems,"
NBSIR 78-1542, National Bureau of Standards, Washington,
D.C., July 1979.

18. P. J. Brannon, H. W. Church, R. E. Luna and W. A. Thomas,

"The Environmental Issues Associated with Solar Heating and
Cooling of Residential Dwellings," SAND 77-0172, Sandia
Laboratories, Albuquerque, ·New Mexico 87115, April 1977.

19. J. Q. Searcy, Ed., "Hazardous Properties and Environmental

Effects of Materials Used in Solar Heating and Cooling
(SHAC) Technologies: Interim Handbook," SAND 78-0842,
Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, June 1978.

20. R. M. Buchan, J. R. Majestic, and R. Billau, "Toxicological

Evaluation of Liquids Proposed for Use in Direct Contact
Liquid-Liquid Heat Exchangers for Solar Heated and Cooled
Buildings," C00/2867-1, Topical Report under Contract EY-76-
S-02-2867, September 1976.

21. Anon., "Interim Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and

Cooling Systems in Residential Buildings," Second Edition,
NBSIR 78-1562, National Bureau of Standards, Washington,
D.C., November 1978.

22. R. M. Eisenhard, "A Survey of State Legislation Relating to

Solar Energy," NBSIR 76-10.82, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., April 1976.

23. R. M. Eisenhard, "State Solar Energy Legislation of 1976:

A Review of the Statutes Relating to Buildings," NBSIR 77-
1279, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.c.,
September.l977.

24. "Guidelines for Laboratory Approval of Solar Systems,"

City of Los Angeles, Department of Building and Safety, City
Hall, Los Angeles, California 90012.

25. E. s. Blake, et al., "Thermal Stability as a Function of

Chemical Structure," J. Chern. Eng. Data &_(1) ,87(1961).

67
 REFERENCES (continued)

26. W. F. Seifert, L. L. Jackson, and c. E. Sech, "Design and

Operational Consideration for High Temperature Organic Heat
Transfer Systems," present~d at the Process Heat Transfer
Symposium of the 7lst National AIChE Meeting, Dallas, Texas,
February 22-26, 1972.

27. S. Pohlman, Ed. of Proceedings, "Reliability of Materials

for Solar Energy Systems Workshop," Solar Energy Research
Institute, Golden, Colorado, December 17-20, 1978.

28. "Modern Plastics Encyclopedia," McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York.

29. "Rubber Red Book," Palmetor Publishing Company, Inc.,

New York.

30. "Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester," ASTM Designn-

tion D93-73, 1976 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 23,
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 1976, p. 33.

31. "Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Petroleum Products,"

ASTM ·Designation D2155-66, 1976 Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Vol. 24, American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1976, p. 172.

32. R. C. Reid and T. K. Sherwood, "The Properties of Gases and

Liquids; Their Estimation and Correlation," McGraw~Hill
Book Company, New York, 1958.

33. J. R. Fried, "Heat Transfer Agents for High-Temperature

Systems," Chern. Eng . .!!_Q_(8}, 89 (1973).

34. A. J. Faust, et al., "Principles of Unit Operations,"

John Wiley ana-sons, Inc., New York, 1960.

68
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors sincerely appreciate the cooperation of the many

people who completed survey forms, and provided additional infor-
mation and samples.

We wish to acknowledge the contributions of the program monito~s,

Mr. J. Zimmerman and Dr. W. L. Sibbitt, who brought recent,
related work to our attention.

The assistance of Mr. T. Bucher, who extracted the information

from survey forms, and Mr. R. Quill, who developed the computer
programs for converting the supplied data to a uniform basis, is
gratefully acknowledged. We are indebted to Mrs. J. Gridley and
her associates for physiological testing of the fluids.

The contribution of Mr. E. K. Brakebill from Monsanto Industrial

Chemicals Company, who provided initial information regarding
the present use of fluids for solar energy utilization and the
manufacturers of fluids, is appreciated.

We also wish to thank Mrs. Mona Raridon from the Solar Energy
Technical Information Center for conducting the computerizeo
literature search on heat transfer fluids.

69

,,i
 APPENDIX I

Questionnaire to Designers and Manufacturers

of Solar Energy Collectors and Collection Systems

~.. .

70
 QUESTIONNAIRE TO DESIGNERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF
SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTORS AND COLLECTION SYSTEMS

Name of the organization=-----------'--------------

Address: ___________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Your name: _____________----..,;Position: ___________
Phone number:
-----------------------------
A. GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Which of the following two areas of activity in solar energy utilization

applies to your organization?

Design and fabrication of collectors Yes No

Design and fabrication of collection
and storage systems Yes No

2. Indicate the approximate total collector surface area for the units pro-
duced by your organization during the past year.

In flat plate collectors

In concentrating collectors

3. Does your organization select or specify the heat transfer/storage

fluids for the collectors or collection systems it produces?

Yes - - - - - - - - No - - - - - - - - -

4. If the answer to Question 3 is ~ffirmat1ve, plP.~se supply the name(s) and

phone number(s) of the person(s) responsible for the selection or
specifying of fluids.

Name(s): --------------Phone Number(s) _ _ _ _ _ __

We may need to contact these persons for additional· infonnation.

71
\

\ \
5. Please identify the heat transfer/storage fluids that are either used
in your systems and components, or that are under consideration for
use.

Trade Name of Fluid or Additive Manufacturer

6. Have problems been encountered with tl1~ selected fluid(5} in your

system(s}?

Yes No

7. If the answer to Question 6 is affirmative, please describe the problems.

72
 B. FLUIDS PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

Please complete the following part of.the questionnaire separately for each
type of collector and/or collect.ion system that you either have built or plan
to build. Indicate physical performance requirements imposed upon the fluids
by design and operational characteristics of the collector system. Where
applicable, indicate acceptable ranges of property values and the temperature
ranges to which these apply. Also, please indicate the required handling
properties of fluids.

If you are not certain about answers to some questions, and have no basis for
reliable estimates, feel free to leave open spaces.

Design Properties

Please include the units for all data reported below. Parentheses have been
specifically provided for the units.

1. Normal collector operating temperature range, including start-up { ):

2. Stagnation temperature { ):

3. Maximum vapor pressure of fluids ):

4 .. Acceptable kinematic viscosities at the start-up temperature and at the

design operating temperature { ):

5. Maximum pumping power required per unit of power transferred: - - - - - - -

6. Expected half-life {years):

73
 Handling Properties

1. Required fire resistance in terms of specific potential fire hazards. Please

specify the approximate temperature of the hotest surface that the fluid would
contact in case of actual 1eak. ___________________

2. What specifications of fire resistance must the fluids meet to be used in

your system(s)? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3. If your fire safety specifications are mandated by codes or other regulations,

please i d e n t i f y · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

4. Required compatibility with the following materials:

Other System
Construction
Metals Plastics Elastomers Materials

At
maximum
use
te(pSr)ture

At other
temperatures
(please - - - - -
specify)

74
5. Physiological safety requirements (in terms of specific test results): _______

6. Biodegradability requirements (in terms of specific test results):

7. Other:

Other Requirements

1. Maximum acceptable price per gallon in bulk quantitites:

2. Other: ----------------------------------------------------------

75
 APPENDIX II

Questionnaire to Manufacturers of
Heat Transfer and Storage Fuels

76
 QUESTIONNAIRE TO ~NUFACTURERS OF HEAT TRANSFER AND STORAGE FLUIDS 1

Name of manufacturer:
Address: ------------------------------------------------------------
Your name: __________________________________:Position: _________________
Phone number:
Please complete a separat~ form for each fluid:

Is the fluid described below a commercial product? Yes No

If it is a commercial product, please supply the trade name:

Enclose trade literature, materials, safety data sheets (e.g., OSHA Form No. 20)
and other publications describing this fluid.

Chemical type of the fluid (e.g., mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons):

If the manufactured product is to be diluted \'lith water or some other fluid

prior to use, please indicate. Provide the requested data for the diluted,
ready-to-use fluid.

Design Properties
Please include the units for all data reported below. Parentheses have been
provided for the units.

1. · Useful temperature range ):

2. Melting point ( ):
3. Pour point ( ) :
4. Boiling point ( ):
5. Heat of vaporization ):
6. Coefficient of thermal expansion 2( ):
7. Surface tension ( ):

1The responses to the questions will be incorporated in a report that will

hdve unrestri~ted di~tribution.
2The coefficient of thermal expansion is defined by the following equation:

vt- v70°F
a= . X
v70°F t - 70
OF

Fl
 3
8. Thennal degradation temperature ( ): - - - - - - - - - - - - -

9. Maximum temperature rec.ornmended for long-term use ): -------

10. Other: ------------------------------------------------

For the following physical propertie~ please report data at several temper-
atures, encompassing the range covered by the measurements.

11. Specific heat ( ) : -----------------------------------

12. Thennal conductivity ( ):

'13. Kinematic viscosity ):

-------------------------~

14. Density ( ): - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15. Vapor pressure ) : ______,______________________________

. ········--·--·-----=

3 •
Please describe the method by which the thennal degradation temperature
was detenni ned or give the reference to the publ1 shed method.

78
 Handling Properties 4

1. Fire resistance:
a. Flash point, c1osed cup 5( ) :
b. Flash point, open cup 5( ) :
c. Fire point 5( ) :
d. Autoignition temperature 5( ) :
e. Oxygen index (% 0 2}:
f. Other data in terms of specific fire test results:

2. Physical a p p e a r a n c e : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3. Compatible with the following materials over the normal fluid use
temperature range:
Other
Construction
Metals Plastics Elastomers Materials

At maximum
use
temperature
( 0 )

-------- ·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4Please supply a materials safety dnta sheet, if available.
5Please designate the method used for the determination.

79
 4. Incompatible with the following materials over the normal fluid use
temperature range:

Other
Construction
Metals Plast.ics Elastomers Materials

At 70°1-

At maximum
use temperature
( 0 )

5. Chemical sensitivity of the fluid to following substances:

Water: ~------~--~--------~----~-----------------------
1norgani c bases: ---------------------'------------
Tra~e q~antiti~s of Stron~ acids:

Chloride ions: ----------------------------------~--­

Soldering and welding fluxes: --------------------------
Oxygen: ---------------------------------------------

80
 6. Solvents with which the fluid is miscible:

I' '

7. Phys i o1ogi ca 1 effects (in tenns of specific test results) : - - - - -

8· Biodegradability characteristics (in terms of specific test

results):
.,

9. Recommended cleaning method for spills:

10. Recommended fire extinguishing agent(s) for the fluid:·-------

11. Other:

Other information

1. Current price per gallon:

a. In 5-ga11on c a n s : - - - - - - - - - - - - - ______
b. In 55-ga 11 on drums:
c. In tank truck lots:

2. Other: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

81
 APPENDIX III

Addresses of Heat Transfer

Pluids Manufacturers

82
 TABLE 4. ADDRESSES OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS MANUFACTURERS

Fluid Manufacturer Address Phone

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 Exxon Company, U.S.A. P.O. Box 2180
Houston, TX 77001 713-656-5318
Diala AX Shell Oil Company One Shell Plaza
P.O. Box 2463
Houston, TX 77001 713-241-4334
Mobil therm 603 Mobil Oil COrporation 150 East 42nd Street
New York, NY 10017 212-883-2630
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43 A. Margoli~ & Sons Corp. 1504 Atlantic Avenue
Brooklyn, NY 11216 212-77 3-6270
sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 21 Sun Oil Company 1608 Walnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103 215-972-4150
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 25 Sun Oil Company 1608 Walnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103 215-972-4150
Texatherm Texaco, Inc. 4201 River Road
Cincinnati, OH 45204 513-451-5151
Thermia Oil C Shell Oil Company One Shell Plaza
P.O. Box 2463
Houston, TX 77001 713-241-4334

Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Brayco 888 Bray Oil Company ·9550 Flair Drive, suite 301
El Monte, CA 91731 215-575-1212
Brayco 888 HF Bray Oil Company 9550 Flair Drive, Suite 301
El Monte, CA 91731 215~575-1212

ESH-4 Ethyl Corporation 1600 West Eight Mile Road

Ferndale, MI 48220 313-399-9600
ESH-5 ~thyl Corporation 1600 West Eight Mile Road
Ferndale, MI 48220 313-399-9600
ESH-6 Ethyl Corporation 1600 West Eight Mile Road
Ferndale, MI 48220 313-399-9600
H-30 Mark Enterprises, Inc. 50 Hazel Terrace
Woodbridge, CT 06525 203-389-5598
H-30C Mark Enterprises, Inc. 50 Hazel Terrace
Woodbridge, CT 06525 203-389-5598
Uniroyal PAQ-13C Uniroyal, Inc. Spencer Street
Naugatuck, CT 06770 203-723-3778

(continued)

83
 TABLE 4 (continued}

Fluid Manufacturer Address Phone

Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J The Dow Chemj.caj. Company 2020 Dow Center
Barstow Building
Midland, MI 48640 517~636-3993

Dowtherm LF The Dow Chemica! Company 2020 Dow Center

Barstow Building
Midland·, MI 48640 517-636-3993
DXE Gulf Oil C~emicals Company P.O. Box 2900
Shawnee Mission, KS 66201 913-722-3200.
Mut.iltherm 600 Mnbil Oil CQ~PQra~ion 150 East 42nd Street
New York, NY !UU!/ 212-00J 2630
MCS-1958 Monsanto Company 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63166 314-694-2153
MCS-1980 Monsanto Company 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63166 314-694-2153
MC:J·--2046 Monsanto C0mpany BOO U. Lin~ber!h D~vd.
St. Louis, MO 6ll66
Therminol 55 Monsanto Company 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63166 314-694-2153
Therminol 60 Monsanto Company 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63166 314-694-2]53
Therminol 66 Monsanto Company 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63166 314-694-2153
Therminol 88 Monsanto Company BOO N. Lindbergh Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63166 314-694-215~

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 The Dow Chemical Company 2020 Dow Center
Barstow Building
Midland, MI 48640 517-636-315C
Prestone II Union Carbide Corporation Tarrytown Center
Tarrytown, NY 10591 914-345-2241
sunsafe 100 Nuclear Technology Corp./ 2050 North Broad Street
NPD Energy Systems, Inc. Lansdale, PA"l9446 215-362-1178
Sunsafe 130 Nuclear Technology Corp./ 2050 North Broad Street
NPD Energy Systems, Inc. Lansdale, PA 19446 215-362-11711
UCAR TF-17 Union Carbide Corporation Tarrytown Center
Tarrytown, NY 10591 914-789-3578
Zerex PPG Industries, Inc. P.O. Box 4026
Corpus Christi, TX 78408 512-883-4301

(continued)

84
 TABLE 4 (continued)

Fluid Manufacturer Address Phone

Propylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowfrost The Dow Chemical COmpany 2020 Dow Center
Barstow Building
Mi.illanil, MT 4R640 517-636-31~8

Practical Solar Fluid Practical Solar Heat, Inc. 2216 Montgomery Street
Bethlehem, PA 18017 215-865-5646
Solar Winter Ban Cameo Manufacturing, Inc. 2804 Patterson Street
Greensboro, NC 27407 919-292-4906
Sunsafe 200 Nuclear Technqlogy Corp./ 2050 North Broad Street
NPD Energy Systems, Inc. Lansdale, PA 19446 215-362-1178
Sunsafe 230 Nuclear Technology Corp./ 2050 North Broad Street
NPD Energy Systems, Inc. Lansdale, P> 19446 215-362-1178
sunsol 60 Sunworks P.O. Box 1004
New Haven, CT 06508 203-934-6301
UCAR FF-35 Union Carbide COrporation Tarrytown Center
Tarrytown, NY 10591 914-789-3578

Esters
Stauffer 3664-A Stauffer Chemical Company Nyala Farm Road
Westport, CT 06880 203-222-3166
Therminol 44 Monsanto COmpany 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63166 314-694-2153

Ethers
Dowtherm A The Dow Chemical Company 2020 Dow Center
Barstow Building
Midland, MI 48640 517-636-3993
Dowtherm G The Dow Chemical Company 2020 Dow Center
Barstow Building
Midland, MI 48640 517-636-3993
Therminol VP-l Monsanto Company 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63166 314-694-2153
UCON HTF-500 Union Carbide Corporation Tarrytown Center
Tarrytown, NY 10591 914-789-357!!

Silicones
SF-96(20) General Electric Company Silicone Products Dept.
Waterford, NY 12188 518-237-3330
Syltherm 444 Dow Corning Corporation 3901 s. Saginaw Road
Midland, MI 48640 517-496-4000
X2-ll62 Dow COrning Corporation 3901 s. Saginaw Road
Midland, MI 48640 517-496-4000

Fluorocarbons
Freon ll E.I. du Pont de Nemours & co. Nemours Building
Wilmington, DE 19898 302-774-2192
Freon 114 E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Nemours Building
Wilmington, DE 19898 302-774-2192
Freon TA E.I. duPont de Nemours & co. Nemours Building
Wilmington, DE 19898 ~02-774-2192

85
 APPENDIX IV

Properties of Heat Transfer Fluids

86
 TABLE 5. MELTING, POUR, AND BOILING POINTS

Melting point Pour point Boiling point

Fluid (OC) (OF) (OC) (OF)

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 -7 20 371~ 70#
Diala AX -51 -60
Mobiltherm 603 S-7 '5.20 343~
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43 -9 15
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 21 -18 0
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 25 -15 5
Texatherm -15 5 357 675
Thermia Oil c -12 10
Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Brayco 888 <-68 <-90 <-68 <-90 >260 >500
Brayco 888 HF <-65 <-85
ESH-4 <-57 <-70
ESH-5 <-57 <-70
ESH-6 <-57 <-70
H-30 -70 -94 -32 -25 295 560
H-30C 327 620
Uniroyal PA0-13C -46 -so
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J <-73 <-100 181 358
Dowtherm LF -32 -25 264 507
DXE -34 -30
Mobil therm 600 -21 -5 343~ "-65#
MCS-1958 -40 -40 327 620
b b
MCS-1980
MCS-2046 -15 5
Therminol 55 -40 -40
Therminol 60 -68 -90
Therminol 66 -28 -18
Therminol 88 60 to 145 140 to 293£

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluiCI&
Dowtherm SR-1 (50 wt-%) -37
Prestone I I (50 vol-%) -37
Sunsafe 100 (33 vol-%)
Sunsafe 130 (50 vol-%)
UCAR TF-17 (50 wt-%)
Zerex
Propylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowfrost (50 wt-\) no.!!. 23o.!!..
Solar Winter Ban 109.!!.. 228.!!..
Sunsafe 200 (33 vol-%) 103.!!.. 218.!!..
Sunsafe 230 (SQ vol-\) 107.!!.. 225~
f f (162)!. (324)~
UCAR FF-35 (50 wt-%) (-51)- (-60)-

See footnotes at end of table. (continued)

87
 TABLE 5 (continued)

Meltin9 E5!int Pour ~int Boilin9 E5!int

Fluid (OC) (oF) (OC) (OF) (OC) (OF)

Esters
Stauffer 3664-A -59 -75
Therminol 44 -62 -80

Ethers
Dowtherm A 12 54 257 495
Dowtherm G -7 20 302 575
Therminol VP-1 12 54 257 495
UCON HTF-500 -37 -35

Silicones
Sl!'-96 (:.!0) -65 -85
Syltherm 444 -60 -76
X2-1162 -100 -148

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 -111 -168 24 75
Freon 114 -94 -137 4 39
Freon TA -101 -150 44 110

Water 0 32 100 212

~Initial boiling point.

£solidifies slowly at 21°C (70°F).
~elting range.
~rystallization begins at this temperature upon cooling.
~he data pertain to water solution of the glycol.
~he data pertain to the concentrate.

88
 TABLE 6 (continued)

Thermal
degradation
Use temperature range temperature
Fluid (OC) (OF)

Esters
Stauffer 3664-A -48 to 316 -55 to . 600 "-316 "-600
Therminol 4'4 -51 to 218 -60 to 425

Ethers
Dowtherm A 16 to 399 60 to 750 368 694£
cowthel."lll G
Therminol VP-1
-7
16
to
to
371
399
20 to
60 to
700
750
'349
"'"~
UCON HTF-500 -1 to 260 30 to 500 288 550

Silicones
SF-96(20) -54 to 260 -65 to 500 316 600
Syltherm 444 -40 to 177 -40 to j5() >204 >400
X2-1162 -40 to >399 -40 to >750 >399 >750

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 -107 to 93 -160 to 200 121 25~
Freon 114 -9o to 149 -130 to 300 204 4oo!!.
Freon TA -96 to 93 -140 to 200 >43 >110

0 to 266 32 to 511~

~seable up to 204°C (400°F) in presence- of air, and up to 3l6°C (600°F) in inert

atmosphere.
b
~se temperature range extends up to 260°C (500°F) in inert atmosphere.
~te of thermal degradation at this temperature is 0.1 wt-\ per week.
~etermined isoteniscopically.
~wer use temperature value is being determined.
f
~se temperature range for solution in water.
~pon contact with steel at 121°C (250°F), 0.5\ degradation per year.
hupon contact with steel at 204°C (400°F), 0.5\ degradation per year.
~e upper use temperature may be affixed by the pressure tolerance
of the system. The temperature indicated here corresponds to a max-
imum allowable fluid pressure of SO atm (750 psig).

..
90
 TABLE 7. SUMMARY OF DENSITY DATA

Densit;t (lb/cu ft) at indicated tem12erature (OF)

Fluid -so 0 so 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

caloria HT-43 52.6 51.4 50.1 48.9 47.7 46.5 45.2 44.0 42.8 41.5 40.3
Diala AX 54.4 53.4 52.4
Mobiltherm 603 50.0 49.0 47.9 46.8 45.8 44.7 43.6
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 21 52.4 51.4
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 25 52.4 51.4
Texatherm 53.7 52.7 51.5 50.1 48.7 47.7 46.8 45.8 44.6 43.5 42.5
Thermia Oil C 54.0 52.9 51.8 50.5 49.3
Uniroyal PAQ-13C 42.7
Dowtherm J 57.2 55.8 54.4 53.1 51.7 50.4 48.9 47.4 45.8 44.1 42.3 40.3 38.1
Dowtherm U? 65.2 63.7 62.4 61.1 59.9 58.6 57.2 55.8 54.4 53.1 51.8 50.6
Mobiltherm 60P 54.5 53.6 52.6 51.6 50.5 49.4 48.3 47.1:
MCS-1958 82.1 80.7 79.3 77.7 76.3 74.9 73.4 72.0 70.5 69.1 67.1
MCS-1980 64.7 63.6 62.4 61.2 59.9 58.5
Therminol 55 56.6 55.4 54.3 53.1 52.0 50.8 49.7 48.5 47.4 46.2 45.0 43.8 42.7
\0. Therminol 60 64.8 63.6 62.5 61.3 60 •.2 59.1 58.0 56.9 55.6 54.6 53.3 52.0 50.9 49.7
1-' Therminol 66 64.5 63.3 62.1 61.0 59.8 58.6 57.4 56.2 55.0 53.9 52.7 51.5 50.3 49.1
Therminol 88 63.0 61.7 59.9 58.6 57.4 56.1 54.9 53.0 51.8
Dowtherm SR-1 (50 wt-%) 68.1 67.2 66.2
Prestone II (50 vol-%) 66.3 65.3
UCAR TF-17 (50 wt-%) 67.9 67.5 66.9 65.4 63.5 61.8
Dowfrost (50 wt-%) 65.2 64.0
UCAR FF-35 (50 'lit-%) ·65.8 64.7 63.5 62.1 60.6
Therminol 44 60.3 59.5 58.2 57 .. 1 55.6 5·4.1 52.7 51.5 50.0 48.7
Dowtherm Jl. 65.3 63.9 62.5 61.0 59.5 58.0 56.4 54.7 53.0 51.2 49.3
Dowtherm G 68.4 66.8 65.3 64.0 62.8 61.4 60.0 58.6 57.2 55.8 54.5 53.2 52.0
Therminol VP-1 65.4 64.1 62.7 61.3 59.8 58.3 56.7 55.1 53.4 51.7 49.8 47.8 45.6 43.1
UOON BTF-500 63.9 62.5 61.2 60.0 58.9 57.7 56.6 55.5
SF-96(20) 66.4 62.8 59.5 56.1 54.1 51.7 49.5 47.5 45.6
Syltherm 444 58.4 57.0 55.0 54.1 52.6
X2-lli2 58.1 56.8 55.5 54.2 52.8 51.3 49.7 48.0 46.1 44.1 41.8
water- 62.4 62.0 61.2 60.1 58.8 57.3 55.6 53.7 51.5 '48.9

!.J.B. Keenan, et al., nsteam Tables. Thermodynamic Properties of Water, Including Vapor,
Liquid and Solid Phases; a John Miley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1969, p. 2.
 TABLE 8. SUMMARY OF VISCOSITY DATA
Kinematic viscosit:t (cs) at indicated tem12erature (Ia:')
Fluid -so 0 50 100 150 200 250 300' 350 ~00 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

Caloria HT-43 31.2 17.6 6.53 \l. 72 2.83 2.02 L.45 1.15 0.956 0.800 0.670
Oiala AX ·12.1 5.01 2.79
Mobiltherm 603 3.17 2.24 1.64 L.26 1.00 0.827 0.700
sunoco Heat Transfer
Oil 21 15.6 8.25
Sunoco Heat Transfer
Oil 25 22.3 9.73
Texatherm 42.0 n.o 7.50 4.~3 2.80 1.98 :..so 1.22 1.04 0.897 0.780
Thermia Oil c 58.2 19.7 9.51 5.64 3.80
Uniroyal PA0-13C ~·.36
Dowtherm J 3.40 2.00 1.10 0.690 0.544 0.460 0.369 0.290 0.233 0.200 0.197 0.194 0.188
Dowtherm LF 5.69 2.9·:> 1.72 1.12 0.820 0.640 0.514 0.430 0. 379 C.340 0.303 0.270
Mobil therm 600 3.96 2.67 1.87 :..37 1.04 (.830 0.686 0.580
\0 MCS-1968 350 25.0 7.00 3.2C•. 1.84 1.26 0.930 o. 720 0.580 0.490 c .430
tv MCS-1980 5.47 3.76 2.61 L92 1.26 (.871
Thermiriol 55 1,400 122 26.9 9.86 4.85 2.86 1.89 1.36 1.•:>3 0.820 C.680 0.580 0.500
Therminol 60 1,:.oo 65.0 13.2 4.90 2.70 1. 75 1.25 0.970 0.750 Co.620 0.520 C.460 0.410 0.360
Thermino1 66 50,000 260 30.0 9.00 4.30 2.50 1. 70 1.25 (•.970 0.790 G.650 0.560 0.490 0.440
Therminol 88 1.57 1.16 (•.870 0.700 0.550 0.460 0.380 0.330 0.290
Dowtherm SR-1
(50 wt-%) 20.0 5.60 2.40
Prestone II
(50 vo1-%) 2.13 1. 30
UCAR TF-17 (50 wt-%) 18.0 5.10 2.20 1.20 0. 730 0.522
Dowfrost (50 wt-%! 9.60 2.90
UCAR FF-35 (50 wt-%) 8.70 2.90 1.41 0.740 0.480
Therminol 44 2,:oo 125 24.5 8.80 4.40 2.70 1.82 1. 30 1.05 0.850
Dowtherm A 2.49 1.56 1.06 0.789 0.620 0.502 0.420 0.365 0.320 0.278 0.240
Dowtherm G 12.8 4.67 2.68 1. 75 1.19 0.864 0.676 0.544 0.448 0.391 0.344 0.317 0.300
Thermino1 VP-1 2.96 1. 70 1.10 0.762 0.590 0.479 0.400 0.345 0.300 0.265 0.230 0.215 0.206 0.200
UCON HTF-500 61.0 27.2 13.3 7.78 5.35 4.10 3.28 2.64
SF-96(20) 59.0 28.0 17.0 10.0 7.00 5.70 4.20 3.40 2:. BO
Syltherm 444 17.0 10.0 7.20 5.50 4.20
X2-1162 10.6 6.93 4.69 3.27 2.34 1.72 1.28 0.981 0.761 0.600 0.480
wate~ 1.30 0.665 0.426 0.307 0.239 0.197 0.171 0•.151 0.139 0.131

>~y,s. Touloukian .• s. c. 5axena, and P. Hestermans, "Them.ophysical Prcperties of Matter, Vol. 11, Viscosity,"
IFI/Plenum, N~w York-Wasxingcon, 1~75, p. 9.4.
 TABLE 9. SUMMARY OF SPECIFIC HEAT DATA
seecific heat (Btu/lb•"F, cal/g•"C) at indicated temperature ("F)
Fluid -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

Caloria :IT-43 0.454 0.470 0.499 0.523 0.549 0.573 0.599 0.626 0.652 0.681 0.702
Diala AX 0.460 0.485 0.510
Mobiltheon 603 0.530 0.560 0.580 0.610 0.630 0.650 0.670
Sunoco H:.at Transfer Oil 21 0. 520 0.542
Sunoco H:.at Transfer Oil 25 0.520 0.542
Texather:n 0.480 0.500 0.530 0.560 0.590 0.610 0.640 0.660 0.680 0.700
Thermia Jil c 0.460 0.486 0.511 '0.536 0.560
Uniroyal PAD-13C 0.680
Dowtherm J 0.39E; 0.412 0.430 0.450 0.471 0.494 0.518 0.543 0.569 0.595 0.620 0.649 0.683
DOwtherm LF 0.380 0.400 0.420 0.440 0.460 0.480 0.?00 0.520 0.530 0.550 0.570 o.60P
Mobil the on 600 0.510 0.540 0.560 0.590 0.610 0.630 0.650 0.670
MCS-1958 0.292 0.304 0.316 0.328 0.339 0.350 0.361 0.372 0.383 0.395 0.407
MCS-1980 0.4.36 0.454 0.471 0.489 o..,5o6 0.524
Therminol 55 0.431 0.453 0.476 0.498 0.521 0.543 0.566 0.588 0.611 0.633 0.656 0.678 0. 700
\0 Therminol 60 0.321 0.346 0.371 0.395 0.420 0.445 0.470 0.495 0.518 0.543 0.568 0.593 0.618 0.643
w Therminol 66 0.347 0.370 0.394 0.417 0.441 0.464 0.488 0.511 0.534 0.558 0.-581 0.605 0.628 0.652
Therminol 88 0.467 0.482 0.497 0 •. 511 0.525 0.540 0.554 0.569 0.584
Dowtherm SR-1 (50 wt-%) 0.780 0.805 0.830
Prestone II (50 val-%) 0.813 0.840
UCAR TF-17 (50 wt-%) 0.740 0.780 0.820 0.840 0.870 0.890
oa·..frost (50 wt-%) 0.837 0.868
UCAR FF-35 (50 wt-%) 0.840 0.860 0.880 0.910 0.940 0.980
Therminol 44 0.426 0.443 0.459 0.476 0.492 0.508 0.524 0.542 0.558 0.574
Dowtherm A 0.388 0.407 0.426 0.444 0.463 0.481 0.500 0.518 0. 537. 0.558 0.579
Dowthem G 0.400 0.4~0 0.430 0.440 0.450 0.460 0.480 0.500 0.510 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560
Thepnincl VP-1 0.384 0.401 0.419 0.438 0.457 0.474 0.492 0.510 0.528 0.546 0.564 0.582 0.600 0.618
UCON HTf-500 0.480 0.500 0.520 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560 0.570
SF-96(2C) 0.436 0.442 0.446 0.452 0.457 0.463 0.468 0.474 0.478
Sylthem, 444 0.369 0.379 0.388 0.394 0.400
X2-1lg2 0.400 0.406 0.412 0.418 0.426 0.433 0.442 0.452 0.464 0.477 0.492
Water- 1.001 ·0.997 1.000 1.006 1.012 1.031 1.055 1.080 1.120 1.192

~- s. 'J'ouloukian and T. Makita, "~ermophysica1 Properties of Matter, Vol. 6, Specific Heat,"

· IFI/Plenum, New York-Washington, :.970, p. 102.
 TABLE 10. SUMMARY. OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DATA
Thermal conductiviti (Btu/hr•ft•"F) at indicated temi!!!rature (•F)
Fluid -so 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

caloria 11'1'-43 0.0694 0.0669 0.0647 0.0623 0.0597 O.OS?ii o.oss; 0.0535 0.0511 0.0487 0.0474
Diala AX 0.0750 0.0739 0.0726
Hobiltherc 603 0~0746 0.0733 0.0719 0.07.05 0.0690 0.0675 0.0660
sunooo Heat
Transfer
Oil 21 0.0750 0.0737
Sunoco Heat
Transfer
Oil 25 0.0750 0.0737
Texathenn 0.0770 0.0755 0.0740 0.0730 0.0720 0.0705 0.069C 0.0679 0.0670 0.0660 0.0650
'l'bennia Oil C 0.0760 0.0747 0.0735 0.0722 0.0710
~ya1
PA0-13C 0.0650
Dowthenn J 0.0790 0.0780 0.0770 0.0755 0.0740 0.0730 0.0720 0.0705 0.0692 0.068C 0.0669 0.0655 0.0640
Dowthenn LF 0.01!24 0.0800 o.077!J. 0.0760 0.0741 0.0720 0.0695 0.067C 0.0648 0.0625 0.0600 0.0576
Mobilthenn 600 0.0678 0.0666 0.0654 0.064; 0.0631 0.0620 0.0610 0.0600
HCS-1958 0.0634 0.0631 0.0625 0.0618 0.0608 0.0595 0.0581 0.0566 0.05SC· 0.0534 0.0517
HCS-1980 0.0754 0.0733 0.0713 0.069:: 0.0675 0.0658
'l'benninol 55 0.0764 0.0749 0.0733 0.0717' 0.0701 0.0684 .0.0666 0.0647 0.062: 0.0606 0.0583 0.0559 0.0533
\0 'l'benninol 60 0.07'H 0.0780 0.0768 0.0755 0.0743. 0.0731 0.0718 0.0705 0.0693 0.0681 0.0668 0.0656 0.0643 0.0630
ol:>o 'l'benninol 66 0.0705 0.0696 0.0687 0.0678 0.0668 0.0656 0.0643 0.0628 0.061: 0.0596 0.0579 0.0562 0.0545 0.0527
Tlienniilol 88 0.0738 0.0725 0.071: 0.0699 0.0686 0.0673 0.0660 0.0647 0.0634
Dowthenn SR-~
(50 wt-~) 0.2070 0.2185 0.2290
Prestone II
(50 vol-%) 0.2450 0.2420
UCAR TF-17
(50 wt-~) 0.2420 0.2420 0.2420 0.2410 0.2370 0.2320
Dowfrost
(50 wt-~) 0.2260 0.2230
UCAR FF-35
(50 wt-%) 0.2220 0.2200 0.2190 0.2160 0.2130
Thenninol'44 0.0856 0.0847 0.0828 0.0806 0.0782 0.0760 0.0736 0.0709 0.0680 0.065:
Dowthenn A 0.0810 0.0780 0.0760 0.0740 0.0726 0.0700 0.0680 0.0670· 0.0650 0.0625 0.0605
Dowthenn G 0.0760 0.0756 0.0750 0.0740 0.0730 0.0725 0.0720 0.0710· 0.0700 0.0694 0.0690 0.0685 0.0680
'l'benninol VP-1 0.0793 0.0770 0.0745 0.0722 0.0700 0.0675 0.065: 0.0628. 0.0605 0.0582 0.0560 0.0537 0.0515 0.0492
UCON HTF-500 0.0950 0.0921 0.0896 0.0877 0.0861 0.0838 0.0801 0.0755
SF-96(20) 0.0832 0.0786 0.0742 0.0697 0.0652 0.0610 0.0565 0.0522 0.045~

Syltherm 444 0.0830 0.0816 0.0800 0.0785 0.0770

X2-ll62 0.0880 0.0857 0.0835 0.0812 0.0791 0.0769 0.070 0.0729- 0.0711 0.0693 0.0677
Wate~ 0.3379 0.3612 0.3801 0.3920 0.3968 0.3949 0.3889 0.3781i 0. 3637' 0.3441

~- S. Toulouki.an, P.. E. Liley.- and S. c. Saxena, ~'l'beDDOphysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 3 . Thermal. Conductivity, "
IFI/PlenUD, New York-washington, 1970, p. 120.
 TABLE 11. HEATS OF VAPORIZATION AND COEF-
FICIENTS OF THERMAL EXPANSION

Heat of vaporization Coefficient of thermal expansion~

Fluid (cal/g) (Btu/lb)

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 11 x lo-" 6 X 10-"
Mobil thenn 603 7 X 10-" 4 X 10-"
Texathertn 7 X 10- 4 x
lo-"
Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
b
Brayco 888
H-30 5.9 x lo-" 3.3 x lo-"
Uniroyal PAQ-13C 7.6 X 10-" 4.2 x lo-"
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dowthenn J 52 to 73 94 to 131 11.2 x lo-" 6.2 X lo-"
Dowthenn LF 7.4 x lo-" 4.1 X 10-"
Mobil thenn 600 7 x 1o-" 4 X lo-"
MCS-1958 7.96 x 1o-" 4,42 X lo-" At -18° to 260°C
(0° to S00°F)
MCS-1980 9.9 x lo-" 5. 5 X lo-" At 149° to 399°C
(300° to 750°F)
MCS-2046 '1158£ '1110s£ "'e.so x 1o-..£ '114.72 X 10_...£
Therminol 55 46.9 84.4 e.l9 x 1o-" 4.55 X 1o-" At 21° to 3l6°C
(70° to 600°F)
Therminol 60 52 94 8.42 X 1o-" 4.68 X 10-" At 21° to 3l6°C
(70° to 600°F)
Therminol 66 58 lOS 8.68 X 1o-" 4.82 X 10-" At 21° to 343°C
(70° to 650°F)
Therminol 88 60 108 9.9 X lO-" s.s x 10-" ht 149° to 399°C
(300° to 750°F)
Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
~
Dowthenn SR-1 5 X 10_"£ 3 x 1o-"!.
Prestone II 191~ 345 6.2 x lo-"!. 3.4 x lo-"i"
Sunsafe 100 s.o x 1o-"! 2.e x lo-"-
Sunsafe 130 !i.4 x lu-"!. 3.o x 1o·"£
UCAR TF-17 364 6.2 x lo-"!. 3.4 x lo-"!. At 20°C (68°F)
Zerex 345 6 x lo-"!. 3 x lo-16!.
Propylene glycol-based
~
Dowfrost s x 1o-"!. 3 X 1o-"!.
Sunsafe 200 5,4 X 10-"~ 3,0 X 1o-"!
$~1\!l@f~ ~~Q 6.1 x lo-"- 3,4 X 1o-"!.
UCAR FF-35 164 296 7.o x
1o-AI!. 3,9 X 1o-"!. At 2o•c

See footnotes at end of table. (continued)

95
 TABLE 11 (continued)
Heat of vaporization Coefficient of thermal expansion~
Fluid (cal/g) (Btu/lb)

Esters
Stauffer 3664-A 13.3 X lo-s 7.4 X lo-s At 38°C (lQOOF)
Therminol 44 47 84 10.0 X lo-" 5.7 X 10-'+ At 21° to 2l8°C
(70° to 425°F)

~
Dowtherm A so to 71 90 to 127 9 X lo-" 5 X 10-'+
Dowtherm G 7.0 X 1o-" 3.9 X :~.o-"
Therminol VP-1 53. 7!l. 96.~
UNCON HTF-500 7.6 X lo-'+ 4.2 X 10-'+ At 20° to 260°C
(68° to 500°F)

Silicones
SF-96(20) 10.7 X 10-'+ 5.9 X 10-'+ At 25° to 150°C
(77° to 302°F)
Syltherm 444 10.7 X lo-'+ 5.9 X 10-"
X2-ll62 10.8 X 10-'* 6.0 X 10-'+

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 47.4 85.4!;!. l.Sx lo-1 8.5 X l0-2
Freon 114 32.5 58. s!:-. 2.2 X lo-1 1.2 X 10- 1
Freon TA 43.1 n.sa2 1.4 X 10- 1 7.6 X 10- 2

water 539.7 971.5~ 4.1 X 10-'+ 2.3 x lo-" .\t 0° to l00°C

(32° to 212°F)

~he coefficient of thermal expansion is defined by the following relationship

vt - v7ooF 1
a = X t - 70 1
OF
unless a different temperature interval is indicated in the table.
~eported by the manufacturer to be similar to values for conventional petroleum oils.
~stimatcd vulue.
~t atmospheric pressure.
~he data pertain to 50% solution in water.
~he data pertain to 33% solution in water.
~t 393°C (740°F).
~t 43.6°C (ll0.5°F).
4 t 3.8°C (38.8°F).
~t 23.8°C (74. 9°F).
~t l00°C (2l5°F).

96
 TABLE 12. METALS COMPATIBLE WirH HEAT
TRANSFER FLUIDS AT 2l°C (70°F)
Fluid metals Compatible
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------· ----
Hydrocarbon s
Petroleum-b ased
aliphatic hydrocarbon s
Ci!,l<:>r:i i'l HT-43 All, except for copper if oxygen is present.
Mobiltherm 603 Iron and carbon steel. Copper.and its alloys for small parts (e.g., valves
· and instrument bushings) only.
Texatherm Iron and steel.
Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbon s
Drayco 888 Conven.tiona l metals of <::<:mRtruction.
uniroyal PA0-13C ~o corrosion problems known w~th any metals.

Aromatic hydrocarbon s
Oowtherm J Carbon and stainless steels; aluminum, and copper alloys up to 204°C(400°F ).
Dowtherm LF Carbon and stainless steels; aluminum, and copper alloys up to 204°C(400°F ).
Mobiltherm 600 Iron and carbon steel. Copper and its alloys for small parts (e.g., valves
and instrument bushings) only.
MCS-1958 Carbon and stainless steels, aluminum and copper.
MCS-1980 All metals used for constructio n.
MCS-2046 All metals used for constructio n.
Therminol 55 All metals used for constructio n.
Therminol 60 All metals used for constructio n.
Therminol 6E All metals used for constructio n.
Therminol 88 All metals used for constructio n.

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-base d
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 All metals used for constructio n.
Prestone II Aluminum, brass, bronze, cast ircn, copper, and steel.
UCAR TF-17 Aluminum, copper, iron, and steel.
Propylene giycol-base d
fluids
Dowfrost All metals used for constructio n.
Sunsol 60 Copper and steel.
UCAR FF-35 Aluminum and steel.

Esters
Stauffer 3664-A Steel
Therminol 44 All metals used for constructio n.

Ethers
Dow~ht!rm A C.:.i.·l:..:.n and stainless :;teelo; aluminum, and copper alloys '·'f' tn 2na•cc<1nn•F').
Dowtherm G Carbon and stainless steels; aluminum, and copper alloys up to 204°C(400"F ).
Therminol VP-1 All metals used for constructio n.
UNCON HTF-500 Aluminum, carbon steel and copper.

Silicones
SF-96(20) Aluminum, c<;~dmium, cold-rolled steel, copper, duralumin, lead, magnesiurr.,
monel, nickel, phosphor bronze, silver, stainless steel, titanium, and
zinc.
Sylther.n 444 Aluminum, brass, copper, and steel.
X2-1162 Aluminum, copper, and steel.

Fluorocarbo ns
Freon 11 Aluminum and steel.
Freo:; 114 Aluminum, copper, and steel.
Freon TA Steel

97
 TABLE 13. PLASTICS COMPATIBLE WITH HEAT
TRANSFER FLUIDS AT 21°C {70°F)

Fluid Compatible plastics

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Mobiltherm 603 Teflon [at T <204°C (400°F)].

Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Brayco 888 Plastics recommended for use with hydrocarbon systems.
.~rc:?.!l!.~t:~.9
hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J Teflon
Dowtherm LF Teflon
Mobil therm 600 Teflon [at T <204°C (400°F)).
Therminol 55 Epoxy, phenolic, and Ryton.
Therminol 60 Phenolic and Ryton [at T <96°C (205°F)).
Therminol 66 Phenolic and Ryton [at T <96°C (205°F) ] •.

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
---
Dowtherm SR-1 Most plastics.
Prestone I I Fiberglass-reinforced nylon, phenolic, polyethylene, and polypropylene.
UCAR TF-17 Polyethylene
Propylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowfrost Most plastics.
UCAR FF-35 Polyethylene and most other common plastics.

~
Therminol 44 Phenolic, Ryton, and Teflon.

Ethers
Dowtherm A Teflon
Dowtherm G Teflon
Therminol VP-1 Phenolic, and Ryton.
UNCON HTF-500 Nylon, polyethylene, some epoxides and polyurethanes, and Teflon.

Silicones
SF-96 (20) Methacrylics, modified methacrylics, nylon, phenolics, polycarbonates,
polystyrene, and Teflon.
Syltherm 444 Plastics a~e not recommended for contact with Syltherm 444.

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 Nylon, polyacetal, polycarbonate, and unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)
/
[at T S54°C (l30°F)],
Freon 114 Nylon, polyacetal, polycarbonate, and unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)
[at T S54°C (l30°F)),
Freon TA Nylon, polyacetal, and polycarbonate [at T ~43°C (ll0°F)).

98
 TABLE 14. ELASTOMERS COMPATIBLE WITH HEAT
TRANSFER FLUIDS AT 2l°C (70°F)
-----------~-----------------------·· ·-
Fluid Compatible elastomers

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 ACM,~ CR,£ CSM~£ CST,~ ECO,~ Eu,f EUSi,~ FPM, nitrile-butadiene, and
vinylsilicone.
Mobil therm 603 Buna N [at T <93°C (200°F)) and Viton [at T <121°C (250"F)).
Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Brayco 888 Elastomers recommended for use with hydrocarbon systems.
ESH-4 Butyl [200-225% swelling at 93"C (200"F)), Buna N [3% shrinkage at 93"C
(200"F)), neoprene [12-13% shrinkage at 93"C (200"F)), and silicone
[14-17% swelling at 93°C (200°F).
H-30 Buna N, butyl, ethylene-propylene-diane monomer (EPDM), neoprene and
silicone [to 93"C (200°F)).
Uniroyal PAQ-13C Neoprene, nitrile, and silicone.
Aromatic .hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J Viton A.
Dowtherm LF Viton A.
Mobiltherm 600 Buna N [at T <93"C (200"F)], Viton [at T <12l"C (250°F)).
MCS-1958 Butyl, Buna N, neoprene, fluorosilicone [at T <177"C (350°F)), silicone
[at T <232•c (450"F)), and Viton [at T <204"C (400"F)].
Therminol 55 Viton [at T <149°C (300°F)).
Therminoi 66 Viton [at T <149°C (300°F)).

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 Most elastomers.
Prestone II Buna N, butyl, ethylene-propylene-diane monomer (EPDM), and silicone.
Propylene 91ycol-based
fluids
Dowfrost Most elastomers.

~
opterminol 44 Vi ton

Ethers
Dowtherm A Viton A.
Dowtherm G Viton A.
UCON HTF-500 Buna N, Buna s, butyl, EPR, natural rubber, neoprene, and silicone.

Silicones
01'-~6(:10) lluna )!, butyl, neopr~n~, and V!to:>TI·
Syltherm 444 Fluoroelastomers, high temperature ethylene-propylene-diane monomer, and
polyacrylates.
X2-1162 Fluoroelastomers

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 Buna N, Hypalon, neoprene, and Thiokol [at T S54°C (130"F)).
Freon 114 Buna N, Hypalon, neoprene, and Thiokol [at T S54°C (130°F)).
Freon TA Adiprene L, Buna N, neoprene, and Thiokol [at T ~43°C (ll0°F)).

!copolymer of acrylate and monomer.

~olychloroprene.
=chlorosulfonylpolyethylene.
~olysulfide type elastomer.
!copolymer of ethylene oxide and epichlorohydrin.
!polyether urethane.
3silicone-~odified polyether urethane.

·. 99
 TABLE 15. VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS COMPATIBLe
WITH HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS AT 21°C {70°F)

Fluid Compatible construction materials

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Mobiltherrn 603 Pip~ sealants: Quigley's Q-Seal,
Johns-Manville's Plastiseal, and
Crane's No. 425.
Texatherrn Packing and gasket materials designed
for use with hot oil.
synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Qniroyal PA0-13C
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Mobiltherrn 600 Pipe sealants: Quigley's Q-Seal,
Johns-Manville's Plastiseal, and
Crane's No. 425.
MCS-1958 Glass; fiberglass insulation.
Therrninol 55 Epoxy paints and inorganic gasket
materials.
Therrninol 60 Epoxy paints and inorganic gasket
materials.
Therrninol 66 Epoxy paints and inorganic gasket
materials.
Therrninol 88 Epoxy paints and inorganic gasket
materials.

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
Prestone II Solder and various inorganic gasket
materials.

Esters
Therrninol 44 Epoxy paints and inorganic gasket
matliiu:'ials.

Ethers
Therminol VP-1 Epoxy paints and inorganic gasket
materials.
UCON HTF-500 Most epoxy and polyurethane paints,
and asbestos.

100.
 TABLE 16. METALS COMPATIBLE WITH HEAT TRANSFER
FLUIDS AT MAXIMUM USE TEMPERATURES

Fluid Compatible metals

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 All, except for copper if oxygen is present.
Mobiltherm 603 Stainless steel pipe (ASTM A-53 or ASTM A-106); bolts
(ASTM A-193 Grade B-7 alloy steel).
Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Uniroyal PA0-13C No corrosion problems known with any metal.
~romatic hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J Carbon and stainless steels [at T S302°C (575°F) ].
Dowtherm LF Carbon and stainless steels [at T S316°C (600°F)].
MCS-1958 Carbon and stainless steels [at T S288°C (550°F)].
MCS-1980 All metals normally used in high-temperature systems.
MCS-2046 All metals normally used in high-temperature systems.
Therminol 55 All metals normally used in high-temperature systems.
Therminol 60 All metals normally used in high-temperature systems.
Therminol 66 All metals normally used in high-temperature systems.
Therminol 88 All metals normally used in high-temperature systems.

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 Aluminum, brass, cast iron, copper, and steel.
Prestone II Aluminum, brass, bronze, cast iron, copper, and steel.
Sunsafe 130 Aluminum, copper, iron, and steel.
Propylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowfrost Aluminum, brass, cast iron,. copper, and steel.
Sunsol 60 Copper and steel.
UCAR FF-35 Aluminum and steel.

Esters
Therminol 44 All metals· normally used in high-temperature systems.

Ethers
Dowtherm A Carbon and stainless steels [at T S399°C (750uF)].
Dowtherm G Carbon and stainless steels [at T S371°C (700°F)].
Therminol VP-1 All metals normally used in high-temperature systems.
UCON HTF-500 Aluminum, carbon steel, and copper.

Silicones
SF-96 (20) Aluminum, cadmium, cold-rolled steel, copper, duralumin, lead,
magnesium, monel, nickel, phosphor bronze, silver, stain-

i I
Syltherm 444

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11
less steel, titanium, and zinc.
Aluminum, brass, copper, and steel.

Aluminum and steel [at T S93°C (200°F)].

l'
I

101
 TABLE 17. PLASTICS, ELASTOMERS, AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS COMPATIBLE WITH HEAT TRANSFER
FLUIDS AT MAXIMUM USE TEMPERATURES
Compatible Other compatible
Fluid Compatible plastics elastomers materials

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Mobil therm 603 Asbestos fiber or metallic
seals. Johns-Manville's
Boetze No. 900 soft steel
gaskets with standard corruga-
tions, without asbestos inserts,
coated with Johns-Manville's
Plastiseal. Also, Garlock,
Guardian, or Johns-Manville's
Goetz 912, Type 4Y gaskets.
Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Uniroyal PAQ-l3C Possible swelling of poly- Neoprene, nitrile Asphalt
olefin typo plastics and sil".i.cQ!leo
(e.g., polyethylene
and polypropylene).
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Mobil therm 600 Asbestos fiber or metallic seals.
Johns-Manville's Boetze No. 900
soft steel gaskets with standard
corrugations, ·without asbestos
inserts, coated with Johns-
Manville's Plastiseal. Also,
Garlock, Guardian, or Johns-
Manville's Goetz 912, Type 4Y
gaskets.

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 Most plastics. Mast elastomers.
Prestone II Solder

Esters
Therminol 44 Teflon Kalrez

Ethers
UCON ll'l'F-'iOO Teflon

Silicones
Syltherm 444 Not recommended for Fluoroelastomers and
contar.::t. high-temperature
ethylene-propylene-
diane monomer !at
T ~77"C (350°F)).

102
 TABLE 18. METALS, PLASTICS, AND ELASTOMERS INCOMPATIBLE
WITH HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS AT 21°C (70°F)

Compatible Compatible Incompatible

Fluid metals plastics elastomers

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 Ethylene-propylene-diene
monomer, isobutene-
isoprene, nitrile,
styrene-buta.diene.

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-
based fluids
Prestone II Galvanized steet,
zinc die castings.
UCAR TF-17 Galvanized steel.
Propylene glycol-
based fluids
UCAR FF-35 Copper, brass, galva-
nized steel.

Ethers
UCON HTF-500 Polycarbamates,
polycarbonates.

Silicones
SF-96(20) Polyacetal, poly- Elastomers containing
ethylene, polypro- plasticizers that
pylene, poly(vinyl are compatible with
chloride). poly(dimethylsiloxane).

li'luoroc:arbono
Freon 11 Polystyrene Silicone
Freon 114 Polystyrene Silicone
Freon TA Magnesium and zinc. Poly(ethyl cellulose) Silicone and Viton.
and polystyrene.

103
TABLE 19. METALS, PLASTICS, AND ELASTOMERS INCOMPATIBLE WITH
HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS AT MAXIMUM USE TEMPERATURES

Incompatible Incompatible Incompatible

Fluid metals plastics elastomers

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 All plastics. All elastomers. '
Mobiltherm 603 Cast iron, copper and
its alloys, except
for small parts.
Texatherm Copper and its alloys.
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dowthernl J Alwulnwu ancl copper. All plast.ics. All elastomers.
Dowtherm LF Aluminwn and copper. All plastics. All elastomers.
Mobiltherm t>uu case iron; copper and
its alloys, except
.for small parts.
MCS-1980 Thermoplastic polymers.
MC~-11)4~ TheL"mVplo..!it:ic· J:Nl.Yul!u.s. :!tll¥lene-propyleM,
nenprene, nitrile,
silicone.
Therminol 55 Thermoplastic polymers. Ethylene-propylene,
neoprene, nitrile,
silicone, Viton.
Therminol 60 Thermoplastic polymers.
Therminol 66 Thermoplastic polymers.
Therminol 88 Thermoplastic polymers.

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-
based fluids
Prcctonc II Galvanized steel,
zinc die castings.
UCAR TF:-17 Galvanized steel.
Propylene glycol-
based fluids
Dowfro~;~t G~lv~i~eQ steel.
UCAR FF-35 Brass, copper, galva-
nized steel.

Esters
·Therminol 44 Thermoplastic polymers.

~
Dowtherm A Aluminwn and copper. All plastics. All elastomers.
Dowtherm G Aluminwn and copper. All plastics. All elastomers.
Therminol VP-l Thermoplastic polymers.
UCON HTF-500 Polycarbamates, polycarbonates.

Silicones
SF-96(20) Yellow brass. Polyacetal, polyP.t:hyl.,.ne,
polypropylene, poly(vinyl
chloride) .

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 Polystyrene Silicone
Freon ll4 Polystyrene Silicone
Freon TA Magnesium and zinc. Poly(ethyl cellulose) and Silicone and Viton.
polystyrene.

104
TABLE 20. CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS TO WATER,
INORGANIC BASES, AND TRACE QUANTITIES OF STRONG ACIDS
Sensitivity Sensitivity to Sensitivity to
Fluid to water inorganic bases strong acids

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 None None None
Mobiltherm 603 May promote None None
degradation.
Synthetic
aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Brayco 888 None None Slight to none.
ESH-4 None None
ESH-5 None None
ESH-6 None None
H-30 None None None
Uniroyal PA0-13C None None None
Aromatic
hydrocarbons
Dowtherm ,J None
Dowtherm LF None
Mobil therm 600 May promote None Promote degradation.
degradation.
MCS-1958 None None at ambient None at ambient temper-
temperature. May ature. May be sensi-
be sensitive at tive at 288°C (550°F).
288°C (550°F).
MCS-1980 None None None
MCS-2046 None None None
Therminol 55 None None None
Therminol 60 No significant None None
sensitivity.
Therminol 66 None None None
Therminol 88 None None None

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-
based fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 None None None
Prestone II None. Distilled or Can accelerate
deionized water corrosion of metals
is. ,Preferred containing glycol
from corrosion solution.
. ~;;t:audpuint.
'\]CAR TF-17 None None None
Propylene glycol-
based fluids
Dowfrost None None None
UCAR FF-35 None None None
(continued)

105
 , ..
TABLE 20 (continued)

Sensitivity Sensitivity to Sensitivity to

Fluid to water inorganic bases strong acids

Esters
Stauffer .3664-A May cause some hydro-
lysis, depending
upon conditions.
Therminol 44 No significant Will react. Will react.
reactivity.

Ethers
Dowtherm A None
Dowtherm G None
Therminol VP-1 None None None
UCON HTF-500 None None None

Silicones
SF-96(20) None Very sensitive. Very sensitive.
Syltherm 444 Catalyzes formation Catalyzes formation Catalyzes formation of
of low-boiling of low-boiling low-boiling compounds.
compounds. compounds.
X2-1162 Catalyzes formation Catalyzes formation Catalyzes formation of
of low-boiling of low-boiling low~boiling compounds.
compounds. compounds.

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 Slight hydrolysis Slight hydrolysis in Slight hydrolysis in
in presence of aqueous bases in aqueous acids· in
metals. presence of metals. presence of metals.
Freon 114 None None
Freon TA No chemical reaction No chemical reaction No chemical reaction
but acetone com- but acetone com- but acetone com-
ponent will be ponent will be ponent will be
extracted by water. extracted by aque- extracted by aqueous
ous bases. acids.

106
TABLE 21. CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS TO
CHLORIDE IONS, AND TO SOLDERING AND WELDING FLUXES

Sensitivity to soldering
Fluid Sensitivity to chloride ions and welding fluxes

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 None None
Mobiltherm 603 Probably very little. Very little.

Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Brayco 888 None None
ESH-4 None
ESH-5 None
ESH-6 None
H-30 None
Uniroyal PAQ-lJC None None

Aromatic hydrocarbons
Mobiltherm 600 Probably very little. Very little.
MCS-1958 None at ambient temperature. May be None
sensitive at 288°C (550°F).
MCS-1980 Not expected. Generally not expected.
MCS-2046 Not expected. Generally not expected.
Therminol 55 Not expected. Generally not expected.
Therminol 60 Not expected. Generally not expected.
Therminol 66 Not expected. Generally not expected.
Therminol 88 Not expected. ·Generally not expected.
Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 None None
Prestone II Affect corrosion protection in Undesirable in the system. Should
the system. be removed as effectively as
possible by flushing.
UCAR TF-17 None

Propylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowfrost None None
UCAR FF-35 None None

~
Therminol 44 Not expected. Generally not expectedr however,
will react with strongly acidic
fluxes.
Ethers
Ther111inol VP-1 Nat expected. Gana•ally neb owpoeted.
UCON HTF-500 None None
Siliconu
SF-96(20) Sensitive Very sensitive.
Sylther!ll 444 Catalyze for~~~ation af law-boiling Acidic fluxes catalyze formation of
compounds. low-boiling compounds.
X2-1162 Catalyze for111ation af low-boiling Acidic fluxes catalyze formation of
compounds. low-boiling compounds.
Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 Slight hydrolysis in aqueous Inert if anhydrous.
chlorides.
Freon 114 l!c;>ne Nona
Freon TA No chemical reaction but acetone May dissolve portion of flux.
component.will be extracted by
aqueous chloride solution.

107
TABLE 22. CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS TO OXYGEN
Fluid Effect of oxygen

Hydrr:·~

Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 Sensitive to oxygen at high concentrations and elevated temperatures.
Mobiltherm 603 Detrimental; the effect depends upon temperature.

Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Brayco 888 Oxidized by air at elevated temperatures. Fluid contains oxidation
inhibitor.
ESH-4 None at ambient temperature. Oxidized at high temperatures.
ESH-5 None at ambient temperature. Oxidized at high temperatures.
ESH-6 None at ambient temperature. Oxidized at high temperatures.
H-30 Re~cts with oxvqen ~ve 66°C Cl50°FI.
Uniroyal PAQ-13C None

Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J Oxidized at elevated temperatures.
Dowtherm LF Oxidized at elevated temperatures
Mobiltherm 600 Detrimental; the effect depends • ., temper<:..:ure.
MCS-1958 Moderately sensitive at high t'· .. _..- ::"·'tres.
MCS-1980 Oxidized at elevated temperature£.
MCS-2046 Oxidized at elevated temperatures.
Therminol 55 Oxidized at elevated temperatures.
Therminol 60 Oxidized at elevated temperatures.
Therminol 66 Oxidized at elevated temperatures.
Therminol 88 Oxidized at elevated temperatures.

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 Oxidized slowly at high temperatures [T >121°C (250°F)].
Prestone I I None at ambient temperature. Oxidized slowly at high temperatures.
UCAR TF-17 Oxidized at elevated temperatures.

Propylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowfrost Oxidized slowly at high temperatures [T >121°C (250°F)).
UCAR FF-35 Oxidized at elevated temperatures.

Esters
Stauffer 3664-A Oxidized at elevated temperatures.
Therminol 44 Oxidized at elevated temperatures.

Ethers
Dowtherm A Oxidized at elevated temperatures.
Dowtherm G oxidized at elevated temperatures.
Therminol VP-1 Oxidized at elevated temperatures.
UCON HTF-500 Oxidized at elevated temperatures.

Silicones
SF-96(20) Oxidized at high temperatures.
1>y .Ltfionn 1111 0Kido.tion o.t high Leuij,JcLaluLe~> ""uo;eo; fuuualluu uf hlyll=!.Julliny c.:ompounds.
X2-1162 Oxidation at high temperatures causes formation of high molecular weight
species.

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 None
Freon 114 None
FrPon TA Possibility of reaction with acetone at elevated temperatures and pressures.

108
 TABLE 23. FLASH IGNITION AND FIRE POINTS, AND AUTOIGNITION
TEMPERATURES OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS
Flash point, Flash point, Autoigni tion
o~en CUJ! closed cue: Fire e2int temEerature
Fluid •c 'F •c 'F •c 'F •c 'F

H~drocarbons

Petroleum-based
alie;hatic h:z:drocarbons
caloria HT-43 204 400 16a!. 334~ 221 430 354 670
Diala AX 149 300 127~ 261~ 23~ 45~
Mobil therm 603 · 2:193 2:380 '\.218 "'425 >343 >650
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43 216 420 191 375 38~ 72~
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 21 227 440 21~ 41#
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 25 229 445
Texatherm 221 430 18# 37~ 357 675
Thermia Oil c 235 455 19# 37~

s:z:nthetic alie:hatic
h;tdrocarbons
Bra yeo 888 160 320 15~ 311~ 177 350 21~ 41#
Brayco 888 !IF 227 440 20# 39~ 246 475 388 730
ESH-4 224 435 19# 37~ 246 475
ESH-5 20# 39~
ESH-6 238 460 20~ 39# 266 510
H-30 155 310 13# 26a!. 171 340 219 425
H-30C 182 360 18~ 36~
Unirpyal PA0-13C 2:279 2:535 22~ 437~ 2:307 2:585 41# 77~

Aromatic h:;tdrocarbons
Dowtherm .f-. 63 145 57~ 13~ 68 155 430 806
Dowtherm u£. 127 260 11~ 23# 138 280 549 1,020
DXE, ~63 325 15# 30~ 193 380 545 1,013
Mobil thea'" 6oo 2:177 2:350 "-199 '\>390 >343 >650
MCS-195!F 182 360 17~ 34~ "-181 582 1,080
MCS-1980 294 400 1aa!. 37# 232 450 538 1,000
MCS-2046 188 370 177~ 351~ 210 410 377 710
Therminol 55 179 355 18~ 36~ 210 410 357 675
Therminol 60 154 310 14# 28~ 160 320 446 835
Therminol 66 179 355 19# 374~ 194 382 374 705
Therminol 88 191 375 197~ 387~ 238 460 >538 >1,000

Glycols
Eth:z:lene gl:z:col-based
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 (121~~ (250~~ (118)!.'~·! (244)!.,!.•! ('\.160)!.'!.•! ('\o320)!.r~rf 49# (434)~·~ 92s!. (813)!.r!.
Prestorle I I (121)-•ll. (250)-·ll. (107)~·ll. (224)~·ll. (124)~l (255)~·ll. 6Bah (632)!!. 1, 27o!!. (1,170)!!.
f
Sunsafe 100
Sunsafe 13~ ! !
(260~~. 4 ,1775)~
49J ~!~4)~
UCAR TF-17- (127)
Zerex (127) (260)-·.l ( 115) !,r ~' !_ (239)~·~·! ("-140)~·~·! (284)~·~·! 914- (813)~

PrOJ2~lene 9:l~col-based
fluids
oowfrost (102lf !2lsl~ (105}~'~'!. (221}.!'~'! ("-125)~·~·! ("1.257}.!'~'!. 47# (419).!'!. 87a!. (788)~·~
Practical Solar Fluid (153)~·~ (307)!.'~ ("-l53)~f~ ("1.307).!'!. 48&!- (424)~·~ 907~ (795)!..'!.
Solar Winter Ban
f
7 f
Sunsafe 200 r
Sunsafe 230
f
! f
Sunso1 60 k
UCAR FF-35- (116)~ (240)~ (99)~ (210)~ (421)~ (790)~

See footnotes at end of table. (continued)

109
 TABLE 23 (continued)
l'laah point, Pl. .h point, Autoignition
OE!!ft CU2 cloood CUi! Fire e2;int t!!!P!rature
Fluid •c . 'F •c 'I' •c 'I' •c 'I'

Eatera
Stauffer 3664•11 243 470 21~ 41~ 282 540 427 800
Thar:minol 44 207 405 19s!- 38~ 225 438 374 705

Bthera
~um:i
Dowthent
124
152
255
305
us!-
13~
23¢.
27o!
135
157
275
315
621
554
1,150
1,030
Thar:minol YP•l 116 240 us!- 23¢- 127 260 621 1,150
OCOII ll'l'P·SOO 282 540 244 471 316 600 399 750

Siliconu
SP-96(20) 232 450 202 395 4~7 BOO
llylthont 444 249 480 232 450 260 500 )427 >aoo
112-1162 154 310 193 380 >427 )800

Pluorocarbone
Freon 11 !!. !!. !!.
Preon 114 !!. !!. !!.
Preon 'l'A !!. !!. !!. 60~ 1,117!.

!value dater:mined in present work.

b . .
"Pl...,.bility limito in airt lower flammability limit 0.8 vol·\ at 54°C (130°P) anc! aloe at 171°C (340°P) 1 upper flammability
lillit 5 vol•\ at 88'C (190'1') anc! alae at 17l'C (340°P) .
.!!rlaanability limito.in airt lower flammability limits 0.8 vol·\ at 149'C (300°P) anc! 0.5 vol•\ at 260°C (500°F) 1 upper flammability
lilllite 3. 3 vol•\ at 149'C (300°1') anc! 6. 2 Vol•\ at 260°C (500°F). oil-
.~ot manifold ignition temperature '1.816'C ("'1,500'F).
!.rha data pertain to unc!Uutod 9lycol bate otock.
!eolutiona 0ontainin9 50 vol·\ water do not have meoourable flaoh anc! fire pointo.
llaolutiono containiftfJ up to 85 vol•\ Praotono II in watar c!o not hove c!atectobla flaoh anc! fire points.
~. autoi9nition temperatura• of Praeto~e II Sumer Winter Concentrate and ita 40 vel-' solution in water are reported ae
632'C (l,l70°P) anc! 688'C (1,270'P), reopeotively.
Arlammability limito in air• lower flammability limit, 3.2 vol•\J upper flammability limit, 15.3 vol-\.
~arex aolutiona in water, at concentration• lower than 80 vol-\, do not have detectable flash and fire points.
!!vlalllllability limite in airt lower flammability lilllit, .2.6 vol·\J upper flammability limit, 12. S vQl•\.
!rlammability limito in airt lower flammability limits 0.8 vol·\ at 149°C. (300°F) one! 0.5 vo1-\ at 260°C (500°F) 1 upper flammability
limita 3.3 vol•\ at l49'C (JOO'P) anc! 6.2 vo1-\ at 260°C (500°P).
!!!plammabUity limite in air• lower flammability limits 1.2 vo1-\ at 17l"C (340°F) one! 0.6 vo1-\ at 260°C (500°F) 1 upper flammability
· limite 1.2 vol•\ at 17l'C (340°P) anc! .3.3 vol-\ at 204"C (400"P).
!!rreon 11, Freon 114, and Preon TA are ~eported by the manufacturer not to exhibit flash and fire points.

110

r
 ./

TABLE 24. FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS FOR HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

Fluid Recommended fire extinguishing agents

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 co 3 , dry chemical, foam, water spray or fog.
Mobiltherm 603 coa, dry chemical, foam.
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43 Same fire extinguishing agents that are applied to oil fires.

Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
-Brayco 888 COa, dry chemical.
Brayco 888 HF CO a, .dry chemical.
H-3(' COa, foam.
Uniroyal_ PA0-13C COa, dry chemical, foam, water.

Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J Dry chemical, steam, water spray or mist.
Dowtherm LF Dry chemical, steam, water spray or mist.
DXE COa, dry chemical, foam, water spray. Water spray may be used
to flush spills away from exposure.
Mobiltherm 600 COa, dry chemical, foam. Firefighters must use self-contained
breathing apparatus.
MCS-1958 COa, dry chemical, foam, water spray or mist.
MCS-1980 COa, dry chemical.
MCS-2046 COa, dry chemical, foam, water spray or mist.
Therminol 55 COa, dry chemical, foam, water spray or mist.
Therminol 60 COa, dry chemical, foam, water spray or mist.
Therminol 66 cb~, dry chemical,· foam, water spray or m~st.
Therminol 88 COa, dry chemical.

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-base~
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 COa, dry chemical, foam, water mist for neat fluid1 none needed
for diluted fluid. ·
Prestone II COa or dry chemical for small fires, foam for large fires.
UCAR TF-17 COa or dry chemical for small fires, foam and water for
large fires.
Zerex COa, dry chemica~, water.

Propylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowfrost coa, dry chemical, foam, water mist for neat fluid1 none needed
for diluted material.
UCAR FF-35 COa, dry chemical for small fires. Foam and water for
large fires.

Esters
Therminol 44 COa, dry chemical; foam.

~
Dowtherm A Dry chemical, steam, water spray or mist.
Dowtherm G Dry chemical, steam, water spray or mist.

SiHc:~ones

SF-96(20) Any-common fire fighting agent.

Syltherm 444 COa, dry chemical.
X2-1162 coa, dry chemical.

111
TABLE 25. PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

Fluid Physiological effects

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
· Caloria HT-43 Acute oral LDso >10 g/kg body weight for rats. Skin contact:
prolonged contact may cause mild irritation. Mutagenicity:
Ames test negative.
Diala AX Nnt' r<>pnrt'en
Mobil therm 603 Safe and nontoxic by Federal Hazardous Substances Act tests.
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43 Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 21 Acute oral LDso >30 g/kg body weight for rats. Inhalation:
no effect expected at 25 mg/m 3 of ·air. TLV 5 mg/m3 as oil
mist. Skin contact: dermal LD 50 >a g/kg body weight.
Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.
· Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 25 Acute oral LDso >30 g/kg body weight for rat&. Inhalation:
no effect expected at 25 mg/m3 of air. TLV 5 mg/m3.as oil
mist. Skin contact: no irritation expected unless pro-
longed or repeated contact is allowed. Not expected to be
toxic by dermal absorption.
Texatherm Low toxicity and non-irritating to operating personnel.
Thermia Oil c Not reported.

·Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Brayco 888 Acute· oral LDso >40 mL/kg body weight by ingestion or sub-
cutaneously; Eye contact: no irritation by the oraize
test. Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.
Brayco· 888 HF LDeo >40 mL/kg. Eye contact: non-irritating; Draize index 0.
Skin conta'ct: non-irritating.
ESH-4 Physiological effects similar to those of paraffin oils.
ESH-5 Physiological effects similar to those of paraffin oils •.
ESH-6 Physiological effects similar to those of paraffin oils.
H-30 Oral LDso >30 g/kg body weight. TLV >17 mg/liter.
Mutagenicity: Ames test negati.ve.
H-30C Not reported.
Uniroyal PA0-13C LD 50 >40 mL/kg body weight. Skin contact: causes no irrita-
tion. Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.

(continued)

112
 TABL~ 25 (continued)
Fluid Physiological effects

Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J LDso (rats) is in the range of 1-2 g/kg body weight. Eye
contact: up to mild irritation; no corneal injury likely.
Skin contact: up to mild irritation upon single exposure; up
to moderate irritation upon prolonged exposure, ·possibly mild
edema and superficial burn. Not likely to be absorbed in
acutely toxic amounts. Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.
Dowtherm LF LDso (rats) is in the range of 2-4 g/kg body weight. Inhala-
tion: ~xposure should be limited to 1 ppm according to OSHA
guide (1975). Eye contact: may cause pain, slight transient
irritation; no corneal injury. Skin contact: prolonged or
repeated exposure may cause slight to moderate irritation.
Not likely to be absorbed i'n toxic amounts. Mutagenicity:
Ames test negative.
DXE TLV not established. Suggested limiting exposure .criterion of
mist is 5 mg/m 3 • Skin contact: prolonged.or repeated contact
may cause irritation. Prolonged exposure to.mist may cause
irritation of mucous membrane. Eye contact·: may cause
irritation.
Mobiltherm 600 Not rellorted.
MCS-1958 Acute oral LDso (rats) is approximately ?. g/kg body weight.
Mutageniqity: Ames test negative.
MCS-1980 MuJ:agenicity: Ames test negative.
MCS-2046 Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.
Therminol 55 LDso .(rats) >15.8 g/kg body weight. TLV is not established.
Inhalation: due to low volatility, no observable effects on
rats during and after 6-hr exposure. Eye contact: mild,
reversible irritation to the eyes of rabbits. Skin contact:
nonlethal at the dose rate of 7.94 g/kg body weight.
Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.
Therrnihol 60 Acute oral LDso (rats) is 13.0 g/kg body weight. TLV is not
established. Inhalation: due to low voiatility, no
observable effec.ts on rats during and after 6-hr exposure.
Eye contact: mild, reversible irritation to the eyes of
rabbits. Skin contact: nonlethal at the dose rate of
7.94 g/kg body weight. Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.
Theruiinol 66 Acute oral LDso (r"ts), is 10.2 g/kg body weight. TLV is
S mg/m 3 (0.5 ppmi. Inhalation: due to low volatility, no
observable effect on rats during and after 6-hr exposure.
Eye contact: mild, reversible irritation to the eyes of
rabbits. Skin contact: dermal LDso (rats) is 6.8 g/kg body
weight. Irritation upon expOsure-of abraded rabbit skin to
Therminol 66. Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.
Therminol 88 Acute oral LDso is 50 g/kg body weight. TLV is not established.
Eye contact: mild, r~versible irritation to the eyes of
rabbits. Skin contact: no irritation upon 24-hr contact with
intact rabbit skin. Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.

(continued)

113
 TABLE 25 (continued)
Fluid Physiolog~cal effects

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 Ingestion: moder~te to low single dose oral toxicity to humans.
!nhtala.tion: 7-),j; el!.j,IUsuie Lu saLui.'aLed vaj,IULs yeueLaLell aL
38"~ (lOO"F) caused no adverse effects to rats. Eye contact:
may cause pain and mild ir~itation; is not likely to cause
corneal injury. Skin contact: prolonged or repeated exposure
may cause minor irritation, even minor burn. Not absorbed in
toxic amounts through skin. Mutagenicity: Ames test
negative,
P~:e,;tone n TIN 100 1Jfllll. Coufh:med o::aseo; of haL·ulful effeo::Ls ..:elale ouly t.u
swallowing. It causes drunkenness, rapidly passing into coma.
Serious or fatal kidney injury. Mutagenicity: Ames test
negative.
Sunsafe 100 Not reported.
Sunsafe 130 Not reported.
UCAR TF-17 Acute oral LDso (rats) is 8.54 g/kg body weight. TLV is
100 ppm (vapor), 10 mg/m 3 (particulate). Eye contact:
flooding the rabbit eye with UCAR TF-17 caused a reaction
no more severe than moderate inflammation. Skin contact:
undiluted UCAR TF-17 on rabbit belly caused faint redness
for a short duration.
Zerex A single dose of 100 mL of ethylene glycol can be fatal to
human beingo. hnimal otudioo have indicated that small oral
doses over a long period can produce severe kidney injury·,
bladder stones, and liver damage. Inhalation: TLV, recom-
mended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists is 100 ppm of vapor or 10 mg/ms particulates.
Inhalatiop may be a problem if ethylene glycol is hot, or
if fog or mist is generated by heat or violent agitation.
va:•or inhalation overexposure may cause irritation of the
throat, mild headache, and low backache. Mutagenicity: Ames
test negative.
(continued)

114
 TABLE 25 (continued)
Fluid Physiological effects

Propylene glycol-based
fluids
Oowfrost Acute oral LOso (rate) >30 g(kg body weight. As much as 25 to
SO\ of propylene glycol ingested by humans appearF unchanged
in the urine in 24 hrs. Chronic oral toxicity is also very
low. Rats receiving drinking water containing up to 10\
propylene glycol over a period of 140 days developed no ill
effects. Rats receiving 4.9\ in their diet for 24. months were
normal in their growth. They sustained slight liver injury.
Eye contact: propylene glycol is not expected to cause irri-
tation. Skin contact: propylene glycol does not ·cause
serious skin irritation. Very severe, prolonged exposure may
produce slight maceration of the skin. Mutagenicity: Ames
test negative.
Practical Solar Fluid Mutagenicity: Ames"test negative.
Solar Winter Ban Not reported.
Sunsafe 200 Not reported.
Sunsafe 230 Not reported.
Sunsol 60 Manufacturer's literature claims that Sunsol 60 is non-toxic
and does not contain hazardous ingredients.
UCAR FF-35 Acute oral LDso (rats) is 26.3 g/kg body weight. TLV not yet
established. Inhalation: air saturated with propylene
glycol vapor at room temperature killed no animals exposed
for eight hours. Skin contact: LDso >20 mL/kg body weight.
Undiluted propylene glycol caused no irritation on the tender
skin of the rabbit belly.

~
Stauffer 3664-A Accidental ingestion of large doses may produce symptoms of non-
specific irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, nausea,
vomiting, cramps and diarrhea. Inhalation: high vapor con-
centrations may cause nonspecific irritation of mucous
membranes in the upper respiratory tract. Skin contact: no
irritation was· observed when this material was applied onto
the skin of rabbits. Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.
Therminol 44 Acute oral LOso (rats) is 13 g/kg body weight. Inhalati.on:
rats survived 6-hr exposure and 10-day observation period with
no noticeable effects, when exposed to air aspirated through
Therminol 44. Eye contact: slight, reversible irritation to
rabbit eye. Skin contact: mild irritation upon contact with
rabbit skin. Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.

(continued)

115.
 TABLE 25 (continued)
Fluid Physiological effects

Ethers
Dowtherm A Acute oral LDso. (rats) 2-4 g/kg body weight. Inhalation: TLV
1 ppm. Eye contact: up to mild irritation but no corneal
1n)ury. Skin contact: short single exposure not likely to
cause significant irri.tation. Prolonged or repeated exposure
may capse up to mild irritation. Mutagenicity: Ames test
negative.
Dowtherm G Acute oral LDao (rats) 2-4 g/kg body weight. Inhalation:
suggested TLV 1 ppm. Eye contact: mild pain, mild transient
irritation and corneal haziness. Skin contact: mild skin
irritation. Dermal LD 50 >2 g/kg body weight. Mutagenicity:
Ames test negative.
Therminol VP-1 Acute oral LDao (rats) 1.46 g/kg body weight. Inhalation: TLV
1 ppm or 7 mg/m3 • Eye contact: slight, reversible irrita-
tion to rabbit eye. Skin contact: mild irritation upon con-
~aot with inrarr And abraded ~~bit skin. Dermal LDso
>5.01 g/kg body weight. Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.
UCON HTF-500 Not yet established.

Silicones
SF-96(20) Acute oral LDso >20 g/kg body weight. Inhalation: LCso
>SOU mg/m:l for 1-hL' inhal.,tion. Eye contact: minnr trans-
. ient ;,1:-ritation by Draize test. Skin cuulac:L: no il:·rita-
tion. Mutagenicity: Ames test negative.
Syltherm 444 Information about physiological effects of Syltherm 444 was not
ava'ilable from the manufacturer. However, Dow Corning
Corporation supplied a report on the toxicology of silicones.
On the basis of this report, poly(dimethylsiloxane), the base
fluid of Syltherm 444, has very low toxicity in rats, when
supplied orally. No deleter.;nus effects were detected when fed
at a concentration of 1% of the diet over a period of 90 days.
Inhalation: vapor toxicity is low, partly because of the very
low vapor pressure. Eye contact: transitory conjunctive
irrita~ion-may be caused; no permanent effer.t. Skin contact:
cause no acanthosis, are not absorbed through skin; used in
protective skin cream,; and sprays. Mutaganicity: Ames test
negative.
X2-1162 Inform~tion about physiological effects of X2-1162 was not
available. However, Dow Corning Corporation supplied a report
on the toxicology of silicones. On the basis of this report,
poly(dimethylsiloxane), the base fluid of X2-1162, has very
low toxicity in .r.at.s, when supplied orally. Nu d"'leterious
effects are detected when fed at a concentration of i% of the
diet over a period of 90 day,;. Inhalation: vapor toxicity is
low; partly because of the very low vapor pressure. · Eye
contact: transitory conjunctive irritation may be caused; no
permanent effect. Skin contact: cause no acanthosis, are not
absorbed through skin; used in protective skin creams and
sprays.

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 Inhalation: no effects at 1,000 ppm; LC 50 (rats) 26,200 ppm.
Cardiac sensitization in beagle dogs at 3,500 ppm. Muta-
genicity: Ames test negative. Teratogenicity: no
indications.
Freon 114 Inhalation: no effects at 1,000 ppm; LCso (rats) >600,000 ppm.
Qnrdiao ~Qn~iti7ar;nn in beagle doqs at 25,000 ppm. Muta-
genicity: no indications. Teratogenic! t:y: uu· ·luulc:<lliol~s.
Freon TA
/ No data available for Freon TA. It is composed of 89%
trichlorofluoroethane and 10% acetone. The following data
pertain to trichlorofluoroethane. Inhalation: LC 50 (rats)
90,000-100,000 ppm; TLV 1,000 ppm. Cardiac sensitization in
beagle dogs at 5,000 ppm. Mutagenicity: Ames test
negative. Teratogenicity: no indications.

116
 TABLE 26. SUMMARY OF AMES MUTAGENICITY TEST RESULTS

Mutagenicity tests
b Results of plate
Results of toxicity tes~ --~S~po~t~t~es~t~-~- incorporation test£
Fluid With S-9 Without S-9 Sample Results With S-9 Without S-9

Hydrocarbons
Petrolewn-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons

Caloria HT-43 0.01 ~~~ tF 10 \IL tF tF tF

Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43 N N 10 IlL N N N

Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons

Brayco 888 N N 10 IlL N N N

H-30 N d N d 10 IlL N N Nf
Uniroyal PAQ-13C 0.01 \llF 0. 01 \llr'- 10 IlL N N I-

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Dowtherm J Toxic >1 \IL Toxic >1 11L 50 IlL N N N

Dowtherm LF Toxic >0.03 \IL Toxic >0.03 \IL 50 IlL N N N
MCS-1958 Toxic >o.oa 11L Toxic >O.Ol IlL 50 IlL N N N
MCS-1980 0.01 lllJd Toxic >O. 01 \IL 25 mg N N N
MCS-2046 o. 01 \llr'- Toxic >a.o 11L 50 IlL N N N
Therminol 55 Toxic >1 11L 1 \IIF 50 \IL N mfJ. 'I
Therminol 60 Toxic >1 \IL Toxic >0.03 \IL 50 IlL N N I
Therminol 66 Toxic >3 HL Toxic >3 11ft 50 IlL N I N
Therminol 88 0.1 \llr'- 0.01 \llF 25 mg N N N

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids

Dowtherm SR-1 0.01 ~~~ 0.01 ~~~ 50 IlL N N N

Prestone I I N N 10 IlL N N N
Zerex N N 10 \IL N N N

Propylene glycol-based
fluids

0.01 ~~~
d
Dowfrost 0.01 lllJd 50 IlL N N N
Practical Solar Fluid 0.03 \llr'- N 10 \IL N N N

Gee footnotes at end of Lab1e. (continued)

117
 TABLE 26 (continued)

Mutagenicity tests
Results of plate
Results of toxicity tes~ Spot test.£ incorporation test£
Fluid With S-9 Without S-9 Sample Results With S-9 Without S-9·

Esters

Stauffer 3664-A 1 Ill)! N 10 IlL N N N

Therminol 44 N Toxic >3 IJL 50 IJL N N N

DOwtherm A Toxic >0.03 IlL Toxic >0.03 IJL so IJL N N N

DOwtherm G Toxic >0.03 IJL Toxic >0.03 IlL 50 IJL N N N
'l'ft~!.'ll\1ft0l V.l'-1 Toxic >0.03 IlL 'l'oxio >0.01 IJL so IlL N N N

Silicones

~~
l'lF~qfi(?n) O.Ol tl ;a.g )JL tl II II
SylLlte.Lu• 444 0.01 0.01 \JJ. 50 )JL N N N

Fluorocarbons

Freon 11 N N 10 IJL N N N
Freon TA N N 10 IlL N I N

~est are conducted at six concentrations with SaLmoneLla typhimurium strain .TAlOO. Tbe maximwn quantities
of liquids or solids used per test were 10 mL and 10 mg, respectively.
~ith rat liver preparation S-9, mouse liver preparation S-9, or in the absence of liver tissue.
£plate incorporation tests were conducted at six concentrations, with and without rat liver preparation S-9.
The maximwn quantities of heat transfer materials added per plate were: (1) 10 IJL for liquids,
(2) 10 mg for solids, or (3) lowest toxic concentration observed if that was lower than (1) or (2).
Designating the highest test concentration as x, tests were also conducted at. the following concentrations:
0.3x, O.lx, 0.02x, 0.004x, and O.OOlx. Dimethyl sulfoxide served as the solvent.
~lightly toxic at the indicated concentration, thin lawn observed above the indicated concentration.
~ - not toxic to SaLmoneLla typhimurium at the indicated concentrations! no dose-related mutagenic
ef~ects observed.
!I - results of mutagenicity tests were inconsistent. DOse-related mutagenic results were observed in one
test, however, upon repeating the t:est, no mutagenic respon.se was observed.
~ - nondose-related mutagenic response was observed.

118
 TABLE 27. BIODEGRADABILITY CHARACTERISTICS
OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS
Fluid Biodegradability .characteristics

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
. .Caloria HT-43 The manufacturer has not conducted specific tests with this product .
However, refinery experience shows that 50\ of hydrocarbons are bio-
degraded in a well-managed ·effluent system in 7 days. In an aqueous
waste treatment system, the total oxygen demand is approximately 3;5 lbs
per pound of heat transfer fluid.

Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Uniroyal PAQ-13C The fluid supports the growth of mixed cultures isolated from soil.

Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J B.O.D.~ 5 days 0.53, 20 days 1.06. c.o.D.£ 3.22.
Dowtherm LF B.O.D. 5 days 2.0 (calculated), 20 days 2.48 (calculated). c.o.D. 2.89.
Mobiltherm 600 Not expected to be as biodegradable as petroleum oils because of high
aromatic content.
MCS-1958 97 to 98\ biodegradable in semicontinuously activated sludge.
Therminol 55 At 5 ppm concentration, 1\ degraded in 24 hrs in semicontinuously
activated sludge.
Therminol 60 At 3 ppm concentration, 61\ degraded· in 24 hrs in semicontinuously
activated sludge.
Therminol 66 At 3 ppm concentration, 64\ degraded in 24 hrs in semicontinuously
activated sludge.
Therminol 88 At 5 ppm concentration, 12\ degraded in 24 hrs in semicontinuously
activated sludge.

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-hased
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 Completely degraded in normal river water in three days at 2o•c.
Prestone II When the used Prestone II.is drained into water systems, the ethylene
glycol will be degraded biologically in both surface waters and waste
treatment plants.
UCAR TF-17 UCAR TF-17 is generally not harmful to the environment as it can be
oxidized to COa and water by aerobic bacteria in domestic waste within
20-day test period. However, it should not be discharged in quantity
to a stream or river, because it could cause depletion of dissolved
oxygen.

Propylene glycol-based
fluids
UCAR FF-35 62\ degraded in 5 days, 79\ degraded in 20 days.

~
Therminol 44 Biodegradable, as determined by the SCAs£ test.

~
Dowtherm A B.O.D. 5 days 1.7, 20 days 2.21. c.o.D. 2.73.
Dowtherm G B.O.D. 5 days 1.09, 20 days 1.35. C.O.D. 2.73.
Therminol VP-1 At 10 ppm concentration, 99\ degraded in 24 hrs in semicontinuously
activated sludge.
UCON HTF-500 7% degraded in 5 days, 15\ degraded in 20 days.

Silicones
Cll"-96(20) No~ biodoq~adable, Ceno~ally ndoorbod on particulate matter in water
and on bottom sediments.

!Biological oxygen demand.

~hemical oxygen demand.
£semicontinuous activated sludge.

119
 TABLE 28. SOLVENTS FOR HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS
Fluid Solvents

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 All petroleum solvents.
Mobiltherm 603 Other mineral oils and most organic solvents.
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43 Petroleum solvents.

Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Brayco 888 Soluble in usual hydrocarbon solvents. To a lesser extent
soluble in chlorinated and oxygenated solvents.
Brayco 888 HF Soluble in usual hydrocarbon solvents. To a lesser extent
soluble in chl.nri nnt:Prl nnrl "Yl'IJ"m"tF.>t:1 10olv1mtli.
ESH-4 Hydrocarbons, estero;, ether!3.
ESH-5 Hydrocarbons, esters, ethers.
ESH-6 Hydrocarbons,· esters, ethers.
H-30 Chlorinated solvents, petroleum distillates, benzene,
toluene, and xylene.
Uniroyal PA0-13C Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and chlorinated solvents.

Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J Most hydrocarbons, chlorinated xylenes.
Dowtherm LF Most hydrocarbons, chlorinnten xylenes.
Mobiltherm 600 Mineral oil and most organic solvents.
MCS-1958 Moct organic solvents.
MCS-1980 Most organic solvents.
MCS-2046 .Most organic solvents •
Therminol 55 Most organic solvents.
Therminol 60 Most organic solvents.
Therminol 66 Most organic solvents.
Thg:nningl IIQ J.IO.::Jt orgcmic ~vlve11L:5.

Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 Water
Prestone II water
lJCJ\ll 'l'i'-17 w.,t.:.:\: I '=10::•: t•::Ol'•.!: I di.: LluJ.uvlouu.i.ue. me Lliauul, lUUIIUt: t.ltautJlamlu!! I
phenol, and pine oil.
Propylene glycol-I.Jao;e<.l
fluid3
Dowfrost Water
UCAR FF-35 Water, acetone, diethanolamine. heptane, methanol, mono-
ethanolamine, phenol, and pine oil.

{continued}

120
 TABLE 28 {continued)

Fluid Solvents

~
Therminol 44 ·Most organic solvents.

Ethers
Dowtherm A Most hydrocarbons, chlorinated xylenes.
Dowtherm G Most hydrocarbons, chlorinated xylenes.

Silicones
SF-96(20) Aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., hexane, heptane, naphtha),
aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene, xylene),
chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g., carbon tetrachloride, per-
chloroethylene, trichloroethylene), ethers (e.g., ethyl ether,
isopropyl ether), higher alcohols (2-ethylhexanol, lauryl
alcohol), and higher ketones (methylethyl ketone, methyl-
isobutyl ketone).
Syltherm 444 Cyclohexane, kerosene, methylene chloride, methylethyl ketone,
naphtha, perchloroethylene, toluene, trichloroethyle~e,
turpentine, and xylene.
X2-1162 Kerosene, naphtha, perchloroethylene, toluene, trichloro-
ethylene, and xylene.

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 Acetone, dry ethanol, gasoline, dry methanol, and methylene
chloride.
Freon 114 Acetone, dry ethanol, gasoline, dry methanol, and methylene
chloride.
Freon TA Acetone, gasoline, methanol, methylene chloride, and
silicone oil.

121
 TABLE 29. CLEANING METHODS FOR HEAT TRANSFER FLUID SPILLS
Fluid Recommended cleaning methods

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 Recover free liquids. Pour adsorbent onto spill area. Keep
out of streams and waterways.
Mobiltherm 603 Adsorb on diatomaceous earth, sawdust, or sand.
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43 Same methods that are used for the .cleaning of oil spills.

Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Brayco 888 Wipe up if possible. For larger spills, adsorb on inert
adsorbent.
Brayco 888 HF Wipe up if possible. For larger spills, adsorb on inert
adsorbent.
ESH-4 Detergent and water.
ESH-5 Detergent and water.
ESH-6· Detergent and water.
H-30 Powdered oil adsorbers.
uniroyal PAQ-13C Same as for mi nP.rr~ l ni .1. ,

Aromatic hydrocarbons
oowt)lerm J ·Use an approved solid adsorbent.
Dowtherm LF Use an approved solid adsorbent.
DXE Collect, or use a solid adsorbent. Incinerate under controlled
conditions.
Mobiltherm 600 Adsorb on diatomaceous earth, sawdust, or sand; collect and
remove to a chemical disposal area. Protective equipment
must be worn, if contact is probable.
MCS-1958 Flush with water.
MCS-1980 Flush with water.
MCS-2046 Flush with water.
Therminol 55 Flush with water.
Therminol 60 Flush with water.
Therminol 66 Flush with water.
Therminol 88 Flush with water.

Glyoolg
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 Flush with water or use an adsorbent.
Prestone II Dilute and wash with water.
UCAR TF-17 Small spills should be flushed with large quantities of water.
Large spills should be collected for disposal.
Zerex Flush with water.

Propylene glycol-based
~
Dowfrost Flush with water or use an adsorbent.
UCAR FF-35 Small spills can be washed with water. Large spil~s should
ba oollacto4 tor diapooal.

tcontinued)

122
 TABLE 29 (continued)
Fluid Recommended cleaning methods

Esters
Therminol 44 Flush with water.

~
Dowtherm A Use an approved_ solid adsorbent.
Oowtherm G Use an approved solid adsorbent.

Silicones
. SF-96(20) Adsorb on Fuller's Earth, sawdust, or some other adsorbent.
Subsequently, clean the spill area with rags soaked with
kerosene or other OSHA-approved solvent. When solvents are
used, proper safety precautions must be applied.
Syltherm 444 Adsorb as much as possible with a commercial adsorbent, sawdust,
or rags. Use a solvent or detergent-water solution to remove
surface film.
X2-ll62 Adsorb the liquid with a commercial adsorbent, sawdust, or rags.

Fluorocarbons
Freon ll Allow to evaporate in absence of personnel. Ventilate the area.
Freon 114 Allow to evaporate in absence of personnel~ Ventilate the area.
Freon TA Allow small spills to evaporate in absence of personnel and sub-
sequently ventilate the area. Large spills can be removed by
adsorbing onto a commercial oil_and grease adsorber, trans-
ferring the contaminated adsorber into drums, and disposing
the latter. Personnel involved in the cleaning operation
should wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

123
 TABLE 30. SURFACE TENSIONS AND COLORS OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

Surface tension
Fluid (dynes/CIII) Physical appearance, color

Hydrocarbons
Petroleum-based
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Caloria HT-43 Pale yellow, Ll.O ASTM colo~.
Diala AX Pale yellow, L0.5 ASTM color.
Mobiltherm 603 Pale yellow.
Silogram Heat Transfer Fluid 43 Pale yellow, Ll.O ASTM color.
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 21 Pale yellow, Ll.O ASTM color.
Sunoco Heat Transfer Oil 25 Pale yellow, 0.5 ASTM color.
Texatherm Pale yellow, L0.5 ASTM color.
Thermia Oil C Pale yellow, 0.5 ASTM color.
Synthetic aliphatic
bY_drocarhnn<~

Brayco 888 Red

Brayco 888 HF Red
ESH-4 rnlt:>rl~li:li:
.ll:311-::i Colorless
ESH-6 Colorless
H-30 21 Green
H-30C Blue
Uniroyal PA0-13C 49 Colorless

Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dowtherm J 28 at 25°C (77°F) Colorless
Dowtherm LF 40.1 at 20°C (68°F) Colorless to light yellow.
DXE Colorless to pale yellow.
Mobiltherm 600 Clear liquid.
MCS-1958 Colorless to light yellow.
MCS-1980 Red liquid at 75°C(l67°F).
MCS-2046 "-3# Amber-reddish.
Therminol 55 30.48 at 2S°C (77°F) Yellow
Therminol 60 35.24 at 25°C (77°F) Light yellow.
Therminol 66 37.99 at 25°C (77°F) Clear, pale yellow.
Therminol. 88 Crumbly, wax-like flakes at ambient
temperature. Light amber liquid
above melting point.
Glycols
Ethylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowtherm SR-1 5# Red
Prestone_II c
5G;i Golden yellow.
::;unsafe 100 sa=- at -4°C (25°F)
Sunsafe 130 5# at -4°C (25°F) Colorless
UCAR TF-17 47 Pale yellow.
Zerex 48.-F at 20°C (68°F) Orange

Propylene glycol-based
fluids
Dowfrost 4# Colorless
Practical Solar Fluid Blue
Solar Winter Ban e
42.5;1. at 25°C (77°F) Red
Sunsafe 200 49= at -4°C (25°F)
Sunsafe 230 4s£ at -4°C (25°F) Colorless
Sunsol 60 42.#
UCAR FF-35 3# at 25°C (77°F) Colorless

See footnotes at end of table. (continued)

124
 TABLE 30 (continued}

Surface tension
Fluid (dynes/em) Physical appearance, color

Esters
Stauffer 3664-A Amber
Therminol 44 Yellow

Ethers
Dowtherm A 40.1 at 2o•c (68°F) Colorless to light straw-colored.
Dowtherm G 47.6 at 2o•c (68°F) Light amber.
Therminol VP-1 36.6 at 2s•c (77°F) Colorless to pale yellow.
UCON HTF-500 37 Reddish-amber.

Silicones
SF-96(20) Colorless
Syltherm 444 20.6 at 23•c (73°F) Colorless
X2-1162 20.1 at 23•c (73°F) Colorless

Fluorocarbons
Freon 11 18.7 at 24•c (75°F) Colorless
Freon 114 12 at 2s•c (77°F) Colorless
Freon TA 18 at 2s•c (77°F) Colorless

Water 72.0 at 2s•c (77°F)!_ Colorless

!:o•standard Method of Test for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products," Designation D 1500, 1976 Annual Book
of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1976.
~stimated value.
Srhe data pertain to 50\ solution in water.
~he data pertain to 33\ solution in water.
~he data pertain to undiluted concentrate.
!,, International Critical Tab~es," Vol. IV, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. , New York, 1928, p. 44 7.

125
Petroleum-based aoo
hydrocarbons
Synthetic aliphatic <II e
hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons· ae ee •• e o
Ethylene gly~l (:\
concentrate
Propylene glycol ~
concentrate
Esters (i)

Ethers a e 0

Silicones (i)

Fluorocarbons a e 0
• • • • .. • I I I I I I

0 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ·13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Price per gallon ($)

Figure 45. Prices of heat transfer fluid$.

·;

126
 TABLE 31. DENSITIES OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

Petroleum-based Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

CALORIA HT-43
EXXON COMPANY
LB/CUFT KG/M**3
OEG F
--~--
100
DEG C
-----
38
LB/GAL
------
7.03
-------
52.6
------- 8~3.
150 66 £..87 51.~ 823.
200 93 6.70 50.1 803.
250 121 6.54 ~8.9 783.
300 149 6.37 47.7 764.
350 177 6.21 46.5 744.
~00 204 6.05 45.:?. 724.
~50 232 5.88 4~.0 705.
500 260 5.72 ~2.8 685.
550 288 5.55 cu.s 665.
316 5.39 ~0.3 6~6.
600
SHELL OIALA AX
SHELL OIL cOMPANY
LB/CUFT KG/M**3
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
OEG F DEG C LB/GAL

100 38 7.28 5~.~ 872.

150 66 7.1~ 53.4 856.
200 93 7.01 52.~ 8~0.
250 121 6.88 51.5 825.
300 149 6.76 50.6 . 810.

MOBILTHERM 603
MOBIL OIL CORPORATION
DEG F DEG c LB/GI\L LB/CUFT KG/M**3
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
200 93 6.83 51.1 818.
250 121 6.69 ~o.o 801.
300. 149 6.55 49.0 78~.
~~0 ~77 6.40 47.9 767.
400 204 6.26 ct6.8 750.
450 232 6.12 ~5.8 733.
500 260 5.97 44.7 716. ,.
550 288 5.83 43.6 698.

127
 TABLE 31 (continued}

Petroleum-based Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (continued}

SUNOCO HEAT TRANSFER OIL 21

SUN OIL COMPANY
OEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT
----- -----
150 66 7.01
------- -------
52.4 840.
200 93 6.88 51,4 824,
250 121 6.74 50,4 807,
300 149 6.59 49,3 790,
350 177 6.44 48.2' 771.
'+00 204 b.27 46,9 751.
'+50 232 6.09 45,6 730.
500 260 5.90 44,2 707,
550 288 5.71 42,7 684.
600 316 5.51 41,2 660,

SUNOCO HEAT TRANSFER OIL 25

SUN OIL COMPANY
DEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
----- ----- ------
150 66 7.01
------~
52.'+ 840.
200 93 6,88 51.'+ 82'+.
250 121 6.74 50,4 807.
300 149 6.59 49,3 790.
350 177 6.44 48;;?. 771.
'+00 204 6,27 46,9 751.
'+50 232 6.09 45e6 730,
500 260 5.90 C.'+,2 707,
550 288 s.i'1 42,7 6&'+.
600 !16 5.51 41.2 660.
TEXATHERM
TEXACO, INC.
OEG F DEG C LO/GAL LB/CUFT
0
-----
-18
------
7.47
------- -------
5ti,9
89o.
so 10 7.32 ~4.8 877.
100 38 7.18 53,7 860.
150 I; f.. 7.04 52,7 A'+4,
200 93 6.8& 51.~ 825.
250 121 6.69 bO.l 802.
300 149 6.51 48,7 780.
350 177 6.38 147.7 764.
400 204 6.26 46,6
450
500
232
260
6.12
5.97
t.
5. 8
44,6
750.
733.
715.
550 288 5.82 43.5 697.
600 .316 5.67 42,5 680.

128
 TABLE 31 (continued)

Petroleum-based Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

SHELL THERMIA oiL c

SHELL OIL COMPANY
OEG F DEG c LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
------100
-----
38
------
7.22
-------
54.0
-------
865.
150 66 7.08 52.9 e~e.
200 93 6.93 51.8 830.
250 121 6.75 50.5 809.
300 1~9 6.59 ~9.3 790.
350 177 6.~7 ~e.~ 775.
,.00 20'+ 6.3~ '+7.'+ 760.
'+50 232 6.19 '+6.3 7~1.
500 260 6.01 '+'+.9 720.

Synthetic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

BRAYCO 888
BRAY OIL COMPANY
OEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
---·--
60
-----
16 6.83
------- -------
818.

ETHYL SYf,iTHETit .HYDROCAHBON ESH-4

ETHYL COHPQI<ATJON
OEG F OEG C LB/GAL LB/CUtT KG/M**3
-----
~

60
-----
_.

16
.
------
'

51.1
-------
818.

tiHYL SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBON ESH-~

ETHYL CORf 1 0HAT IbN
Ot~ F bEG C LR/GAL L~/CUFT KG/M**3
....... ~
----- ---~-- ------- -----'""!"'-
60 lb 6.87 823.

ETHYL SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBON ESH-6

ETHYL CORPORATION
DEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
-----
GO
-----
1& 826.

129
 TABLE 31 (continued)

Synthetic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

H•30 SOLAR COLLECTOR FLUID

MARK ENTERPRISES• INC.
OEG F OEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT
----- -----
0 -18
-------
52.1 835,
50 10 52.Q 833.
100 38 51.8 829.

H•30C
MARK ENTERPRISES• INC.
OEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT
-----
100
----- ------
38 112.96 8'+5.0
-~-----
1353C..
UNIROYAL PA0•13C
UNIROYAL CHEMicAL
OEG F OEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT
----- ----- -------
100 38 6.93 51,8 830.
150 66 6.79 50,8 81'+.
200 CJ3 6.65 '+9,8 797.
250 121 6.50 '+8,6 779.
300 1~9 6.35 ~7.5 761,
350 177 6.19 '+6.3 7'+2.
~00 20'+ 6.03 '+5.1 723.
~50 232 5.87 ~3.9 70'+.
500 260 5.71 '+2.7 68'+.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons
OOWTHERM ~
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
LB/CUFT
DEG F
-100
DEG C
----- -----
-7~
LB/GAL
-.~-----
/7.83
-------
58.6
-------
939.
-so -'+f ' 7.65 57.2 916.
0 -18 7.'+6 ss.a 89'+.
50 10 7.27 5'+.'+ 871.
100 38 7.10 53il 850.
150 66 6.92 51,7 829.
200 93 6.73 50.'+ 807.
250 121 6.5'+ '+8,CJ 78'+.
300 1~9 6,3~ '+7.'+ 759.
350 177 6.12 '+5,8 73'+.
'+00 20~ 5.90 '+'+. l. 707.
~50 232 5.65 '+2.3 677.
500 260 5.39 '+0.3 6'+6.
550 288 5,09 38.1 610.

130
 TABLE 31 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

OOWTHERM LF'
DOW CHEMICAL CoMPANY
OEG F OEG C LB/GAL LB/CUF'T, KG/M**3
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
50 10 6.71 65,2 10'+'+.
100 36 6.51 63,7 1020.
150 66 6.3'+ 62,'+ 999,
200 93 6.17 61,1 979,
250 121 6,oo 59,9 959,
300 1'+9 7.63 58,6 93b.
350 177 7.6~ 57,2 916.
'+00 20'+ 7.46 55,8 694,
'+50 232 7.27 54,4 872.
500 260 7.09 53,1 650.
550 268 6.92 51,0 830.
600 316 6,76 50,6 810,

DXE
GULF OIL CHEMICALS COMPANY
DEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
100 38 8.04 60."1 963.
150 66 7.89 59.0 945.
200 93 7.74 57.9 927.

MOBILTHERM 600
I.,OBIL OIL CORPORATION
.. ____
OEG F' DEG C LA/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3

200
-----
93
------
7.'+2
-------
55,5
-------
689,
250 121 7.29 54,5 674,
300 149 7.16 5.~. 6 858,
350 177 7.03 52.6 843.
'+00 ~04 6,90 ~l.& 826.
'+50 232 6.76 50,5 610.
500 260 6.61 49,4 792,
550 280 E..'+6 1+8. 3 774,
600 316 6.30 '+7,1 755,

131
 TABLE 31 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

MCS-1958
MONSANTO COMPANY
OEG F OEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
-----
0 -----
·18
-----~
10.97
-------
82,1
-------
1315,
50 10 10.78 80,7 1292,
100 38 10.60 79,3 1270,
150 66 10.39 77,7 12~5.
200 93 10.21 76,3 1223,
250 121 lO.Ol 7~.9 1200,
300 1~9 9.81 73.~ 1176,
350 177 9.63 72,0 115~.
~00 20~ 9.~3 70,5 1130,
~50 232 9.2~ 69,1 1107,
500 260 8.97 67,1 1075,

MCS-1980
MONSANTO COMPANY
OEG F OEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
-----
250
-----
121
------
6,65
------- -------
6~.7
103G,
300 1~9 8.so 63,6 1018,
350 177 8.3~ 62, .. 999,
~00 20~ 8,18 61,2 980,
'+50 232 8,oo 59,9 959,
500 260 7,82 58,5 937,

THERMINOL 55
MONSANTO COMPANY
OEG F OEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M*•3
-----0 -----
-18
------
7.57
-------
56,6
-------
907,
50 10 7.~1 55.~ 888,
100 38 7.26 5~.3 870,
150 66 7.10 53,1 851,
200 93 (,.95 52.0 633,
250 121 6,79 50,8 81~.
300 1~9 6.6 .. ~9.7 796,
350 177 6 ... 8 ~8.5 776,
~00 20'+ 6,33 '+7,4 759,
~50 232 6.17 ~6.2 739,
500 260 6.02 ~5.o 721.
550 208 5,86 '+3,8 702,
600 316 5.71 ~2.7 684,

132
I
·1

TABLE 31 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

THERMINOL 60
MONSANTO COMPArJY
OEG F DEG C LA/GAL LB/CUFT
KG/M**3
-----
-so
-----
•46
------
8.66
-------
64 .. 8
-------
1038.
0 -18 e.so 63.6 1019.
so 10 8.35 62.5 1001.
100 38 8.20 61.3 983.
150 66 8.os 60.2 965.
200 93 7.90 59.1 947.
250 121 7.75 58.o 929.
300 149 7.60 56.9 911.
350 177 7.43 SS.6 890.
400 204 7.30 54.6 875.
450 232 7.12 53.3 853.
500 260 6.95 52.0 833.
550 288 6.80 50.9 815.
600 316 6.65 49.7 797.

THERMINOL 66
MONSANTO COMPANY
DEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
-----0 -----
-18
------
8.62
-------
64.5
-------
1033.
so 10 8.46 63.3 101'+.
100 38 8.30 62.1 995.
150 66 8.15 61.0 977.
200 93 7.99 59.8 957.
250 121 7.83 58.6 938.
300 149 7.67 57.4 919.
350 177 7.51 56.2 900.
400 204 7.35 55.0 881.
450 232 7.20 53.9 863.
500 260 7e04 52.7 844.
550 2A8 6.88 51.5 824.
600 316 6.72 50.3 805.
6SO 343 6.56 49.1 786.

. 133
 TABLE 31 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

THERMINOL 88
MONSANTO COMPANY
OEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
-----
300
-----
149
------
8.42
-------
63,0
-------
1009.
350 177 8.25 61,7 989.
.. oo 204 8.01 59,9 960,
450 232 7,84 58,6 939,
soo 260 7,67 57,4 919,
·s5o 288 7.50 56,1 899,
600 316 7.34 54,9 880.
650 343 7.09 ~3.0 esc.
700 371 6.92 51,8 829,

Ethylene Glycol-based Fluids

OOWTHERM SR-1 (50 WT-%)

DOW CHEMICAL CoMPANY
DEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
-----
0
-----
-18
------ ------- -------
9.10 68,1 1091,
so 10 8,99 67,2 1077.
100 38 e.es 66,2 1061.
150 66 8.70 65,1 1043.
200 93 8.55 63,9 1024.

PRE' STONE II WINTER SUMMER CONCEr..iTRATE (50 VOL-%)

UNION CARBIDE cORPORATION
OEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
100 38 8.87 66.3 1062.
150 66 8.73 65.3 1046.
200 93 8,58 ~4.2 1028.

SUNSAFE -100 ( 33 VOL-%)

NPD ENERGY SYSTEMS• INC,
OEG F
-----
60
DEG C LB/GAL
a-. .. a•
16
LB/CUFT
-~----
8,76
·------
65,5
KG/M••!
--~'!1!!'-'!1110-
1050,

SUNSAFE -130 (50 VOL-%)

NPD ENERGY SYSTEMS• INC•
LB/GAL LB/CUFT
----- ----- ------
DEG F

60
DEG C

16 8,93
-------
66,8
-------
KG/M**3

1070,

134
 TABLE 31 (continued)

Ethylene Glycol-based Fluids (continued)

UCAR TF-17 (50 WT-%)

UNION CARBIDE CORP.
DEG F DEG C LG/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
0 -18 9.08 67.9 1088.
50 10 9.03 67.5 1082.
100 38 8.94 66.9 1071.
150 66 8.74 65.4 1047.
200 93 8.49 63.5 1017.
250 121 8.26 61.8 990.
300 149 8.07 60.3 966.

Propylene Glycol-based Fluids

OOWFROST (50 WT-%)

DOW CHEMICAL CoMPANY
OEG F fiEG c LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
.. ~---
0
-----
-16
------
6.64
-------
GG.l
-------
1059.
50 10 8.71 65.2 1044.
100 38 6.56 64.0 1025.
150 66 6.39 62.8 1005.

SUNSAFE -200 (33 VOL-%)

NPD ENERGY SYSTEMSt INC•
OEG F DEG c LBIGAL LB/CUFT KG/M*•3
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
60 16 8,60 64,3 1030.

SUNSAFE -230 (50 VOL-%)

NPD ENERGY SYSTEMSt INC•
OE:G F OEG c LB/GAL LB/CUFT KGIM••!
----- 60
-----
16
------
6.66
------- -------
6'+.9 10'+0.

135
 TABLE 31 (continued)

Propylene Glycol-based Fluids (continued)

UCAR FF-35 (50 WT-%)

UNION CARBIDE CORP.
DEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
0 -18 8.94 66.9 1071.
50 10 8.80 65.8 1054.
100 38 8.65 64.7 1036.
150 66 8.49 63.5 1017.
200 93 8.30 62.1 995 .
.250 121 8.10 60.6 971.
300 149 7.89 59.1 946.

Esters

STAUFFER 366'+A
STAUFFER CHEMICAL COMPANY
OEG F DEG C LEV GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
60 16 8.17 61.1 979.

THERMINOL '+'+
MONSANTO COMPANY
OEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
-50 -'+6 8e13 60.8 97'+.
0 -18 7.95 59.5 953.
50 10 7.78 58.2 932.
100 38 7.63 57.1 91'+.
150 66 7.'+3 55.6 890.
200 93 7.23 5'+.1 866.
250 121 7.05 52.7 8'+5.
300 1'+9 6.88 51.5 82'+.
350 177 6.69 50.0 802.
'+00 20'+ 6.5i 48.7 780.

136
 TABLE 31 (continued)

Ethers

!
DOWTHERM A
I DOW CHEMICAL CoMPANY
DEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
~----
100
----~
38
------ ------- -------
8.73 65.3 10~6.
150 66 8.5~ 63.9 1023.
200 93 8.35 62 .. 5 1001.
250 121 8.15 61.0 977~
300 1&J9 7.95 59.5 953.
350 177 7.75 58.o 928.
.. 00 204 7.5&J 56.&J 903.
450 232 7.31 54.7 877.
500 260 7.09 53.0 8&J9.
550 288 6.84 51.2 820.
600 316 6.59 &J9.3 790.
I 650 3&J3 6.32 47.3 757.
! 700 371 6.02 &J5.o 721.
750 399 5.69 42.6 682.

OOWTHERM G
DOW CHEMIC~L CoMPANY
DEG F DEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M••3
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
100 ~8 9e1&J 68.&J 1096.
150 66 8.93 66.8 1070.
200 93 8.73 65.3 10&J6.
250 121 8.56 6&J.o 1026.
300 149 8.&Jo 62.8 1006.
350 177 8.21 61.4 984.
~00 20'J 8.02 60.0 961.
&J50 232 7.83 58.6 938.
500 260 7.66 57.2 916 ..
550 288 7.&J6 55.8 894.
600 316 7.213 5&J.5 873.
650 3&J3 7.12 53.2. 853.
700 371 6~95 52.0 833.

137
 TABLE 31 (continued)

Ethers (continued)
J

THERMINOL VP•1
MO~SANTO CO~,PANY
OEG F OEG C LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
----- -----
100 38
----~-
8.7~
------- -------
65.~ 10~8.
150 66 8.56 6~.1 1026.
200 93 8.38 62.7 100~.
250 121 8.19 61.3 981.
300 1~9 7.99 59.8 958.
3!50 177 7.79 !58.3 9~i+.
~00 20~ 7.59 56.7 909.
~50 232 7.37 ~5.1 883 •.
500 260 7.1~ ~3.~ 856.
550 288 6.91 51.7 828.
600 316 6.65 .. 9.8 797 •.
650 3~3 6.39 ~7.8 765.
700 371 6.09 ~5.6 730.
750 399 5.77 ~3.1 691.

UCON HTF-500
UNION CARBIDE CORP.
DEG F DEG C LB/GAL· LB/CUFT KG/M**3 ·
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
100 38 8.55 63.9 1024.
150 66 8.35 62.5 1002.
200 93 8.19 61.2 981.
250 121 8.02 60.0 961.
300 149 7.87 58.9 943.
350 177 7.71 57.7 924.
400 204 7.56 56.6 906.
450 232 7.42 55.5 889.

138
 TAB:r..E 3l. (continued)

Silicones

SF-96(20)
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
DEG F
-~---
0
----- ------ ------- -------
OEG C
-18 8.88. 66.4 1064.
50 10 8.40 62.8 1006.
100 38 7.96 59.5 953.
150 66 7.51 56.1 899.
200 93 7.23 54.1 866.
250 121 6.91 51.7 828.
300 149 6.62 49.5 794.
350 177 6.35 ~7.5 760,.
400 204 6.10 ~5.6 731.
~50 232 5.87 43.9 704.
500 260 5.66 42.3 678 •.

SYLTHERM 444
DOW CORNING CORPORATION
LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/1'1**3
OEG F
-----
100
----- ------ ------- -------.
DEG C
38 7.81 58.~ 936•
150 66 7.62 57.0 913.
200 ~3 7e42 ~5.5 889.
250 121 7.23 51+.1 866.
300 11+9 7.03 52.6 81+2.

DOW CORNING X2-1162

DOW CORNING CORPORATION
OEG F OEG c LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
-----
100 -----
38
------ ------- -------
7.76 58.1 930.
150 66 7.59 56.8 910.
200 93 7.42 55,5 889.
250 121 7.21+ 51+,2 868.
300 11+9 7.05 52.8 845.
350 177 6.85 ~1.3 821.
400 204 6.61+ 49.7 796.
~50 232 6.41 1+8,0 768,
soo 260 6.16 ~6.i 738,
550 288 5.89 44,1 706,
600 316 5.59 'U,8 670.

139
 TABLE 31 (continued)

Fluorocarbons

FREON 11
Eel• DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY
DEG F DEG c LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M*•3
-----
0
-----
-18
------ -------
13.1 .. 96,3
-------
157'+.
50 10 12.60 9'+.3 1510,
100 38 12.05 90.1 1'+'+3.

FREON 11 ..
E•l• DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY
OEG F OEG c LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
~----
0
-----
-10
------ ------- -------
1~.18 15&0.
98,6

FREON TA
Eel• DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY
DEG F DEG c LB/GAL LB/CUFT KG/M**3
----- ----- ------ ------- -------
0 -18 12 ... 3 93,0 1'+89,
50 10 11.99 89.7 1'+36.
100 38 11.50 86,0 1378.
150 66 10.95 81.9 1313,

140
 TABLE 32. KINEMATIC VISCOSITIES OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

Petroleum-based Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

CALOKJA HT-43
EXXON COMPANY

OEG F DEG c KVIS(CS)

-----
50
---~-
10
--------
175,
100 38 31,2
150 66 17,6
200 93 6,53
250 121 3,72
300 149 2,83
350 177 2,02
400 204 1,45
450 232 1.15
500 260 0,956
550 288 0,800
600 316 0,670

SHELL DIAL A AX
SHELL OIL COMPANY
DEG r DEG C KVIS(CS)
----- ----- --------
50 10 42.4
100 36 12.1
150 66 5.01
200 93 2.79
MOBILTHERM 603
MOBIL OIL CORPoRATION

OEG F Dt:.G c KVIS(Cf.)

-----
250
-----
121
--------
3,17
300 l49 2.24
350 177 1.64
400 204 1,26
450 232 1,00
500 260 0,827
550 2A8 0,700

141
 TABLE 32 {continued)

Petroleum-based Aliphatic Hydrocarbons {conti~ued)

SILOGRAM HEAT TRANSFER FLUID 43

A MARGOLIS & SoNS CORPORATION
OEG F ___ C_
Dt::G
., KVISCCS)
-----
100 38 30,8
150 66 13.7
200 93 6.21

SUNOCO HEAT TRANSFER OIL 21

SUN OIL COMPANY
OEG F
-----
0
----- t<VIS(CS)
OEG C
--------
-18 2550.
50 10 2&+2,
100 38 &+3,
150 66 15,6
200 93 8,25

SUNOCO H[AT TRANSFER OIL 25

SUN OIL COMPANY
DEG F CE'G C t<VIS(CS)
----- ----- --------
100 38
. 150 66
200 93
TEXATHERI"l
TEXACO, INC'•
____ f
OE:G
. DEG C t<VISCCS)
100
----- --------
38 '+2.0
150 66 17,0
200 93 7,50
250 121 '+.23
!00 1&+9 2,80
350 177 1.98
&tOO 204 1.50
'+SP 232 1.22
500 260 1,0&+
~50 288 0,897
600 316 0,780

142
 TABLE 32 (continued)

Petroleum-based Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

SHELL THERMIA OIL C

SHELL OIL COMPANY

DEG F DEG C KVIS(CS)

----- ----- --------
50 10 289.
100 38 58.2
150 66 19.7
200 93 9.51
250 121 5.64
300 149 3.80

Synthetic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

BRAYCO 888 HF
BRAY OIL COI"11-'M,1Y

OEG F Ofr:: c KVISCCS)

---~-
-50
-----
-'+6
--------
7670.
0 -18 500.
50 10 82.9
100 38 22.5
150 66 9.20
200 93 '+.97
250 121 3.20
300 1'+9 2.30

ETHYL SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBON ESH-'+

ETHYL CORPORATION

OEG F DEG c KVISCCS)

----- -----
0 -18
--------
305.
50 10 65.3
100 38 19.5.
150 66 8.'+6
200 93 '+.57

143
 TABLE 32 (continued)

Synthetic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

ETHYL SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBON ESH-5

ETHYL CORPORATION

c
----- OEG
OEG F

0
-----
-18
t<VISCCS)
--------
510.
50 10 98.9
100 ~8 27.2
150 66 11.1
200 93 5.66

ETHYL SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBON ESH-6

ETHYL COKPORATION

DEG F DEG C t<VISCCS)

-----
0
-----
-18 830.
50 10 140.
100 38 35.0
150 66 13.6
200 93 6.8'+

H-30 SOLAR COLLECTOR FLUID

~ARK ENTlRPRIStS, INC.

OEG F DEG ·C KVISCCS)

-----
50
--~--
10
--------
100 ~8

UNIROYAL PA0-13C
UNIKOYAL CHEMicAL

OEG F Dt:G C t<VISCCS)

-----
100
-----
:3e --------
13'+.
150 66 43.2
200 93 17.4
250 1 21 9.20
300 149 5.70
350 177 3.76
400 204 2.80
450 232 2.46
500 260 2.36

144
 'TABLE 32 (continued)

Aromatic Hyc!_rocarbons

OOWTH[RM ~ HEAT TRANSFER FLUID

DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
DEG F DEG c t<VISCCS)
-----
-so
-----
-46
--------
3.40
0 -18 2.00
50 10 1.10
100 38 0.(,90
150 66 0.544
200 93 0.460
~50 121 0.369
300 149 0.290
350 177 0.233
400 204 0.200
450 232 0.197
500 260 0.194
550 288 0.188

OOWTHfRM LF HE~T TRANSFER FLUID

DOW CHEMICAL CoMPANY
DEG F OEG c KVISCCS)
-----0 -----
-18
--------
25.0
50 10 5.69
100 38 2;,90
150 66 1.72
200 93 1.12
250 121 0.820
300 149 0.640
350 177 0.514
400 204 0•430
450 232 o.379
500 260 0.340
550 288 0.303
600 316 0.270

145
 TABLE 32 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

OXE
GULF OIL CHEMICALS COMPANY

DEG F OE.G C KVISCCS)

-----
100
-----
38
--------
13.9
150 66 9,60
200 93 6.62
250 12l 4.57
300 149 3.1'J
350 177 2.16
400 204 1.4A
450 232 1.010
500 260 o.E:.ea
550 2A8 o.46c

MOBILTHERM 600
MOBIL OIL COkPORATION

OEG F DEG C KVISCCS)

----- -----
250 121
--------
3,96
300 149 2.67
350 177 1.87
400 204 1.37
450 232 1.04
500 260 0,830
550 288 0.686
600 316 o.s8o

MCS-1958
MONSANTO COMPANY

OEG F DEG C KVISCCS)

----- ----- --------
0 -18 350,
50 10 25,0
100 38 7.00
150 , ~6 3.20
200 93 1,84
250 121 1.26
300 149 0,930
350 177 0,720
400 204 o.5ao
450 232 0,490
500 260 0,430

146
 TABLE 32 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

MCS-1'3BO
MONSAf\!TO COf"lPANY

DEG F DEG C KVIS(CS)

-----
250
-----
121
--------
s.'n
300 1~'3 3.7&
350 177 2.61
'+00 204 1.82
'+50 232 1.26
500 260 0,871

MCS-20~6
MONSANTO COMPANY

OEG F Dl.G C t<VISCCS>

-----
100
-----
38
--------
55,0

THERMINOL 55
MONSANTO COMPAt-!Y

DEG F DEG C t<VISCCS)

----- -----
0 -18
--------
1~00.
50 10 122.
100 38 2f..'3
150 66 '3.86
200 93 '+.85
250 121 2.86
300 11+'3 1,89
350 177 1.36
1+00 .204 1.03
'+50 232 0,820
so·o 260 0.680
550 288 0.580
600 31o 0.500

147
 TABLE 32 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

THERMINOL 60
MONSAtJTO COMPANY

OEG F DEG C KVJS(CS)

-----
-so
-----
-46
--------
1100.
0 -1P. 65.0
50 10 13.2
100 38 4.90
150 66 2.70
200 93 1.75
250 121 1.25
?lOu 1"9 0.970
~~0 171 0.7~0
400 204 0.620
450 232 0.520
500 260 0.460
550 2A8 0.410
600 316 0.360

THERMJNOL 66
MONSANTO COMPANY
OEG F OEG C KVISCCS)
-----0 -----
-18
--------
50000.
50 10 260.
100 3t\ 30.0
150 66 9.00
200 93 4.30
250 121 2.50
300 149 1.70
350 177 1.25
400 204 0.970
450 232 0.790
500 260 o;650
550 288 0.560
600 316 0.490
6SO 343 0.440

148
 TABLE 32 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbon~ (continued)

THERMINOL P.8
MONSANTO COMPANY

DEG F DEG C KVISCCS)

-~---
300
-----
149
--------
1.57
350 177 1.16
400 204 0.870
.450 232 0.700
500 260 o.s~o
550 288 0.460
600 316 0.380
650 343 0.330
700 371 0.290
750 399 0.250

Ethylene Glycol-based Fluids

DOWTHERM SR-1 (50 WT-%)

DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

DEG F DEG c KVISCCS)

-----
0
-----
-18
--------
20.0
50 10 5.60
100 38 2.40
150 61:) 1.30
200 93 0.850

PRESTONE II WINTER/SUMMER CONCENTRATE (50 VOL-%)

UNION CARBIDE cORPORATION

.OEG F DEG c KVISCCS)

-----0 -----
-16
--------
19.9
50 10 5.16
100 38 2.13
150 66 1.30
200 93 0.740
2~0 121 0.521
300 149 0.399
350 177 0.300

149
 TABLE 32 (continued)

Ethylene Glycol-based Fluids (continued)

SUNSAFE-1 0 0 ( 33 VOL-%)
NPD ENERGY SYSTEMSt INC.

DEG F DEG c KVIS<CS)

-----
100
-----
38
--------
1.50
150 66 0.907
200 93 o.sso
SUNSAFE-130 (50 VOL-%)
NPD EN[RGY SYSTEMS, INC•

DEG F OEG c KVIS<CS)

-----
100
-----
~8
--------
2.20
150 F.6 1.27
200 93 0.740

UCAK TF-1 7 (50 WT-%)

UNION CAKBIDE CORP.

DEG F DEG c KVlS(CS)

-----0 -----
-18
--------
18.0
50 10 5.10
100 ~A 2.20
150 66 1.20
200 93 0.730
250 121 0.~22
300 149 0.410

Propylene Glycol-based Fluids

DOWFROST (SO WT-%)

DOW CHEMICAL CoMPANY

OEG F DEG c KVIS<CS)

--·--
_ _ ... _ _ & _ _

-----
0 -18 66.0
50 10 9.60
100 ~8 2.90
150 66 1.50
200 93 o.Aao

150
 TABLE 32 (continued)

Propylene Glycol~based Fluids (continued)

PRACTICAL SOLAR FLUID (50 VOL-%)

PRACTICAL SOLAR HEATING

DEG F DEG C KVISCCS)

~----
20
-----
-7

SOLAR WINTER BAN (SO VOL-%)

CAMCO MANUFACTURING• INC.

DEG F- DEG C KVIS(CS)

0
-----
-18 t+o.o
SUNSAFE-200 (33 VOL-%)
NPD ENERGY SYSTEMSt INC.

DEG F DEG C KVISCCS)

------
100
-----
36 1.90
150 66 1.09
200 93 0.630

SUNSAFE-230 (50 VOL-%)

NPD ENERGY SYSTEMSt INC•

DEG F DEG c KVISCCS)

-----
100
-----
36
--------
3.30
1~0 66 1.72
200 93 0.910

SUNSOL 60 (60 VOL-~)

SUNWORKS

DEG F DEG C KVISCCS)

----- -----
50 10
--------
18.6
100 38 ... 38

151
 TABLE 32 (continued)

Propylene Glycol-based Fluids (continued)

UCAR FF-35 (50 WT-%)

UNION CARBIDE CORP.

OEG F DEG c t<VIS(CS)

-----0 -----
-18
--------
53.'0
50 10 8.70
100 38 2.90
150 66 1.•n
200 93 0.740
250 121 0.480
300 149 0.340

Esters

STAUFFER 3664A
STAUFFER CHEMICAL COMPANY

DEG F DEG c I<VIS(CS)

-----
100
-----
38
--------
23.9
iso 66 13.4
200 93 5.83

THERMINOL 44
MONSANTO COMPANY

DEG F OEG c KVIS(CS)

-----
-50
-----
-46
--------
2000.
0 -18 125.
50 10 24.5
100 38 8.8o
150 6E: 4.40
200 93 2~70
250 121 1.82
300 11~9 1.30
350 177 1.05
400 204 0.850

152
 TABLE ~2 (continued)

Ethers

DOWTHERfvl A HEAT TRANSFER FLUID

DO~ C~EMICAL CoMPANY

DEG F DEG C KVIS(CS)

-----
100
-----
38
--------
2.49
150 66 1.56
200 93 1.06
250 121 o.7BY
300 149 0.620
350 177 0.502
400 204 0.420
450 232 0.365
500 260 0.320
550 286 0.278
600 316 0.240

DOWTHERM G HEAT TRANSFER FLUID

DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

DEG F DEG C KVIS(CS)

----- ----- --------
50 10 86.000
100 38 12.7
150 66 4.67
200 93 2.68
250 121 1. 75
300 149 1.19
350 177 0.864
400 204 0.676
450 232 0.544
500 260 0.448
550 288 0.391
600 316 0.344
650 343 0.317
700 371 0.300

153
 TABLE 32 (continued)

Ethers (continued)

THERMINOL VP-1
MONSANTO COMPANY

DEG F DE~ C KVISCCS)

-----
100 -----
38
--------
2.96
150 66 1.70
200 93 1.10
250 121 0,762
300 1~CJ 0.590
350 177 0.~79
'+00 204 o.-.oo
'+50 232 0.3'+5
500 260 0.300
550 288 0.265
600 316 0.230
650 343 0.215
700 371 0.206
750 399 0.200

UCON HTF •500

UNION CARBIDE cORP.

DEG C KVlSCCS)
----- ----- --------
OEG F

100 38 61.0
150 66 27.2
2DU 93 13.3
250 121 7.78
300 1-.9 5.35
350 177 ... 10
-.oo 20 .. 3.28
-.so 232 2.6'+

154
 . TABLE 32 (continued)

Silicones

SF-96(20)
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY

DEG F UEG C KVISCCS)

-----
-50
-----
-46
--------
170.
0 -18 59.0
50 10 28.0
100 38 17.0
150 66 10.0
200 93 7.00
250 121 5.70
300 149 4.20
350 177 3.40
400 204 2.80

SYLTHERM 444 H[AT TRANSFER

DOW CORNING CORPORATION

DEG F DEG C KVISCCS)

----- ----- --------
0 -18 54.0
50 10 27.0
100 38 17.0
150 66 10.0
200 93 7.20
250 121 5.50
300 149 4.20
350 177 3.50

)(2-1162
DOW CORNING CORPORATION

DE:G C KVISCCS)
----- -----
OE:G F

100 38
--------
10.6
150 66 6.9~
200 93 4.69
250 121 3.27
300 149 2.34
350 177 1.72
400 204 1.28
450 232 0.981
500 260 0.761
550 288 0.600
600 316 0.480

. ': 155
 TABLE 32 (continued}

Fluorocarbons

FRF'ON 11
E I OUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY
DEG F DlG C t<VISfCS)
77
-----
25 0.28~

FREON 11~
F I DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY

DEG F DEG C KVISCCS>

77
----~
25
--------
FREON TA
E I DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY
DEG F DEG C KVISCCS)
77
-----
25 0.385

156
 TABL~ 33. SPECIFIC HEATS OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

Petroleum-based Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

CALORIA HT-43
EXXON COMPANY, USA
BTU/LB•OEG F
DEG F DEG C CAL/GM•DEG c ~/KG•DEG K
-----
100
----- ------------
~A o ... s .. ----------
1900.
150 1;6 o ... 7o 1970.
200 93 0 ... 99 2090.
250 121 0.523 2190.
300 1 .. 9 0.5 .. 9 2300.
350 177 0~573 2 .. 00.
.. 00 20 .. 0.599 2510.
.. 50 232 0.626 2620.
500 2~0 0.652 2730.
550 288 0.681 2850.
600 316 0~702 29 .. 0.

DIALA AX
SHELL OIL COMPANY
BTU/LB•DEG F
OEG F DEG C CAL/GM•DEG c ~/KG•OEG K
----- -----
0 ·18 ------------
o ... 1o ----------
1720.
50 10 o ... 35 1820.
100 38 o ... 6o 1930.
150 66 0~ .. 85 2030.
200 93 0.510 21 .. 0.
250 121 0.535 22 .. 0.
300 149 0.560 23 .. 0.

MOB1LTH£:RM 603
MOBIL OIL CORPORATION
BTU/LB*DEG F
OEG F DEG c CAL/GM•DEG c ~/I<G•DEG K
----- -----
200 93
----~-------
0.50
----------
2090.
250 121 0.53 2210.
300 1 .. 9 0.56 2330.
350 177 o.~a 2 .. 4'0.
400 204 C•61 25 .. 0.
450 232 0.63 2640.
500 260 0.65 2720.
550 288 0.67 2810.

157
 TABLE 33 (continued)

Petroleum-based Aliphatic ;Hydrocarbons (continued)

SILOGRAM HEAT TRANSFER FLUID 43

A. MARGOLIS & SONS CORPORATION
BTU/LB•OEG F
OEG F OEG C CAL/GM•OEG C
----- -----
100 38 ------------
0,510 ----------
21'+0.
150 66 0,532 2230.
200 93 0,551+ 2320.
250 121 0,577 21+10.
300 1'+9 0.600 2510.
350 177 0.621+ 2610.
'+00 20'+ 0.6'+9 2720.
'+50 232 0,671+ 2820,
5(10 260 0,700 2930,

SUNOCO HEAT TRANSFER OIL 21

SUN OIL COMPA~Y
BTU/LB•OEG F
OEG F UEG C CAL/GM•OEG C ... _______ _
----- -----
150 66 ------------
0,520 2180.
200 93 0.5'+2 2270.
250 121 0,565 2360.
300 1'+9 0,590 21+70.
350 177 0,619 2590.
'+00 20~ Ot650 2"720.
'+50 232 0,680 2850.
500 260 0,708 2960.
550 288 0,735 3080,
600 316 0,760 3180,
SUNOCO HEAT T~ANSFER OIL 25:
SUN OIL COMPANY
BTU/LB•OEG F
DEG F OEG C CAL/GM•OEG C
----- -----
150 66 ------------
0.520 ----------
2180,
200 93 0.5'+2 2270.
250 121 0.!565 2360.
3.00 1'+9 0,590 2'+70,
!50 177 0,619 2590,
'+00 20'+. 0,650 2720.
'+50 232 0,&80 2850.
500 260 0.708 296.0.
550 288 0.735 3080.
600 316 0,760 3180,

158
 TABLE 33 {continued)

Pe·troleurn-based Alipha·tic Hydrocarbons {continued)

TEXATHERM
TEXACO, INC.
BTU/LB*DEG F
OEG F DEG C CAL/GM•DEG C '-'/I<G•OEG K
----- -----
0 -18 ------------
o.~o
----------
1670.
50 10 o.~3 1810.
100 38 o.~6 19.30.
150 66 o.~e 2010.
200 93 0,50 2090.
250 121 0,53 2210.
300 1~9 0,56 23~0.
350 177 Oe59 2~50,
~00 20~ 0.61 2550,
~50 232 0.6~ 2660.
500 260 0,66 2760.
550 288 0,6B 2850.
600 316 0,70 2930,

THERMIA OIL C
SHELL OIL COMPANY
BTU/LB*DEG F
DEG DEG C CAL/GM*DEG c J/KG•DEG K
-----
100
F
-----·
38 ------------ ----------
o.~,o i930,
150 66 o.~86 2030.
200 93 0,511 21~0.
250 121 0,536 22~·0.
300 1~9 0,560 23~0.
350 177 0.583 2~~0.
~00 20~ 0,606 25~0.
~50 232 0,628 2630.
500 260 0,650 2720.
Synthetic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

BRAYCO 888
BRAY OIL COMPANY
BTU/LB*DEG F
OEG F. OEG C CAL/GM*OEG C
----- -----
100 38 -----------~
0,550
. l
--·--·····
23.00 •.

159
 TABLE 33 (continued)

Synthetic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (continued}

BRAYCO 888 HF
BRAY OIL COMPANY

BTU/LB•DEG F
DEG F OEG c CAL/GM•DEG C ..J/KG*DEG K
----- -----
0 -18
------------
0.500
----------
2090.
50 10 0.520 2180.
100 38 0,550 2300.
150 66 o.sao 2~30.
200 93 0,600 2510.
250 121 0.620 2600.
300 1~9 0.650 2720.

ETHYL SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS ESH-~

ETHYL CORPORATION

BTU/LB*DEG F
DEG F DEG C CAL/GM•DEG c ..J/KG*DEG K
----- -----
0 -18
------------
o.51
----------
21~0.
50 10 0,52 2170.
100 38 0,53 2·210.
150 6& o.s~ ~270.
200 93 0.56 2360.
250 121 0,59 ~~90,
300 1~9 0.63 26~0.
350 177 0,6& 2780,

ETHYL SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS ESH-6

ETHYL CORPORATION
8T~/LB*DEG F
DEG F f1EG c CAL/GM•DEG c ..J/~G•DEG K
-----0 -----
-18
---~--------
0.55
----------
2300.
50 10 0,55 2320.
100 .38 0,56 23~0.
150 66 o .. s6 2360.
200 9!1 0,57 2380.
250 121 o.57 2~10.
300 149 0,58 2430.
350 177 0,59 2'+50.

160
 TABLE 33 (continued)

Synthetic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

H-30 SOLAR COLLECTOR FLUID

MARK tNTERPRISES• INC.

BTU/LB*DEG F
DEG F DEG c CAL/GM*DEG c J/KG•DEG K
-----o' -----
-18
------------
0.540
----------
2260.
50 10 0.-550 2300.
100 38 0.570 2390.
150 66 0.590 2470.
200 93 0.610 2550.
250 121 0.630 2640.

H•30C
MARK ENTERPRISES• INC.

BTU/LA*DEG F
DEG F DEG C CAL/GM*DEG C
-----
100
-----
38
-----------~
o.so 2090.
_]

UNIROYAL PA.0-13C
UNIROYAL CHEMicAL

BTL!/LB*DEG F
OEG F DEG c CAL/GM~DtG c J/KG*DEG K
-----
100
-~---
3a
-----------~
0.514
----------
.2160.
150 &~ 0.541 22.70.
200 ~3 0.566 2370.
250 121 0.589 2470.
30Q 149 0.611 2560.
350 17.7 o.~32 2650.
400 204 0.651 2720.
450 232 0.667 2790.
500 260 0.680 2850.

161
 TABLE 33 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

OOWTHERM J
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
BTU/LB*DEG F
DEG F DEG C CAL/GM*DEG c J/KG*DEG K
-----
-so -----
-1+6 ------------
0,396 ----------
1660,
0 -18 0.1+12 1720.
50 10 0,1+30 1800,
100 38 o.-.so 1880.
150 66 o ... 71 1970.
200 93 0, .. 91+ 2070.
250 121 0.518 2170.
300 1 .. 9 0,51+3 2270.
!50 177 0,569 2380,
.. 00 201+ 0,595 2 .. 90 •
.. so 232 0,620 2600 •
500 260 0.61+9 2720.
550 288 0,683 2860,
600 316 0,720 3010,

DOWTHE:RM LF
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
BTU/LB*DEG F
DEG F DEG C CAL/GM•DE:G c J/KG*DE:G K
----- -----
0 •18 ------------
0.360 ----------
1690.
50 10 0.380 151)0,
100 3& o ... oo 1670,
150 66 0, .. 20 1760,
200 1)3 0,1+1+0 18 .. 0.
250 121 o ... 6o 11)30.
300 11+9 o.~eo 2010,
350 177 o.soo 201)0,
.. oo 20 .. 0,520 2180,
.. so 232 0,530 2220,
500 260 o.sso 2300,
550 288 0,570 2!90,
600 316 0,600 2510,

162
 TABLE 33 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

DXE
GULF OIL CHEMICALS COMPANY

BTU/LB*OEG F
DEG f DEG C CAL/GM*DEG C
-----
500
-----
260
------------
0.62 2590.

MOBILTHERM 600
MOBlL OIL CORPORATION

BTU/LB*DEG F
OEG F DEG c CAL/GM*DEG c J/KG*DEG K
-----
200
----- 93
------------
o.~9
----------
2050.
250 121 0.51 2150.
300 1~9 0,54 2260.
350 177 0. 56 . 2360.
~00 20~ 0,59 2~50.
~50 232 0.61 2550.
500 260 0,63 26~0.
550 288 0.65 2720.
600 316 0,67 2l:;10.

MCS -· 1958
MONSANTO <::;OMPANY
BTU/LB*DEG F
DEG F DEG C CAL/GM*DEG c J/KG*DEG.K
-----
0
----- ------------
-18 0.292
----------
1223.
50 10 0.304 1273.
100 39 0.316 1323.
150 66 0.328 1373.
200 93 0.339 1419.
250 121 0.350 1465.
300 149 0.36l 1511.
350 177 0.372 1560.
400 204 0.383 1600.
450 232 0.395 1650.
500 260 0.407 1700.

163
 T~BLE ~3 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

MCS - 1980
MONSANTO COMPANY

BTU/LB•DEG F
OEG F OEG C CAL/GM•DEG c J/KG•OEG K
-----
250
-----
121
------------
0.'+36 ----------
1830.
300 1'+9 o.-.s-. 1900.
-350 177 0.'+71 1970.
'+00 20'+ 0.489 2050.
If 50 232 0.506 2120.
500 260 0.52'+ 2190.
2270.
550
t\(10
288
."tlh
o.s'+1
n.h~"1
0.576
,.o.
2:..
2'+10.
650 343

P'ICS - 20'+6
MONSANTO COMPANY

BTU/LB•DEG F
OEG F OEG C CAL/GM•DEG c J/KG•DEG K
----- ----- ------------ ----------
100 38 0.380 1590.
150 66 0.405 1690.
200 93 0.'+29 1800.
250 121 0.45'+ 1900.
300 149 0.478 2000.
350 177 0.503 2100.
'+00 204 0.527 2210.
'+50 232 0.552 2310.
500 260 0.576 2410.
550 288 0.601 2520.
600 316 0.625 2620.
650 3'+3 0.650 2720.

164
'·
 TABLE 33 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

THERMINOL 55
MONSANTO COMPANY
BTU/LB*DEG F
OEG F DEG C CAL/GM*DEG c J/KG*DEG.K
------0 -----
-18
------------
0.431
----------
1800.
50 10 0.453 1900.
100 38 0.476 1990.
150 66 0.498 2090.
200 93 0.521 2180.
250 121 0.543 2270.
300 149 0.566 2370.
350 177 0.588 2460.
400 204 0.611 2560.
450 232 0.633 2650.
500 260 0.656 2750.
550 288 0.678 2840.
600 316 0.700 2930.

THERMINOL 60
MONSANTO COMPANY
BTU/LB*DEG F
OEG F DEG C CAL/GM*DEG c J/KG*DEG K
-----
-so
-----
-46
------------
0.321
----------
1340.
0 -18 0.346 1450.
50 10 0.371 1550.
100 38 0.395 1650.
150 66 0.420 1760.
200 93 0.445 1860.
2~0 121 O.!.J7Q 1970 ..
300 149 0.495 2070.
350 177 0.518 2170.
400 204 o.sa+3 2270.
450 232 0.568 2380.
500 260 0.593 2480.
550 288 0.618 2590.
600 316 0.643 2690.

165
 TABLE 33 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

THERMINOL 66
MONSANTO COMPANY
BTU/LB•DEG F
..... --
DEG F DEG C CAL/GM•DEG C .J/KG•OEG K
0
-----
•18 0.3'+7 ----------
1'+50.
50 10 0,370 1550.
100 38 0,39'+ 1650,
i5o 66 0.'+17 1750.
200 93 0.'+'+1 1850.
250 121 0.'+6'+ 19'+0.
300 1'+9 0.'+88 20'+0.
350 177 0 .. 511 21'+n,
'+00 20'+ 0,53'+ 22'+0.
'+50 232 0.558 23'+0.
500 260 0.581 2'+30.
550 288 0.605 2530.
600 316 0,628 2630.
650 3'+3 0.652 2730.

THF.:RMINOL 88
PIIONSANTO COMPANY
BTU/LB•DEG· F·
OEG F DEG C CI\L/GM•DEG ·C .J/KG•DEG K
-----
300 -----
1'+9 0,'+67
...
------------ ----------
1960,
350 177 0.'+82 2020.
'+00 20'+ 0.'+97 2080,
'+50 232 0.511 21'+0.
500 260 0,525 2200.
550 2B8 0.5'+0 2260.
600 316 0,55'+ 2320.
650 3'+3 0.569 2380.
700 371 0,58'+ 2'+50.
750 399 0.599 2510,

166
 TABLE 33 (continued)

Ethylene Glycol-based Fluids

OOWTHERM SR-1 (50WT-%)

DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

BTU/LB*DEG F
OEG F DEG c CAL/GM•DEG c J/KG•OEG· K
-----0 -----
-18
------------
0.780 ----------
3270.
50 10 o.8o5 3370.
100 38 0.830 3~80.

PRESTONE II WINTER SUMMER CONCENTRATE (SO VOL-%)

UNION CARBIDE cORPORATION

BTU/LB•DEG F
OEG F OEG c CAL/GM•OEG c J/Kb•OEG K
----- -----
100 38
------------
0.813 ----------
3~10.
150 66 o.e~o 3520.

SUNSAFE - 100 (33 VOL-%)

NPO ENERGY SYSTEMS• INC.

BTU/LB•DEG F
DEG F OEG c CAL/GM•OEG c J/KG•OEG K
----- -----
100 38 ------------
o.886 ----------
3710.
150 66 0.905 3790,
200 93 0.92'+ 3870.

SUNSAFE - 130 (50 VOL-%)

NPO ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.

BTU/LB•Ot:G F
OEG F OEG c CAL/GM•DEG c J/KG•OEG K
-----
. 100
-----
38 ------------
0.820 ---------- 3~30.
150 66 o.8~5 35~0.
200 93 0.870 36~0.

167
 TABLE 33 (continued)

Ethylene Glycol-based Fluids (continued)

UCAR TF•17 (SO WT-%)

UNION CARBIDE COHP.

BTU/LB•DEG F
DEG F DEG c CAL/GM•DEG c ~/KG•DEG K
---~-
0
-----
-18
------------
0.74 ----------
3080.
50 10 0.78 3270 •
.100 38 o.82 3420.
150 66 0.84 3520.
200 93 0.87 3&30.
250 121 0.89 3720.

Propylene Glycol-based Fluids

DOWFRO~T (50 WT-%)

DO\'~ CHEMICAL COMPAN'Y

BTU/LB•DEG F
DEG F DEG C CAL/GM•DEG c ~/KG•OEG K
----- -----
50 10
------------
0.637
----------
3500.
100 38 0.868 3640.
150 66 0.896 3750.
200 93 0.920 3850.

SOLAH WINTER BAN

CAMCO MANUFACTUfUNGt INC.
BTU/LB•DEG F
DEG F DEG c CAL/GM•DEG c J/KG•DEG K

----- -----
100 38
------------
0.62
----------
3430.
150 6& 0.85 3560.

SUNSAFE - 200 (33 VOL-%)

NPO ENERGY SYSTEMSt INC.

BTU/LB*DEG F
DEG F OEG c CAL/GM•DEG c __ _______K
~/KG•OEG
..,

-----
100
-----
38
------------
0.929 3890.
150 66 0.940 3940.
200 93 0.951 3980.

168
 TABLE 33 (continued)

Propylene Glycol-based Fluids (continued)

SUNSAFE • 230 (50 VOL-%)

NPO ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.

BTU/LB•DEG F
OEG F DEG c CAL/GM•DEG c J/KG•DEG K
-----
100
-----
36 ------------
0.676 ----------
3670.
150 66 0.695 3750.
200 93 0.914 3630.

SUNSOL 60 (60 VOL-%)

SUNWORKS

BTU/LB*DEG F
DEG F OEG C CAL/GM*DEG C J/KG•DEG K
-----
100
-----
36
------------
0.620 ----------
3430.
150 66 0.651 3560.

UCAR F'F•35 (SO WT-%)

UNION CARBIDE cORP.

BTU/LB•DEG F
DEG F DEG C CAL/GM•DEG c J/KG*DEG K
----- -----
0 -18
------------
0.83 ----------
3470.
50 10 o.64 3520.
100 38 0.66 3600.
150 66 0.88 3700.
200 93 0.91 3810.
250 121 o.~4 3940.
300 149 0.98 4090.

169
 .TABLE 33 (continued)

Esters

STAUFFER 366&+A
STAUFFER CHEMICAL COMPANY

BTU/LB*DEG F
OEG·F DEG C CAL/GM*DEG c ~/KG*DEG
K
-~---
100
-----
38 ------------
0,510 ----------
21&+0,
150 66 0,520 2180.
200 93 0,528 2210~
250 121 0,5&+6 2290,
300 149 0,582 2&+40.
350 177 0,621 2600,
&+00 204 0,650 2720.
THERMINOL &+4
MONSANTO COMPANY

BTU/LB*DEG F
OEG F DEG C CAL/GM*DEG c ~/KG*DEG K
----- -----
-50 -46 ------------
0.426 ----------
1780.
0 -18 0,443 1850.
50 10 0,459 1920.
100 38 0,476 1990,
150 66 0,492 2060,
200 93 0,508 2130.
250 121 0,524 2190,
300 149 0.542 2270.
350 177 o.558 2340.
400 204 0,574 2&+00.

170
 .TABLE 33 (continued)

Ethers

DOWTHERM A
DOW CHEMICAL CoMPANY
BTU/LB*DEG F
DEG F DEG C CAL/GM*DEG c
J/KG*OEG K
-----
100
-----
38 ------------
0.388 ----------
1620.
150 66 o.~o7 1700.
200 93 0.~26 1780.
250 121 0.~~14 1860.
300 1~9 o.~63 19~0.
350 177 0.~81 2010.
~00 20~ 0.500 2090.
~50 232 0.518 2170.
500 260 0.537 2250 •.
550 288 o.558 23~0.
600 316 0.579 2~20.
650 3~3 0.596 2500.
700 371 0.611 2560.
750 399 0.633 2650.

DOWTHERM G
DOW CHEMICAL CoMPANY
BTU/LB*DEG F
DEG F DEG C CAL/GM*DEG C J/t<G•OEG K
----- -----
50 10 ------------
0.380 ----------
1590.
100 ~8 o.~oo 1670.
150 66 0.~10 1720.
200 93 0.~30 1800.
250 121 o.~~o 18~0.
300 1~9 o.~5o 1880.
350 177 o.~6o 1930e
~00 20~ o.~8o 2010.
~50 232 o.soo 2090.
500 260 0.510 21~0.
550 288 0.530 2220.
600 316 o.s~o 2260.
650 3~3 o.sso 2300.
700 ~71 0.560 23~0.

171
 TABLE 33 (continued)

Ethers (continued)

THERMINOL VP-1
MONSANTO COMPANY
BTU/LB•DEG F
OEG F DEG C CAL/GM•DEG c J/KG•DEG K
----- ----- ------------ ----------
100 38 0.38'+ 1610.
150 66 0.'+01 1680.
200 93 0.'+19 1750.
250 121 0.'+38 1830.
300 1'+9 0.'+57 1910.
350 177 0.'+7'+ 1980.
4+00 20'+ 0.'+92 2060 •
- · - __45.0_. ._232 _
_o_._s1o_ - - £ 11+-0 · - - -
5QO 260 0.528 2210.
550 288 0.5'+6 2290.
600 316 0.56'+ 2360.
650 343 0.582 24'+0.
700 371 0.600 2510.
750 399 0.618 2590.

UCON HTF•SO()
UNION CARBIDE cORP.
BTU/LB*DEG F
OEG F OEG C CAL/GM•OEG c J/KG•OEG K
----- -----
100 38
------------
0.'+8
----------
2010.
150 66 o.so 2090.
200 93 0. 5.2 2160.
250 121 0.53 2220.
300 149 0.54 2280.
350 177 0.55 2320.
'+00 204 0.56 2350.
'+50 232 0.57 2370.

172
 TABLE 33 (continued)

Silicones

SF•,6(2C) POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE) FLUID

GENERAL ELECTRIC ~OMPANY

BTU/LB*DEG F
OEG F DEG C CAL/GM•DEG C
------ -----
0 -18 ------------
0.'+36 1830.
50 10 0.'+42 1850.
100 38 0.446 1870.
150 66 0,452 1890.
200 '3 0,457 1910.
250 121 0.'+63 1940,
300 149 0,468 .1 ,60.
350 177 0,474 1980.
'+00 20'+ 0,478 2000.
'+50 232 0,484 2030.
500 260 0.488 2040.

SYLTHERM 4'+4
DOW CORNING CORPORATION

BTU/LB*DEG F
OEG F DEG c CAL/GM*DEG c J/KG•OEG K
----- -----
0 -18 ------------
0,353 ----------
1480.
50 10 0,361 1510.
100 38 0,369 1550.
150 66 0,379 1590.
200 93 0,388 1630.
250 121 0.394 1650.
300 149 0,400 1670,
350 177 0.'+08 1710,

173
 TABLE 33 (continued) ·

Silicones (continued)

DOW CORNING X2-1162 HEAT TRANSFER LIQUID

DOW CORNING CORPORATION

BTU/LB*DEG F
DEG F DEG C CAL/GM*DEG C J/KG*DEG K
100 38 0.400 1670.
150 66 0.406 1700.
200 93 0.412 1720.
250 121 0.418 1750.
300 149 0.426 1780.
350 177 0.433 1810.
400 204 0.442 1850.
450 232 0.452 1890.
_ __ _s_o_o_ _ _ 2J~_o______ o .4.6-4 -------:l-9-4-o.-----··- - - - - - - - - - -
550 288 0.477 2000.
600 316 0.492 2060 ..
625 329.4 0.500 2090.
Fluorocarbons

FREON TA
£. I. ou PONT oE NEMOURS & COMPANY
BTU/LB*OEG F
OEG C CAL/GM*DEG c J/KG*DEG K
----- -----
DEG F
68 20 ------------
0.305 ----------
1280.

174
 TABLE 34. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

Petroleum-based Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

CALOR II\ HT-43

EXXON CO!":P Af"Y

OEG F DEG c BTUIH•FT•DEG F W/M*°K

------
50
-----
10
--------------
0.0712
------
0.1230
100 38 0.0694 0.1200
150 66 o.o66CJ 0.1160
200 93 0.0647 0.1120
250 121 0.0623 0.1080
300 145 0.0597 0.1030
350 177 0.0576 0.0997
400 204 o.o557 0.0964
450 232 0.0535 0.0926
500 260 0. 051~. 0-0884
550 286 0.0467 0.0843
cOO 31E.. 0.0474 0.0820

SHELL DIAL A AX
SHELL OIL COMPI\1\JY

OEG F DEG c BTU/HtFT•DEG F W/M*°K

-----
0 ·:;~i --------------
0,0770
------
0,1330
50 10 0.0760 0.1320
100 38 0,0750 0.1300
150 66 0.0739 0,1280
200 93 0.0726 0.1260
250 1?.1 .0.0713 0.1230
300 149 0,0700 0.1210

MOBILTHERM 603
MOOIL OIL CORPoRATION

DEG F c BTU/HtFT•DEG F W/M* 0 I<.

-----
200
DEG
-----
93
-------~------
0,0760
------
0.1320.
0.1290
250 121 0.07'+6
300 149 0,0733 0.1270
350 177 0,0719 0.12'+0
400 204. 0.0705 0.1220
~50 232 0,0690 0.1190
500 260 0.0675 u.117o
550 288 o.o660 u.1140

175
 TABLE 34 (continued)

Petroleum-based Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

SILOGRAM HEAT TRANSFER FLUID 43

A. MARGOLIS & SONS CORP,
DEG F DEG c BTU/H•FT•DEG F W/M*°K
-----
100
-----
36
--------------
0.0770
------
0,1330
150 66 0.0757 0.1310
200 93 0.07'44 0.1290
250 121 0.0732 0.1270
300 1'49 o.o120 0.1250
350 177 0.0709 0.1230
,4QU 20!1 o.0€:99 0.1210
'450 232 0.0689 0.1190
500 260 0.0680 0.1180

HEAT TRM~SFER OIL 21

SUN OIL ,COMPANY
OEG F DEG c BTU/H•FT*OEG F W/M*°K
-----
150
-----
66
--------------
0.0750
------
0.1300
200 93 0.0737 0.1280
250 121 0.0'723 0.1250
300 149 0.0710 0,1230
35(l 177 0.069£ 0.120()
400 204 0.0682 0.1180
450 232 0.0670 0 ,.11E? 0
500 2E.(l 0.0659 0,1140
550 288 0.0649 0.1120
600 31E. 0.0640 0.1110

HEAT TRANSFER oiL 25

SUN OIL COMPANY
DEG F DEG c BTU/H*FT*OEG F W/M*°K'
-----
150
-----
66
----~~--------
0.0750
------
0.1300
200 93 0.0737 0.1280
250 121 0.0723 0.1250
30(1 14Cj Q.0710 0.1230
350 177 0.0696 0.1200
400 204 0.0682 0.1180
450 232 0.0670 0.1160
500 260 0.0659 0.1140
550 288 o.oE.'+9 0.1120
600 31E. 0,0640 o.111o

176
 TABLE 34 (continued)

Petroleum-based Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

TEXATHERM
TEXACO, INC •
DEG F DEG C BTU/H*FT*DEG F
----- -----
0 -18
----------~---
0.0790 0.~370
50 10 0.0781 0.1350
100 38 0.0770 0.1330
150 66 0.0755 0.1310
200 93 0.0740 C.1?.80
250 121 0.0730 0.1260
300 149 0.0720 0.1250
350 177 0.0705 Gel220
'+00 204 0.0690 0.1190
'+50 232 0.0679 0.1180
500 260 0.0670 0.1160
550 288 0.0660 0.1140
600 316 0.0650 0.1120

SHELL THERMIA oiL C

SHELL OIL COMPANY
DEG F DEG C
-----
100
-----
38
--------------
0.0760
. .

0.1320
150 66 0,0747 0.1290
200 q3 0.0735 0.1270
250 121 0.0722 0.1250
300 149 0.0710 0.1230
350 177 0.0697 0.1210
400 ?04 0.068:> 0.1190
450 232 0.067~ 0.1160
500 260 0.0660 o.1i4o

Synthetic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

BRAYCO 888
BRAY OIL COMPA~I._

DEG. F DEb C
~----
500
----- --------------
0.06~0
------
0.1120

177
 TABLE 34 (continued)

~ynthetic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

BRAYCO 888 HF
8 R AY 0 I L Cor', P Atl! Y
DEG F DEG C
300
-----
1'+9
--------------
0.0732 0.1270

ETHYL SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS ESH-'+

ETHYL CORPORATION

DEG F DEG c BTU/H*FT•DE:G F W/M*°K

----- ----- --------------
100 38 0.1078
------
0.1870
150 66 0.0982 0,1700
200 93 0.0890 0.15'+0
250 121 0,0808 0.1'+00
300 1t~9 0,07'+0 0,1280
350 1.,7 0.0687 0.1190
ETHYL SYNTHETic HYDROCARBONS ESH-6
ETHYL CORPORATION

..OEG
____F OEG c BTUIH•FT•DEG F W/M*°K

100
----- -------------- -------
38 0,10'+8 0,18\0
150 66 0,0963 0,1670
200 93 0,0883 0.1530
250 121 0,0810 0.1'+00
300 1'+9 0,0750 0.1300
350 177 0,0703 0.1220

H•30C
MARK ENTERPRISES, INC.
OtG F DEG C
----- -----
212 100
--------------
0.0750 ------
0,1300

UNIROYAL PA0-13C
UNIROYAL CHEMICAL

DEG F DEG C BTU/H*FT*DEG F W/M*°K

500 260 0.0650 0.1120

178
 TABLE 34 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

DOWTHf..RM J
DOW CHEMICAL Co~PANY

DEG F OEG C BTU/H*FT•DEG F W/M*°K

-----
-100
-----
-73
--------------
0.0810
------
0.1'+00
-50 -'+6 0.0790 0.1370
0 -18 0.0780 0.1350
50 10 0.0770 0.1330
100 38 0.0755 0.1310
150 66 o.o7~c 0.1280
200 93 0.073C 0.1260
250 121 0.0720 0.1250
300 149 0.0705 0.1220
350 177 0.0692 0.1200
'+00 20'+ 0.0680 0.1180
'+50 232 0.0669 0.1160
500 260 0.06~5 0.1130
550 2A8 o.o61.fO 0.1110

DOWTHERM LF
DOW CHEI"'ICAL COMPANY
DEG F DEG C ; BTU/H~tFT*DEG F W/!-1* °K
----- -----
0 -16
--------------
0.0850
------
0.1'+70
50 10 0.082'+ 0.1'+30
100 38 o.o8oo 0.1380
150 66 0.0779 0.1350.
200 93 o.o760 0.1320
250 121 0.07'+1 0,1280
300 149 0.0720 0.1250
350 177 0.0695 0.1200
400 204 c.o670 0,1160
'+50 232 c.o6'+8 0.1120
500 260 0,0625 0.1080
550 288 0.0600 OelO'+O
600 316 O.Cl57E- 0.0997

179
 TABLE 34 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

MOBILTHERM 600
MOBIL OIL CORPORATION
DEG F DEG C
-----
200
-----
93 0.0690 0.1190
250 12.1 0.0678 0.1170
300 149 0.0666 0.1150
350 177 0,0654 0.1130
400 204 0.0642 0,1110
450 232 0.0631 0,1090
~ou 26U 0,0620 0.10'70
550 2A8 0.0610 0.1060
600 3.16 0.0600 0.1040

MCS~1958
MONSANTO COI"iPAI'.tY
OEG F DEG C BTU/H*FT*DEG F
0
-----
-18
------------~-
0.063'+ 0.1100
50 10 0.0631 0.1090
100 38 0.0625 0.1080
150 66 0.0618 0.1070
200 93 0,0608 0,1050
250 121 0.0595 0.1030
300 149 0.0581 0.1010
350 177 0.0566 0.0980
'• 0 0 20 1-1 o.osso o.o952
450 232 o.o5?o'+ 0.0924
500 260 0.0~17 0.0895

MCS-1980
MONSANTO C0~1PAI\IY

OEG F DEG C
-----
250
-----
121
--------------
0.0754 0.1300
300 149 0.0733 0.1270
3~0 177 0.0713 0,1230
400 204 0,01)93 0.1200
450 232 0.0675 0.1170
sno 260 o.o65e 0.1140
5~0 288 0.0644 0.1110
600 316 0.0631 0,1090
6'50 343 0,0622 0.1080

180
 TABLE 34 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

MCS-2046
MONSMJTO COMPAf\.IY

DEG F DEG C
-----
100
-----
38 0.0700 0.1210
150 66 0.0686 0.1190
200 93 0.0673 0.1160
250 121 o.oE-60 0.1140
300 149 0.0648 0.1120
35CJ 177 0.0637 0.1100
40CJ 204 0.0628 0.1090
450 232 0.0620 0.1070
500 260 0.061~ 0.1060
550 28C. 0.0610 0.1060
600 31E· 0.0609 0.1050
650 34~ 0.0610 0.1060

THERMINOL 55
MONSANTO COMPANY
DEG F OEG C
-----0 -----
-18
--------------
0.0764 0.1320
50 10 0.0749 0.1300
100 38 0.0733 0.1270
150 66 0.0717 0.1240
200 93 0.0701 0.1210
250 121 o.o6A .. u.11eo
300 149 0.0666 0.1150
350 177 0.0647 0.1120
400 204 0.0627 0.1090
450 232 0.0606 0,1050
500 260 0.0583 0.1010
550 2~8 (1.0559 0.0967
600 31E:- 0.0533 0.0922

181
 TABLE 34 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

THERMINOL 60
MONSANTO COI"PA1\JY

DEG F DEG C BTU/H*FT*DEG F

-50
-----
-46 0.0793 0.1370
0 -1e 0.0780 0.1350
50 1.0 0.0768 0.1330
100 ,~f. 0.0755 0.1310
1!50 66 0.07'+.5 0.1290
200 93 0.0731 0.1270
250 121 o.071t; 0.1240
300 1'+9 0.0705 0.1220
35C 177 0.069~ 0.1200
ijQO 2C4 0.0681 0.1180
t+eo 232 0.0668 0.1160
5CO 2f,Q 0.0656 0.1140
550 288 0.0643 0.1110
600 316 0.0630 0.1090

THERMINOL 6b
f'l 0 NSAN T 0 C 0 1"1 P flt,J Y

DEG F DE~ C
0
-----
-18
--- -------·-
---0.0705 -~-----

0.1220
50 10 0.0696 0.1200
100 38 o.oc,a7 0.1190
150 f,b 0.0678 0.1170
200 93 0.0668 0.1160
250 121 0.0656 0.1140
300 149 0.0&43 0.1110
350 177 0.0628 0.1090
'+00 204 0.0612 0.1060
450 232 0.0596 0.1030
500 260 0.0579 0.1000
550 288 0.0562 0.0973
600 316 0.0545 0.09'+3
650 343 0,0527 o.o912

182
 TABLE 34 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

THERMINOL 88
MONSANTO COMPANY
DEG F DEG c BTUIH•FT*OEG F W/M*°K
-----
300
-----
149
--------------
0.0738
------
0.1280
350 177 0.0725 0.1250
400 204 0.0712 0.1230
450 232 0.0699 0.1210
500 260 0.0686 0.1190
550 2~8 0.0673 0.1160
600 316 0.0660 0.1140
650 343 0.0647 0.1120
700 371 0.0634 0.1100
750 399 0.0621 0.1070

Ethylene Glycol-based Fluids

DOWTHERM SR•l (50 WT-%)

DOW CHEMICAL CoMPANY
.OEG F DEG c 8TLI/H•FT•DEG F W/M*°K
-----0 -----
·18
--------------
0.2070
------
0. 35·80
50 10 o.21es 0.3780
100 3£ 0.2290 0.3960
150 66 0.2367 0.4100
200 93 0.2430 0.4210

UCAR TF-17 (50 WT-%)

UNION CARBIDE CORP.

DEG F DEG C BTU/H*FT*DEG F W/M* 6 K

-----
0
-----
-18
--------------
0.242
------
0.419
50 10 0.242 0.419
100 38 0.242 0.419
150 66 0.241 0.417
200 93 0.237 Q.410
250 121 0.232 0.402

183
 TABLE 34 (continued)

Propylene Glycol-based Fluids

OOWFROST (50 WT-%)

DOW CHEMICAL Co~PANY

DEG F OEG c BTUIH•FT•OEG F W/M*°K

-----0 -----
-18
--------------
o.23Gu
------
0.3980
50 ]c 0.22£0 0.3910
100 3e 0.223 0.3890

UCAR FF-35 (50 WT-%)

UNION CARBIDE cORP •.
DEG F DEG c BTUIH•FT•OEG F W/M*°K
----- -----
50 10
--------------
Oe2220
------
o.3alf.o
100 38 0.2200 0.3810
150 66 0.2190 0.3790
200 93 0.2160 o.371f.o
250 121 0.2130 0.3690

Esters

STAUFFER 3E.64A
STAUFFER CHlMICAL COMPANY

DEG F OEG c t3TUIH*FT*OEb F W/M*°K

-----
100
----- --------------
38 o.oe5o
------
0.1470
150 66 0.0831 0.1414-0
200 9~ 0.0810 0.114-00
250 121 0.0790 0.1370
300 149 0.0770 0.1330
350 177 0.0750 0.1300
400 204 0.0730 0.1260
450 232 0.0710 0.1230
500 260 0.0690 0.1190

184
 TABLE 34 (continued)

Esters (continued)

THERMINOL 44
MONSANTO COMPANY
DEG F OEG C BTUIH•FT•OEG F W/M*°K
----- ----- -------------- ------
-so -4e 0.0866 0.1500
0 -18 0.0847 0.1470
50 10 0.0828 0.1430
100 3b o.o8oe. 0.1390
150 66 0.0782 0.1350
200 93 0.0760 0.1320
250 121 0.0736 0.1270
300 149 0.0709 0.1230
350 177 0.0680 o.118C
400 204 0.0651 0.1130
Ethers

OOWTHERM A
DOW CHEMICAL cor-iPANY
DEG F DEG C BTUIH•FT•OEG F W/M*°K
-----
100
-----
36
--------------
0.0810
------
0.1400
150 66 0. 07E~O 0.1350
200 93 c.o760 0.1320
250 121 b.0740 0.1280
300 149 0.0726 0.1260
350 177 0.0700 0.1210
400 20'4 0.06~0 0.1180
450 232 0.0670 0.116-0
500 2f:.O 0.0650 0.1120
550 288 o.o625 0.1080
600 31f- o.uoo~ 0.1050
650 343 o.os~o 0.1000
700 371 0.0560 o.0969
75() ~99 0.0550 o.o952

185
 . ,TABLE 34 (continued)

Ethers (continued)

DOWTHERM G
DOW CHEMICAL Coi";PANY
DEG F DEG C iHU/H.FT*DEG F W/M*°K
----- ------ --·----·-------
100 38 0.0760
------
0.1320
150 6E- 0.0756 0.1310
200 9~ o.o750 0.1300
250 121 o.o7&fO 0.1280
300 1~9 o.o1~o 0.1260
3~U 177 0.0725 0.1250
~00 20~ 0.07~0 0.1250
'+50 232 0.0710 0.1230
500 260 0.0700 0.1210
550 288 0.069'+ 0.1200
6.00 31b 0.0690 0.1190
650 3~3 0.0685 0.1190
700 ~71 0.0680 0.1180

THERMINOL VP-1
MONSANTO COI"'P.ANY
OEG F OE:G C BTU/H*FT*DEG F W/M*°K
--···-
100
---·- ---·----------
~8 0.0793
------
0.1370
150 66 0.0770 0.1330
200 93 0.07'+5 0.1290
250 121 0.0722 0.1250
300 1~9 0.0700 0.1210
350 177 0.0675 0.1170
'+00 20'+ 0.0651 0.1130
'+50 232 0.0628 0.1090
500 2~0 0.0605 0.1050
550 2ee 0.0582 0.1010
600 316 0.0560 0.0969
650 3~3 0.0537 o.o93o
700 371 0.0515 0.0891
750 399 0.0'+92 0.0852

.•

186
 TABLE 34 (continued)

Ethers (continued)

UCON HTF•500
UNION CARBIDE cORP.

DEG F DEG C BTU/H*FT*DEG F W/M*°K

------
100
-----
38 --------------
0.0950
------
0.16~0
150 66 0.0921 0.1590
200 93 0.0896 0.1550
250 121 0.0877 0.1520
300 1~9 0.0861 0.1~90
350 177 0.0838 0.1~50
~00 20~ o.o8o3 0.1390
.. 50 232 0.0755 0.1310

Silicones

SF-96(20) POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE)
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY

OEG F DEG C BTU/H*.FT*DEG F W/M*°K

-----0 -----
•18
--------------
0.08!2
------
0.1~~0
50 10 0.0786 0.1360
100 3B 0.07~2 0.1280
150 66 0.0697 0.1210
200 9~ 0.0652 0.1130
250
300
121
1~9
o.oe-10
o.o565
0.1060
o.o978 . ' :

350 177 0.0522 0.0903

~00 20~ 0.0457 0.0791
~50 23~ 0.0477 o.o826

SYLTHERM 4~4 HEAT TRANSFER LIQUID

oow CORNING COHPORATION
OEG F DEG C RTU/H*FT*DEG F W/M*°K
-----
0 -----
-18
--------------
o.o8E-O
------
0.1490
50 10 o.o8~3 0.1460
100 3e o.o8?0 0.1440
150 6E 0.0816 0.1410
200 93 o.o8co 0.1380
250 121 0.0785 0.1360
300 1~9 0.0770 0.1330
350 177 0.0756 0.1310

187
 TABLE 34 (continued)

Silicones (continued)

X2-1162
DOW CORNING CORPOPATION
DEG F DEG C
100
----- --------------
38 o.o880 0.1520
150 66 0.0857 0.1'+80
200 93 0.0835 0.1'+'+0
250 121 o.o812 0.1'+10
300 1'+9 0.0791 0.1370
350 177 O.U7b9 0.1330
'+00 20'+ 0.0749 0 .. 1.300
'+50 232 o. u·12S o.12oo
500 260 0.0711 0.1230
550 28b o.06C';f3 0.1~00
600 31& 0.0677 0.1170
650 343 o.o6&3 0.1150
700 371 0.0650 0.1120

Fluorocarbons

FREON 11
Eel• DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY
DEG F DEG C
77
-----
25
--------------
o.osoo
------
0.0865

FREON 11'+
Eel• DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY
DEG F DfG C
----- -----
77 25
--------------
o.o3'+0
------
o.o58e

FREON TA
Eel• DUPONT DE ~EMOURS & COMPANY

-----
DEG F
77
OEG C
----- --------------
o.o3eo
------
o.o658

188
 TABLE 35. VAPOR PRESSURES OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

Petroleum-based Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

CALOKIA HT-43
EXXON CO~iPANY
OEG F ____ C
DEG .. PSI TORR KPA
-----
15U 66
---
o.o o.o o.o
200 93 o.o 0.1 o.o
250 121 o.o 0.7 o.1
300 149 o.1 2.9 0.4
350 177 0.2 9.8 1.3
400 204 0.7 35.1 4.7
450 232 1.8 92.7 12.4
500 260 3.7 190.0 25.4
550 288 b.7 347.0 46.2
600 316 11.4 590.0 7A.7

SHELL DIALA AX
SHELL OIL COMPANY
OEG F DEG C PSI TORR t<PA
-----
300
-----
149 0.1 4.5 0.6
350 177 0.3 15.0 2.0

MOBILTHERM 603
MOBIL OIL COKPORATION
DEG F DEG C PSi TORR KPA
-----
300
-----
149 0.2 11.0 1.5
350 177 0.4 18.1 2.4
400 204 0.6 29.7 4.0
450 232 1.0 50.0 6.7
500 260 1.6 81.7 10.9
550 288 2.3 120.0 16.0

SUNOCO HEAT TRANSFER OIL 21

SUN OIL COMPANY
OEG F DEG C PSI TORR KPA
-·---
300
-----
149 o.o o.o o.o
350 177 0.2 9.8 1.3
40U 204 0.4 19.5 2.6
450 232 0.6 29.0 3.9
500 260 0.7 38.2 5.1
550 288 o.9 46.9 6.3
600 316 1.1 55.0 7.3

189
 TABLE 35 (continued)

Petroleum-based Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

SUNOCO HEAT TRANSFER OIL 25

SUN OIL COMPANY
DEG F OEG C PSI TORR KPA
-----
300
-----
149
---
o.o
----
o.o o.o
350 177 0.2 9.8 1.3
400 204 0.4 19.5 2.6
450 232 0.6 29.0 3.9
500 260 o.7 ~8.2 5.1
550 288 0.9 46.9 6.3
600 31& 1.1 55.0 7.3

TEXATHERf:'l
TEXACO, INC•
OEG
., ___ F_ OEG C PSI TORR
... _
KPA
400
------
204
---
o.o 2.2 o.3
450 232 0.2 8.1 1.1
500 260 0.4 2~.0 3.1
550 288 1.2 61.0 8.1
600 31& 2.9 150.0 20.0
650 343 6.4 330.0 44.0

SHELL THERMIA OIL C

SHELL OIL COMPANY
DEG F OEG C PSI TORR KPA
----- ----- ---
·300 o.o
149
---- 0.1
---
o.o
350 177 o.o 0,5 0.1
400 20't o.o 1.7 0.2
450 232 0.1 s.o o.7
sou 260 0.3 15.0 2.0
550 288 0.7 35.0 4.7

Synthetic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

ETHYL SYNTHETic HYDROCARBON • ESH•4

ETHYL COHPORATION
DEG F OEG C PSI TORR KPA
-----
392
--~--
200
~--
o.o 1.0
.....
0.1
ETHYL SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBON ESH•o
EtHYL CORPORATION
DEG F OEG C PSI TORR KPA
-----
392 -----
200
---
o.o
----.0. 7
---
0.1

190
 TABLE 35 (qontinued)

Synthetic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (continued)

H•!O SOLAR COLLECTOR FLUID

MARK ENTERPRISES• INC,
DEG F DEG C PSI TORR KPA
-~---
!00
----- --- ----
1~'3 1,5 78,3 10.'+
350 177 1,7 '30,3 12.0

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

DOWTHERM J
DOW CHEMICAL CoMPANY
DEG C PSI TORR KPA
OEG F
----- ----- ---
100 38o.o 2,6
---
0,3
150 66 .0 .2 12.3 1.6
200 93 o.8 ~~.o s.CJ
250 121 2,5 128.0 17.0
300 1'+9 6,1 313.0 ~1.&

350 177 13.1 675. 0. 90,0

'+00 20'+ 25,3 1310.0 17'+.0
&+50 232 &+&+.9 2320.0 30':1.0
500 260 7&+,3 3~&+0,0 512.0
550 28& 116,0 6020,0 802.0
600 316 175,0 9020,0 1200,0

OOWTHERM LF
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
TORR KPA
OEG F
-----
!00
UEG C
-----
1&+9
PSI
---
0,5 28,&+
---
3,8
350 177 2,0 103,0 13.&
&+00 20'+ 3,7 191,0 2~.5
&+50 232 7,0 362,0 &+8,3
500 260 1&+,6 755,0 101.0
550 288 20,0 1030,0 138.0
600 316 31,0 1600,0 21&+.0
650 3&+3 55,0 28&+0,0 379,0

191
 TABLE 35 (continued)

Aromatic H~drocarbons (continued)

MOBILTHERM 600
MOBIL OIL COHPORATION
OE:G F OE:G C PSI TORR
-----
300
-----
11+9
---
0.3 13.0
I<PA

1.7
350 177 0.6 30.9 1+.1
1+00 201+ 1.0 52.1+ 7.0
1+50 232 1.6 80.9 10.8
500 260 2.3 120.0 16.0
550
600
288
3Hi .....
3.3 171.0
230.0
·22.9
30.7
MCS-1958
MONSANTO COMPANY
OEG F OEG C PSI TORR
....... ----- -·-- I<PA
350 177 0.2 9.5 1.3
1+00 201+ o.~+ 23.0 3.1
1+50 232 1.1 56;,0 7.5
500 260 2.7 11+0.0 15.7
550 288 1+.8 250.0 3~.3
600 316 9.7 soo.o ~n.7

MCS-1980
MONSANTO COMPANY
OEG F OEG C PSI TORR I<PA
----- -----
660 31+9 6.3 325.0 1+3.3
MCS-201+6
MONSANTO COMPANY
OEG F OEG c PSI TORR KPA
-----
660
-----
31+9 11+.7
--~~
76.0. 0
---
...
101.0
THERMINOL 55
MONSANTO COMP~NY
OEG F OEG C PSI TORR I<P.A
---·Ill!
200
-----
93 o.o
~-~-
0.2 o.o
250 121 o.~ 0,7 0.1
300 149 o.o 2.3 0.3
350 177 o.1 6.9 0 ._CJ
1+00 201+ o.~+ 18.2 2.1+
1+50 232 0~8 1+3.0 ~.7
500 260 1~8 93.0 12.1+
550 288 3.6 187 ._o 2'+.9
600 316 E).8 352.0 1+6.9
650 31+3 12.1 626.0 e:s •. 5
192
 TABLE 35 (continued)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ( contin.ued)

THERMINOL 60
MPI\!SANTO COfliiPANY
DEG F DEG c PSI TORR KPA
-----~
200
----- ---
9~ o.o 2.0 0. 3•
250 121 0.1 s.o 0~7
300 .149 0.2 12.0 1.6
350 177 0.6 ~o.o 4.0
400 ?04 1.3 65.0 8.7
'+50 232 2.5 1~o.o 17.3
500 260 4.6 240.0 32.0
550 2A8 8.7 450.0 60.0
600 ~~6 14.7 760..0 101.0
650 343 23.2 1200.0 160.0

THERMINOL 66
MONSANTO COMPANY
DEG F OEG c PSI TORR KPA
-----
200
-----
93
---
o.o
----
o.1 0;,0
250 121 o.o 0. 5. 0.1
300 149 o.o 2.0 0.3
350 177 0.1 7.0 Ci.9
400 204 o.4 20.0 2.7
232 1.0 so.o 6~7
450
500 260 1.9 100.0 13.3
550 288 3.9 200.0 26.• 7
600 316 6.8 350.0 4bel
650 343 12.6 650.0 86.7
700 3.71 19.3 1000.0 133~0

THERMINOL 88
MbNSA~TO COMPANY
.f OE:G c PSI TORR KPA
DEG F
~----
300
-----
149 o.o
----
1.2 0.2
350 177 o.1 4.5 0.6
400. 204 0.2 11.0 1.5
450 232 0.5 28.0 3.7
500 260 1.3 65.0 8.7
288 3.4 175.0 2~.~
550
600 316 s.o 260.0 34.7
650 343 8.7 450.0 60.0
700 371 15.5 8oo.o 107.0
750 399 21.3 1100.0 147.0

193
 TABLE 35 (continued)

Ethylene Glycol-based Fluids

DOWTHERM SR-1 (50 WT-%)

DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
DEG F DEG C PSI TORR KPA
-----
100 -----
38
---
o.8 38.8
---
150 66 2.8 1'+5.0
200 93 8.7 '+50.0

PRESTONE II (50 VOL-%)

UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
DEG F DEG C PSI TORR KPA
----- -----
100 38 18.8 2.5
150 66 16'+.0 21.9
200 93 600,0 ao.o
SUNSAFE 100 (33 VOL-%)
NPO ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
DEG F O[G C PSI TORR KPA
100
-----
38
---
o.a '+1.0
200 93 500.0

SUNSAFE 130 (50 VOL-%)

NPO ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
DEG F OEG C PSI TORR KPA
----- ----- ---
100 38 o.8 39,0 5.2
200 9~ '+70.0 62.7
UCAH TF-17 (50 WT-%)
UNION CARBIDE cORP.

----- ----- --- ----

DEG F
0
DEG C
•18
PSI
o.o
TORR KPA
---
50 10 0,1
100 38 o.e

194
 TABLE 35 (continued)

Propylene Glycol-based Fluids

OOWFROST (50 WT-%)

DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
OEG F OEG C PSI TORR KPA
50
-----
10
--- 8.5
100 38 40.0
150 66 170.0
200 93 500.0

SOLAR WINTER BAN

CAMCO MANUFACTURING• INC.
OEG ~ DEG C PSI TORR KPA
----- ----·
68 20 0.2 12.0
SUNSAFE 200 (33 VOL-%)
NPO ENERGY SYSTEMSt INC•
OEG F DEG C PSI TORR KPA
-----
100
--·---
38

200 550.0 73.3

SUN~AFE 230 (50 VOL-%)

NPO ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
OEG F OEG C PSI TORR KPA.
----- -----
100 38 1.1 59.0

200 93 soo.o
SUNSOL 60 (60 VOL-%)
SUNWORKS
OEG F TORR KPA
-----
68
OEG C
20
PSI
---·
12.0
~--

UCAH FF-35 (50 WT-%)

UNION CAKBIOE CORP•
OEG F TORR KPA
0
DEG C
----- ----- ---
o.o
... 18
PSI
---- 1.1
---
0.1
50 10 0,1 1.'+ 1.0
100 !8 0.7 36.0 ~.1
150 &6 2.~ 152.0 20.2
200 93 8.9 '+60.0 61.3
250 121 23.2 1200.0 160.0

195
 •
TABLE 35 (continued)

Esters

THERMINOL &J~
MONSANTO COMPANY
DEG F DEG C PSI TORR KPA
-----
250
-----
121
---
o.o 0.2 o.o
300 149 o.o 0.6 0~1
350 177 o.o 2.0 o.3
&JOO 20'J o.1 5.5 o.7
450 232 o.&J 20.0 2.7
500 260 0.9 &J7.o ~.3

Ethers
DOWTHERM A
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
DEG F DEG C PSI TORR KPA
-----
100
-----
38
---
o.o
----
o.1 o.o
150 66 o.o 0.5 Del
200 93 o.1 2.6 o.&J
250 121 0.2 10.3 l.&J
300 1&J9 0.6 32.6 &J.3
350 177 1.7 87.9 1'1.7
&JOO 204 ~.o 205.0 27.3
~50 232 8.2 &J27.o 56.9
500 260 15.7 809.0 108.0
550 288 27.5 1&J2o.o 190.0
600 316 &J5.3 23&Jo.o 313.0
650 3&J3 70.8 3660.0 48~.0
700 371 t06.0 5&J7o.o 729.0
7~0 399 153.0 7890.0 1050.0

DOWTHERM G
DOW CHEMICAL CoMPANY
DEG F DEG C PSI TORR t<PA
----- ----- ---
300 l&J9 o.2 10.9 1.4
350 177 0.6 !1.5 1+.2
~00 20'J 1.3 67.2 9.0
450 232 3.0 155.0 20.7
500 260 5.6 290.0 38.6
550 288 10.0 517.0 68.9
600 316 16.0 931.0 124.0
650 3&J3 30.0 1·550. 0 207.0
700 371 ...... o 2260.0 303.0

'
';
ll
196 ,_
-l
I .

l
 TABLE 35 (continued)

Ethers (continued)
THEf<MINOL VP-1
MONSANTO COMPANY
OEG F DEG C PSI TORR KPA
----- ----- ---
100 38 o.o o.1 o.o
150 66 o.o o.s 0.1
200 93 G.l 2.6 o.~
250 121 0.2 10.3 1.'+
300 1~9 0.6 32.'+ 4.3
350 177 1.7 87.0 11.6
'+00 20~ 3.9 203.0 27.1
~50 232 8.2 ~25.0 ~6.7
500 260 15.7 810.0 108.0
550 288 27.6 1430.0 190.0
600 316 '+5.7 2360.0 315.0
650 3'43 71.7 3710.0 495.0
700 371 108.0 5560.0 7'+2.0
750 399 156.0 8060.0 1070.0

UCON HTF-500
UNION CARBIDE CORP.
DEG F DEG C PSI TORR KPA
~----
50
-----
10 o.o o.:> o.o
100 38 o.o o.o o.o
150 66 o.o o.o o.o
200 93 o.o o.o o.o
250 121 o.o o.o o.o

Silicones

SF-96(20~
GENlRAL LLECTRIC COMPANY
DEG F DEG C PSI TORR KPA
----- -----
300 1~9
---
o.o 1.7 0.2
350 177 o.1 3.3 o.'+
'+00 20'+ o.1 6.~ 0.9
~50 232 o.2 11.0 1.5
500 260 0.3 17.3 2.3

SYLTHEHM ~'+~
DOW CORNING CORPORATION
DEG F DEG C PSI TORR KPA
----- ----- ---
~00 20'+ o.1 5.0 o.1

197
 TABLE 35 (continued) ,,

Fluorocarbons

FREON 11
E I DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY
OEG F OEG C PSI TORR KPA
---~-
100 38 23.5 1210.0 162.0

FREON 11~
E I DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY
QEG F DEG c PSI TORR KPA
----- ----- ---
50 10 18.7 968.0 12~.0
100 ~A 4A.4 C?!inn.o ~~3.0

FREON T~
E I DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY
OEG F OEG C PSI TORR KPA

100
-----
38
--- 1150.0 153.0
150 6b 22~0.0 300.0
200 93 3360.0 448.0

198 frU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1980-740-145/705