EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

Table 5.2 (sheet 1 of 3): Maximum width-to-thickness ratios for compression

parts

Internal compression parts

c c c c Axis of
bending
t t t t

c t c t t c Axis of
bending
c
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Part subject to Part subject to

Class Part subject to bending and compression
bending compression
fy fy fy
Stress
distribution + + + αc
in parts c c c
(compression - -
positive) -
fy fy fy
396ε
when α > 0,5 : c / t ≤
13α − 1
1 c / t ≤ 72ε c / t ≤ 33ε
36ε
when α ≤ 0,5 : c / t ≤
α
456ε
when α > 0,5 : c / t ≤
13α − 1
2 c / t ≤ 83ε c / t ≤ 38ε
41,5ε
when α ≤ 0,5 : c / t ≤
α
fy fy fy
Stress
distribution + +
in parts c c c
c/2
+
(compression - -
positive)
fy ψ fy
42ε
when ψ > −1 : c / t ≤
3 c / t ≤ 124ε c / t ≤ 42ε 0,67 + 0,33ψ
when ψ ≤ −1*) : c / t ≤ 62ε(1 − ψ ) (−ψ )
ε = 235 / f y fy 235 275 355 420 460
ε 1,00 0,92 0,81 0,75 0,71
*) ψ ≤ -1 applies where either the compression stress σ ≤ fy or the tensile strain εy > fy/E

42
 EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

Table 5.2 (sheet 2 of 3): Maximum width-to-thickness ratios for compression

parts
Outstand flanges
c c c

t t t
t
c

Rolled sections Welded sections

Part subject to bending and compression
Class Part subject to compression
Tip in compression Tip in tension
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Stress αc αc
distribution +
+ +
in parts
c
(compression - -
positive) c c
9ε 9ε
1 c / t ≤ 9ε c/t ≤ c/ t ≤
α α α
10ε 10ε
2 c / t ≤ 10ε c/ t ≤ c/t ≤
α α α
Stress
distribution + +
-
in parts
c c c
(compression
positive)
c / t ≤ 21ε k σ
3 c / t ≤ 14ε
For kσ see EN 1993-1-5
ε = 235 / f y fy 235 275 355 420 460
ε 1,00 0,92 0,81 0,75 0,71

43
 EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

Table 5.2 (sheet 3 of 3): Maximum width-to-thickness ratios for compression

parts
Angles
h

Does not apply to angles in

Refer also to “Outstand flanges” t b continuous contact with other
(see sheet 2 of 3) components

Class Section in compression

Stress
distribution + fy
across
section +
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(compression
positive)
b+h
3 h / t ≤ 15ε : ≤ 11,5ε
2t
Tubular sections

t d

Class Section in bending and/or compression

1 d / t ≤ 50ε 2
2 d / t ≤ 70ε 2
d / t ≤ 90ε 2
3
NOTE For d / t > 90ε 2 see EN 1993-1-6.
fy 235 275 355 420 460
ε= 235 / f y ε 1,00 0,92 0,81 0,75 0,71
ε2 1,00 0,85 0,66 0,56 0,51

44
 EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

(3) The design buckling resistance of a compression member should be taken as:
χ A fy
N b ,Rd = for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections (6.47)
γ M1

χ A eff f y
N b ,Rd = for Class 4 cross-sections (6.48)
γ M1
where χ is the reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode.

NOTE For determining the buckling resistance of members with tapered sections along the member
or for non-uniform distribution of the compression force second order analysis according to 5.3.4(2)
may be performed. For out-of-plane buckling see also 6.3.4.

(4) In determining A and Aeff holes for fasteners at the column ends need not to be taken into account.
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6.3.1.2 Buckling curves

(1) For axial compression in members the value of χ for the appropriate non-dimensional slendernessλ
should be determined from the relevant buckling curve according to:
1
χ= but χ ≤ 1,0 (6.49)
2
Φ + Φ2 − λ

[
where Φ = 0,5 1 + α λ − 0,2 + λ ( ) 2
]
Af y
λ= for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections
N cr

A eff f y
λ= for Class 4 cross-sections
N cr
α is an imperfection factor
Ncr is the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the gross cross sectional
properties.

(2) The imperfection factor α corresponding to the appropriate buckling curve should be obtained from
Table 6.1 and Table 6.2.

Table 6.1: Imperfection factors for buckling curves

Buckling curve a0 a b c d
Imperfection factor α 0,13 0,21 0,34 0,49 0,76

(3) Values of the reduction factor χ for the appropriate non-dimensional slendernessλ may be obtained
from Figure 6.4.

N Ed
(4) For slenderness λ ≤ 0,2 or for ≤ 0,04 the buckling effects may be ignored and only cross
N cr
sectional checks apply.

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 EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

Table 6.2: Selection of buckling curve for a cross-section

Buckling curve
Buckling S 235
Cross section Limits about S 275
axis S 460
S 355
S 420
tf z
y–y a a0
tf ≤ 40 mm

h/b > 1,2

z–z b a0

y–y b a
Rolled sections

40 mm < tf ≤ 100
z–z c a
h y y
y–y b a
tf ≤ 100 mm
z–z c a

h/b ≤ 1,2
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z y–y d c
tf > 100 mm
b z–z d c

tf tf y–y b b
tf ≤ 40 mm
z–z c c
I-sections
Welded

y y y y
y–y c c
tf > 40 mm
z–z d d
z z

hot finished any a a0

sections
Hollow

cold formed any c c

z tf
generally (except as
any b b
Welded box

below)
sections

h y y

tw thick welds: a > 0,5tf

b/tf < 30 any c c
z b h/tw <30
solid sections
U-, T- and

any c c
L-sections

any b b

58
 EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

1,1

1,0

0,9
a0
a
0,8 b
c
0,7
Reduction factor χ

d
0,6

0,5

0,4
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0,3

0,2

0,1

0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0

Non-dimensional slenderness λ

Figure 6.4: Buckling curves

6.3.1.3 Slenderness for flexural buckling

(1) The non-dimensional slenderness λ is given by:

Af y L cr 1
λ= = for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections (6.50)
N cr i λ1

A eff
A eff f y L A
λ= = cr for Class 4 cross-sections (6.51)
N cr i λ1
where Lcr is the buckling length in the buckling plane considered
i is the radius of gyration about the relevant axis, determined using the properties of the gross
cross-section

E
λ1 = π = 93,9ε
fy

235
ε= (fy in N/mm2)
fy

NOTE B For elastic buckling of components of building structures see Annex BB.

(2) For flexural buckling the appropriate buckling curve should be determined from Table 6.2.

59
 EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

6.3.1.4 Slenderness for torsional and torsional-flexural buckling

(1) For members with open cross-sections account should be taken of the possibility that the resistance of
the member to either torsional or torsional-flexural buckling could be less than its resistance to flexural
buckling.

(2) The non-dimensional slenderness λ T for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling should be taken as:

Af y
λT = for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections (6.52)
N cr

A eff f y
λT = for Class 4 cross-sections (6.53)
N cr
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where N cr = N cr ,TF but N cr < N cr,T

Ncr,TF is the elastic torsional-flexural buckling force;
Ncr,T is the elastic torsional buckling force.

(3) For torsional or torsional-flexural buckling the appropriate buckling curve may be determined from
Table 6.2 considering the one related to the z-axis.

6.3.2 Uniform members in bending

6.3.2.1 Buckling resistance

(1) A laterally unrestrained member subject to major axis bending should be verified against lateral-
torsional buckling as follows:
M Ed
≤ 1,0 (6.54)
M b ,Rd
where MEd is the design value of the moment
Mb,Rd is the design buckling resistance moment.

(2) Beams with sufficient restraint to the compression flange are not susceptible to lateral-torsional
buckling. In addition, beams with certain types of cross-sections, such as square or circular hollow sections,
fabricated circular tubes or square box sections are not susceptible to lateral-torsional buckling.

(3) The design buckling resistance moment of a laterally unrestrained beam should be taken as:
fy
M b ,Rd = χ LT Wy (6.55)
γ M1
where Wy is the appropriate section modulus as follows:
– Wy = Wpl,y for Class 1 or 2 cross-sections
– Wy = Wel,y for Class 3 cross-sections
– Wy = Weff,y for Class 4 cross-sections
χLT is the reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling.

NOTE 1 For determining the buckling resistance of beams with tapered sections second order
analysis according to 5.3.4(3) may be performed. For out-of-plane buckling see also 6.3.4.

NOTE 2B For buckling of components of building structures see also Annex BB.

60
 EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

(4) In determining Wy holes for fasteners at the beam end need not to be taken into account.

6.3.2.2 Lateral torsional buckling curves – General case

(1) Unless otherwise specified, see 6.3.2.3, for bending members of constant cross-section, the value of
χLT for the appropriate non-dimensional slendernessλLT, should be determined from:
1
χ LT = but χ LT ≤ 1,0 (6.56)
2
Φ LT + Φ 2
LT −λ LT

[ (
where Φ LT = 0,5 1 + α LT λ LT − 0,2 + λ LT ) 2
]
α LT is an imperfection factor
Wy f y
λ LT =
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M cr
Mcr is the elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

(2) Mcr is based on gross cross sectional properties and takes into account the loading conditions, the real
moment distribution and the lateral restraints.

NOTE The imperfection factor αLT corresponding to the appropriate buckling curve may be obtained
from the National Annex. The recommended values αLT are given in Table 6.3.

Table 6.3: Recommended values for imperfection factors for lateral torsional
buckling curves
Buckling curve a b c d
Imperfection factor αLT 0,21 0,34 0,49 0,76

The recommendations for buckling curves are given in Table 6.4.

Table 6.4: Recommended values for lateral torsional buckling curves for cross-
sections using equation (6.56)
Cross-section Limits Buckling curve
h/b ≤ 2 a
Rolled I-sections
h/b > 2 b
h/b ≤ 2 c
Welded I-sections
h/b > 2 d
Other cross-sections - d

(3) Values of the reduction factor χLT for the appropriate non-dimensional slendernessλLT may be
obtained from Figure 6.4.

MEd 2
(4) For slendernesses λ LT ≤ λ LT,0 (see 6.3.2.3) or for ≤ λ LT,0 (see 6.3.2.3) lateral torsional buckling
Mcr
effects may be ignored and only cross sectional checks apply.

61
 EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

6.3.2.3 Lateral torsional buckling curves for rolled sections or equivalent welded sections

(1) For rolled or equivalent welded sections in bending the values of χLT for the appropriate non-
dimensional slenderness may be determined from
χ LT ≤ 1,0
1 
χ LT = but χ ≤ 1 (6.57)
2
Φ LT + Φ 2
LT − βλ LT  LT λ 2LT

[ (
Φ LT = 0,5 1 + α LT λ LT − λ LT ,0 + βλ LT ) 2
]
NOTE The parameters λ LT , 0 and β and any limitation of validity concerning the beam depth or h/b
ratio may be given in the National Annex. The following values are recommended for rolled sections
or equivalent welded sections:
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λ LT ,0 = 0,4 (maximum value)

β = 0,75 (minimum value)

The recommendations for buckling curves are given in Table 6.5.

Table 6.5: Recommendation for the selection of lateral torsional buckling curve
for cross sections using equation (6.57)
Cross-section Limits Buckling curve
h/b ≤ 2 b
Rolled I-sections
h/b > 2 c
h/b ≤ 2 c
Welded I-sections
h/b > 2 d

(2) For taking into account the moment distribution between the lateral restraints of members the
reduction factor χLT may be modified as follows:
χ LT
χ LT ,mod = but χ LT ,mod ≤ 1 (6.58)
f
NOTE The values f may be defined in the National Annex. The following minimum values are
recommended:
f = 1 − 0,5(1 − k c )[1 − 2,0(λ LT − 0,8) 2 ] but f ≤ 1,0
kc is a correction factor according to Table 6.6

62
 EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

Table 6.6: Correction factors kc

Moment distribution kc

1,0
ψ=1

1
1,33 − 0,33ψ
-1 ≤ ψ ≤ 1

0,94

0,90

0,91

0,86

0,77

0,82

6.3.2.4 Simplified assessment methods for beams with restraints in buildings

(1)B Members with discrete lateral restraint to the compression flange are not susceptible to lateral-
torsional buckling if the length Lc between restraints or the resulting slenderness λ f of the equivalent
compression flange satisfies:
k cLc M c ,Rd
λf = ≤ λ c0 (6.59)
i f ,z λ 1 M y ,Ed

where My,Ed is the maximum design value of the bending moment within the restraint spacing
fy
M c,Rd = Wy
γ M1
Wy is the appropriate section modulus corresponding to the compression flange
kc is a slenderness correction factor for moment distribution between restraints, see Table 6.6
if,z is the radius of gyration of the equivalent compression flange composed of the compression
flange plus 1/3 of the compressed part of the web area, about the minor axis of the section
λ c,0 is a slenderness limit of the equivalent compression flange defined above

E
λ1 = π = 93,9ε
fy

235
ε= (fy in N/mm2)
fy

63
 EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

NOTE 2 In case the conditions of application expressed in (1) and (2) are not fulfilled, see 6.3.4.

(3) For members of structural systems the resistance check may be carried out on the basis of the
individual single span members regarded as cut out of the system. Second order effects of the sway system
(P-∆-effects) have to be taken into account, either by the end moments of the member or by means of
appropriate buckling lengths respectively, see 5.2.2(3)c) and 5.2.2(8).

(4) Members which are subjected to combined bending and axial compression should satisfy:
N Ed M y ,Ed + ∆M y ,Ed M z ,Ed + ∆M z ,Ed
+ k yy + k yz ≤1 (6.61)
χ y N Rk M y ,Rk M z ,Rk
χ LT
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1

N Ed M y ,Ed + ∆M y ,Ed M z ,Ed + ∆M z ,Ed

+ k zy + k zz ≤1 (6.62)
χ z N Rk M y ,Rk M z ,Rk
χ LT
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1
where NEd, My,Ed and Mz,Ed are the design values of the compression force and the maximum moments
about the y-y and z-z axis along the member, respectively
∆My,Ed, ∆Mz,Ed are the moments due to the shift of the centroidal axis according to 6.2.9.3 for
class 4 sections, see Table 6.7,
χy and χz are the reduction factors due to flexural buckling from 6.3.1
χLT is the reduction factor due to lateral torsional buckling from 6.3.2
kyy, kyz, kzy, kzz are the interaction factors

Table 6.7: Values for NRk = fy Ai, Mi,Rk = fy Wi and ∆Mi,Ed

Class 1 2 3 4
Ai A A A Aeff
Wy Wpl,y Wpl,y Wel,y Weff,y
Wz Wpl,z Wpl,z Wel,z Weff,z
∆My,Ed 0 0 0 eN,y NEd
∆Mz,Ed 0 0 0 eN,z NEd

NOTE For members not susceptible to torsional deformation χLT would be χLT = 1,0.

(5) The interaction factors kyy , kyz , kzy , kzz depend on the method which is chosen.

NOTE 1 The interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz have been derived from two alternative
approaches. Values of these factors may be obtained from Annex A (alternative method 1) or from
Annex B (alternative method 2).

NOTE 2 The National Annex may give a choice from alternative method 1 or alternative method 2.

NOTE 3 For simplicity verifications may be performed in the elastic range only.

6.3.4 General method for lateral and lateral torsional buckling of structural components

(1) The following method may be used where the methods given in 6.3.1, 6.3.2 and 6.3.3 do not apply. It
allows the verification of the resistance to lateral and lateral torsional buckling for structural components
such as
– single members, built-up or not, uniform or not, with complex support conditions or not, or
– plane frames or subframes composed of such members,

65
 EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

Annex B [informative] – Method 2: Interaction factors kij for interaction

formula in 6.3.3(4)

Table B.1: Interaction factors kij for members not susceptible to torsional
deformations
Design assumptions
Interaction Type of
factors sections elastic cross-sectional properties plastic cross-sectional properties
class 3, class 4 class 1, class 2
   
C my 1 + 0,6λ y
 χ N
N Ed
/ γ

 
(
C my 1 + λ y − 0,2
χ
) N
N Ed
/ γ


kyy
I-sections  y Rk M1   y Rk M1 
RHS-sections  N Ed   N Ed 
≤ C my 1 + 0,6  ≤ C my 1 + 0,8 
 χ N / γ   χ N / γ 
 y Rk M1   y Rk M1 

I-sections
kyz kzz 0,6 kzz
RHS-sections
I-sections
kzy 0,8 kyy 0,6 kyy
RHS-sections

(
C mz 1 + 2λ z − 0,6 ) N Ed 

χ z N Rk / γ M1 
I-sections

 N Ed   N Ed 
C mz 1 + 0,6λ z  ≤ C mz 1 + 1,4 
χ N / γ  χ N / γ M1 
kzz
 z Rk M1 
z Rk

 N Ed 
≤ C mz 1 + 0,6


χ z N Rk / γ M1 

(
C mz 1 + λ z − 0,2 ) N Ed 

χ z N Rk / γ M1 
RHS-sections

 N Ed 
≤ C mz 1 + 0,8 
 χ z N Rk / γ M1 
For I- and H-sections and rectangular hollow sections under axial compression and uniaxial bending My,Ed
the coefficient kzy may be kzy = 0.

Table B.2: Interaction factors kij for members susceptible to torsional

deformations
Design assumptions
Interaction
factors elastic cross-sectional properties plastic cross-sectional properties
class 3, class 4 class 1, class 2
kyy kyy from Table B.1 kyy from Table B.1
kyz kyz from Table B.1 kyz from Table B.1
 0,05λ z N Ed   0,1λ z N Ed 
1 −  1 − 
 (C mLT − 0,25) χ z N Rk / γ M1   (C mLT − 0,25) χ z N Rk / γ M1 
 0,05 N Ed   0,1 N Ed 
≥ 1 −  ≥ 1 − 
kzy  (C mLT − 0,25) χ z N Rk / γ M1   (C mLT − 0,25) χ z N Rk / γ M1 

for λ z < 0,4 :

0,1λ z N Ed
k zy = 0,6 + λ z ≤ 1 −
(C mLT − 0,25) χ z N Rk / γ M1

79
EN 1993-1-1: 2005 (E)

kzz kzz from Table B.1 kzz from Table B.1

Table B.3: Equivalent uniform moment factors Cm in Tables B.1 and B.2
Cmy and Cmz and CmLT
Moment diagram range
uniform loading concentrated load

-1 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 0,6 + 0,4ψ ≥ 0,4

0 ≤ αs ≤ 1 -1 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 0,2 + 0,8αs ≥ 0,4 0,2 + 0,8αs ≥ 0,4

0≤ψ≤1 0,1 - 0,8αs ≥ 0,4 -0,8αs ≥ 0,4

-1 ≤ αs < 0
-1 ≤ ψ < 0 0,1(1-ψ) - 0,8αs ≥ 0,4 0,2(-ψ) - 0,8αs ≥ 0,4

0 ≤ αh ≤ 1 -1 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 0,95 + 0,05αh 0,90 + 0,10αh

0≤ψ≤1 0,95 + 0,05αh 0,90 + 0,10αh

-1 ≤ αh < 0
-1 ≤ ψ < 0 0,95 + 0,05αh(1+2ψ) 0,90 - 0,10αh(1+2ψ)
For members with sway buckling mode the equivalent uniform moment factor should be taken Cmy = 0,9 or
CMz = 0,9 respectively.
Cmy , Cmz and CmLT should be obtained according to the bending moment diagram between the relevant
braced points as follows:

moment factor bending axis points braced in direction

Cmy y-y z-z
Cmz z-z y-y
CmLT y-y y-y

80
 LTB Curves 6.2.3.3 Rolled Sections
1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Curve b
χLT Curve c
0.5
Curve d
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8

λLT
 UK
EUROCODES
UK
EUROCODES
UK
EUROCODES

UK
EUROCODES

SWE
EUROCODES
UK
EUROCODES

Steel Building Design:

Concise Eurocodes
 Table 6.3 Flexural buckling reduction factor, 
 Buckling curve
a b c d
0.20 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.25 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96
0.30 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.92
0.35 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.89
0.40 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.85
0.45 0.94 0.91 0.87 0.81
0.50 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.78

0.55 0.91 0.86 0.81 0.74

0.60 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.71
0.65 0.87 0.81 0.76 0.68
0.70 0.85 0.78 0.72 0.64
0.75 0.82 0.75 0.69 0.61
0.80 0.80 0.72 0.66 0.58
0.85 0.77 0.69 0.63 0.55
0.90 0.73 0.66 0.60 0.52
0.95 0.70 0.63 0.57 0.49
1.00 0.67 0.60 0.54 0.47

1.05 0.63 0.57 0.51 0.44

1.10 0.60 0.54 0.48 0.42
1.15 0.56 0.51 0.46 0.40
1.20 0.53 0.48 0.43 0.38
1.25 0.50 0.45 0.41 0.36
1.30 0.47 0.43 0.39 0.34
1.35 0.44 0.40 0.37 0.32
1.40 0.42 0.38 0.35 0.31
1.45 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.29
1.50 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.28

1.60 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.25

1.70 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.23
1.80 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21
1.90 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.19
2.00 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.18

2.50 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12

3.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09

P362-Master-D09_colour v3.doc 50 Printed 05/11/09

 1
Table 6.4 Values of and C1 for various moment conditions
C1
(load is not destabilising)

1
End Moment Loading  C1
C1

+1.00 1.00 1.00

+0.75 0.92 1.17
+0.50 0.86 1.36
+0.25 0.80 1.56
M 0.00 0.75 1.77
M
-0.25 0.71 2.00
-0.50 0.67 2.24
-1    +1
-0.75 0.63 2.49
-1.00 0.60 2.76

Intermediate Transverse Loading

0.94 1.13

2/3 0.62 2.60

1/3

0.86 1.35

0.77 1.69

(2) The value of the imperfection parameter LT corresponding to the appropriate buckling Note to
curve is given by Table 6.5. 6.3.2.2(2),
Table 6.3 and
NA.2.16
Note: The values of LT are only given in 6.3.2.2 of BS EN 1993-1-1. It is
implicit in 6.3.2.3 of the Standard that the same values are used in that
clause.

Table 6.5 Imperfection factors for lateral torsional buckling curves

Buckling curve a b c d
Imperfection factor LT 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76

P362-Master-D09_colour v3.doc 54 Printed 12/11/09

 Table 6.7 Lateral torsional buckling reduction factors, LT
Rolled I, H Sections
λ LT
h/b  2 2 < h/b  3.1 h/b >3.1
0.20 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.25 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.35 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.40 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.45 0.98 0.97 0.96

0.50 0.96 0.94 0.92

0.55 0.94 0.92 0.88
0.60 0.92 0.89 0.84
0.65 0.89 0.86 0.80

0.70 0.87 0.83 0.76

0.75 0.84 0.79 0.72
0.80 0.82 0.76 0.69
0.85 0.79 0.73 0.65
0.90 0.76 0.70 0.62

0.95 0.73 0.67 0.59

1.00 0.70 0.64 0.56
1.05 0.67 0.61 0.53
1.10 0.64 0.58 0.50
1.15 0.61 0.55 0.48

1.20 0.58 0.52 0.46

1.25 0.55 0.50 0.43
1.30 0.52 0.47 0.41
1.35 0.50 0.45 0.39
1.40 0.47 0.43 0.37

1.45 0.45 0.41 0.36

1.50 0.43 0.39 0.34
1.60 0.39 0.35 0.31
1.70 0.35 0.32 0.28
1.80 0.32 0.29 0.26

1.90 0.29 0.27 0.24

2.00 0.27 0.25 0.22
2.50 0.18 0.17 0.15
3.00 0.13 0.12 0.11

P362-Master-D09_colour v3.doc 57 Printed 05/11/09