MODULE 2: CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Sporangium – saclike structure
produced at the tip of a long stalk
Sporangiospores – asexual spores of
(sporangiophore).
Zygomyces:
Mycelium – mass or aggregate of
o Rhizopus
hyphae.
o Absidia
Phaeoid hyphae (dematiaceous)
o Mucor
o Darkly pigmented or Melanized
Sporangiospores are spores
o Infections: Phaeohyphomycosis
born/produced in the sporangium.
or Chromoblastomycosis.
o Asexual spores contained in
Hyaline hyphae (moniliaceous)
sporangia (sacs) and produced
o Nonpigmented
terminally on sporangiophores or
o Hyalohyphomycosis
aseptate hyphae.
KINDS OF HYPHAE (BASED ON SEPTATION)
PARTS OF SPORANGIOSPORES:
1. Septate hyphae – mononucleated
1. Sporangiophore – steam or a stalk
which means one nucleus per division.
2. Apophysis – swelling bellow the
2. Sparsely septate (formerly known
sporangium. It is a champagne glass
aseptate) hyphae – also known as
structure.
pauciseptate.
3. Columella – supports the sporangium. It
Zygomycetes (Rhizopus, Absidia,
is also an enlarged tip.
Mucor) – once considered aseptate but
4. Collarette – collar-like structure
microscopically revealed that some has
5. Stolon – horizontal structure at the
occasional septations.
base that connects the hyphae and
holds the rhizoids OTHER KINDS OF HYPHAE:
6. Rhizoids – it is runner because it grows
along the ground. 1. Spiral (coiled) hyphae – spiral or
corkscrew-like.
o Dermatophytes (Trichophyton
mentagrophytes)
2. Nodular organ – closely twisted hyphae
o Trichophyton mentagrophytes
and Microsporum canis
3. Racquet hyphae – club shape or tennis
racket shape.
o Epidermophyton floccosum and
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
4. Pectinate body – broken combed
o Microsporum audouinii
5. Favic chandelier – antler-like
o Trichophyton schoenleinii and
Trichophyton violaceum
6. Rhizoids – root like processes found in
Rhizopus.
4. Meiosis – produces haploid nucleus
which will form the sexual spores.
Sexual reproduction Sexual spores
3 TYPES OF MYCELLIUM:
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. Thallus
also known as vegetative mycelia. It produces anamorph or imperfect
Purpose: for the attachment and state
absorption of nutrition. No meiosis, MITOSIS ONLY with nuclear
Embedded in the culture medium and cytoplasmic division
2. Aerial Imperfect fungi (undergo asexual
Visible part reproduction) – also known as
Extends above the surface of colony anamorph. The only fungal group to
Responsible for the fuzzy produce conidia.
appearance of the mycelium. Anamorph – asexual reproductive stage
3. Reproductive (morph), often mold-like.
Supported by aerial mycelia Synanomorph – if single fungus is able
It produces Conidia to produce multiple morphologically
There are fruiting bodies with distinct anamorphs.
spores inside. Asexual reproduction Asexual
spores
BASED ON REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPORDUCTION Holomorph – whole fungus, including
anamorphs and teleomorph (sexual +
It can produce a teleomorph and asexual reproduction).
perfect state.
Formation of spores PARASEXUAL REPORDUCTION
Perfect fungi – undergo sexual Deuteromycetes – also known as
reproduction (termed as teleomorph). “Fungi Imperfecti” (Deuteromycota),
Undergo meiosis because of their “imperfect” lack of sex.
Teleomorph – the sexual reproductive o Does not possess a sexual state
stage (morph), typically a fruiting body. o Only imperfect state
FUNGI LIFE CYCLE (SEXUAL) o Fungi imperfecti or imperfect
fungi – their sexual form of
1. There is an exchange if genetic material reproduction has never been
– there is a fusion of nuclei of two observed.
opposing strains.
2. Plasmogamy – haploid donor cell FUNGI WITH NO SEXUAL STAGE (FUNGI
[positive (+)]. It will penetrate the IMPERFECTI):
cytoplasm which is the recipient
a. Candida
[negative (-)]
b. Epidermophyton
3. Karyogamy – fusion of two haploid
c. Torulopsis
nuclei to form a zygote. Zygote is a
diploid and will undergo meiosis.
Homothallic – same or identical
hyphal element.
BASED ON SPORES
TYPES OF SEXUAL SPORES
1. Ascospores : Parts of ascospores:
Ascocarp – fruiting body
Paraphyses – packing hypha
Apical pore – exit point of
ascospores
Contained in a saclike ASCUS
5 TYPES OF ASCOCARP:
Apothecium – cup shape. These are
structures in between the asci are
called paraphyses.
Cleistothecium – a globose, fully
enclosed ascocarp (fruit body) with no
special opening to the outside.
Cleistothecium – large, round,
multicellular structure that
surrounds the asci until it ruptures,
releasing ascospores.
Gymnothecium – likewise to
cleistothecium but outer wall is loosely
organized. Asci are released through
the wall opening and it is partially
enclosed.
Ascostroma – asci are produced in
locules (cavities) in stroma (hard
masseses of supporting hypha)
Perithecium – flask shape where the
spores go out from its small opening
2. Basidiospores – club-shaped structure
(basidium)
3. Oospores – fusion of cells from two
separate, different hyphae.
4. Zygospores – fusion of two identical
hyphae (termed as homothallic).
Has a thick or thin wall
Spiny part - echinulate
It can be aleurispore – these are
structures that breaks when it is
released.
ASEXUAL SPORES
5 FORMS OF MACROCONIDIA:
1. Thallospores
2. Arthrospores (arthroconidia) 1. Cylindrical – Trichophyton
Arthroconidia has presence of 2. Fusiform – Microsporum
dysjunctor/disjunctor cells – gives a 3. Club-shape – Epidermophyton
checkered appearance. 4. Tuberculate – has small protrusion
3. Blastospores (blastoconidia) 5. Dictyospore/ Muriform – patterned like
The simplest form of asexual a brick wall or mosaic appearance due
spores. to its horizontal and vertical septa.
4. Chlamydospores(chlamydoconidia)
Candida – best example of fungi that
Types of Chlamydospores: undergoes buddings.
1. Termina – at the tip/end TYPES OF CONIDIA
2. Intercalary – in between the
hyphen elements or within 1. Arthroconidia
hyphal strand 2. Blastoconidia
3. Sessile – at the side 3. Chlamydoconidia
4. Poroconidia
CONIDIA PRODUCTION 5. Phialoconidia – flask shaped
1. Blastic development - Conidium 6. Annelloconidia
originates from part of a parent. Examples:
a. Example: o Scopulariopsis
Candida o Exophiala
2. Thallic development – Conidium results
from conversion of entire parent cell
into conidium.
a. Example:
Dermatophytes
Coccidioides
SIZES OF CONIDIA
A. Microconidia
single-celled or unicellular, small conidia
Round, elliptical, or pyriform (pear)
shape.
B. Macroconidia
Multicellular, large conidia
Oval-shaped, spindle-shaped, or club-
shaped
