by Ketan Kore @Sunbeam Infotech

Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com

About Trainer

• Mr. Ketan Kore

• Trainer at Sunbeam Infotech
• M.Sc. Computer science
• Training
• PreCAT(Training + lab )
• DAC course(LAB support)
• Contact
• Email: [email protected]
• Mobile: 8805822402

Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com

Computer and Program

• What is Computer?
• It is a machine/hardware/digital device which does various tasks for the user efficiently and effectively.
• • What is Program?
• Set of instructions given to the machine to do specific task.

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Classification of Languages

• The low-level language is a programming language that provides no abstraction from the hardware,
and it is represented in 0 or 1 forms, which are the machine instructions.
• The high-level language is a programming language that allows a programmer to write the programs
which are independent of a particular type of computer. The high-level languages are considered as
high-level because they are closer to human languages than machine-level languages.

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Low level Languages
• Machine-level language
• The machine-level language is a language that consists of a set of instructions that are in the binary form 0 or 1. As we know that
computers can understand only machine instructions, which are in binary digits, i.e., 0 and 1, so the instructions given to the computer can be
only in binary codes.
• Advantages:
• Performance is good as we are directly writing the program on machine
• Disdvantages:
• Machine dependent
• Difficult to program
• Error prone

• Assembly Language
• The assembly language contains some human-readable commands Alphanumeric(Alphabet+numbers) codes, The
language was introduced in 1952.
• As we know that computers can only understand the machine-level instructions, so we require a translator that converts the
assembly code into machine code. The translator used for translating the code is known as an assembler.
• Advantages
• Easier to understand and use and to locate errors
• Easier to modify
• Disadvantages
• Machine dependent
• Knowledge of hardware required
• Machine level coding required

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High Level Languages

• The high-level language is a programming language that allows a programmer to write the programs
which are independent of a particular type of computer. The high-level languages are considered as
high-level because they are closer to human languages than machine-level languages.
• A compiler is required to translate a high-level language into a low-level language.
• Advantages:
• They are machine independent
• They do not require programmer to know anything about hardware
• They do not deal with machine level coding

• Disadvantages:
• It takes additional translation times to translate the source to machine code.
• High level programs are comparatively slower than low level programs.

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C programming Language

• C programming Language is an High level Language

• C is a general-purpose programming language that is extremely popular, simple, and flexible to use.
• Machine Independent or Portable
• C language include low-level access to memory has simple set of keywords.
• C language is the most widely used language in operating systems and embedded system
development today.

Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com

History

• C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at AT & T Bell Labs on PDP-11 machine.

• It was developed while porting UNIX from PDP-7 to PDP-11.

• Many features of C are inspired from B (Ken Thompson) and BCPL (Martin Richards).

• Initial release of C is referred as K & R C.

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Standardization

• C was standardized by ANSI in 1989. This is referred as C89.

• Standardization ensures C code to remain portable.

• C standard is revised multiple times to add new features in the language.

• C89 – First ANSI standard
• C90 – ANSI standard adopted by ISO
• C99 – Added few C++ features like bool, inline, etc.
• C11 – Added multi-threading feature.
• C17 – Few technical corrections.

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Introduction

• High-level

• Compiled

• Procedural

• Block-Structured (control structures).

• Typed

• Library Functions

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Features
• Data types • Strings

• Operators • Dynamic memory allocation

• Control structures • Structures

• Functions • Unions

• Storage classes • Enums

• Pointers • File IO

• Arrays • Preprocessor directives

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Strengths

• Low level memory access (pointers, data structures)

• Effective memory access (bitwise operators, bit-fields, unions)

• Can access OS features (functions/commands)

• Extensive library functions (math, strings, file IO, …)

• Compilers for different platforms & architectures

• Highly Readable (macros, enum, functions, …)

Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com

Applications

• System programming
• OS development
• Device drivers
• System utilities

• Language development
• Compiler development

• Achievements (tiobe.com)
• In top-2 languages in last 40 years.
• Language of year: 2019, 2017, 2008.

Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com

Toolchain & IDE

• Toolchain is set of tools to convert high level language program to machine level code.
• Preprocessor
• Compiler
• Assembler
• Linker
• Debugger
• Utilities
• Popular compiler (toolchains)
• GCC
• Visual Studio
• IDE – Integrated development environment
• Visual Studio
• Eclipse
• VS Code (+ gcc)
• Turbo C
• Anjuta, KDevelop, Codeblocks, Dev C++, etc.

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Software installation

• Installations
• GCC (MinGW)
• VS Code

Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com

Hello World

• Source Code
// Hello World program
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello World\n");
return 0;
}
• Commands
• cmd> gcc hello.c
• cmd> ./a.exe

Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com

 Thank you!
Ketan Kore <[email protected]>

Sunbeam Infotech www.sunbeaminfo.com