Volume 7, Issue 9, September – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

The Effects of Smart Facade on Office Buildings

Abdulrahman Hasan Alsalim
Architect at Istanbul Okan University, Institute of Sciences and Architecture, Istanbul, Turkey
Prof: Kerem Ercoskun

Abstract:- Technology is the ultimate component for variables ae summarized in aesthetics, psychological
more sustainable buildings and better quality of life. response, health, energy and cost.
Technology also changes our lifestyle and habits.
Retrofitting of old buildings transform the spaces we live In this research the detailing principles and the
in; from a simple mixture from various construction identification measures for smart facades a well as their
materials to sophisticated high- performance machines main effects on office buildings, with reference to previous
thanks to the development and advancement in case studies and past projects located mainly in Saudi
technology. One of the research domains for retrofitting Arabia are elaborated.
is the building envelope and building facades as a subset
of it. Increasing awareness towards energy conservation Keywords:- Smart façade, Smart materials, Saving energy,
and reducing carbon emissions requires finding Technology solution.
appropriate technological solutions in terms of facades
which is a mediator for the ecological among external and. I. INTRODUCTION
This energy conservation performance of the building can
be drastically improved by contemporary façade A. Problem Statement
technologies. Various design strategies are available for Technology has affected buildings and may be affected
better façade performance which includes developments as presently as they're obtainable. If today’s buildings are no
in the field of smart materials, better thermal insulation, longer as they are accustomed to be, being an easy mixture of
power generation, vertical gardens and green various building materials solely, but rather became superior
infrastructure, selecting optimum mixture of solid and machines developed with the event and progress of
void areas, dynamic shading elements, biomimetic design technology, then sensible buildings with high potential have
approaches, light shelves, etc. The impact of the external emerged by desegregation advanced technology into the
environment is reduced by using static and mobile building’s details and parts, and in line with the wants of the
systems with great savings for energy expenses as well, A times. And the sensible facades emerged and joined with the
façade is providing appropriate natural ventilation, foremost necessary elements of the sensible building as a
shading, and openings in hot locations. Meanwhile, It also result of the primary defensive barrier. It performs the
allows the sun to shine as brightly as possible in colder foremost performance that it fully was designed to boot and
climates. This adjustment ensures a perfect environment; provide multiple services, the quality facade at intervals of
The term "intelligent" facades refers to facades that historically made buildings cannot perform in terms of being
change their aesthetic appearance. facades that square measure effectively awake to the
encircling setting and through a swish and uninterrupted
Three elements can be used to classify the manner. It fulfills many needs of rationalizing energy
comprehensive performances of intelligent façade device, consumption associated with making an applicable, snug, and
energy consumption, visual comfort, and thermally distinct setting for its occupants, with associate degree
comfort are the three key system utilities. aesthetic performance throughout operation. Several
branches of knowledge studies have treated sensible facades
Each of these utilities is defined as a function of the in buildings with multiple and various style aspects in terms
system's can be observed situation while adhering to a set of their formations, techniques, and materials adopted in
of extra control variable requirements, The summation of them. As well as a result of the character of the performances
these three utilities evaluated by user preferences is then and responses that they accomplish per totally different
used to create the cost function. biological representations, and these studies highlighted the
restricted information and theoretical and sensible
The restricted nonlinear optimization problem presentation of the chances, development, or replacement of
arises when the cost function is minimized. The system's existing interfaces, to boot as restricted Arab and native
dynamics are highly nonlinear, and there are extra application.
constraints on the control variables, Analytically solving
this optimal control problem is tough. On the contrary, The presence of windows allows inhabitants to benefit
daylighting is frequently used to save electricity and may from natural light, a sense of openness, direct lighting, visual
also improve visibility, The primary benefits of touch with the surface, The use of daylighting rather than
daylighting are untouchable the use of natural light in electrical lighting is modified by windows, which provide
construction is influenced by a number of variables. These occupants with a nice outside reading experience. However,
Glazing has the potential to generate a variety of issues: Due

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of its high U-value, it experiences considerable unwanted recognized that solely associate degree optimum
heat gain during the cooling season and heat loss during the management of the louvre angle and air flow regime allows,
winter. Glare is caused by an overly brightened window these devices will primarily serve as active energy savers and
surface. This could be a major source of dissatisfaction indoor temperature controllers. However, associate degree
among residents Furthermore, uneven thermal radiation with sufficient resolution for this moveable optimization
caused by cold or hot window surfaces can cause thermal downside should date not been developed.
discomfort. To reduce the risks associated with window
systems, Throughout the 1970s, double skin façades and air Associate degree residents will use a standard browser
flow window systems were developed at various times. In to reach the sensible controller and select a pre-defined
summer and winter, they usually have opening louvers and model. (energy consumption model, natural ventilation
ventilation holes that compel completely distinct air flow comfort model, thermal insulation comfort model, standard
regimes through the glass boxed in chamber. The current model, and nighttime mode are all examples of energy-saving
disadvantage of double skin façades and air flow windows is modes.) or set a most well-liked mode (user-override mode)
that they require proper dynamic management to achieve the by adjusting the screen's preference sliders.
results that had performed. several investigation have

Fig 1:- Smart façade system installed in the College of Architecture building, Georgia Institute of Technology

B. Objectives of Study changing materials and bond-changing materials, as can be

In some emerging locations, there is a high degree of classified depending on their abilities to transform the energy
energy use, resulting in significant ecological difficulties to the intelligent material that brings daylight, also having the
like within the geographic region It has the second-highest features those can transform the energy to the smart materials
intensity of energy use within the world (World Energy for electrical dynamic and the eventually the smart materials
Council, 2012). Many of the energy use is accounted for by which featuring by energy consumption can be transformed
fossil fuels produced by construction within the region, as well.
which causes considerable amounts of greenhouse
emission (GHG) emissions, and, indeed, buildings II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
account for pretty much 40% of ultimate energy
consumption and related GHG emissions in most countries. The following will be the main points of discussion in
However, in Saudi Arabia (where the study was initially this paper; to study the effects of smart facades on office
geared toward) things are even worse, this number goes much buildings:
higher and reaches almost 80% of the overall energy  Simulation of thermal
consumption. Moreover, during the amount of 1971-2004,  Modeling in daylight
residential buildings in geographic area accounted for the  Optimal control functional
second largest regional producer of CO2 emissions. the  Comparison investigating
first objective of this study is to look at the effect of smart  Case study of previous smart facades in Riyadh
façade systems on office buildings. Smart materials are
classified according to their susceptibility to change, as color-

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 Study Delimitation atmospheric balance; some façades also modify their
 Scientific delimitation: The investigation is aiming on aesthetic looks, therefore the moniker "smart" façades.
explaining the effects of smart facades on office buildings.
 Human delimitation: this study carried on by an architect A case study showed that when thermal heat is
who works on the smart façade systems. balanced, that is, when our body temperature is in balance
 Place delimitation: this study is conducted in the with the heat we lose, our bodies function more effectively.
geographical scope of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA Smart façades should respond to local environmental factors.
 Time delimitation: the academic year 2021/2022 Then, the architecture should incorporate structures that
match those factors.
III. COMPONENTS OF SMART FAÇADE
According to studies, the ratio of heat loss to structures
The review of components of smart façade was is 15% through the floors, 25% through the roof, 25% through
undertaken in order to first identify what facades are, and then windows, and 35% via the walls. The architecture, on the
to present investigations carried out on the daylighting and other hand, regulates the rate at which heat is dissipated. This
thermal modeling of smart facade systems and related is accomplished by the materials used and the complexity of
systems. Also, several comparative investigations comparing the structure's architecture.
different window systems have been reviewed.
Mineral wool, ceramics, polyurethane, and polystyrene
An assessment of double-skinned systems and airflow are some of the materials that have been suggested. These
window systems, which are basic characteristics of intelligent materials have a significant vacuum, which implies that the
facade systems, will be discussed. Since the 1950s, air in the gaps makes it difficult for heat to transmit.
researchers have studied daylight propagation mechanisms
via complicated glazing systems in three ways: numerically, Second, building materials with significant thermal
experimentally, and theoretically. A review of the inertia may retain heat while also releasing it back into the
components on daylight modeling relevant to smart façade outdoors.
systems is also covered. Finally, comparison investigating
carried out on window device and daylight designs are With all that in mind, let us look at the four areas that
approaching in scope of smart facades in the hot region of might gain or lose heat: windows, roofs, floors, and walls. Let
Saudi Arabia. us start with the floor. The insulation reduces heat transfer
between the floor and the premises; the type of material
 Introduction employed that used has a big impact on the temperature. of
Facades are defined as the visual interfaces between the the structure. The walls come next. In addition to the
outside and the inside of a building. A building's façade can previously listed elements, plaster is a chosen insulator; the
not only provide a visual experience but can also display the thickness and coating affect the temperature of the room.
style of architectural work that has been done. It can also
serve to create a suitable environment and provide protection Thirdly, the roofing materials employed must be
from external factors. appropriate for the surrounding environment. Let us use
tropical regions as an instance. Finishing must be done
Let us start by defining smart facades. A façade is smart, utilizing light materials and brilliant colors. In colder
according to (Archdaily.com), when it adjusts to changing climates, drab colors and thick slabs may be used to help
environmental conditions and transforms easily. preserve heat.

the change is occurring as resulting of the its active or Finally, windows, the type of glass used can either
passive components that are not active respond to changing allow or block solar radiation or natural light, influencing the
conditions. An intelligent façade is able to be reacted at surroundings; the same holds true for façades, as will be
changing on the exterior as well as the interior of the discussed later.
structure.
A. The Opaque Component (Building Shell)
This transformation's characteristics include three In the modern world, where attaining sustainability is
important elements: one of the key requirements for architecture, several building
 Achieving a balance of maximum natural light. shell design ideas have been put out and investigated;
 Protection against harmful radiation. Building shells that can adjust to the climate are one of the
 Maintain control over ventilation and thermal heat. most promising ideas.
 Tinted Sage Glass
A façade provides ideal ventilation, shade, and  PRIVA-LITE
 EGLAS
openings in hot regions. At the same time, it lets sunlight
 Self-Cleaning Glass
enter freely in cold regions. This change preserves

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B. The Transparent Components (Voids & Openings) various plant species on various types of vertical surfaces, To
describe these systems, several names and jargon were
utilized. proposes several terminology for these systems, but
the term "vertical greenery system" is inclusive and widely
used. Systems for vertical greenery can be classified in a
variety of ways. One such approach bases classification on
plant species, building techniques, and growing mediums. It
categorized vertical greenery systems into the following four
groups: tree-against-wall type; wall-climbing type; hanging-
down type and module type. Tree-against-wall type actually
do not contain vertical greenery installations, but definitely it
will be same performance. In Wall-climbing type they are
typical in historical architecture, Plants can immediately
cover wall surfaces or climb up trellises. Wall climbing is
simple to use. However, it takes time to completely cover
facade surfaces in vegetation. Long-pedicel plants on
balconies or the ceilings of buildings produce hanging-down
Fig 2:- Amorepacific Headquarters. types. his sort falls somewhere between a green facade and a
green roof, In a short period of time, all of the building
The highlighted walls are flexible innovations that can facades will be green thanks to the use of hanging-down type
rapidly adapt to various climates. These walls are an excellent on each level. Additionally, by adding a variety of plants, the
fit, considering the recent climatic change caused by global façade will be vibrant and appealing. The final method,
warming. module type, is a novel approach. The position of the growing
material affects the type of vertical greenery systems in all
C. Vertical gardens, shades, double facades classifications. The growing medium is where plant roots
Rapid population growth and urbanization alter city obtain nutrients. Growing medium may remain on the ground
characteristics, turning them into concrete jungles. Growing while all vertical surfaces are covered with plants that grow
urbanization and population have certain negative effects and vertically. It is referred to as a "green facade" and is typical
increased concrete structures and hard surfaces contribute to of traditional architecture. In addition, growth media can
pollution in the air, noise, and water, lack of vegetation, stand vertically in front of vertical surfaces. It is called living
increasing urban heat island, global warming etc. Indoor wall, and it is modern technique. Substrates support growth
surroundings get increasingly uncomfortable as air media in carriers while standing vertically in living walls,
temperature rises. A smart solution to address some of these Living walls can consequently support a wider variety of
issues and reduce resource depletion is to implement plants. Panel systems are typical for living walls. Panel
sustainable practices such as greenery systems and integrate systems are pre-planted panels that are attached to the
these systems into buildings. structures. Feel systems are connected to the waterproof walls
that connect the structures and consist of felt pockets filled
 Materials and method with plants. Plants are potted in containers and trained to
This page provides an in-depth analysis of the climb trellises in container systems. There are different names
definitions and classifications terms, categories, and for green facades and living walls: Green vertical system,
advantages of vertical greenery installations. The support system and façade greening are frequent terminology
investigation resources were compiled from a variety of for vertical gardens and green facades. carrier system and bio-
sources, including publications, conference paper and thesis, wall are typical names for living walls, highlights a contrast
To evaluate thermal performance and energy characteristic of between the language used for vertical greenery systems.
vertical greenery systems 22 peer-reviewed papers were Based on where greenery and wall surfaces are located,
scanned from 2005 to 2014 to ensure the most updated data Hunter divides green facades into two categories: direct green
on vertical greenery systems. facades and double-skin green facades. Self-clinging
climbers are attached to the vertical surfaces of direct green
 Definitions and classifications of vertical greenery facades, whereas engineered support structures let plants
systems grow vertically in double-skin green facades. The
Vertical greenery systems are plants grown on vertical subcategory can be expanded to include living wall systems.
surfaces. This allows for the vertical growth of one or more
types of flora on a surface, whether it be created naturally or As a result, it may be claimed that the basic
artificially by humans within or outside the building. either categorization encompassing all other categories is the
connected to the building's wall or standing isolated in front dichotomy of vertical greenery systems to green facades and
of the wall, In a nutshell, vertical greenery systems grow living walls.

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Fig 3:- Four groups of vertical greenery systems

The following table contains dichotomy of vertical greenery systems:

 Green façade:

Fig 4:- Green façade

 Green façade/green wall

 Green vertical system
 Support system
 Façade greening

 Living wall

Fig 5 Living wall

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 Living wall being of the inhabitants. [20] A physically based simulation
 Vertical garden software named RADIANCE is used for daylight modeling
 Carrier system in intelligent façade systems. This Lawrence Berkeley
 Bio-wall National Laboratory (LBNL) software is regarded as one of
the most advanced daylight simulation programs.
The installation's purpose, the climate, and the facilities
must all be considered while choosing the correct type of To evaluate the influence of louver angle on interior
vertical greenery system, green facade, or living wall, daylight distribution, this investigation depends on
However, both of them have several advantages for the RADIANCE simulation output under various sky conditions.
surrounding area, the structures, and the people who live RADIANCE simulations are done for a chosen prototypical
there. office area surrounded by a intelligent façade system. The
standard office area is four meters wide by six meters deep by
D. Simulation of thermal three meters high. All photometric parameters, such as floor,
The above mass and heat transfer phenomena wall, and ceiling reflectance, are based on IESNA
controlling heat transfer mechanisms are investigated in order (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America) office
to outline the mechanism of smart façade systems: building design requirements. Because of the relatively long
 Solar radiation (direct, diffuse, and reflected) simulation time required for RADIANCE to create the output
 Surface-to-surface long-wave radiation data (the calculation time is dependent on the hardness of the
simulation model and computer capacity). It takes many
 Heat transfer via interior and exterior glazing and louvers.
hours to complete this investigation on a Pentium IV 1.7GHz
 Air circulation via inlet/outlet cavities and grilles.
with 512 MB of RAM. Each hour, a series of pre-simulations
are run under CIE sky conditions (cloudy, intermediate, and
As previously mentioned, the problem's complexity
clear). The data are then evaluated and treated to create a
must be recognized. The intelligent facade device is
simplified method for predicting interior daylight
composed of an inner glazing, an outer glazing, air inlet and
distribution.
outflow louvers that can be controlled, and a spinning louver
in the cavity that can be controlled where transient radiative,
F. Optimal control functional
conductive, and convective heat transfer and turbulent air
The entire performance of smart façade systems is
flows occur in an irregular three-dimensional geometry with
divided into three components that provide for three of the
boundary factors consisting of solar radiation, outside
most significant system utilities: visual comfort, thermal
temperature, etc. Furthermore, appropriate optimal control
comfort, and energy savings. Some of These utility are
actions (change of airflow regime or rotation of louver angle)
defined as a function of the system's observed variables,
should be identified while simulating the system's dynamics,
while adhering to a set of extra control variable restrictions
the impacts whose ramifications are dynamic combined with
The element of value is which created using the user
the highly nonlinear moveable of the device.
summation of these three benefits, balanced by preference.
The constrained nonlinear optimization issue arises when the
E. Modeling in Daylight
cost function is minimized.
The utilization of natural light in structures may play a
significant role in improving interior environmental quality
As previously stated, solving this optimum control issue
as well as energy efficiency.
analytically is challenging due of the systemic dynamics'
extreme nonlinearity and other limitations on the control
As a result, daylight must be employed to the greatest
variables.
degree possible without negatively impacting the visual well-

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Fig 6:- Inhabitant responsive optimum control technique for intelligent facade systems

G. Comparison investigating H. Case Study of Buildings with Smart Facades in the

The intelligent facade system, is frequently compared Middle East
to the above-mentioned with a more standard window system Countries in the Middle East, such as United Arab
and a manually managed facade system. The mechanically Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Qatar have been witnessing an
operated façade system must satisfy all of the requirements. economic and social growth, as in Asian cities, thus adding
as the intelligent facade system with the exception of the spectacular high-rises into their skylines. Dubai, Doha, Abu
intelligent optimal control is changed to operations requiring Dhabi, Mecca, Jeddah and Riyadh are some of the remarkable
manual control In looking into the manually operated façade cities having remarkable tall buildings.
system, According to Vine. there is no regular design of the
louver angle, which is commonly used in most structures A geometrical form such as a pointed arch or triangle
(1998). Thus, each of the subsequent louver angles, i.e., -60°, represents the uniqueness of God in Islam. The triangulated
-30°, 0°, 30°, and 60°, is ready for an entire day. Furthermore, form and similar geometric features, which are characteristics
no ventilated airflow regimen is expected since individuals of Islamic motifs, can also be seen in Al Faisalah Center
are not assumed to open the inlet and outflow dampers (2000) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The 101-story Princess
manually while taking into account the beneficial effects of Tower in Dubai, which is completed in 2012, is another
the airflow regimen. The traditional window system features example as a super tall residential building rife with Islamic
12 mm outside and 6 mm interior clear glass separated by a motifs. The crown of the building has a dome that is similar
12.7 mm air gap and Venetian blinds for internal shade. The the dome of a mosque.
next metrics are chosen for those comparative investigations:
energy savings (daylighting autonomy, convective heat  National Bank of Jeddah (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia)
transfer, long wave radiation, transmitted solar radiation, heat Starting with Gordon Bunshaft of SOM's design for the
transfer by air flow regime), thermal comfort (PMV), and National Financial Institution in Jeddah in 1982, A new
visual comfort (homogeneity, window surface luminance, tendency emerged that completely contradicted prior tall-
and brightness at the plane surface). The next section has a building patterns.
more in-depth discussion.

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The only glass walls, located on the inside faces of the  Design Variables
V, are shaded from the direct sun. The rest of the building is The design parameters of window systems were
cladded in stone from top to bottom. A vertical flue, where selected in order to analyze the energy and daylighting
the alternating triangles overlap, creates a “stack effect,” performance in a residential structure knowning that the
which increases air movement through the sky courts, and permitted sun light is heavily impacted by the design
upwards through the top of the building, assisting to cool the characteristics of the window systems. Figure 6 depicts three
glass faces. This natural ventilation strategy and inward distinct window system design parameters. The WWR is the
orientation are the most decorated design features of Islamic first parameter. Because the reference structure's WWR was
architecture, due to the climatic conditions of the region. roughly 15%, three alternative WWRs (25 percent, 50
percent, and 70 percent) were employed to assess the energy
The service core is placed to one side of the building so and daylight performance.
that it does not meddle with the internal office areas and
provide additional shade on that side of the building. The  Discussion of Results
design of the building decreases the external temperature at The energy and daylighting function of residential
the glass facade by as much as 10°C, causing substantial design variables structures in hot provinces have been studied
energy savings. for this investigation. In contrast to conventional residential
structures in other nations, Asian residential structures feature
I. Case Study of Design Variables in Daylight and Energy very lower WWRs to minimize cooling loads and for other
Performance in Residential Buildings under Saudi causes, like cultural traits. As a result, it is hard to locate in
Arabia’s Hot Climate modern residential structures, daylighting systems are used.
The basic functions of daylighting systems, as previously
 Introduction indicated, are to govern the quality of received daylight. and
Residential structures are a significant contributor to limit heat absorption in structures. From this viewpoint, he
total energy usage in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Due to natural lighting efficiency of different WWR dimensions,
delayed growth and private difficulties in the country, it is shading devices, and glazing types was investigated utilizing
kind of hard to implement the rich natural resources into the daylighting measures. Furthermore, Various design variables'
architectural designs as design parameters because of Saudi energy quality was evaluated.
Arabia's private issues and slow progress. Thus, the current
study illustrates the evolution of environmentally friendly IV. CONCLUSION
residential structure design by analyzing energy and daylight
performance using design variables. The design parameters Given that transparent structure envelopes (facade and
were selected taking into account the daylight system, windows systems) offer significant potential for thermal
including external shading devices, WWRs (window-to-wall comfort, visual comfort, and energy savings this investigation
ratios), and glazing types. Furthermore, the energy provides an intelligent façade solutions with inhabitant
consumption of the building Energy modeling was used to responsive optimal control. The significant accomplishments
investigate these design variables. Construction accounted and conclusions are highlighted in this section the
for 79 percent of the overall consumption of electricity in investigation. The energy-saving potential for residential
Saudi Arabia. Residential sectors, in particular, consumed structures in hot climates with natural lighting applications is
approximately 50 % of the total structure energy. Saudi based on the results have been discovered. Furthermore, by
Arabia's largest contributor to overall energy consumption, applying the right design factors, daylighting performance
energy savings in residential structures has become a major may be increased. Nevertheless, the design factors for the
concern. Different studies have been undertaken to enhance current investigation seemed insufficient to provide more
building energy efficiency, with a variety of strategies useful results.
offered. These solutions primarily address the various
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