SELF-EFFICACY AND SOCIAL COMPETENCE OF YOUNG ADULTS FOR

INTERVENTION PROGRAM IN BINAN

A Thesis

Presented to the

Faculty of Trimex Colleges

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Social Work

By

MICHAEL LOPEZ

JAYSON TIBAYAN

2021
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

INTRODUCTION

The Philippine government implemented quarantine protocol especially the

Enhanced Community Quarantine or ECQ during the early days of the COVID-

19 Pandemic. As a result, businesses closed down and essential establishments

operated partially. It affected the livelihood of 19 million individuals (Hill et al.,

2020). COVID-19 affected not only the livelihood of people but also their other

aspects of life.

The pandemic severely affected some people. The epidemic added to the

daily challenges of disabled people (Velasco, 2021). Pandemics exacerbated

transportation and economic problems for PWDs. PWDs had limited career

alternatives and occupational discrimination before the pandemic (International

Committee of the Red Cross, 2020). Because of this, they relied on government

and non-government projects.

Although people with disabilities were vulnerable to COVID-19, they

experienced additional barriers to healthcare because of inaccessible health

information and environments. They also have limited access to medical

guidelines and protocols that may aggravate discrimination against them (United

Nations Human Rights, n.d.). The existing protocols may reveal existing medical

bias that puts the vulnerable in a disadvantaged position. Before the pandemic,

persons with disabilities were already faced with employment and financial

resources in the Philippines (Department of Labor and Employment, Institute for

Labor Studies, n.d.).

The general public lacked information regarding the special needs of

people with disabilities in their community. It led to non-compliance of some

businesses and local governments although several laws exist to protect the

welfare and rights of PWDs (Ambiong, 2021). Aside from that, numerous public

facilities remained inaccessible to them. The 2018 Country Reports on Human

Rights Practices as seen in ABS-CBN News (2019) mentioned that limited access

to transportation depends on the efforts of the government. The said report

showed data coming from local advocacy organizations and pointed out how the

Department of Social Welfare and Development serviced three thousand three

hundred seventy-four people with disabilities in the year 2018. It showed a

valuable increase over the expected value in 2017. Despite the increase, only

sixty percent of the local government units have PWD offices (ABS-CBN News,

2019).

In terms of the employment of persons with disabilities, the human

resources department would usually inform the candidate that they did not have

the experience on how to handle those job applicants. Sometimes the HR

department even messaged the applicant that they are not the best fit for the
talent that they look for. Other times, the human resource personnel told the

applicants that they need to wait for their call until the applicants wait for no

return calls. Those practices revealed how the HR department handles the

rejection of PWD applicants in soft ways (Ambion, 2021). The aforementioned

practices of employing persons with disabilities showed obstacles to the difficulty

for PWDs in getting a job. Although HR tried to be kind in the said approach, it

did not solve the actual needs of persons with disabilities.

In reality, physical limitations, stereotypes, and communication barriers

became the primary hindrances. In other instances, PWDs also faced limitations

in terms of assistance such as the lack of a wheelchair ramp or elevator so they

can move easily and those are physical barriers. Prejudices and preconceptions

also prevented PWDs to gain employment. Some employers do not accept

applicants who have a learning disability or other conditions naked to the eye

such as psychosocial conditions. Although discrimination is illegal, such

practices still happen. Aside from those, communication hindrances can make

coordinating, talking, reading, writing, and understanding difficult and affect job

performance (Rise, 2018). Hearing problems fall under such conditions that

affected phone usage as some jobs may require phone communication such as

customer service and answering client queries.

Some challenges also happened for those with visual problems. They relied

on Braille-imprints to understand the instructions or content that they needed

for the job. Some employers must be aware of those obstacles and help their
employees overcome them (Rise, 2018). As a solution, the employer-provided

several textbooks or captioned training videos to assist employees with

disabilities to update.

When the pandemic came, it added to the difficulties persons with

disabilities face as they adhere to health protocols especially those who needed

wheelchairs, walkers, and other assistive devices that must be disinfected

regularly especially outside of the house (Massachusett General Hospital, n.d.).

Persons with disabilities can have health issues unique to their disabilities that

require exceptional management during a pandemic. Several features made

people with disabilities more susceptible to pandemic living. First, their daily

lives are affected by the potential for decreased activity levels, which could affect

their conduct and self-confidence.

Psychosocial disability is a term that refers to the experience of individuals

with disabilities and limitations in their ability to participate as a result of mental

health disorders. The restrictions and hindrances to participation include an

inability or lessened capacity to work correctly, think, maintain excellent

physical health, and manage social and emotional aspects of their lives. People

with this type of impairment will benefit most from the support that reduces the

effects of impairment or participation restriction while also increasing their

chances for social and environmental growth. Not everyone who has a mental

health problem experienced a psychosocial handicap and needed assistance

participating in community activities. Many will achieve a level of living that

enables social inclusion. However, a vast number of the population mentioned

above will demand help to attain an integrated level of community participation

(National Mental Health Consumer & Career Forum, 2011, p. 16).

Additionally, psychosocial disabilities took various forms. Anxiety,

depression, and other mental health difficulties were classified as psychosocial

impairments because they result in actual or perceived disability. They may

impair an individual's ability to participate in school and work and pursue self-

determined objectives and desires. Aside from that, they may impair cognitive

and social function (Ringland et al., 2019). Those disabilities are usually

invisible, episodic, and hard to recognize.

Specific individuals required care on a continuous and intensive basis,

while others required assistance on an episodic basis. Therefore, the study

focused on psychosocial disability instead of the other six types.

The study evaluated young persons with psychosocial difficulties in Binan,

Laguna, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also examined relationships

between social competence and self-efficacy as respondents coped with shifting

rules and quarantine regulations. The research laid the foundation for future

research and efforts to meet the needs of people with psychosocial disorders and

disabilities in general. Researchers needed statistical data to accurately compare

social competence and self-efficacy to the therapies and assistance people may

need during pandemics. In the next section, the theoretical framework sets forth

through the boundaries of models that supported the theory behind the research
study. The researchers can explore that starting with the disability perspectives.

Disability perspectives are described in medical and societal models of disability.

As gender, age, and ethnicity identify an individual; the social model identifies

disability as a distinction. The medical model considered impairment harmful,

whereas the social model considered it neutral and an aspect of uniqueness.

Contrary to the medical paradigm, the social model claimed that disability arises

from an individual’s engagement with society (Australian Federation of Disability

Organizations, 2018). Persons with disabilities have obstacles when trying to

function in an inaccessible society. To make the person appear less disabled or

“normal,” the medical model uses medical treatment. The social model asserts

that therapy alters social participation. Disabilities vanish when society adapts.

A fully accessible building can be entered by walking, running, or using a

wheelchair or walker. Finally, the medical paradigm states that a professional

must find the solution. Only an expert can help a disabled person integrate and

be accepted. The social model believes that the answer lies with the disabled

person or that disabled people should be treated fairly in society (McCain, 2017).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

By focusing on the social model, disability was defined as social handicaps

such as societal attitudes and physical and legal structures that seek to exclude

or “handicap” individuals. Many reviewers distinguished subgroups within the

social model by differentiating their identification and description. For example,

Marcia Rioux differentiates between “environmental” and “human rights”

concepts. The former emphasizes disability because of individuals’ reactions to

social, political, and economic constraints in their contexts and identifying and

removing barriers to participation and inclusion. The environmental model has

been critiqued as insufficient on its own since it does not sufficiently account for

disability and does not give enough weight to the embodied experiences of people

with disabilities. The human rights model of Rioux delves into structural hurdles

that prevent specific individuals from participating in society on an equal footing,

including economic and social position, social support networks, social settings,

physical surroundings, and infirmity (Berghs et al., 2016). The perspective

highlights the critical role of seemingly harmless social attitudes and structures

in creating and perpetuating disadvantages. This approach confines disability

recognition to the bare minimum required to provide accommodations that

enable individuals with disabilities to achieve substantive equality (Law

Commission of Ontario, 2010). The social model may investigate the influence of

society and an individual’s response to it on an individual’s ability to cope with

the impairment.

With respect to the social perspective, one particular area of concern for

measuring how people deal with their condition is social competency. Social
competence is the ability to conduct oneself socially in an appropriate manner in

a range of contexts according to the social expectations of the surrounding

environment. Socially competent people adjusted their social behavior into easily

accessible social information. The capacity to modify behavior allows individuals

to enhance their interpersonal and social interactions. Social ability is one of

eight critical lifetime learning talents (Lavall and Aldeguer, 2016). It encompasses

the behaviors that enable individuals to connect productively and effectively in

various social and professional settings.

Social perspective includes self-efficacy. Self-efficacy theory focuses on a

person's attitudes and talents as success predictors. Thus, self-efficacy theory

and the wider social cognition theory that includes it defend the democratic ideal

that all people may accomplish, given opportunity and self-efficacy to pursue

their goals. Self-efficacy theory empowers individuals and communities to attain

goals. Self-efficacy theory doesn't believe that successful people are superior than

unsuccessful people. Self-efficacy theory implies that those who are struggling

may have been denied mastery experiences and models. According to self-efficacy

theory, the government and society should provide adequate mastery

experiences, positive social persuasion, and positively reinforcing models for

everyone (Gallagher, 2012).

CONCEPTUALIZED FRAMEWORK:
 Figure 1 shows how the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model will lead

the study. In conjunction with Bian, Laguna's Office of Disability Affairs,

researchers gathered the first distribution of registered people with

impairments. Next, researchers gathered existing research and knowledge

to support their issue, specifically the experiences of people with

disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social competence and self-

efficacy helped measure participants' daily lives. Data was collected using a

scale for each parameter. They'll be surveyed using Google Forms. Each

barangay's Disability Association President distributed it online. The

session will focus on how to evaluate Google Forms data and trends.
 Process
INPUT Output
Choosing the
Population Confirmation of
necessary scale for
Distribution of relationship
measuring the
Persons with between self-
chosen parameters
Disabilities efficacy and social
competence
Choosing social
How COVID-19
competence and
Pandemic affects Programs for young
self-efficacy
PWDs adults with
psychosocial
Google Forms for
How PWDs cope up disabilities
data
in daily life
gathering/online
survey
Past studies

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework (IPO)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study aims to identify the current situations of persons with

psychosocial disabilities in the barangays of Binan City, Laguna. In particular,

the research will find out the effects of COVID-19 on the social competence and

self-efficacy of the said population. Furthermore, the study served as the

foundation for solid action plans in providing long-term assistance to the target

group.
The study tried to address the following questions:

1. What is the profile of respondents in terms of age, gender, and civil

status?

2. How do the respondents assess the level of self-efficacy in terms of the

following:

● asking for help

● concern for others

● care for others

● support to others

3. How do the respondents assess the level of social competence in terms of

the following:

● solving difficult problems

● managing conflict

● focusing on personal goals

● dealing with unexpected events

● being resourceful

● giving efforts in solving problems

● remaining calm under pressure

● finding multiple solutions to a problem

 4. Is there a significant difference in the assessment of respondents on the

levels of self-efficacy when grouped according to profile?

5. Is there a significant difference in the assessment of respondents on the

levels of social competence when grouped according to profile?

6. Based on the findings of the study, what intervention program may be

proposed?

HYPOTHESIS

There is a significant relationship between social competence and self-efficacy in

coping during the COVID-19 pandemic for people with psychosocial disabilities.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF STUDY

The survey measured the social competence and self-efficacy of young

adults in all barangays in the city of Biñan during a COVID-19 pandemic. The

target population was chosen based on the Persons with Disability Affairs Office

(2021) data, wherein the registered PWDs for the psychosocial category got the

most number of individuals.

The twenty-four existing barangays had responders by coordinating

researchers with the presidents of the PWD Federation for each barangay. The

authors suggested that young adults with psychosocial disabilities will

participate in the survey for each barangay.

 The limitation of the study points to the use of online surveys as the main

source of data to avoid any face-to-face interactions with the respondents due to

the ongoing pandemic.

The duration of the study happened within the academic year 2021 to

2022.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Given the frequent barriers to the quality of life during the COVID-19

pandemic as a result of changes to containment and quarantine protocols,

people are facing the challenge. Moreover, as the pandemic changes daily lives,

various steps need to be taken to restore quality of life to the new standard.

The research measured the quality of life of young adults with psycho-

social disabilities through social competence and self-efficacy. Through the two

scales, there can be specific measures to find the quality of life and construct

projects to help the persons with psychosocial disabilities in Biñan, Laguna in

the long run.

The researchers found the connections in the two parameters above and

their relevance to the respondents' quality of life and well-being. Specifically, the

research will cater to the following:

Survey Respondents. The study opened the possibilities of identifying the

current state of the respondents but also helped them in identifying and taking

action in responding to their psychosocial conditions during the new normal and

beyond. Furthermore, through the support and programs from the Local

Government Unit, the respondents found significant positive changes in their

daily lives as they go on with the COVID-19 Pandemic and post-new normal.

Family of the Target Population. The support from the immediate loved ones is

significant to the daily life of the target population. Since persons with

disabilities may face certain difficulties, the pandemic may add to the challenge.

Through the study, there can be important ways to enhance the relationship and

support that the family can provide for the respondents and their fellow PWDs.

Academe. The academe will get additional knowledge through the study

regarding the self-efficacy and social competence of persons with a disability

during the pandemic. It can serve as a basis for further studies when an

emergency health situation arises.

Local Government Unit (LGU). The local government unit serves as the most

accessible representative of the government in helping, creating, and

implementing several support and assistance to the respondents.

Researchers. The study provides knowledge and experience by conducting the

research.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Barangay. At the most basic level of governance, a small geographical entity

within an administrative district served as the government unit.

Disability. It is any physical or mental ailment that makes it more difficult for

the individual to perform particular tasks (activity limitation) and interact with

the environment around them (participation restrictions).

Framework. A system's structure is its foundation.

Habit. A persistent habit or practice that is difficult to abandon.

Hypothesis. A hypothesis or statement based on circumstantial evidence serves

as a jumping-off point for additional investigation in a research study.

Local Government Unit. Also called LGU. It has the power to decide and act

within a state's confined territory. Everyone has local governance, although it

varies. Local self-government is essential because it emphasizes local decision-

making and action.

Mental Illness. It is the term that refers to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional

well-being. It is all about how individuals think, feel, and behave.

PDAO. Persons with Disabilities Affairs Office. It is an office in the LGU in charge

of the needs and support of persons with disabilities.

PWD. Persons with disabilities (PWDs) have long-term physical, mental,

intellectual, or sensory impairments that, when combined with other

impediments, prevent them from fully participating in society equally.

Psychosocial Disability. A psychosocial handicap develops when someone with

a mental health problem interacts with a social setting that poses barriers to

their equality with others. Psychosocial difficulties may impair an individual's

ability to: be in specific environments, concentrate, having the stamina necessary

to complete tasks.

Quantitative. It is measured in terms of the number.

Research. It is defined as a methodical examination of a specific topic or

situation.

Researchers. They are the ones who conducted the study.

Respondents. Those who responded to a researcher's survey or submit data for

a research study.

Self-efficacy. It is a term that relates to an individual's belief in his or her ability

to carry out the actions required to achieve specified performance goals.

Additionally, it demonstrates confidence in one's capacity to control one's

motivation, conduct, and social surroundings.

Social Competence. It is the capacity to interact meaningfully with others. It is

also a critical ability that is susceptible to interference.

Target Population. It is the source for respondents in the study.

Theory. It is a set of fundamental principles upon which every activity is based.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The second chapter reviewed relevant studies from domestic and

international sources to reinforce the theories and concepts that informed the

proposed research. Theories of social competence and self-efficacy will be further

discussed with regard to their effects on persons with psychosocial disabilities.

Other materials on coping mechanisms for persons with disabilities during

COVID-19 will also be covered in this section.

Local Literature

According to the ICF, disability has three fields. Disability, activity, and

participation restrictions are examples. Activity constraints refer to troubles

doing specified tasks. A disability has physical or mental limitations.

Individuals who can't participate in regular circumstances have participation

restrictions (Juinio, n.d.). People with impairments have mental or physical

condition that limits their skills.

The Philippines' concept of disability is international. By law, PWDs

must have long-term conditions. Individuals with intellectual, physical,

sensory, or mental disabilities confront several challenges that prevent them

from participating effectively in society (Levosada, 2017). Impairments prevent

people from fully engaging in activities and interactions.

Disability includes impairments, activity, and participation constraints.

Abnormal biological function or structure, as well as limited activity or

involvement, define disability. Health and the environment are inversely

related (Department of Health, n.d.). People with disabilities need holistic

interventions that go beyond health care and remove environmental and

mental barriers.

The 1992 Philippine Magna Carta for Disabled Persons defines disabled

people as those with mental, physical, or sensory impairments (Mendoza,

2019). Medical issues prevent disabled people from doing daily tasks.

Disability is "a physical or mental impairment that limits one or more of an

individual's psychological, physiological, or anatomical capacities or activities"

(Mendoza, 2019). Seven impairments exist.

 Republic Act 7277 defines disabilities (Juinio, n.d.). Psychosocial

diseases cause certain feelings and behaviors that make interpersonal

relationships and daily chores difficult. Deviance or antisocial behavior

results. Chronic diseases are stable, progressive conditions. Eventually, it's

fatal. Learning difficulties are a subgroup of psychological diseases in which

intelligence and perception affect spoken or written language. Other

impairments exist.

Intellectual impairment relates to brain illnesses and maladies

including CNS lesions or dementia, as well as non-psychiatric or mental

psychiatric disorders. PWDs must have decreased vision, even after therapy

and regular refraction correction, with a visual field of less than 6/18, 3/60,

or 10 degrees from the site of attachment for the visually impaired (The

Summit Express, 2019). Legal blindness is a level of vision impairment. A

person is legally blind if their best-corrected central visual acuity in the better

eye is 20/200 or worse, or if their side vision is 20 degrees or less. Orthopedic

handicaps stop muscle, limb, or joint function. Communication problems

include speaking, hearing, and reading. Hearing loss and speech impairment

are two types. Hearing loss affects education, social, linguistic, and cultural

connections. Second, speaking without rhythm, speech, tone, or language is

called mute (Levosada, 2017).

Psychosocial disabilities are mental or social issues. Psychosocial

disabilities impede a person's ability to engage with others. This impairment

appears normal yet causes antisocial conduct (Juinio, n.d.). Psychotic people,

once diagnosed by psychiatrists, often need medical treatment, continued

supervision, and life support. Down syndrome, bipolar, PTSD, and

schizophrenia are also covered (PWDPhil, 2017). PWD IDs require a

medical/clinical abstract.

The chapter covered psychosocial disabilities. Emotional disturbance

disorders are linked to psychosocial problems. They relate to psychological or

social dysfunction. People in deep emotional need have continuous or

inappropriate emotional distress. Autism is not a PWD, notwithstanding

Acero et al. (2004)'s claim (p. 92). Before the epidemic, disabled persons faced

difficulties to help and employment. The Philippine government has created

programs, institutions, and laws to help. NCDA initiates and coordinates

disability-related policies and initiatives. The NCDA creates programs for the

disabled. NCDA enforces laws that protect the civil and political rights of

disabled people, such as ILO Convention 159, Vocational Rehabilitation of

Persons with Disabilities, Republic Act 7277, Disability Charter, Republic Act

344, Accessibility Law, Republic Act 6759, White Cane Act, and Republic Act

7277, Disability Charter. Proclamation No. 125 required it to oversee the

Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993–2002) in the Philippines.

Unpublished NCDA data, n.d. Proclamation No. 125, issued on January 15,

1993, urged the government and companies to collaborate on projects based

on the decade's policy areas.

 The Department of Trade and Industry offered a disability-inclusive

program. It's developed from economic sovereignty to disability-inclusive

government. The new framework aims to remove barriers to programs and

services for the disabled. It emphasizes including disabled persons in

government and good administration. Business facilitation is another

important aspect of governance (Department of Trade and Industry, n.d.).

Aside from that, W&D helps disabled people. Disabled people can't do

what a 0 to 59-year-old can do. PWDs can get prevention, restoration, and

rehabilitation help from their local government (LGU). These services help

disabled people maintain self-employment (open, self-employed, and

sheltered): Job placement, vocational training, counseling, apprenticeship,

on-the-job training, and job references are offered (Department of Social

Welfare and Development, n.d.).

COVID's arrival sparked a flurry of new projects, difficulties, and

opportunities, especially for people with impairments. Social Welfare and

Development launched an online mental health and therapy resource center.

Wireless Mental Health and Psychosocial Support for COVID-19 and Other

Emergencies WiSUPPORT communicate with clients via email, web portals,

DSWD's website, phone, and mobile apps. The DSWD support effort uses

email services, web portals, the DSWD website, and phone and mobile apps.

It can refer emergencies to psychiatrists, psychologists, and mental health

facilities. Overseas Filipinos, youngsters needing special protection, senior

citizens, and troubled women were clients (Lalu, 2021)

Foreign Literature

Social competence is the ability to build and maintain positive interpersonal

connections (Hargraves, n.d.). Socially competent people can engage,

maintain, and generate positive responses from others, depending on how

their home cultures value self-assertion, independence, and group

participation. They can cooperate and participate in games and activities,

demonstrating game recommendations, praise, trades, decision-making, and

bargaining abilities (Hargraves, n.d.). Socially competent persons can grasp

social circumstances, consider others' viewpoints, and evaluate solutions.

Social skills protect mental health. It helps people build deep ties and

collaborate. People live in a fast-paced, inventive, and connected environment.

Social media worries, isolation from extended family and friendly

communities, and dealing with a wide spectrum of people necessitate good

social competency (Phillips, 2018). They know that people with low social

competence struggle to form supportive relationships as adults and have

lower mental health. Socially adept people have higher professional prospects.

Self-efficacy is also important. Self-efficacy is the idea that an individual can

achieve performance goals. It's linked to self-esteem and the ability to

influence motivation, behavior, and social environments. Cognitive self-

evaluations affect every aspect of human experience, including goals, energy,

and behavioral performance. Self-efficacy beliefs should vary with behavior's

functional domain and context, unlike other psychological categories (Carey

and Adrew, 2009). Self-efficacy theory affects research, education, and clinical

practice. Self-efficacy has been utilized for chronic disease self-management,

smoking cessation, alcohol intake, diet, pain control, and exercise (Carey &

Andrew, 2009). Both theories can assess how the impairment affects people's

daily functioning, especially after COVID-19. COVID-19 has affected much of

the world. When viewed through the lens of persons with impairments, its

societal impacts are accentuated. Individuals with disabilities are more likely

to endure community marginalization, undermining their successes. Due to

cultural beliefs (Markt, 2020), disabled persons lack economic stability and

independence. The pandemic may be catastrophic for global and local

economies. All segments of society must prioritize including disabled persons.

Integrating the immense potential of a billion people helps culture, the

economy, and companies.

Geography

A study examined how the Philippines' policies treat disabled people.

According to Velasco et al. (2021), disabled persons are among the most

disadvantaged. Despite meeting essential principles, the Philippines are

invited to participate in COVID-19 response policies. The study should

analyze the country's disability policies. Official and non-governmental

websites and news outlets were searched for the publications. Literature,
comprising memoranda, circulars, and news bulletins, covers January to May

2020. The study focused on infection prevention in residential settings,

proper housing, consideration for disabled individuals who confront various

exclusions, and participation in decision-making procedures. The Philippines

reviewed 15 disability-related COVID-19 responses. Most initiatives include

aid and housing. Few articles analyze program implementation and

monitoring (Velasco et al., 2021). The state's implementation and impact on

disabled people are unknown. The government should evaluate these actions

for gaps and obstacles. A nationwide database would provide information on

disability rights and resources. Stakeholders must be included in decision-

making to ensure disability-friendly programs.

The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a long-term concern, especially for

people with disabilities, whose views are often ignored. No one should be left

behind, especially those with disabilities who have global rights. The study

covers Philippine special education and student rights laws. It also examines

pandemic-related teaching practices. The research offers disaster

preparedness strategies and regulations that address the educational, socio-

emotional, and mental health needs of disabled kids during a pandemic

(Toquero, 2020). More research is needed on how people with disabilities used

digital media and assistive technologies during the epidemic.

In the Philippines, students with psychosocial disabilities were studied for

burnout. Burnout during a pandemic can affect anyone. Disabled persons

have the weakest voices. Disabled persons worry society. Social isolation and

prejudice affect disabled individuals disproportionately. Employment, social

roles, and educational access are longstanding concerns. These issues show

as self-doubt and inferiority, which indicate a hostility toward disabled

individuals. The study aims to understand PWD students' online learning

experiences, challenges, and coping techniques during the epidemic.

Students with disabilities face social isolation due to online schooling,

research found (Dianito et al., 2021). Most disabled students had restricted

access to aids and the internet. PWD kids kept their resilience due to strong

support.

Self-efficacy is another way to measure people's adaptability. Sacdalan and

Bozkus (2018) studied resilience as a mediator between self-determination

and self-efficacy. The author’s cross-sectioned data from 32 college students.

Participants completed self-efficacy, resiliency, and self-determination

questionnaires. It showed that resilience can function without self-

determination and self-efficacy. Self-determination promotes self-efficacy via

resilience. Given the complex link between self-determination and self-

efficacy, resilience should be included. The findings reveal educators and

administrators must respect and comprehend children's differences. It can

develop a high-quality global learning environment and apply effective

educational policies. Teachers who boost pupils' self-confidence should

evaluate their resilience.

Foreign Studies

Bipolar and schizophrenia are psychosocial disorders. Studying

psychosocial and personality disorders' real-life functioning. Researchers

observed links between schizophrenia and impairments. People with

schizophrenia and bipolar illness had their social and adaptive functional

competence examined to uncover unique predictors of functional impairments

in both disorders. Bowie et al. (2010) employed confirmation trajectory

analysis (as mediated by skill). Competence helped both models. Besides

despair, the condition caused the poor performance. Neurocognition and

adaptive capability were the two groups' focuses. Neurocognition predicted

vocational skills more than bipolar disorder (through social competence).

Social competency helped both schizophrenia and non-schizophrenic groups.

Neurocognitive impairment is associated to schizophrenia and disability.

Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia may cause neurocognitive impairments,

leading to symptoms and social and adaptive challenges.

Social competency often predicts community adaptability for people

with intellectual disabilities. Meyer et al. (1990) created a social competency

exam for all functional levels. The SCA measured social functions and

developmental hierarchy. From early function markers until adulthood, the

evaluation changes. Using mentally handicapped children, teenagers, and

young adults, the device's reliability and validity were examined. The research

findings and tool's pros and downsides are discussed. It provides a detailed,

criterion-referenced evaluation of social skills as an alternative to direct

observation of individual social skill goals, which is valuable for descriptive

and intervention research on social skills.

Anjali and Karibeeran (2018, p. 42) studied adolescent views,

personalities, and appearance. They're defenseless without family support.

They learned emotional regulation, problem-solving, and how to live a moral

life. She described institutionalized teens' psychological ability. 25 teens from

Markey, Trivandrum, participated. The scale comprises 50 sub-categories:

emotional, motivational, cognitive, and self-competence. Author says scale is

0.924 trustworthy. A&K (2018) They lack emotional, motivational, social,

personal, and psychological skills. It met daily requests and hurdles with

reasonable skill. Cognitive ability was moderate to low. Six-year Hong Kong

study confirms this. Those having a father-child or mother-child subsystem

are more competent (Anjali and Karibeeran, 2018, p. 45). Nuclear-family

teens have average psychological skills. Cohabiting teens are socially

competent. It proved that a unified family system isn't needed for

psychological development. Institutionalized teens exhibit moderate

psychosocial competency, according to Anjali and Karibeeran (2018, p. Low

intelligence. Medium-to-good interpersonal abilities. Psychosocial competency

is related to age, residence, parental education, parenting relationship, and

family type.
 Sweden was the study's location. In the previous 15 years, the number

of young adults getting SSIA disability benefits has doubled. This surge is

attributable to job market changes and declining education. Mental and

behavioral issues are widespread in impaired youth (Andersen et al., 2018,

page. 272). Self-efficacy describes one's skill assessment. A Swedish study

indicated that damaged young adults had higher unemployment (32%) and

lower tertiary education rates (32 percent vs. 43 percent). Over-30s who can't

work receive permanent illness compensation. The study assessed young

unemployed and disabled people's employment or school transition self-

efficacy. Municipalities and researchers recruited disabled youth. Due to our

continual move to DP and physical disease or harm, we were excluded

(Andersen et al., 2018, p. 273).

The GSE scale examined optimism about coping with difficult life

events. The GSE had 10 statements from 1 (false) to 4 (true) (perfectly true).

One means "0 minutes/no time" and seven equals "over 300 minutes" 95

percent confidence intervals for self-efficacy and employment status (CI). The

significance criterion for two-sided testing was 0.05. (2017) Young individuals

with physical or mental health difficulties had stronger self-efficacy. Self-

efficacy is linked to emotional, physical, and social well-being. 32% of

individuals reported getting 150 minutes of weekly exercise. Stronger self-

efficacy increases young people's employment possibilities, a study revealed.

Unemployment may have lowered our study participants' self-efficacy.

Working enables people to live independently from their parents, a normal

maturity phase (Andersen et al., 2018, p. 277).

Synthesis

Before COVID-19, disabled people had trouble. Private and public groups help

them with several projects and aid. When the Pandemic started, they faced

additional challenges. Due of their difficulties, the study concentrated on mental

disabilities. Social competence and self-efficacy were also tested to see how

people with psychosocial disabilities functioned during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Chapter 3

Methodology

The third chapter described the research design selection process and the

statistical processing of respondents, research tools, data collection, techniques,

and usage.

Research Design

The researchers hoped this study would assist them to understand how

respondents coped. Quantitative data are needed for reliable assessment and

validation. Data is primary and secondary.

Quantitative research approaches emphasize objective measurements and

statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of polls, questionnaires, surveys,

or pre-existing statistical data utilizing computational tools. Quantitative

research collects and generalizes numerical data to describe a specific

occurrence. Organized tools are employed to collect data.

Research Locale

Binan, Laguna, was the research location. It's in Region 4-A or

Calabarzon. The city covers 2.09 percent of Laguna or 40.27 square kilometers.

In 2020, it had 407,437 residents. Binan handles 12.05% of Laguna's population

and 2.52% of CALABARZON. According to the data, the population density is

10,118/km2 (26,202/m2) (PhilAtlas, 2021). Researchers chose Binan because

they knew its barangays.

Research Participants

The research project's demographics and sampling were based on PDAO data.

Orthopedic disability is most common in Binan, Laguna, followed by mental

impairment. Six years ago, when the government created the mental health law,

researchers focused on psychosocial disabilities. Uncertainty increased the risk

of psychosocial problems, especially during the COVID-19 epidemic.

The researchers aimed to include all persons 18 and older because focusing on

one category may prevent them from acquiring random samples from every

barangay. Table 2 shows age distribution, while Table 3 provides barangay-level

geographical distribution.

Disability Category Population

Deaf/Hard of Hearing 222
Intellectual Disability 1
Learning Disability 283
Mental Disability 3
Orthopedic Disability 1924
Physical Disability 3
Psychosocial Disability 1230
Speech and Language
Impairment 127
Visual Disability 265
Total 4058

Table 1. Population of Persons with Disabilities per Category in Biñan, Laguna.

Minor (0 to 17) 172

Young Adults (18 to 35) 332
Middle Age (36 to 59) 721
Old Age (60 above) 5
Total 1230

Table 2. Population Distribution per Age Group of Persons with Psychosocial

Disabilities.

Barangay Population
BIÑAN 13
BUNGAHAN 3
CANLALAY 105
CASILE 16
DE LA PAZ 105
GANADO 12
SAN FRANCISCO (HALANG) 126
LANGKIWA 75
LOMA 24
MALABAN 82
MALAMIG 8
MAMPLASAN 13
PLATERO 55
POBLACION 18
SANTO NIÑO 25
SAN ANTONIO 129
SANTO TOMAS (CALABUSO) 180
SAN JOSE 29
SAN VICENTE 45
SORO-SORO 27
SANTO DOMINGO 17
TIMBAO 22
TUBIGAN 25
ZAPOTE 28

Table 3. Population Distribution per Barangay of Persons with Psychosocial

Disabilites in Biñan, Laguna.

Research Instrument

The researchers created online survey questionnaires using Google Forms

with Facefacade add-on that the respondents will answer online. The online

survey allowed the researchers to study despite the existing quarantine protocols

during the COVID-19 pandemic. For social competence, the researchers chose

the Perceived Social Competence Scale. The chosen scale consists of six

questions answerable with a five-point scale. It was created for an after-school

youth program (Anderson-Butcher et al., 2007). For self-efficacy, the General

Self-Efficacy Scale measured the response through the survey. It contained ten

questions on a five-point scale (Schwarzer and Jerusalem, 1995). A registered

social worker also validated it.

Perceived Social Competence Scale. (Anderson-Butcher et al., 2007)

Scale Descriptive Interpretation

5 Very Much

4 A Lot

3 Some

2 A Little

1 Not at All

General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer and Jerusalem, 1995)

Scale Descriptive Interpretation

4 Exactly True

3 Moderately True

2 Hardly True

1 Not at All True

Data Gathering Procedure

Primary data came from the online survey using Google Forms.
The researchers seek the information available through the worldwide web for

secondary data collection. They also gathered relevant data from the local

government unit.

The researchers used the online survey through Google Forms with

Formfacade add-on. Then, they coordinated with the president of the PWD

association in each barangay in Biñan, Laguna, to reach the desired sample size

using Slovin’s formula:

n = N / (1+Ne2)

where

n = number of samples

N = total population

e = error margin / margin of error

The researchers also provided a list of criteria for the president of each

PWD association used in choosing the respondents for the online survey.

Afterward, the president shared the online survey link with the chosen

respondents. Once done, the researchers checked the collected data by accessing

the analytics feature of Google Forms. Finally, the researchers computed,

tabulated, compared, and the data results for discussion and analysis

Analysis of Data

The mean is measured where the data group themselves along the scale.

Since it is one of the widely-used and accurate measures of tendency, the

researchers used it to identify the profile for social competence and self-efficacy.
The formula for the mean is:

x̄ = ( Σ xi ) / n

where

x̄ represents the sample mean

Σ is summation notation and pertains to add up

xi represents all of the x-values

n means the number of items in the sample

Afterward, the weighted mean will also be computed for social competence

and self-efficacy. Next, t-test will be used:

m−μ
t=
s/√n

where

t = Student's t-test

m = mean

μ = theoretical value

s = standard deviation

n = variable set size

Lastly, pearson r was used to find the correlation between perceived social

competence and self-efficacy with the following formula:

where

r = correlation coefficient

xi = values of the x-variable in a sample

x̄ = mean of the values of the x-variable

yi = values of the y-variable in a sample

= mean of the values of the y-variable

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