Lesson 1: Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

OBJECTIVES
1.1. Define antiderivatives.
1.2. Use basic integration rules
ANTI-DERIVATIVES AND
to find antiderivatives of
algebraic functions. INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
1.3. Illustrate integration by
substitutions. LESSON 1

Last academic year, in Differential Calculus, we learned how to find the

derivative of given functions. We used the process of finding the derivatives
called differentiation. Now we will learn another process, that of finding the
function when its derivative is given. What do you think is the process that
“undoes” differentiation?

Antiderivatives
Recall what you had been learned in Differential Calculus and complete the
entries in the table below by finding the derivatives of the given functions.

Function, 𝑭(𝒙) Derivative, 𝒇(𝒙)

𝐹1(𝑥) = 5𝑥3 𝑓1(𝑥) =
𝐹2(𝑥) = 5𝑥3 + 21 𝑓2(𝑥) =
𝐹3(𝑥) = 5𝑥3 − 7 𝑓3(𝑥) =
3
𝐹4(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 𝜋 𝑓4(𝑥) =

What can you observe about the resulting entries in the second column? Can you
finda reason why this so?
In the above table, the second column contains the corresponding derivatives of the
functions of the first column. Thus, we say that 𝑓(𝑥) is the derivative of 𝐹(𝑥).
Conversely, we can also say that each entry in the first column is an antiderivative
of the common resulting function in the second column. That is, 𝐹(𝑥) is the
antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥).
So, we can say that the antiderivatve of a function “undoes” it’s given
derivative. Formally the definition of an antiderivative is as follows:

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 Lesson 1: Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

A function 𝐹 is an antiderivative of 𝑓 on an interval I when 𝐹′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in 𝐼.

Note that 𝐹 is called an antiderivative of 𝑓, rather than the antiderivative of 𝑓. In general, once a
single antiderivative is known, other antiderivatives can be obtained by adding constants to the
know derivative. That is why an arbitrary constant 𝐶 is usually added to “take charge” of this
constant.
So, we say that 5𝑥3, 5𝑥3 + 21, 5𝑥3 − 7, 5𝑥3 + 𝜋 are some antiderivatives of 15𝑥2. In general, we
write 5𝑥3 + 𝐶 of 15𝑥2.

The Indefinite Integral

The process of finding all the antiderivatives 𝐹 of a function 𝑓 is called antidifferentiation which is
also known as integration. Thus, if
𝑑
[𝐹(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥), (equation 1)
𝑑𝑥
Then antidifferentiating or integrating 𝑓(𝑥) produces the antiderivative form of 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶. The
relationship between them can also be denoted in the following integral notation:
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥) + 𝐶 (equation 2)
where 𝑓(𝑥) is called the integrand;
𝑑(𝑥) is the variable of integration;
𝐹(𝑥) is an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥);
𝐶 is the constant of integration; and
∫ is an, an operator which denotes that the integration is to be perform on the
succeeding function. It is an elongated S from the term sum.

Equation 2 is read as “the indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥 is 𝐹(𝑥) plus the constant C.”
The term indefinite indicates that the result of an antidifferentiation is a function defined over the
domain of the independent variable. This makes the antiderivative not definite. The expression
𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 is said to be the general antiderivative of the function 𝑓 since it generally and collectively
represents the family of antiderivatives of 𝑓.

Although the notation of equation 1 and 2 are different, they have the equivalent meanings. Hence,
𝑑
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 is equivalent to 𝑑𝑥 [𝐹(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥).

Basic Integration Rules

R1: ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶 where 𝑎 is any constant.

Example 1.1: Determine the indefinite integral of the following using R1:
3
a. ∫ −2 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 c. ∫ 11 𝑑𝑧
Solution:
a. b. c.

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 Lesson 1: Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

𝑥 𝑛+1
R2: ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1 + 𝐶 where 𝑛 ≠ −1.
Example 1.2: Determine the indefinite integral of the following using R2:
a. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ 𝑥 −7 𝑑𝑥 c. ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
a b. c.

R3: ∫ 𝑎𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 where 𝑎 is any constant.

Example 1.3: Determine the indefinite integral of the following using R3:
1
2
a. ∫ 7𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫ −5𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧 c. ∫ 3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
a.

b.

c.

R4: ∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions of 𝑥.

Example 1.4: Determine the indefinite integral of the following using R4:
a. ∫(𝑥 6 + 5𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 7)𝑑𝑥
b. ∫(3𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
c. ∫ √𝑦 4 − 2𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
Solution:
a.

b.

c.

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 Lesson 1: Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

Integration by Substitution
In this section, we will study techniques in integrating composite functions. Suggested solutions will
come in the form of change of variables.

𝑢𝑛+1
I1: ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1 + 𝐶 where 𝑢 is a function and 𝑛 ≠ −1.
Example 1.5: Determine the indefinite integral of the following using I1:
a. ∫(3𝑥 + 5)5 𝑑𝑥
b. ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 5)3 𝑑𝑥
c. ∫ 𝑥 3 (5 − 2𝑥 2 )4 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
a.

b.

c.

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 Lesson 1: Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

𝑑𝑢
I2: ∫ 𝑢−1 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶 where 𝑢 is a function.
𝑢
Example 1.6: Determine the indefinite integral of the following using I4:
𝑑𝑥
a. ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
b. ∫ 10𝑥+11
𝑥 2 +2𝑥
c. ∫ 𝑥 3 +3𝑥2 +1 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
a.

b.

c.

𝑎𝑢
I3: ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶 where 𝑎 is constant and 𝑢 is a function.
Example 1.7: Determine the indefinite integral of the following using I3:
a. ∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
b. ∫ 72𝑥 𝑑𝑥
c. ∫ 12sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
a.

b.

c.

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 Lesson 1: Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

𝑒𝑢
I4: ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶 where 𝑢 is a function.
Example 1.7: Determine the indefinite integral of the following using I3:
a. ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1
(1− 𝑥 3 )
b. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3

Solution:
a.

b.

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 Lesson 1: Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration

Evaluate the following integrals:

3
1. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 4 +2𝑦 2 +1
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑦
√𝑦
5
3. ∫ (7𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 9) 𝑑𝑥
4. √𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑑𝑥
𝑒 sin 𝑥 (sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥)
5. ∫ 𝑒 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 3𝑥, [0, 3]
7. ∫(2𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
8. ∫ 𝑥 2 (8𝑥 3 + 7)2 𝑑𝑥

Dela Cruz, Perla S. et.al., (2018). Basic Calculus: C&E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City,
Philippines.
Lim, Yvette F., (2016). Basic Calculus: Sibs Publishing House, Philippines.

Panopio F. (2012). Simplified Integral Calculus. Batangas City, Philippines: Feliber

Publishing House.

Module Author / Curator : Mr. Eugene E. Mendoza

Template & Layout Designer : Miss Maryrose Lizette A. Reyes
Miss Sherline A. Villanueva
Miss Jessa C. Luansing

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