Week 1 Introduction to Quality Customer Service

Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare

Quality health care services are human concern and empathy combined with high-quality
service, provided with total patient care.

One of the most important aspects in your practice is the realization that you are part of a
service industry. Patients and their families are in fact, customers. The reason why they
use the term patients is because many health care professionals are uncomfortable calling
them customers.

Total patient care must be a balance of human caring and concern, technical expertise,
and high-quality customer service. With those quality health care settings are able to
satisfy the needs of our patients and provide the quality they have come to expect.

And, as a radiologic technology student a good understanding of the health care delivery
system is vital. This delivery system is the context in which all patient care takes place.
Being part of the school and throughout your career you will be able to understand the
function within the socioeconomic boundaries of health care delivery. A better
understanding of this concept provides a productive member of the healthcare team.

Patient Perspective

These are the several questions that arise when radiologic technology students discuss
customers in health care service. Who are patients? Where do our patients come from?
What do our patients think, and what do they expect? How do we begin to understand
them and their specific needs?

And for sure this question is not that easy to handle. However, a good place to start is
with the understanding that, although many differences exist among people of all
backgrounds, we are all more alike than different. Diversity among people is infinite. It is
a range of different things, culture, life experience and a view in life. Health care will
include the discussion further in diversity. However, basic key points for patient
interaction should be added to help shape your approach to those of diverse backgrounds.
 Key Points for Diverse Patient Interactions

Don’t treat the patient in the same manner you would want to be treated. Begin by being
more formal with patients who were born in another culture. Don't be put off if the
patient fails to look you in the eye or to ask questions about the treatment/diagnosis.
Don’t make any assumptions regarding the patient concept about the ways to maintain
health, the causes of illness, or the means to prevent or cure illness.

Communicating Directly with Limited Speaking Patients Speak slowly, not loudly. Face
the patient and make extensive use of gestures, pictures, and facial expressions. Watch
the patient's face, eyes, and body language carefully. Avoid difficult and uncommon
words and idiomatic expressions. Don’t use unnecessary words or information. Organize
what you say for easy access. Rephrase and summarize often. Don’t ask questions that
can be answered by yes or no.

Customer Service in Radiology

Inside Customers

Are the members of the institution and the department such as nursing units, emergency
department, clinical laboratory department etc. etc. we are as responsible for providing
high-quality service to each other as we are for providing it to the patients. All parts of
the institution strive to heal those who come to them and we must work together with
support and cooperation.

Outside Customers

Are those from outside the hospitals such as patients, families and relatives, physicians
and others within the community. As a radiologic technology we focus on the patients
and their families as our primary outside customers. They are the ones who come to us to
seek quality health care.

Understanding the importance of both outside and inside customers in health care
practice providing them with care and service they expect and deserve enhances the
quality of the service we provide and emphasizes the importance of the role we play
within the organization. High-quality service benefits everyone in the organization. The
radiographers, the customers, and the employer all gain when the patient care takes place
within the context of a value-added service. However, radiographers must be aware of
being taken for granted of what they do not have; their ability to deliver high-quality care
is directly related to self image, self-esteem, self-confidence and their value relating to
life and the workplace. Moments of interactions between the patient and the radiographer
who is delivering the service. Those are the so-called moments of truth. It occurs in every
conceivable circumstance. They may relate to the physical appearance of the work area,
the appearance of the staff, and the professional behavior of everyone involved. At some
points the patient forms a perception about the quality of service being given or the
quality of care. One must realize that the quality must be a hallmark of practicing
radiography. Understanding that the patient's experience is a series of moments of truth
sets the stage for clinical excellence.

The achievement of patient satisfaction is not something given by chance. By viewing the
system of the patient experience as a cycle, we can examine the events and incidents that
make up those cycles by establish policies and procedures such as example

Service Cycle for X-ray Examinations Performed

➢ Introducing self to the patient
➢ Instructing the patient how to dress for the examination
➢ Taking the patient to the examination room
➢ Obtaining a history
➢ Explaining the examination
➢ Performing the examination
➢ Releasing the patient

Service Cycle for Special Radiographic Procedures

➢ Scheduling the appointment
➢ Arriving at the hospital
➢ Being Registered
➢ Having the examination performed
➢ Being released

But the key along the way and making it superior to what would be received anywhere
else is the challenge to perform each procedures as if you are the best radiographers in the
world

Conflict Resolution
Leaving quality service to chance can be a serious mistake. In this age of consumer
awareness and increasing competition, a mishandled patient interaction can result in the
loss of patient confidence which greatly reflects negatively on the department and the
institution. Because of litigious public, unprofessional interactions or mishandled
complaints can increase the change of lawsuits. And, most importantly exceeding patient
expectations improves patient care; this is a goal to which we can all aspire. It makes
radiography stimulating and satisfying for the radiographers. Because radiography is a
customer-oriented business.

Conflict resolution tools are developed in successful service companies and individuals at
their disposal. Tools that are used for listening and empathizing, and make use of skills
that build trust and develop solutions to problems.

Effective Listening
➢ The first important steps in conflict resolution. It tells others that we respect what
they have to say and that we are here to help if we can.
➢ Remember that a particular person is not attacking you personally rather he or she
is attacking a particularly unsatisfactory situation.

Effective Listening Traits

➢ Establish good eye contact with the patient
➢ Face the person
➢ Stay physically relaxed with your arms uncrossed
➢ Use facial expression to show concern
➢ Use vocalization
➢ Give your complete and undivided attention
➢ Avoid interrupting

Empathy
➢ In understanding and accepting the other person’s position without necessarily
agreeing or disagreeing.
➢ Listening and empathizing are also key tools to use when faced with many
questions a patient may ask.

Empathetic Phrases
➢ I would be upset, too, if I thought…
 ➢ It must have been frustrating when you…
➢ I’m sorry that you are upset.
➢ I think I understand how you feel.
➢ I’m sure that was very annoying, wasn’t it?

\Following are the frequently asked questions that involve patient care.
➢ How much radiation am I getting?
➢ Will this hurt?
➢ How much will this cost?
➢ How many pictures are you going to take?
➢ When can I leave?
➢ What do you see on my radiograph/films?

Conclusion
➢ Quality health care services are human concern and empathy combined with
high-quality service, provided with total patient care.
➢ Quality Customer Service is no accident, it is planned for and rehearsed.
➢ High Quality, value-added service is what the patient or customer expects.
➢ Customer Service Cycle is an important technical aspect in radiography.
➢ As a healthcare professional one must deliver the best care and service possible.

Week 2 Philippine Radiology: A Historic Perspective

Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare

The Magnificent Seven

● Dr. Paterno Chikiamco (PRESIDENT)
- First President and also the Dean of Philippine College of Radiology
- He is the first chairman at the Cancer Institute at Philippine General
Hospital created under the legislature with him
● Dr. Ramon Paterno (SECRETARY)
● Dr. Paulino Garcia (MEMBER)
● Dr. Daniel Ledesma Sr. (MEMBER)
● Dr. Carlos Marquez (MEMBER)
● Dr. Carlos Vergel De Dios (MEMBER)
 FORMATION OF SCHOOLS AND ASSOCIATIONS: THE PHILIPPINE
COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGY

The Philippine College of Radiology

● 1948
- Luminaries called "The Magnificent Seven" formed the Philippine
Radiological Society
- They compromised the core of Radiology in the country
● August 21, 1970
- By suggestion of Dr. Chikiamco, a new constitution and by-laws changed
the name of association "The Philippine College of Radiology" officially.
- There were regular scientific meetings and fellow members were admitted
as well

The First Filipino X-ray Technologist

● Felipe Somera
- Nurse at Philippine General Hospital (PGH)
- He is then assigned as a technician at the "physical therapy", "radium" and
"x-ray" sections under the Department of Medicine
● Before 1969
- The practicing radiation workers in the Philippines learned and became
X-ray technicians through:
- Apprenticeship
- Study grant for military personnel (to US military schools for X-ray
Technicians)

● 1969
- Norberto Palomo
- He created a curriculum for the X-ray Technology Education
(extracted or like copied from the curriculums of Australia, England,
Singapore, and Japan)

● Department of Education, Culture and Sports granted the petition of the

START/OPENING of the FIRST FORMAL education for 2-year curriculum in
X-ray Technology
● This is all thanks to the support of the late Dr. Jose Gaffud (a senior resident of
UP-PGH Medical Center)
 First School of X-ray Technology
● September 9, 1969
- A PERMIT IS APPROVED to open FIRST SCHOOL of x-ray technology
at the Family Clinic and Hospital.
- Permit approved by Department of Education, Bureau of Private Schools
● November 30, 1969
- First class consists of 13 students
● Luis Ibarra (Army Sergeant) - Fort Bonifacio Army Hospital (former Dean of
St. Jude College)
● Gregorio Dizon (former X-ray Technician) - FEU hospital (former Dean of SLU
in Baguio)
Pioneer - EDUCATORS
● Norberto Palomo
- Principal
- Father of the Radiologic Technology (in the Philippines)
● Dr. Jose Gaffud
- Radiologist Professor
● Engr. Luciano Niguidula
- Physicist Professor
● Oscar Romero
- Legal Officer Instructor
● Serafin Ocampo
- Radiologic Technologist Instructor
● Elsa Aguila
- Nurse Instructor
● Dr. Roberto Reodica
- Radiology Professor

FORMATION OF GROUPS AND ORGANIZATION OF X-RAY/RADIOLOGIC

TECHNOLOGIST
● May 1954
- Msgt. Gilberto Palomique headed a group of pioneering batch (of X-ray
technologist from government and private sector)
- They formed the Philippine Society of X-ray Technicians
● 1964
- Msgt. Gilberto Palomique formed another organization
- The organization is named "Philippine Society of Medical Radiologic
Technologist"
● 1967
- Norberto Palomo (president)
- He is awarded as the Outstanding Professional Radiologic Technologist in
the Field of Radiology (by the Professional Regulatory Commission)
● Alamrio Lutap
- He formed the "Philippine Institute of Radiologic Technology"

FORMATION OF THE PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF RADIOLOGIC

TECHNOLOGY
● 1954
- The Association of X-Ray Technicians (in the Phil.) was conceived
- The primary objectives are:
- To promote general welfare
- To upgrade the Practice of Radiologic Technology
- To meet the standard for the protection of Life, Health and Property.
● Msgt. Gilberto Palomique
- President of the first association at the V. Luna General Hospital, Armed
Forces of the Philippines (AFP Medical Center).
- The officer in charge of the 2nd school of Radiologic Technology (Marian
College)
- Marian College is then renamed as Emilio Aguinaldo College
- He headed the association from 1954-1957
● 1966
- An election was conducted during the (Association's Convention)
- Mr. Jose Querido won as president (one year)
● 1967
- Another election happened
- Ssgt. Norberto A. Palomo won was president
- He is a military man then became principal of the Family Clinic and
Hospital School of Radiologic Technology (FCHSRT)
- He has been awarded as outstanding Professional in the Field of Radiologic
Technology by the Professional Regulatory Commission (as he is consultant
of the Radiation Health Office [RHS], Department of Health [DOH],
 faculty of Martinez Memorial Colleges of Radiologic Technology, and
Dean of the College of the Good Samaritan College, Cabanatuan City until
his retirement in 2002)
● 1998
- He is a very active Radiologic Technology, after his retirement, being a
member of the Sub Technical Panel for Radiologic Technology Education
of the Commission of Higher Education (CHED)
● 1973
- There became problems (for the Radiologic Technologists)
- Three societies formed/emerged and these are:
- The Philippine Society of Medical Radiologic Technologists
(PHISMERT) with Mr. Norberto A. Palomo (as president)
- The Philippine Society of Radiologic Technologists (PSRT) with Mr.
Gilberto Palomique (as president)
- The Philippine Institute of Radiologic Technologists (PIRT) with Mr.
Almario Lutap (member of AFP, MSGT)
[ALL THREE PRESIDENTS OF THE SOCIETIES WERE FROM V. LUNA
GENERAL HOSPITAL ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES]

● These three associations were fused into one society named as "Philippine
Association of Radiologic Technologists, Inc. (PART)"
○ Dr. Jose T. Gaffud of the Philippine College of Radiology
○ Dr. Celia Anatalio of the Radiation Health Office, DOH
○ Dr. Tranquilino Elicano Jr. Of the Philippine Cancer Institute,
● The president of that was Mr. Gilberto Palomique

● 1974 to 1975
- Term of office of elected officers of the association was only for one year
- Mr. Jose Cervantes of the Philippine Heart Center was elected as president
- The present president of the "Philippine Association of Radiologic
Technologists, Inc." is Mr. Rolando Banares
- He is the Chief Technologist of Martinez Memorial Hospital and Ospital ng
Tondo

● After passing the Board Examination (of the Radiologic Technology), it is

required to take oath as member of the ONLY ACCREDITED professional
organization of Radiologic Technologists in the Philippines by PRC (Professional
 Regulatory Commission) for The Philippine Association of Radiologic
Technologists, Inc.

QUESTIONS:

Who is the (first) nurse instructor of the pioneer educators?

Who is the father of Radiologic Technology in the Philippines?
Who is the Physicist Professor of the pioneer educators?
Who is the former Dean of SLU in Baguio?
What kind of educator is Oscar Romero?
What kind of educator is Dr. Roberto Reodica?
Who is the former Dean of St. Jude College?
When did the Department of Education approve a permit for the first school to open?
How many students were in the first class?
When was the first class with the students?
With whose support the petition of the opening of the first formal education of 2-year
curriculum in X-ray technology was granted?
What department granted the formal education of a 2-year curriculum in X-ray
technology?
What are the four countries that Norberto Palomo extracted the curriculum from?
When (year) did he extract the curriculum?
How do the practicing radiation workers learn the trade and become x-ray technicians?
Who is the nurse at Philippine General Hospital (PGH) that was assigned by the division
of nursing as a technician?
Under what sections did he become a technician for?
When (year) did the luminaries compromised the core of Radiology in the Philippines?
When was the name of the association officially changed by a new constitution and
by-laws?
Whose suggestion for the official name change of the association was from?
In May 1954, a group of pioneering batch of X-ray Technologists from government and
private sector was headed by ______ formed the Philippine Society of X-ray Technicians.
In what year did Msgt. Gilberto Palomique formed another organization?
What was the name of that new other organization?
In 1967, ________ was awarded as the Outstanding Professional Radiologic Technologist
in the Field of Radiology by the Professional Regulatory Commission.
Who formed the Philippine Institute of Radiologic Technology?
Three societies were fused into one society and it is called _____?
Who was the president of that fused society?
Who was the president of PHISMERT or The Philippine Society of Medical Radiologic
Technologists?
When (year) did three societies formed into one?
Mr. Palomo has been a very active Radiologic Technologist as a Sub Technical Panel for
Radiologic Technology Education of CHED, what year was this?
The Marian College is renamed as _____?
What is one of the objectives of the association?

Week 2 Radiology: A Historic Perspective

PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY
● First Century AD
- physical properties of matter has been found
● Archimedes
- explained reaction of solids when placed in liquids
● Democritus
- described materials as being composed of ultimate practices
- formulated first atomic theory
- considered as Father of Modern Science
- He claimed everything is made up of atoms
● Thales
- Discovered effects of electricity
● Three specific aspects of physical science helped paved way for x-ray:
1. Electricity
2. Vacuums
3. image-recording materials
● Evangelista Torricelli
- Produced first-recognized vacuum as he invented a barometer in 1943
● Otto van Guericke
- He invented an air pump that was capable of removing air from a vessel or tube in
1646
- This was later improved in 1659 by Robert Boyle
- this was later improved again in 1865 by Herman Sprengel
- this has made better vacuum tubes available for further experimentation

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY EXPERIMENTATION ON ELECTRICITY

● William Gilbert of England
- He studied electricity and magnetism
 - he was noted for inventing primitive electroscope
● Robert Boyle
- He earned a place among serious investigators because of his experiment with
electricity
● Isaac Newton
- Built and improved the static generator
● Charles Du Fay
- He discussed that working with glass, silk and paper distinguished two different
kinds of electricity
● Abbe Jean-Antoine Nollet
- Made significant improvement in electroscope
- that is a vessel for discharging electricity under vacuum conditions
● Benjamin Franklin
- Pioneers in electricity
● William Morgan
- Noticed the difference in color of partially evacuated tubes
- he added, "when a tube cracked and some air leaked in, the amount of air in the
tube determined the coloration while conducting experiments with electrical
charges"

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY EXPERIMENT IN ELECTRICITY

● Michael Faraday
- Induced an electric current
- done that by moving a magnet in and out of a coil in 1831
- This experiment evolved the concept of electromagnetic induction
- This experiment led to the production of better generators and high voltage
transformers used in evacuation tubes
● Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff of Paris
- Made the most significant improvement on induction coils
● Johann Wilhelm Hittorf
- Conducted several experiments with Cathode rays
- cathode rays are streams of electrons emitted from the surface of a cathode
● William Crookes
- He furthered the study of the cathode rays
- demonstrated that matter was emitted from the cathode with enough to
rotate a wheel within a tube
● Philipp Lenard
- Furthered the investigation of cathode rays
 - found out cathode rays could penetrate thin metal and would project a few
centimeters in the air
- He determined cathode rays energies by measuring the amount of
penetration
- he also studied the deflection of rays as a result of magnetic field
● William Goodspeed
- Produced a radiograph in 1890 but not credited with discovery of x-rays
● Richard Leach Maddox
- Produced a film with gelatin silver bromide emulsion
- that same emulsion remained the basic component for film
● Johann Heinrich Schulze
- He produced the first photographic copy of written materials in 1727
● George Eastman
- Produced and patented roll-paper film use for significant improvement of
image-recording material and improvement in cathode ray tube
- the basis for modern-day radiography was established
● Thomas Alva Edison
- He patented a system for electricity distribution in 1880
- This was essential to capitalize on the invention of the electric lamp

WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN

Discovery of X-rays
● He was born on March 27, 1845
● He was born in Lennep, Germany
● the only child of Friedrich Conrad Roentgen
● married to Bertha Ludwig in 1872
● Offered employment at the University of Wurzburg in 1888.
● He conducted experiment in Physics there
● He worked with cathode ray experiments with Crooke tube until his discovery of
x-rays on November 8, 1985
● He saw a piece of barium platinocyanide paper on a bench several feet away from
the tube and it had a glowing or fluorescence surface after he passed a current
through the tube for a short period while operating a Crooke tube at high voltage
in a darkened room
● He proved he had produced some type of x-ray (“X” being a mathematical symbol
for unknown quantity.
● He determined that the x-rays had a degree of penetrative power dependent on the
density of the material
● On December 28, 1895, he submitted a reported, “on a new kind of rays” that
potentially have a medical use
● He discovered that by placing his hand between the tube and the cardboard coated
barium platinocyanide, he can actually visualize the bones of his hand.
● He knew he had discovered something that can revolutionize the world of science
● Roentgen's first radiograph was his wife’s hands. (On a cassette loaded with
photographic plate for 15 mins)
● Roentgen received a Nobel Prize in 1901 in Stockholm and became a member of
the Physical Society of Stockholm
● He died on February 10, 1923 in Munich.

EARLY DAYS IN THE DISCOVERY

● the discovery of x-rays offered much hope in the discipline of science
● Advertisement businesses capitalize on the use of radiographs (they use it for
entertainment and portraits)
● Because of early insights with x-rays after the discovery, the general public had
little knowledge of this.
● Thomas Edison tried explaining the nature of rays to those that fully do not
understand the effects of radiation
● As businesses tried capitalizing on that, Thomas Edison questioned after noticing
that there were effects on the tissues, showing degenerating results.
● Later reports confirmed the effects of x-rays' direct relationship between injuries
and x-ray exposure.
ADVANCED EXPERIMENTATION OF THE ROENTGEN RAYS
● between the relationships of x-ray exposure and tissue injury, most experimental
priorities were done

● Michael Idvorsky Pupin

- produced radiographs 2 weeks after roentgen discovered x-rays
- This was the first known radiograph produced on January 2, 1896.
● Fluoroscopy
- Is an apparatus using x-ray
- This is to image inner parts of the body in movement and motion
● Thomas Alva Edison
- Started Fluoroscope experiments
 - The experiments improved using calcium tungstate (than barium
platinocyanide)
- When he continued doing the experiments, he is trying to develop light
instead of x-rays
● Clarence Madison Dally
- One of Thomas Edison assistants who suffered from severed radiation
damage

DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
● Radioactivity
- a property of certain elements to emit rays/subatomic particles
spontaneously
● 1903
- Three people were credited and won the Nobel Prize:
1. Pierre Curie
2. Marie Curie
3. Henri Becquerel
● Pierre Curie
- He noticed radium killed diseased cells
- In 1880, Pierre and Jacques (his older brother) demonstrated how electric
potential was generated when crystals were compressed, known as
piezoelectricity.
- Also demonstrated that reverse effect in the crystals could be made to
deform (only when subject to electric field)
● Henri Becquerel
- He had discovered radioactivity.
- In 1896, he discovered uranium salts emitted rays that resembled x-rays
- unlike phosphorescence, radiation did not depend on external source of
energy
- The energy arises spontaneously from the uranium itself
● Marie Curie
- refined the knowledge of radioactivity
- purified the radium metal
- in 1911, she received a Nobel Prize (for her work in Chemistry)
- Continued studying radioactivity until she is acquainted with Albert
Einstein
- Her main contributions to science were:
 1. The theory of radioactivity
2. techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes
3. the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium
- She also used the first world study of radiation therapy to conduct the
treatment of neoplasms using radioactive isotopes.

NUCLEAR RADIOLOGY
● branch of radiology that uses radioactive materials
● this is for medical diagnosis and treatment

● 1932
- Ernest Lawrence created cyclotron
- it is a chamber that made it possible to accelerate particles to high speeds
- This same chamber is used as projectiles
- because of the invention, the first radioisotopes are made available in large
quantities
● 1942
- Enrico Fermi made significant breakthrough
- he induced a successful chain reaction in uranium pile (at the University of
Chicago)
● 1945
- The breakthrough was demonstrated when atomic devices were detonated
experimentally in New Mexico
- these devices were then introduced as weapons AFTER atomic bombs were
dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.

MODERN RADIOLOGY
● today's imaging department consist of (impressive) arrays of diagnostic and
therapeutic devices
● specialties have emerged
1. Computed tomography
2. magnetic resonance imaging
3. nuclear medicine
4. Radiation therapy
5. ultrasound
6. neurovascular radiology
7. digital imaging, and
8. the classing routine diagnostic radiography
QUESTIONS

What do you call the branch of Radiology that uses radioactive materials?
Who are the three credited people that won the nobel prize in 1903?
Who produced the first-recognized vacuum when he invented the barometer?
When was the barometer invented?
When were physical properties of matter discovered?
Give the three aspects of physical science that paved the way for x-ray.
Who noticed that radium killed diseased cells?
The discovery of x-rays offered much hope in the ______?
Who continued his experiments on the fluoroscope trying to develop light rather than
x-rays?
Who invented an air pump that was capable of removing air from a vessel or tube in
1646?
Who improved the invented air pump in 1659?
Who improved the invented air pump in 1865?
When did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen submit a report that potentially has a medical use?
What was the submitted report's title?
Approximately how many minutes did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen place his wife's hands
on the cassette loaded with photographic plate for the first radiograph?
Who was Thomas Edison's assistant that suffered from severed radiation damage?
Who produced the first known radiographs on January 2, 1896 (only 2 weeks after
roentgen discovered x-rays)?
Why is x-ray called that way?
When did Henri Becquerel discover that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled
X-rays?
When did Marie Curie receive her Nobel Prize for her work in Chemistry?
Who attempted to explain the nature of the rays that no one fully understands the effects
of radiation?
When did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen die?
When did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discover x-rays?
What is the apparatus using x-rays to image inner parts of the body in movement and
motion?
Marie Curie's contributions to the first world study of radiation therapy were conducted
into the treatment of _____ using _____?
Thomas Alva Edison improved Fluoroscope experiments by using _____, and not _____?
Who induced a significant breakthrough by inducing a successful chain reaction in the
uranium pile?
What is a chamber that makes it possible to accelerate particles to high speeds?
Who created the cyclotron?
When was the cyclotron created?
Where was Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen born?
Who patented a system for electricity distribution in 1880?
Who produced a radiograph in 1890 but was not credited?
Who was Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen's wife?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen conducted what kind of experiment at the University of
Chicago?
Because of what invention, the first radioisotopes were made available in large
quantities?
Who explained the reaction of solids when placed in liquids?
What is the emulsion that remained as the basic component for film?
Who made the most significant improvement on induction coils?
Who made the significant improvement in electroscope?
Who induced an electric current?
How was the electric current done in 1831?
Who pioneered in electricity?
Who built and improved the static generator?
Who studied electricity and magnetism?
Who earned a place among serious investigators because of his experiment with
electricity?
Who is the father of modern science?
Who was noted for inventing primitive electroscopes?
Who discussed that working with glass, silk and paper distinguished two different kinds
of electricity?
Who noticed the difference in color of partially evacuated tubes?
Who conducted several experiments with cathode rays?
What are cathode rays?
Who produced and patented roll-paper film use for significant improvement of
image-recording material and improvement in cathode ray tube?
Who furthered the study of cathode rays?
Who furthered the investigation of cathode rays?
Who produced a film with gelatin silver bromide emulsion?
Who claimed everything is made up of atoms?
Who produced the first photographic copy of written materials?
When was the first photographic copy of written materials?
The basis for modern-day radiography was established because of who?
Who formulated the first atomic theory?
Pierre and ____ demonstrated how electric potential was generated when crystals were
compressed.
When crystals were compressed and electric potential is generated, this is called _____.
In what year was the breakthrough demonstrated when atomic devices were detonated
experimentally in New Mexico?
Atomic devices were introduced as weapons after atomic bombs were dropped where?
(Two places)
Give at least 5 specialties that have emerged from modern radiology.
Who discovered the effects of electricity?

Week 4 The Language of Medicine

Introduction

A newcomer to the field of health care is often overwhelmed by medical terminology.

Medical terminology is simultaneously intriguing and frustrating: the intrigue lies in the
fact that you will be learning, in effect, a new language that you will use to communicate
with your health care colleagues, the frustrating is the same as you would experience in
learning a second language.

In this topic we will cover both general and specific terminologies that are covered in this
topic, but exploring the entire collection of terms that you will need to learn is not
possible. But early nomenclature, however, will greatly aid in your understanding of
language you will soon hear.

Words Parts

The following section introduces the word parts that are used to make new words; these
parts include prefixes, roots, and suffixes. They are presented in alphabetical order in
each category.
AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ARC - AIDS-related complex
ASAP - as soon as possible
ASHD - arteriosclerotic heart disease
BE - barium enema
BID - Twice daily
BP - blood pressure
Bx - biopsy
CA - cancer
CAD - coronary artery disease
CBC - complete blood count
Cc - Cubic centimeter
CCU - Coronary Care Unit
CHF - Congestive Heart Failure
Cm - Centimeter
CNS - Central Nervous System
CPR - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CS - Central supply
C-section - Cesarean section
CSF - Cerebrospinal fluid
CT - Computed Tomography
CVA - Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
CXR - Chest X-ray
DOA - Death on arrival
DOB - Difficulty of breathing
DX - Diagnosis
ECG - Electrocardiogram
EEG - Electroencephalogram
ENT - Ear, Nose, and Throat
ER - Emergency Room
FUO - Fever of undetermined origin
GI - Gastrointestinal
HH - Hiatal Hernia
HIV - Human immunodeficiency virus
H/O - History of
HX - History
ICCU - Intensive coronary care unit
ICU - Intensive care unit
IM - Intramuscular
IV - Intravenous
IVP - Intravenous pyelo
KUB - Kidney, Ureters, and Bladder
Lat - Lateral
LMP - Last menstrual period
Mets - Metastases
MI - Myocardial Infarction
mm - millimeter
MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
NG - Nasogastric
noc - Night
npo - Nothing By Mouth
OB - obstetric
OP - outpatient
OR - operating room
OTC - over the counter
PAR - post anesthesia recovery
PE - Physical Examination
peds - pediatrics
PID - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
P/O - post operative
Post-OP - after surgery
Pre-OP - before surgery
prn - as needed
PT - Physical therapy
pt - patient
QID - Four times daily
BID - Twice daily
R/O - rule out
req - Requisition
ROM - range of motion
RX - treatment or prescription
SIDS - sudden infant death syndrome
SOB - Short of Breath
S/P - status post
STAT - immediately
STD - sexually transmitted disease
Sx - symptoms
TB - tuberculosis
TIA - transient ischemic attack
TID - three times daily
TKO - to keep open (refers to IV line)
TPN - total parenteral nutrition (IV feeding)
TPR - temperature, pulse, and respiration
Tx - treatments
UA - urinalysis
UGI - upper gastrointestinal series
URI - upper respiratory infection
UTI - urinary tract infection
VD - Venereal disease
y/o - years old

Radiographic Nomenclature
Terms relating to your chosen specialty are of paramount importance if you are to
function comfortably in the clinical setting. The following list contains the most common
terms that you will need to know, including those related to digital imaging and
film-screen imaging:

ADC – analog-to-digital converter; converts image information into numerical data.

Anode – positive electrode in the x-ray tube.

Automatic collimation – also known as positive beam limitation (PBL); the ability of
the radiographic equipment to collimate automatically the x-ray beam to the same size as
the image receptor resting in the Bucky tray; this function prevents unnecessary exposure
to the parts of the patient outside the area covered by the image receptor.

Blur – effect of motion on the radiographic image.

Bucky – short for poter-bucky diaphragm; a moving grid used to remove scatter radiation
from the remnant beam, which can cause fog on the image receptor.

Cassette - light-proof container holding the image receptor, either an imaging plate for
computed tomography or x-ray film and intensifying screens.

Collimator – Boxlike structure attached to the x-ray tube containing lead shutters that
limit the x-ray beam to a specific area of the bod

Computed radiography (CR) – digital radiographic imaging using a cassette containing

an imaging plate.

Contrast – differences in densities on a processed image; contrast allows detail to be

seen.

CRT – Cathode ray tube (video monitor)

Density – opaqueness or degree of blackening on an area of the processed image.

DICOM – digital imaging and communications in medicine, a standard protocol used for
blending a picture archiving and communications system and various imaging modalities.
Direct digital radiography (DR) – uses fixed detectors that directly communicate with a
computer.

Distortion – misrepresentation of the size or shape of the object as recorded in the

radiographic image.

Exposure indicator – S-number or exposure index that describe hat status of the
exposure and diagnostic value of the digital image.

Film - refers to film before exposure to radiation.

Focal spot – Area of the anode in the x-ray tube from which x-rays emanate.

Grid – device that is placed between the patient and image receptor that absorbs scatter
radiation that is exiting the body.

HIS - hospital information system.

Histogram – graphic display of the distribution of the pixel values.

Image receptor – In radiography, this general term applied to any device or medium that
capture the remnant beam.

Intensifying screens – mounted in the cassette singly or in pairs, theses screens glow
with visible light when struck by radiation and expose the film contained in the cassette.

Imaging plate (IP) – device that is made of a photostimulable phosphor that absorbs the
photon energies exiting the patient; is located inside a computed radiographic cassette.

kVp – peak kilo voltage that is applied to the x-ray tube, which determines the
wavelength of the x-ray beam, its ability to penetrate the body, and the overall contrast of
the radiographic image.

Lead aprons – coverings worn by radiographers who are in a radiographic or

fluoroscopic room with the x-ray beam turned on; the lead absorbs most of the scatter
radiation that strikes the apron.
mAs – milliampere seconds; the product of milliamperage and time; mA is the current
that is passed through the x-ray tube, which is the converted to x-rays when it strikes the
anode; it determines the number of x-rays produced and, consequently, the overall
darkness of the resulting radiographs; radiation exposure to the patient is directly
proportional to the mAs used.

Matrix – digital image that is made up of rows and columns of data.

Object-to-image receptor distance (OID) – distance from the part being examined to
the device that is detecting the radiation; this term is preferred over object film distance
(OFD) because some imaging modalities do not use film as the primary image receptor.

PACS – Picture archiving and communication system.

Pixel – picture element; the smallest component of a matrix.

Post processing image enhancement – Digital manipulation of a radiographic image

after its acquisition by the computer.

Processor – machine that automatically develops x-ray film.

Radiograph – X-ray image as viewed after It has been exposed and processed.

Radiographic position – Specific position of the body or body part in relation to the
table or image receptor.

Radiographic projection – Path that the x-ray beam takes as it passes through the body;
described as if the body is in the anatomic position.

Radiographic view – term used to explain how image receptor sees the body image; the
opposite of the radiographic projection.

Recorded detail – Sharpness of structural lines as recorded on the radiograph.

Remnant beam (exit radiation) – X-ray beam that exits the patient; is made up of
image-forming rays and scatter radiation.
RIS – Radiology information system.

Source-to-image receptor distance (SID) – distance from the source of radiation to the
device that is detecting the radiation; this term is preferred over focal film distance (FFD)

Source-to-object distance (SOD) – distance from the source of radiation to the part
being examined; this term is preferred over focal-subject distance (FOD)

Voxel – Volume elements; section of tissue represented by a pixel.

Window level – Midpoint of densities in a digital image; used to adjust digital image
brightness.

Window width – Adjust contrast of the digital image.