ONT AIRCRAFT MATERIALS AND PROCESSES 16X0.035, 3/8X 0.035, 7/16 X 0.035, 4X 0.035, */s X 0.035, % X 0.049. “Wg X.0.049, 1 X 0.049. 11/8 X 0.049. —Gihistabingean be annealed at a tewiperature of 1000-1000°F. if required G@fier severe forming and bending. Copper Wire. A soft copper wire is used as a locking wire in aircraffy construction. It is drawn from pure copper and has a tensile strength ipproaching 40,000 p.s.i.and an elongation of 25%. ‘Beryllinm/-Copper. This material is a high-strength, heat-treatable nonmag- jelalloy available as bar, rod, sheet, strip, and wite. Its density is 0.298 Crtemicat. Composition (%) 2,00-2.25Full-hard, heat-treated Wire Soft annealed 80,000 max. Soft annealed, heat-treated | 150,000 Yhard 90,000 Ye hard, heat-treated 160,000 a Yebord Yehard, heat-treatedeee BRASS aiiar ea — — Conisisting of a solid Solution Of ZineiN Coppa ii TEN brasses sometimes contain a small amount of Im, iron, lead, mangaheSe\litiagnesiui Nickell pHosphoris oe ‘Brass with azine) content|6f1B0% to 35% is very ductile, and with 45% zinc content it has a relatively high strength. Brasses with a zinc content up to 37% are in so-called “alpha solution,” while above that percentage a “beta- solution” condition exists. It is the difference between these two conditions that accounts for the ductility of the low-zinc brass and the strength of the high-zinc brass. Alpha-solution brass can only be annealed, but beta-solution brass can be increased in strength by heat treatment. Muntz Metal. Muntz metal is a brass composed of 60% copper and 40%) ine, Tt has excellent corrosion-resisting qualities in contact with salt waters 0 Gai be increased in strength by heat treatment. When heated to 1500°F. the eta solution absorbs the alpha solution. If quenched in water from thisZa... 7 TT PBBMA/OCOl*\—|k GOO | RAaAT\eZ i parts in contact with salt water. Manganese Bronze (Brass). (Manganese Browae)i8)Feallya)higiPzin@ (GRABSTIIE is exceptionally strong, tough, and corrosion resistant, CHEMICAL: Conostrion (%) Manganese (max) - 0.50 57260 = = Aluminum (max.) 0.25 ‘remainder Lead (max.) 020 Impurities (max) 1.10 iOf this alloy kn: has the following chemical composition, Chretcat. Conosmion (66) a Es sn a This type of casting has an ultimate tensile strength of 110,000 psi, a yield strength of 60,000 p.s.i., and an elongation of 12%. This material can be sand-cast or centrifugally cast in permanent molds. | Hy-Ten-Sl-Bronze. This is the trade name of a very high-strength copper alloy resembling manganese bronze in chemical composition. Physicat Propeeriss Sand cast Forged, rolled, extruded tensile streneth (0.si.) 115.000 |1) OO |r GOO ™ | paatieg Weight (Ib//cu. in.) 0.280 0.280 With lower sirength but higher elongation this alloy is also available in four other grades. It is reputed to be extremely hard, wear resistant, noncorra- ‘sive, and readily machinable and is recommended for bearings or bushings subject to heavy loads. Naval Brass (Tobin Bronze). Naval brass is often called Tobin’ bronze? [Wlis\Ot as strong as/manganese bronze but has greater strength, toughness, @ndicorrosion resistance than commercial brass. It is used for tumbuckle q@ibarrels, bolts, studs, nuts, and parts in contact with salt water.Peiises-Theoo= nap rle : CHeMIcaL ComPostion (%)_ as — 2 Zine 20 ‘remainder ‘Impurities (TR) «10 PHYSICAL Proverries [_ Yield point (p.s.i.)_| Elongation (4) Rods and bars, soft 20,000 0 Rods and bars, half-hard 27,000 jo Rods and bars, hard { 45,000 22 Shapes, soft 22,000 30 Plates. soft 20,000 30 Plates, half-hard HN Ea‘Naval brass has excellent machining qualities and i a ¢ qualities and is used for screw machine =<. barrels are made of this material, using either hard rod or Red Brass. ‘Red brass is sometimes classified as a bronze becaise/or its) SS ee fuel- and o Gilling fittings! It has good casting and finishing propérties and machines freely. (CremicaL Composition (%) Copper ~—«-8410286.0 Tren CHAK) _ 25 Tin 4.0-6.0 Phosphorusi(imax) 0-75 Lead 4.0-6.0 ‘Antimony(max) 025 Zine 4,0-6.0 Tmpurities (max.) 0.15 n ultimate tensile strength of 30,000 p.s.i.. a Red brass castings have al d an elongation of 20%. yield point of 12,000 p-s.i.. an BRONTEOO mals @ ae COm™ i RAB d point of 12,000 p.s.i., od en congier oe = BRONZE (BybAzes are Copper alloys containing tin, Lead, zine; and PHOSPHITE in some bronzes but do not total more than 15%. There is aIS08B ‘aluminum bronze in which aluminum is the major alloying element. The Ii) ‘bronzes have up to 25% tin) but those containing below 11% tin are the most useful. Bronzes have excellent bearing qualities duc to the fact that the tin is ina hard delta solid solution in the copper: This hard delta solution distributed through the alpha metal gives ideal bearing properties. Delta solution is onlyaa OO i=/yeoo Solution is removed or c Gun Metal. bw | RB oT le z changed by heat treatment, Hit. It is recommended for use under Pressures as in gears and bearings, severe working conditions and heavy CHEMICAL Composrrion (%) Copper? 861028910) Lead(max) © — 0.20 Tin 9.0-11.0 Ironfmax.) 0.06 Zine 1.0-3.0 Gun-metal castings have an ultimate tensile strength of 30,000 p.si., a yield point of 15,000 ps.i., and an elongation of 14%. 1t should not be used where the temperature will exceed 500°F. When used for bearings, it Should not be annealed, or the hard delta eutectoid will be removed. Phosphor Bronze. Phosphor! bronize’ Can be! obtained in! thelfollowing forms: rod, bar, sheet, strip, plate, and spring Wire. It is\lisedlforlthe manufacture of bolts, valve disks, electti¢ contacts, aid small springs.= Gea) wonncne = om B3Q/OOlxjm|/% 800m) REE Copper (min.) ‘Lead (max!) s . 0.20 Tin (min.) & {ffon (max.) 0.10 Phosphorus _0.05-0.50 Puysicat. Properties = U.ts. (p.s.i.) | Yield point (p.s.i.) | Blongation (%) Rods and bars | q Upto 4in. | 80,000 60,000 12 Over % 10 1 in. | 60,000 40,000 20 Over 1 t03in | 55.000 30,000 25 —Over3in, | 50,000 | 25,000 25 Sheet and strip i U ‘Spring temper, 0-8 in. wide | 90,000 45,000 Spring temper, 8-12 in. wide| 80,000 | 40,000 | 1 50.0001, |__| 25,000 | ESS Half-hard, all sizesSun metal. Tt is used for beatings, bushings fears, and other applicatigag L igs, bushings, g¢ t! icati . i - Fequiting good strength and resistance to salt-water corfosion, (CHEMICAL Composirion (%) Coppeh = 8689) Phos} pHORISmAN) 0.05 Tin 75-110 Iron (max.) 0.10 * Zine 15-45 Nickel (max.) 0.75 Lead 0-03 This alloy has an ultimate tensile strength of 40,000 p.s.i. and an elongation of 20%. Aluminum Bronze. Aluminuin | brnzé |possesses greater) resistanee to GoFFosion than manganese bronze, and hence may be used where greatee Strength and corrosion resistance is réquited. Ithas good bearing qualities as well as great strength, It may be readily forged. Ibis available commerciallyAlumnum 65110 Tronmay = 4.0 Manganese (max.) (Nickel(max) — 5.5 (max.) Silicon (max) 2.25 Copper remainder x * If large amounts of either nickel orsilicon are present the other element may Not exceed 0.25% maximum. PuysicaL Properties | Elongation (%) Rods and bars Up to %in.ieie| @ OO IR BaT\e2Z Upto Min, under 3 widg 60,000 24,000 25 22,000 25 20,000 | 30 Up to 4in., over 30 in. wide | 55,000 Over ¥4 in., all widths 50,000 Aluminum Bronze Casting Alloy. This alloy is aS hard as manganes® (Btonze//and has great strength and resistance to corrosion, shock, and fatigae) | TRistused for worm gears, valve seats, bearings, and propeller hub cones. AIRCRAFT MATERIALS AND PROCESSES144 AIRCRAFT MATERIALS AND PROCESSES Specification MIL-B-6947 describes this material. (CHENiCAL Composition (%) Copper (min.) 78.0 Manganese (max.) 5.0 Aluminum 10.5+12.0 Nickel (max.) 5.0 Iron 2.0-5.0 Tin (max.) 0.20 This materia! after heat treatment has an ultimate tensile strength of 85,000 p-s.i. minimum, and a minimum elongation of 3%. Bronze Cable. Extra-flexible bronze cable, 7 by 19 strands) is manufac furedifor aircraft use. The weight and breaking strength for éach 8izeloF cable) _ Sas follows: