International Junior Scionce Olympiad (Biology) ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (RESPIRATION) Respiration + Approcess in which oxidation of organic compounds occurs in the cell and energy is released is called as respira tion, Stages of Respiration ~ According to scientist G.S, Carter there are three stages in respiration i) External Respiration (Ventilation) — Gaseous exchange between environment and lung. (i Internal Respiration — (1) Gaseous exchange between lungs and blood. (2) Gaseous exchange between blood and tissue fluid (iii) Cetlular Respiration — Oxidation of organic compounds in the cell by which eneray is released, STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (1) Respiratory Tract (Conducting zone) (2) Lungs (Exchange zone) Respiratory tract — A passage from external nostils to lungs or —A passage by which air enters into the kings Lungs ~ Anatomical organ which is the actual site for the exchange of gases. External nostrils —»Vestibule —» Nasal Chamber —» Internal nares —p Naso pharymx Trachea ¢—Larynx— Glotlis¢— Pharyns: Bronchial Tree weoc.erasa, SAL SUPERIOR NaS ty Se pes neemon west GOSS eo restr swacien he LEFT PRIMARY cnr une tes —verreina a ma vscena, vectra PLEURAL cavry Human respiratory system 1. Nose and Nasal- passage + The respiratory path begins from the Nose and the Nasal passage. + This part contains hair and sebaceous glands, In this manner the dust particles can not enter in, + The nasal-passege is long and spiral. It helps in making the temperature of air equal to the body temperature before it reaches the lungs and does not allow unwanted materials like dust to reach the lungs, 144Target : 150 (Stags |) 2021-22 2. Bucco-pharyngeal cavity It is divided into two parts. Anterior part Is called the Buecal-cavity and the posterior partis called Pharyngeal- cavity, Pharyns is the only part where food and air passage mix together. 3. Larynx (voice producing organ) It is present in anterior part of the trachea so It Is considered as modification of trachea. 4. Trachea Itisa 10-12 cm long tube like structure present in complete length of neck upto anterior part of thoracic cavity lin complete length of trachea 16-20 'C’ shaped rings are present which prevents trachea from collapsing. 5. Bronchial tree (B. T.) & Respiratory Tree (R. T.) When trachea enters inio thoracic cavity, it divides in two branches called as primary bronchus. Branches of primary bronchus upto terminal bronchioles makes bronchial tree. Volume of air which is filed in B.T. is a part of dead space volume. which doesn't take a part in gaseous exchange, (150 ml, External nostrils Vestibule + Nasal Chamber + Internal nares Naso pharynx + Pharynx | Glottis Larynx ‘Conducting Zone’ Trachea + Bronchial Tree [—” Trachea + Primary Bronchus Bronchial Secondary Bronchus tree Tertiary/Segmental Bronchus ‘Total Pulmonary Bronchioles ‘Terminal Bronchiole Ly 4 — [—> Respiratory Bronchiole <—— + Alveolar Duct Respiratory ATRIA Exchange Zone - ; Alveolar Sac 4 oe 142=> ALLEN International Junior Scionce Olympiad (Biology) (SS Sta, 6. Lungs + Apair of lungs are present in the thoracic-cavity. Lungs are covered by a double-membrane which fs called the Pleural-membranes. Outer membrane Is the Parietal Pleura and the inner-membrane is Visceralpleura. Both these membranes are derived from the mesoderm, In between both the membranes, a very narrow cavity called Pleural-cavity 1s present. In this cavity. a very thin layer of pleural fluid Is present fabout 150 mi. Sometimes due to bacterial infection, the amount of this fluid increases. So, the organism feels difficulty in breathing (dyspnoea). This is termed as pleuricy or pleural effusion disease. In human being right hung is made up of 3 lobes & left lung is made up of 2 lobes, 7. Alveoli + Structural & functional unit of lungs is called alveoli + Approximately 300 million alveoli are present in both lung. Inner (alveolar) surface area of both the lungs is approximately 100 m?, Wall of alveoli consist of two layers, outer layer is composed of yellow fibrous C.T., and inner layer is composed of simple squamous epithelium, + Squamous cells are called as pneumocytes. + Adense network of blood capillaries is found in alveol: + These blood capillaries come frotn pulmonary artery. Pulmonary artery divides into blood capillaries alter reaching in hings. All these capillaries combine to form pulmonary vein at the another end. These veins carry pure blood to the left auricle of the heart, There are small pores present in the walls of alveoli, These pores make diffusion of gases easy. These pores ate called pores of Kohn, Itis the characterstic feature of mammalian lungs that there is no central cavity. Marnmalian lungs are solid and spongy. MECHANISM OF BREATHING + Inspiration and expiration are included in breathing, Inspiration ;- At the time of inspiration, contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles takes place, ‘+ Diaphragm becomes flat and is pushed towards abdominal cavity. + Ribs move towards outside, As a result ofall these reactions, the volume of the thoracic cavily is increased. Due to the spongy nature, lungs expand. As a result of this, air pressure in the lungs is decreased by 1-3 mm mercury column as compared to the atmospheric pressure. Now alr rushes from outside through respiratory track and fills the lungs. Inspiration is an active process. Normally it takes around 2 seconds. Air entering lungs Ribs and sternum raised Volume of thorax increased Expiration ‘+ Normal expiration is a passive activity. It takes around 3 seconds. During expiration, contraction (in any muscle) does not take place, During expiration, relaxation in diaphragm and external intercostal anuscles takes place. Ar oral fom os Volume of thorax decreases, relaxed and arched upwards 143,Target : 150 (Stags A) 2021-22 TRANSPORT OF GASES IN BLOOD Transport of oxygen ‘As muich oxygen comes in the blood from air, itis approximately 3% dissolves in the blood plasma, Remaining 97% oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxvhaemoglobin. One molecule of haemoglobin combines with 4 molecules of oxygen 1 gm of haemoglobin transports 1.34 ml of oxygen, 100 ml (1 dL) of blood contains normally 15 gm of haemoglobin, so 100 ml blood transports approximately 20 iil of oxygen. At the time oxyhaemoglobin reaches upto the tissues, tt dissociates. O, freed from it goes into the tissue fluid from blood. In place of it, CO, from tissue fluid comes into the blood. This gaseous exchange between blood and tissue Is called internal respiration or tissue respiration, It is also done by simple diffusion Transport of Carbon dioxide ‘The blood transports carbon dioxide comparatively easily because of its higher solubility. There are three ways of transport of carbon dioxide by which 100 ml of blood manages to deliver about 4 to 4,2 ml of carbon dioxide to the alveoli (2) In dissolved state : Approximately 5-7 per cent of carbon dioxide is transported, being dissolved in the plasma of blood. Hence 0.3 ml of carbon dioxide is transported per 100 ml of blood plasina, (b) In the form of bicarbonate : Carbon dioxide produced by the tissues, diffuses passively into the blood stream and passes into the red blood corpuscles, where it reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H,CO,). This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase found in the erythrocytes and takes less than one second to complete the process. (©) In combination with amine group of protein : Besides the above two methods, carbon dioxide reacts directly with the amine radicals (NH,) of haemoglobin molecule and forms a carbaminohaemoglobin {HHb.NHCOOH) molecule, This combination of carbon dioxide with haemoglobin is a reversible reaction, Neatly 23 percent of carbon dloxide is transported through this mode. Gaseous Exchange in Lungs From atorola overuse mmanigo, Atinkng 108m 90, Alveoli are the primary sites for exchange of gases, Exchange emit, Avecks Om HgcO, of gases also takes between blood and tissues. Exchang ¢ of gases in the lungs is done between alveolar air and arterial blood. Gaseous exchange is a passive activity, It is held by simple diffusion, Diffusion pressure for every gas in blood orin air) is called partial pressure, At the time of diffusion «gases move from high partial pressure to low partial pressure. The partial pressure of O,, in alveolar air [P,,] is 104 mm mercury column, its value in arterial blood is 40. mm mercury column (Hg). So oxygen goes from alveolar air to arterial air. In aleolar air, the partial pressure of CO, [Po,] is 40 min Hg and its value in arterial blood is 45-46 mm Hg So CO, moves from arterial blood to alveoll. In this way. according to partial pressure exchange of gases takes place in the lungs. 144International Junior Scionce Olympiad (Biology) Table of partial pressures and percentage concentrations (in brackets) of gases in various airs Gas ‘Atmospheric air Functional residual Expired air alveolar air 0, 159.0(20.84%%) 104.0(13.6%) 120.0(15.7%) co, 0.3(0.04%) 0.015.398) 27.0(3.6%) Partial Pulmonary Pulmonary Tissue fluid Inside of cell Pressure Arterial Blood Venous Blood (eoxygenated blood) (Oxygenated blood) Po, 40 mm Hg, 95-104 mm Hg 40mm Hg 20mm Hg Po, 45-46 mm Hg 40 mm Hg 45mm Hg 50mm Hg ‘Thus the partial pressure of ©, in pure blood p,, = 104mm Ha and PCO, |, = 40 mm Ha Pure blood goes to tissues from the heart, Inspirated air contains 19.6% oxygen and expirated air has 15.7% 0, So approximately 4% oxygen goes to blood from air fn the same way inspiraled alr contains 0.04% CO, and expirated air has 3.6 % CO, 80 approximately 3.56% CO, goes to air from blood Diffusing Capacity : Volume of gas that diffuses though the membrane per minute for a difference of 1 mm Hg. It Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve :~ is 21 ml/minute/mmn Hg for O, Diffusing on capacity depends on the solubility of diffusing gases DC of CO, is 20 times more than O, DC of ©, is twice more than N, Lpthetal Tie oambeanee decane esas ert ‘amesny tess FRLE Spike bison ©. Dithaen fC Agraph is plotted between ©, concentration and percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen (we get a sigmoid curve], this curve is called Dissociation curve Dissociation curve is a sigmoid curve. As the concentrationof CO, increases, saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen decreases. At higher CO, concentration, dissociation curve shifts towards the rightside, This effect is called Bohr's effect. The meaning of right side shifting of the dissociation curve ATT 4s that only O, ts readily dissociating from oxyhaemoglobin. Patil pressure of oxygen (mim Hg) Shift to left means increase in the affinity berween O,and Hb (which may be due to ¢ pH, Jtemp, 4 CO) Shift to Right means decrease in the affinity between O, & Hb, which may be due to | pH. ttemp, + CO,) Hb can not take up ©, beyond a saturation level of 97%. Hb is 50% saturated with O, at 30mm Hg 5 Percentage saturation of haemagobin with oxygenTarget : 150 (Stage-t) 2021-22 PULMONARY VOLUMES Physical capacity of the lungs is measured by a instrument called L Tidal volume [T.V.] - It is the amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing. Its normnal value for man Is 500 ml, Whole inspired alr does not reach up to lungs. The portion of alr which remains in the respiratory track is called Anatomical dead-space. lis value for nan is 150 ml. Spirometer 2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume |[[.R.\] - It is the maximum amount of air inspired over the tidal volume by deepest inspiration, Its value is about 3000 mi. (2500 to 3000 mi) 3. Expiratory reserve volume [E.R.Vi|- It is the amount of alr expired over the tidal volume by most forceful expiration. Its value is 1000 ml, [1000-1100] 4. Residual volume - [R.V.|- Its the amount of air that remains inside the lungs after a forceful expiration. Residual volume can not be given out of lungs. Its value is 1200ml. (1200 - 1500m) tmaar p20 m1 reeue sox n Spirogram of pulmonary volumes and capacities PULMONARY CAPACITIES 1. Inspiratory capacity -[1.C.}- It is the amount of air, one can inspire by maximum distension or expansion of his lungs, it is called IC. In it inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume are included. LC. =LRV. + TY, 3000 ml + 500 mi Le, 3500 ml 2. Functional Residual capacity [FRC] - I is the amount of air which normally remains inside the lungs after expiration. In tt expiratory reserve volume and residual wolume are included FRC =ERV+RV = 1000 ml + 1200 mi FRC = (2200-2500 mh 3. Vital capacity - [V.C - It is the amount of air that can be expired by the most forceful expiration after a deepest inspiration, Inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and tidal volume are included in i vic. =IRV + ERV+TV 3000 ml + 1000 ml + 500 ml = 4500 ml (4300 to 4800 ml) 4. Total lung capacity {7.L.C)] It is the maximum amount of air that lungs can hold. In it inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume are included. TLC =IRV + TV+ERV+RV = 3000 + 500 + 1000 + 1200 TLC = 6000 ml approx) (6700 to 6000 ml} 5. Antomical dead space : About 30% (150 ml of tidal volume remains in the conducting air ways of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles where no gaseous exchange coceurs. this is termed anatomical dead space. 6. Respiratory Minute Volume : The amount of ait moved in and out of the lungs during one minute, It is ‘equal to the tidal volume times the number of breaths per minute (500 mL x 12 = 6000 mL), 146[=> ALLEN International Junior Scionce Olympiad (Biology) Respiratory Disorders Asthma is a clficulty in breathing which causes wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased. One of the major cause of this is cigarette smoking Occupational Respiratory Disorders: in certain industries, especially those involving grinding or stone- breaking, so much dust is produced that the defense mechanism of the body cannot fully cope with the situation, Long exposure can give rise to inflammation leading to fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous tissues) and thus causing serious lung damage. Workers in such industries should wear protective masks. SOME TERMS RELATED TO RESPIRATION 1. Eupnoea -- [tis the state of normal breathing, [n man, the rate of normal breathing is 12-16 per minute, in infants, rate of breathing is 44 per minute, Rate of breathing is slowest while sleeping. 2. Bradypnoea or Hyponoea ~ It is the state of slow breathing 3. Tachypnoea or hypernoea «It is the state of fast breathing 4, Apnoea - It isthe state of stoppage of breathing temporarily 5. Dyspnoea - It is the state of discomfort due to dificuty in breathing 6, Asphyxia - Its the state of suffocation due to high CO, cone! or low O, conet 7. Anoxia -It is absence of O, supply to the tissues 8, Hypocapnoea - It isthe state of reduced CO, cone" in the blood 9. Hypercapnoea - It is the state of increased CO,con* in the blood CELL RESPIRATION Its the release of energy from food by progressive oxidation Cell respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic. Bachs (1890) ciscovered that respiration can occur without oxygen (1) Aerobic respiration + Ttis.a multi step complete oxidative breakclown of respiratory substrate into carbon dioxide and water with the help of oxygen acting as terminal oxklant CcH205 + 607 tims, 6CO, + 6H2O + 686 keal / 2870 kilojoules The energy is stored in some 38 molecules of ATP. ‘Aerobic respiration occurs in following steps (2) Glyoolysis (0) Link reaction (€) Krobs eycle (@) Oxidative phosphorylation (a) Glycolysis : (GK - glykys suger, lysis breakdown) on EMP pathway (Embden Meyerhof and pamas). This pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. eH 20¢ + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD* —™"™™" > 2C.HyO3 ae + 2NADH ibyrie acs (b) Link reaction : Pyruvate + NAD* + CoA aati Acetyl Co + NADHe + COz In mnitochondria - Pyruvic acid or Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to produce acetyl - CoA, COz, NADH», (o) Krebs cycle : Krebs, 1940) Also known as Citric acid eyele or TCA cycle ttricarboxlic acid cycle). Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle. Acetyl CoA + 3NAD* + FAD + ADP* (Pi) > CoA + 3NADHy + FADHy + 2COy + ATP + 3H" NADH and FADH, liberates H* and electron They are used in building up ATP molecules. They activate oxygen molecules to combine with hy¢lrogen for forming water. (d) Oxidative phosphorylation : Generation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate with the help of electron generated energy during oxidation of reduced coenzymes (NADHy, FADH,) Water formed in respiration is called metabolic water. As oxygen is used at the end of Kreb cycle for combining with hydrogen the process alled terminal oxidation 147A) 2021-22 Call respiration in aerobes can be summarised as Gnome Pyrusane —o [Porn onaren ] Hyg Beane kes IGarea be NADH and ADH) Beso Transper Ohain Hedrons cons Oem wer tne wae Making ATP by Phosphorylation {ATP ts energy currency of cell, it breaks to form ADP and (P)) and releases energy) In the cell, ATP is made by adeing a phosphate group to a molecule of ADP. This is phosphorylation. This requires energy. Hence energy is stored in ATP this way ; it is carried out in two different ways. ‘Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation 1. Substrate level phosphorylation : Is the process in which a phosphate group from a substrate molecule fa mokeule other than ATP, ADP or AMP} is transfered to a molecule of ADP. giving a new molecule of ATP. This form of phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle. 2. Oxidation phosphorylation : ATP is synthesize using free phosphate group. The eneray ts required in this process. The energy required is obtained from the series of oxidation reactions. The process is complex and occurs at intemal membrane of mitochondrion (cristae) where electron transport chain is present. + Firstly breaking of NADH & PADH, takes place to form NAD and FAD and releases H* and electrons. Electrons are accepted by the electron acceptors (cartier molecules) in electron transport chain, Finally at the end of electron transport chain, electrons are accepted by oxygen and it gets reduced which then combines with H? ions to form H,O, The electron transport chain consist of a series of carrier molecule, which first accepts an electron (reduced) and then looses it again (oxidised) and the eneray is lost by the eleciton at each transfer which can be used to power the active transport of H’ across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ‘+ This result in high conc of H* in outer mitrochondrion space and a low con in the inner mitochondrial space. + Because of this cone. difference, hydrogen ions leaks back to inner compartment. The only route that they have is through miclle of stalked granules ATPase enzyme. + Asthe stream of hydrogen ions flows down the cone. gralient, enough energy is released to allow free inorganic phosphate molecules to be added to ADP to form ATP, ‘+ This is called chemiosmotic hypothesis & was proposed by Peter Mitchell (1961). He received the Nobel prize in chemistry in (1978). Stage Site Within cell | Over all process _ No. of ATP Molecules produces 1[Gyeckais| Cplosst ‘Glucose is wplt into 2 2 per glucose molecules of pyruvate [Poruvate oxidation | Matrix finer fluid of | Puruvate—> acetsl CoA None mitochondria) B|kreb’s ole Matrix ‘Aceiyl CoA drives a cycle | 2 per evale (4 per cof reactions which shucose) produces hydrogen Electron transport | Inner membrane of | Hydrogen drives a series | Up to 32 per glucose [chain (Oxidatiue mitochondria {Cristae)| of redox reactions which Iphosphorvlation) release enough energy to make ATP. 148Que. Ans. ® Gi) International Junior Scionce Olympiad (Biology) NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavine adenine dinucleotide) are Coenzyme, organic compounds that catalysis reaction. As their name implies, coenzymes works closely with enzymes. Unlike enzyme they are not proteins. NAD and FAD camties electrons from electron donors in glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation (link reaction) and Kreb's cycle to electron acceptors in the electron transport chain in mitochondrial membrane. When NAD and FAD accept electron, they become reduced and becomes NADH and FADH,, In this form they are reduced co-enzymes, This reduction always requires dehydrogenase enzyme. Dehyclrogenase enzyme removes H" from other molecules and spilt H into H* and election, NAD and FAD accepts electrons and H* plays an important role in the electron transport chain, combines with oxygen to form HO. In Human body NAD is synthesied from Vit. B, (nicotinic acid) and FAD from vit. B, (riboflavin). NAD delivers its electrons to a higher energy level in the chain then does FAD. As a result NAD will provide 50% more energy for ATP synthesis than FAD reach NAD produces 3ATP while cach FAD produces 2ATP molecules How many ATP molecules are produced, per molecule of glucose in aerobic call respiration ? ATP can be made in two ways by substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphoylation, ‘Substrate level phosphorylation : Glycolysis and Krebs cycle produce ATP in this way = Stage AIP formed. Glycelysis 2(2 used but 4 made) Pyruvate oxidation 0 Kreb’s eyele 2{1 per turn) Total 4 Oxidative phosphorylation : This is production of ATP by electron transport chain. It relies on continuous supply of high eneray electron from the preceeding processes. These electrons are provided by the reduced co-enzymne NADH, FADH, Stage NADH produced “ADH, produced Glvealysis 2 0 Pyruvate oxidation, 2 0 Krebs cycle 6(3 per turn) 2{1 per turn) Total 10 al We know that for every molecule of NADH fed into the chain, 3 molecules of ATP are produced and for every molecule of FADH, fed into the chain, 2 molecules of ATP ate produced. Therefore 10 NADH will provide = 30 ATP 2 FADH, will provide = 4 ATP 34 ATP. by oxtlative phosphorylation ATP produced = 34 by substrate level phosphorylation ATP produced = 4 Total 38 ATP In practise, the figure is usually 36 molecules of ATP. Because the mitochondrial membrane ts impermeable to NADH, the 2 molecules & NADH formed during glycolysis in the cytosol cannot carry their electrons directly into the electron transport chain. To get over this most cells have a shuttle system in which electron released by the NADH and passed across the mitochondrial membrane where they are picked up by FADH,. As we saw earlier, FADH, only produces 2ATPs compared with 3 mace by NADH, thus reclucing the final total (38) to (36, 149Target : 150 (Stags A) 2021-22 This is the ATP total under Weal conditions. (2) Anaerobic respiration : Occurs in many lower organisms eg. certain bacteria. yeast. In human body it occurs regularly in red blood cells and during heavy excursion in muscles. Anaerobic respiration occurs in cytoplasm, In yeast Glucose REET 2CsH 2CyHsOH(Ethano) + 2COy + Energy (2ATP) GlycSlysis In muscle cells Glucose —gSBttet > 2C3HgOx(pyrwvate) —ysS888"> 2CH|CHOHCOOH + 2ATP: Guanes (lactic acid) (energy) Build up of lactic acid due to prolong exercises cause fatigue and cramps. Fermentation (L. fermentum froth), It is anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates by micro-organisms producing alcohol, organic acids and a variety of other products along with heat and waste gases, Fermentation is used in brewing industry {lor producing wine, whisky, beer), baking industry (for inaking bread spongy}, curd and yoghurt formation, synthesis of vinegar, citric acid, lactic acid, softening and aromatization of Tobacco, Tea and other beverages, cleaning of hides and separating or retting of fibres (e.g. dute, Hemp) 15010. 11. 12. 13. International Junior Scionce Olympiad (Biology) ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (RESPIRA EXERCISE INTRODUCTION Respiration is (1) Physical process (2) Chemical proc (3) Physico chemical process (4) None Respiratory system is derived from (1) Ectoderm (2) Endoderm (3) Both 1 & 2 (4) Endo mesoderm STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY TRACT Nasal chamber is lined by () olfactory epithelium (2) glandular epithelium (3) highly vascularised epithelium (4) all The type af tissue lining the nasal passage, bronchioles and fallopian tubes is ~ (1) columnar ciliated epithelium (2) cuboidal epithelium (3) neurosensory epithelium (4) germinal epithelium Larynx is a modified portion of (1) Pharynx (2) Trachea (3) Bronchus (4) Lungs ‘The structure which prevents the entry of food into respiratory tract is (U)pharynx (2) Larynx (3) Glottis (4) Epiglottis Larynx open into phatynx by (1) Gullet (2) Glottis (3) Epiglottis (4) None In humans sound is produced by (1) syrinx (2) larynx (3) bronchus (4) trachea Adam's Apple represents: (1) Arytenoid cartilage of larynx (2) Cricoid cartilage of larynx (3) Thyroid cartilage of larynx (4) All the above What is the function of region labelled as ‘a’ in the given diagram ? (1) passage to lungs (2) connection of larynx (3) sound producing (4) warm providing Cartilaginous rings in trachea are incomplete at which surface (1) Dorsal (2) Ventral (3) Lateral 4) Venirolateral Which of the following prevents collapsing of Trachea (1) Muscles (2) Diaphragm (3) Ribs (4) Cartilagenuous rings Narrowest and most abundant lubes of lungs are (1) bronchioles (2) bronchus 3) alveolt (4) trachea 151Target : 150 (Stage-t) 2021-22 14, 15. LUNGS. Inflammation of the lung covering causing severe chest pain is (1) emphysema (2) pleurisy (3) asphyxia (4) hypoxia Each lung is enclosed in a double membrance called as pleura. The membrance which closely covers the lung is (1) Lung pleura (2) Visceral pleura (8) Peritoneal pleura (4) Parietal pleura 16. Among mammals, the efficiency of ventilation of lungs as compared to repliles and birds is better developed by the presence of (1) Ribs & costal muscles (2) Only ribs (3) Only costal muscles (4) Diaphragm 17. If the thoracic wall but not the lungs are punctured (1) The lungs get inflated (2) The man dies as the lungs get collapsed (3) The breathing rate decreases (4) The breathing rate increases 18. Mammalian lungs are (1) hollow (2) solid & spongy (3) spongy (4) none 19. Lungs are covered by (1) perichondrium (2) pleural sac (3) pericardium (4) peristomium 20. Which one protects the lungs (1) Rib (2) Vertebral colum (3) Sternum. (4) All above 21. Lungs ventilation movernents is due to = (1} Costal muscle and diaphragm. (2) Costal muscle (3) Diaphragm (4) Wall of the lungs ALVEOLI 22. Wall of alveoli is composed of (1) Simple squamous epithelium (2) Simple cuboidal epithelium {3} Pseudostratified epithelium (4) Simple columnar epithelium 23. Very high number of alveoli present in a lung is meant for (1) More space for increasing volume of inspired air {2} More area for diffusion (3) Making the organ spongy (4) Increasing nerve supply 24. Number of alveoli present in human lungs is (1) 7-10 million (2) 70-100 million (3) 300-400 million (4) 800-1000 million 25. The alveolar epithelium in the lung is {1) Noneiliated colomnar (2) Nonciliated squamous {3} Ciliated columnar (4) Ciliated squamous 26. The factor which does not affect the rate of alveolar diffusion is: {1} pressure gradient (2} solubility of gases (3) reactivity of the gases (4) concentration gradient 15227. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. International Junior Scionce Olympiad (Biology) MECHANISM OF BREATHING Which one of the following statement is correct? (1} Chest expands because air enters into the lungs {2} Air enters into the lungs because chest expands (3) The muscles of the diaphragm contracts because ait enters into the lungs (4) All of the above statements are correct Thoracic cavity is enlarged by contraction of (1) Internal Intercostal muscles (2) Diaphragm (3) Lungs {4) All of above Breathing by ribs is more pronounced in (1) Male (2) Female (3) Pregnant female (4) None The most important muscular structure in respiratory system of rabbit is (1) External intercostal muscles (2) Internal intercostal muscles (3) Diaphgram (4) Vertebral column Abdominal breathing refers to (1) Normal breathing (2) Slow breathing (3) Voluntary breathing (4) All of these Oxygen in expired air (1) 10% (2) 16% (3) 19% (a) 4% The most imporiant function of diaphragm of mammals is (1) to divide the body cavity into compartments (2) to protect lungs (3) to aid in digestion (4) to aid in ventilation During inspiration, the pressure of alr is maximum in (1) trachea (2) bronchus (3) alveoti (4) between lungs and chest Air is breathed through (1) Trachea — lungs — larynx — pharynx — alveoli (2) Nose —> larynx —> pharynx —> bronchus —> alveoli -» bronchioles (3) Nostrils > pharynx —> larynx —> trachea —» bronchi —> bronchioles —> alveoli (4)Nose > mouth — lungs Exchange of gases in lung alveoli occurs through (1) Active transport (2) Osmosis (3) Simple diffusion (4) Passive transport When CO2 concentration in blood increases, breathing becomes ~ (1) There is no effect on breathing (2) Slow and deep (3) Faster (4) Shallower and slow Expiration involves (1) relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles (2) contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles (3) contraction of diaphragm muscles {4} contraction of intercostal muscles Expiratory muscles contract at the time of (1) deep inspiration (2) normal inspiration and expiration (3) forceful expiration (4) normal expiration 153Target : 150 (Stage-t) 2021-22 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. TRANSPORT OF GASES IN BLOOD Under normal condition 100 ml blood carry (1) 4 ml COz (2) 10 ml CO, (3) 1.34 ml CO, (4) 30 ml COz External respiration refers to exchange of gases between {1} Inspired air and blood (2) Blood and tissue fluid (3) Alveolar air and blood (4) Environmental air and lungs What percentage of CO, flows in blood in form of bicarbonates (1) 7% (2) 23% (2) 50% (4) 70% How oxygen enters in blood from alveoli of lungs, (1) Pressure of COz (2) Simple diffusion (3) By Hb (4) None of these In the process of transport of COzg which phenomenon occurs between RBCs and plasma (1) osmosis (2) adsorption (3) chloride shift (4) absorption For proper transport of O2 and CO2 blood should be (1) Slightly acidic (2) Strongly acidic (3) Strongly alkaline (4) Slightly alkaline 46. The combination of oxygen with haemoglobin is called (1) oxidation (2) oxygenation (3) reduction (4) none of the above 47. Ratio of oxyhaemoglobin and haemoglobin in blood is based upon (1) oxygen tension (2) carbor-di-oxide tension {3) carbonate tension (4) bicarbonate tension 48. Which forms stable compound with haemoglobin? (1) O2 (2) COg (3). CO @) All 49. A molecule of haemoglobin can carry oxygen molecule : me (24 (3)6 48 50. Oxygen in lungs ultimately reaches (1) alveoli (2) trachea (3) bronchus (4) bronchioles 51. Most of the carbon - di - oxide is carried in the blood as {1) bicarbonates (2) carbon monoxide (3) carbonic acid (4) carbonates 52. In vertebrate blood the carrier of oxygen to the tissues or respiratory pigment is (1) plasma (2) lymphocytes (3) leucocytes (4) haemoglobin 53. Characteristic feature of haemoglobin is (1) Reversible union with Oxygen (2) It is blue colour (3) Presence of Cu (4) Presence of globulin portein 54. Carbon monoxide prevents transport of oxygen by {1) forming stable compound with haemoglobin (2) destroying haemoglobin {3} forming carbon dioxide with oxygen (4) destroying RBC's 15487. 58, 59. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 67. International Junior Scionce Olympiad (Biology) . Oxyhiaemoglobin acts as (1) alkali (2) acid (3) neutral (4) buifer Percentage of oxygen transported by haemoglobin is (1) 93 (2) 95 (3) 97 (4) 99 Carbon monoxide has greater affinity for haemoglobin as compared to oxygen (1) 1000 times (2) 200 times (3) 20 times (4) 2 times COy is transported as (1) Dissolved in blood plasma {2} As carbonic acid (3) In carbaminohaemoglobin {4) As carbaminohaemoglobin and carbonic acid In carbon monoxide poisoning there is {1} Increase in carbon dioxide concentration (2) Decrease in oxygen availability (8) Decrease in free haemoglobin (4) None of these Concentration of carbonic acid does not increase in blood due to presence of (1) Nat (2) Mg? (3) Cae (@) Ke Carbon dioxide entering erythrocytes reacts with water to form carbonic acid. The enzyme is (1) Carbonic anhydrase (2) Carboxypeptidase (3) Hydrolase (4) Oxidoreductase Why is CO poisonous for man :- (1) CO affects the nerves of the lungs (2) CO affects the diaphragm and intercostal muscles {3) CO reacts with oxygen reducing percentage of Oz in air {4) Haemoglobin combines with CO instead Og and the product cannot dissociate About 97% of Og is transported by RBC. The remaining 3% is (1) dissolved in plasma and transported (2) remains in lungs {3) attached to cell membranes (4) inside the mitochondria PULMONARY VOLUME If expiratory reserve volume is 1100 ml, residual volume is 1200 mil and tidal volume is 500 mil what shall be the functional residual capacity? (1) 1600 mi (2) 2800 mi (3) 2300 ml (4) 1200 mi 1200 mL volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after forcible expriation is called (1) tidal volume (2) residual volume (3) vital volume (4) inspiratory volume Maximum expiration after full inspiration is called (1) vital capacity (2) lung capacity (3) tidal volume (@) residual volume Air that remains in lung after most powerful expiration is {1) inspiratory air (2) dead space air (3) tidal air (4) residual air 155Target : 150 (Stage-t) 2021-22 68. Residual air mostly occurs in (1) Alveoli (2) Bronchus (3) Nostrils (4) Trachea 69. Volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath is known as (1) Inspiratory capacity (3) Tidal volume 70. About 1500 ml of air left in lungs is called (1) Tidal volume {3) Residual volume 71. Which one has the lowest value (1) Tidal volume (3) Inspiratory reserve volume 72. Residual volume is {1) lesser than tidal volume (3) greater than vital capacity (2) Total lung capacity (4) Residual volume (2) Ispiratory reserve volume (4) Vital capacity (2) Vital capacity (4) Expiratory reserve volume (2) greater than inspiratory volume (4) greater than tidal volume 73. Arrange the following in the order of increasing volume (A) Tidal volume {C) Inspiratory reserve volume MA] sttum | —? [entre Right Right : Right Right atrium | — [ventricle Jo | 4s Lungs | <— | veniricle alvium 105. Raju Sharma, a 101 standard student participated in 100 meter sprint. During running he developed painful muscle contraction and fell down, The physical education teacher rushed to him and gave a hot water massage. Raju Sharma slowly recovered from the cramp. The teacher explained the physiology behind the cramp and the sudsequent relief. Identify the right explanation. [2016] {(1) Because of the quick movement, the muscles looses its elasticity and are stressed. The inflammation developed during this process causes cramp. Alter hot water massage the inflammation subsides and the pain gets relieved, (2) During vigorous physical activity, aerobic respiration in the muscles increases which leads to the accumulation of more CO, in the muscles. This causes cramps. Later CO, was relieved upon hot water massage resulting in pain relief. {3} During vigorous physical activity, lactic acid accumulates in the muscles due to anaerobic respira- tion, This causes the cramps. Hot water massage improves the circulation of blood and O, in the muscles. As a result lactic acid is converted into CO, and water, Thus the pain gets relieved. {4) During quick movements, the nerves will not co-operate with the muscles. There isa stimulus which is taken to spinal cord and the effector function was done by motor neurons which cause cramp. On hol water massage the stimulus was subsided. Thus the pain gets relieved 106. 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