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GCSE Physics
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AQA Topic – Magnetism and

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Electromagnetism
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 Overview
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Permanent and Induced Magnetism,
Magnetic Forces and Fields
• Poles of a Magnet
• Magnetic Fields

The Motor Effect

• Electromagnetism
• Fleming’s Left-hand Rule (HT)
• Electric Motors (HT)
• Loudspeakers (HT)(Physics)

Induced Potential, Transformers and

the National Grid (HT)(Physics)
• Induced Potential (HT)
• Uses of the Generator Effect (HT)
• Microphones (HT)
• Transformers (HT)
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Permanent and Induced
Magnetism, Magnetic
Forces and Fields

• Poles of a Magnet
• Magnetic Fields
 Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Poles of a Magnet

Poles of a Magnet
Object Definition
Poles Places where the magnetic forces are strongest.
Produce their own magnetic fields. Permanent
Permanent Magnets
magnets can attract and repel.
Material that becomes magnetic when placed in a
magnetic field. Induced magnets can only attract.
Induced Magnets
When the magnetic field is removed an induced
magnet will lose most/all of its magnetism quickly.

When two magnets are brought together they exert a force on each other.
Two like poles repel each other, two unlike poles attract each other.

Attraction and repulsion are examples of non-contact force.

 Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Poles of a Magnet

Magnetic Forces
When two poles of two magnets are placed near each other they
can either attract or repel each other. The combination of north
and south poles determines whether they attract or repel.
 Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields
There are four main magnetic materials
that you need to know: iron, steel
(because it is made from iron), nickel and
cobalt. There is always a force of attraction
between magnets and magnetic materials.
Magnetic field = The region around a
magnet where a force acts on another
magnet (or magnetic material).

The strength of a magnetic field depends

on the distance from the magnet.
The field is strongest at the poles.
 Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Magnetic Fields

Direction of a Magnetic Field

The direction of the magnetic field at any point is given by the direction of
the force that would act on another north pole placed at that point.

The direction of a magnetic field

line is always from north
(seeking) pole to south (seeking)
pole.
 Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Field Shapes

To find the direction of the magnetic field of a bar magnet there are two main
techniques.
1. Place the bar magnet under a piece of paper and sprinkle iron filings over
the paper. Tapping the paper will produce the magnetic field pattern of the
bar magnet.
 Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Field Shapes…continued

2. Placing a magnetic compass (which contains a small bar magnet) in the
magnetic field of a bar magnet causes the compass needle to point in the
direction of the magnetic field.
 Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Magnetic Fields

Earth’s Magnetic Field

A magnetic compass contains a small
bar magnet. The Earth has a magnetic
field. The compass points in the
direction of the Earth’s magnetic field.

The magnetic field pattern produced by

compass needles leads us to conclude
that the Earth’s core is magnetic. The
origin of the Earth’s magnetic field is
thought to be the movement of molten
iron in the core.
QuestionIT!
Permanent and induced
magnetism, magnetic
forces and fields

• Poles of a Magnet
• Magnetic Fields
 Permanent and Induced Magnetism, Magnetic Forces and Fields - QuestionIT

1. What are the poles of a magnet?

2. When two magnets are brought together what do they do?

3. When a magnet and a magnetic material are brought together

what do they do?

4. What is a permanent magnet?

5. What is an induced magnet?

 Permanent and Induced Magnetism, Magnetic Forces and Fields - QuestionIT

6. Describe the difference between permanent and induced

magnets.

7. Which part of a magnet has the strongest magnetic field?

8. Two magnets are placed close together, north seeking pole to

north seeking pole. Describe the forces acting on the two
magnets.

9. Name three magnetic elements.

 Permanent and Induced Magnetism, Magnetic Forces and Fields - QuestionIT

10. Describe two methods for finding the magnetic field pattern
of a bar magnet.

11. Draw the magnetic field pattern of a bar magnet.

12. How would you describe the direction of a magnetic field

line?

13. What does a magnetic compass contain?

14. Which way does the compass needle point?

15. What do scientists think is the cause of the Earth’s magnetic

field?
AnswerIT!
Permanent and induced
magnetism, magnetic
forces and fields

• Poles of a Magnet
• Magnetic Fields
 Permanent and Induced Magnetism, Magnetic Forces and Fields - QuestionIT

1. What are the poles of a magnet?

Places where the magnetic forces are strongest.
2. When two magnets are brought together what do they do?
Exert a force on each other; attraction or repulsion.
3. When a magnet and a magnetic material are brought together
what do they do?
Attract.
4. What is a permanent magnet?
Material that produces its own magnetic field.
5. What is an induced magnet?
Material that becomes a magnet when it is placed in a
magnetic field.
 Permanent and Induced Magnetism, Magnetic Forces and Fields - QuestionIT

6. Describe the difference between permanent and induced

magnets.
Permanent produces its own field/ induced becomes
magnetic when placed in a field.
Permanent can attract or repel/ induced always attracts.
Induced magnet loses most/all of its magnetism quickly when
removed from magnetic field.
7. Which part of a magnet has the strongest magnetic field?
Poles.
8. Two magnets are placed close together, north seeking pole to
north seeking pole. Describe the forces acting on the two
magnets.
Repulsion.
9. Name three magnetic elements.
Iron, steel, cobalt, nickel.
 Permanent and Induced Magnetism, Magnetic Forces and Fields - QuestionIT

10. Describe two methods for finding the magnetic field pattern
of a bar magnet.
Sprinkle iron filings onto paper, tap paper. Use small
compasses to follow field from poles; mark paper at the
compass needle end.
11. Draw the magnetic field pattern of a bar magnet.
 Permanent and Induced Magnetism, Magnetic Forces and Fields - QuestionIT

12. How would you describe the direction of a magnetic field

line?
Given by the direction of the force that would act on another
north pole placed at that point/ from the north (seeking) pole
to the south (seeking) pole.
13. What does a magnetic compass contain?
Small bar magnet.
14. Which way does the compass needle point?
In the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field.
15. What do scientists think is the cause of the Earth’s magnetic
field?
Molten iron core.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
The Motor Effect

• Electromagnetism
• Fleming’s Left-hand Rule (HT)
• Electric Motors (HT)
• Loudspeakers (HT)(Physics)
 The Motor Effect
Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism
When a current flows through a conducting wire a magnetic field
is produced around the wire.

The strength of the magnetic field depends on the

current through the wire and the distance from
the wire.

Increasing the current through the wire increases

the strength of the magnetic field.

Increasing the distance from the wire decreases

the strength of the magnetic field.
 The Motor Effect
Electromagnetism

Solenoids
A solenoid is a coil of wire used to produce a magnetic field.

Shaping a wire to make a solenoid increases the strength of the

magnetic field created by the current through the wire.

A Solenoid
 The Motor Effect
Electromagnetism

Solenoids… continued
The magnetic field of a solenoid has a similar shape to that of a
bar magnet – though the magnetic field extends inside the
solenoid and is strong and uniform.
 The Motor Effect
Electromagnetism

Making the Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Stronger

It is possible to increase the strength of a
solenoid’s magnetic field by…

1. Adding an iron core to a solenoid.

2. Increasing the current though the

solenoid.

3. Increasing the number of turns of wire

on the solenoid.

A solenoid with an iron core is an electromagnet.

 The Motor Effect
Electromagnetism

(Physics only) Electromagnetic Device: Relay

A relay is a switch. It uses a

solenoid (shown as a coil in
the diagram opposite) to
attract an iron armature.

Relays are used so that a small

current can turn on a larger
current in an isolated circuit.
This reduces the amount of
thicker, more expensive, wires
needed.
 The Motor Effect
Electromagnetism

(Physics only) Electromagnetic Device: Electric Bell

An electric bell uses a
solenoid to attract a soft iron
armature.

This makes the hammer hit

the bell making a single ring.
The movement of the soft iron
armature breaks the circuit
demagnetising the soft iron
armature which returns to its
original position.

The whole process then

repeats - as long at the switch
is pressed.
 The Motor Effect Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule (HT)

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule

When a conductor carrying a current is placed in a magnetic field the
magnet producing the field and the conductor exert a force on each
other. This is called the motor effect.
The direction of the force can be found if the
direction of the current flow and the direction
of the magnetic field are known.

In the diagram the thumb, first finger and

second finger are held at right angles to each
other.

First Finger – Field (magnetic N to S)

Second Finger – Direction of
current flow
Thumb – Direction of Force
(motion)
 The Motor Effect Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule (HT)

Motors
Example:

Determine the direction that the

motor will spin using Fleming’s
Left-Hand Rule.
Solution:
Looking at the wire next to the North seeking pole of the
magnet…
• Magnetic field (first finger) is pointing to the right (North to
south).
• Current flow (second finger) is pointing towards you.
• (Remember, conventional flow is + to -)
• Force/Motion of the wire will be upwards (so the motor
will spin clockwise.
 The Motor Effect Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule (HT)

Force on a Conductor
The factors that affect the force on a
conductor are:

• Magnetic Flux Density (B) in tesla

• Current (I) in amperes
• Length of Conductor (l) in metres

These quantities are linked by the equation:

Force (N) = Magnetic flux density (T) x Current (A) x Length (m)

F = BIl
 The Motor Effect Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule (HT)

Force on a Conductor… continued

Example:

A 6 cm wire placed in a magnetic field carries a current of 50 mA.

Work out the force on the current carrying wire if the magnetic field
strength of the magnetic field is 0.25 T.

Solution:
First step is convert the units: 6 cm = 0.06 m and 50 mA = 0.05 A

Then: F = BIl
F = 0.25 x 0.05 x 0.06
F = 7.5 x 10-4 N
 The Motor Effect
Electric Motors (HT)

Electric Motors
A coil of wire carrying a current in a magnetic field tends to
rotate. This is the basis of an electric motor.
As the coil of wire carrying a current
is in a magnetic field, the coil will
experience a force (the direction of
which can be found from Fleming’s
left-hand rule).
The coil of wire shown will
experience an upwards force on the
left-hand side of the coil and a
downwards force on the right-hand
side of the coil.
As the coil will be fixed to an axle
the coil of wire will rotate in a
clockwise direction.
 The Motor Effect
Loudspeakers (HT)

Loudspeakers
Loudspeakers and headphones use the motor effect to convert
variations in current in electrical circuits to the pressure
variations in sound waves.

Modern loudspeakers can

be wired or wireless.
 The Motor Effect
Loudspeakers

Loudspeakers… continued

• A fluctuating electric current flows through the coil of wire. The coil of
wire then becomes an electromagnet of variable strength.

• The electromagnet is then attracted or repelled away from the

permanent magnet.

• This causes the cone to move – producing a sound.

 The Motor Effect
Loudspeakers

Headphones
Headphones are miniature
loudspeakers. As the
headphones only have to
move the air inside the ear
canal they can be a lot smaller
than typical loudspeakers.
QuestionIT!
The Motor Effect

• Electromagnetism
• Fleming’s Left-hand Rule (HT)
• Electric Motors (HT)
• Loudspeakers (HT)(Physics)
 The Motor Effect - QuestionIT

1. What is produced when a current flows through a

conducting wire?

2. Name two factors which will impact on your answer to

question 1.

3. What is a solenoid?

4. Describe the magnetic field inside a solenoid.

5. State three ways of increasing the strength of the magnetic

field produced by a solenoid.
 The Motor Effect - QuestionIT

6. Draw the magnetic field pattern produced by a solenoid.

7. What is an electromagnet?

8. (Physics only) Describe how a relay works.

9. (Physics only) An electric bell uses a solenoid. Use the

diagram below, and your own knowledge, to explain how an
electric bell works.
 The Motor Effect - QuestionIT

10. (HT) Describe the motor effect.

11. (HT) What 3 factors does Fleming’s left hand-rule represent?

12. (HT) Give three ways of making the electric motor spin faster.

13. (HT) A 40 cm piece of wire is placed in a magnetic field of

strength 0.4 T. The wire carries a current of 60 mA. Work out
the force on the wire using the equation: Force = magnetic
flux density x current x length.

14. (Physics HT only) Explain how a loudspeaker works.

AnswerIT!
The Motor Effect

• Electromagnetism
• Fleming’s Left-hand Rule (HT)
• Electric Motors (HT)
• Loudspeakers (HT)(Physics)
 The Motor Effect - QuestionIT

1. What is produced when a current flows through a

conducting wire?
Magnetic field.
2. Name two factors which will impact on your answer to
question 1.
Current flowing through the wire, distance from the wire.
3. What is a solenoid?
Coil of wire in which a magnetic field is created by passing a
current though it.
4. Describe the magnetic field inside a solenoid.
Strong and uniform.
5. State three ways of increasing the strength of the magnetic
field produced by a solenoid.
Increase the current
 The Motor Effect - QuestionIT

6. Draw the magnetic field pattern produced by a solenoid.

7. What is an electromagnet?
Solenoid with an iron core.
8. (Physics only) Describe how a relay works.
A switch; uses a solenoid to attract an iron armature; small
current turns on a larger current.
9. (Physics only) An electric bell uses a solenoid. Use the
diagram below, and your own knowledge, to explain how an
electric bell works.
Solenoid attracts an iron armature,
breaking the circuit.
Demagnetises, armature springs back.
Circuit reformed. Repeat.
 The Motor Effect - QuestionIT

9. (HT) Describe the motor effect.

Conductor carrying current placed in magnetic field; magnet
and conductor exert a force on each other; this force =
motor effect.
10. (HT) What 3 factors does Fleming’s left hand-rule represent?
The force, the current in the conductor, the magnetic field.
11. (HT) Give three ways of making the electric motor spin faster.
Increase the current; increase the number of turns on the
coil; increase the strength of the magnets.
 The Motor Effect - QuestionIT

12. (HT) A 40 cm piece of wire is placed in a magnetic field of

strength 0.4 T. The wire carries a current of 60 mA. Work out
the force on the wire using the equation: Force = magnetic
flux density x current x length.
0.0096 N
40 cm = 0.4 m
60 mA = 0.06 A
F = Bil F = 0.4 x 0.06 x 0.4 N
13. (Physics HT only) Explain how a loudspeaker works.
A fluctuating electric current flows through the coil of wire.
The coil of wire then becomes an electromagnet.
The electromagnet is then attracted or repelled away from
the magnet.
This causes the cone to move – producing a sound.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Induced Potential,
Transformers and The
National Grid
(Physics HT only)
• Induced Potential
• Uses of the Generator Effect
• Microphones
• Transformers
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 1: Induced Potential

The Generator Effect

If an electrical conductor moves relative to a magnetic field or if
there is a change in the magnetic field around a conductor, a
potential difference is induced across the ends of the conductor.
If the conductor is part of a complete circuit, a current is induced
in the conductor. This is called the generator effect.

Induced means to bring about, produce or cause. An induced current

is one that is produced by moving a conductor relative to a magnetic
field.
An induced current generates a magnetic field that opposes the
original change, either the movement of the conductor or the
change in magnetic field.
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 1: Induced Potential
Generators
A simple generator will have a coil of wire that
moves in a magnetic field.

A potential difference is induced across the

ends of the conductor – and as there is a
complete circuit a current is induced in the coil
of wire.

To increase the size of the induced potential

difference/current…

• The coil of wire should be rotated faster;

• The magnetic field should be made
stronger;
• The number of turns of wire on the coil
should be increased.
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 1: Induced Potential

Direction of Induced Potential

The direction of the induced potential difference/induced current are

dependent on the direction of rotation of the coil and the orientation of the
magnetic field.

• Reversing the direction of rotation of the coil will reverse the direction of
the induced potential difference/induced current.

• Swapping the polarity of both magnets will also reverse the direction of
the induced potential difference/induced current.

• Swapping the direction of rotation of the coil AND swapping the polarity
of each magnet will give no change to the direction of the induced
potential difference/induced current (as it would have been reversed and
reversed again).
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 2: Uses of the Generator Effect

Alternators
Alternators use the generator
effect to generate an alternating
current (ac).

As a coil of wire moves relative to a

magnetic field there is an induced
potential difference / induced
current.

Since the direction of movement of

one side of the coil of wire changes,
so does the direction of the
induced current – so giving ac.
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 2: Uses of the Generator Effect

Dynamos
Dynamos use the generator effect to generate a direct current (dc).

With a dynamo the coil of wire is connected to split ring commutators rather
than slip ring commutators. This means that every half rotation one side of the
coil of wire attaches to a different side of the circuit, but as the direction of
motion of the coil on the left and right-hand side remain the same the current
in the external circuit only moves one way – a dc output.
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 2: Uses of the Generator Effect

The Output of a Generator

The output of a generator is greatest when the magnetic field lines of the
magnets used are being broken at the fastest rate.

For a coil of wire rotating between two magnets the magnetic field lines are
being broken fastest when the coil is moving vertically upwards – this occurs
when the coil of wire and the magnetic field are horizontal.

No current is induced when the coil moves parallel to the magnetic field lines
– as no field lines are being broken. The output is zero when the coil of wire is
vertical.
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 2: Uses of the Generator Effect

The Output of a Generator… continued

Dynamo Output

Alternator Output
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 3: Microphones

Microphones
Microphones use the generator
effect to covert the pressure
variations in sound waves into
variations in current in electrical
circuits.

Microphones contain a diaphragm

that moves when sound waves hit it.
The movement of the diaphragm
makes the coil of wire move relative
to the magnet, which induces a
current in the wires (the generator
effect).
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 4: Transformers

Transformers

A basic transformer consists of a primary and

a secondary coil wound on an iron core.

Iron is used as it is easily magnetised.

You need to know about two types of

transformer:
• Step-up transformer
• Step-down transformer.
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 4: Transformers

Transformer Equations
The ratio of the potential differences (in Volts, V) across the primary and
secondary coils of a transformer Vp and Vs depends on the ratio of the
number of turns on each coil, Np and Ns.
Vp Np
=
Vs Ns
If transformers were 100% efficient, the electrical power output (Vs x Is)
would equal the electrical power input (Vp x Ip).
Vs x Is = Vp x Ip
The output can also be calculated using ratios.
• If there are 3 times the number of turns of wire on the secondary coil
then the output potential difference will be 3 times greater.
• If there are 10 times fewer turns of wire on the secondary coil the
output potential difference will be 10 times less.
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 4: Transformers

Step-up transformers Step-down transformers

• Increase the potential difference so • Decrease the potential difference so
Vs > Vp Vs < Vp
• More turns on the secondary coil • More turns on the primary coil
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 4: Transformers

How Transformers Work.

• Transformers have a primary coil of wire with an alternating current (ac)
flowing.

• This produces an alternating magnetic field in the iron core.

• On the secondary side of the transformer there is a coil of wire and an

alternating magnetic field.

• So the magnetic field is moving relative to the coil of wire.

• This induces a potential difference (and induces a current if there is a

complete circuit). This is the generator effect.
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 4: Transformers

Advantages of power transmission at higher voltages

Transformers are used in The National Grid to make the transmission of
electricity more efficient.

Increasing the potential difference will decrease the current in the overhead
powerlines. Assuming that the transformers are 100 % efficient, the power
input and power output would be the same, so:

Vs x Is = Vp x Ip

Where Vs × Is is the power output (secondary coil) and Vp × Ip is the

power input (primary coil).

Potential difference and current are inversely proportional. A lower current

means that the powerlines will heat up less, less energy will be ‘lost’ as heat.
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 4: Transformers

Using the Transformer Equations

Example 1

A step-up transformer has 100 turns of wire on the primary coil and 400 turns
of wire on the secondary coil.

The input potential difference on the primary coil is 12 V. Work out the output
potential difference of the transformer.

Using Vp / Vs = Np / Ns Alternatively, there are

four times as many turns
Substituting gives 12 / Vs = 100 / 400 of wire on the secondary
coil the output potential
Rearranging gives Vs = 12 x 400 difference is four times
100 greater.

Vs = 48 V
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid
Part 4: Transformers

Using the Transformer Equations…continued

Example 2

A step-down transformer has an input potential difference of 230 V. The

output potential difference is 12 V and the current in the secondary coil is 30
mA.

Work out the current in the primary coil.

Assuming no power losses in the transformer…
Vs x Is = Vp x Ip

Substituting gives 12 x 0.03 = 230 x Ip

Rearranging gives 12 x 0.03 = Ip

230

Ip = 0.0016 A or 1.6 mA
QuestionIT!
Induced Potential,
Transformers and The
National Grid

• Induced Potential
• Uses of the Generator Effect
• Microphones
• Transformers
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid – QuestionIT

1. What does the term ‘induced current’ mean?

2. What is a simple generator made of?

3. How can the size of the induced potential difference/

current in a generator be increased?

4. What factors affect the direction of the induced potential

difference/ current?

5. What type of current is induced by an alternator?

6. What type of current is produced by a dynamo?

 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid – QuestionIT

7. Describe two ways of reversing the direction of current

flow on a dynamo.

8. At which point of the rotation does a dynamo induce the

greatest potential difference?

9. How do microphones use the generator effect?

10. What does a basic transformer contain?

11. Why are cores made of iron?

 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid – QuestionIT

12. What can be said about the potential difference in the

primary and secondary coils of a step-down transformer?

13. How do transformers work?

14. A step-up transformer is used in a power station to

increase the potential difference output from 25,000 V to
400,000 V. The current through the overhead power lines
is 25 A. Work out the current in the primary coil.
Vs × Is = Vp × Ip

15. Why are transformers used when sending electricity

through the National Grid?
AnswerIT!
Induced Potential,
Transformers and The
National Grid

• Induced Potential
• Uses of the Generator Effect
• Microphones
• Transformers
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid – QuestionIT

1. What does the term ‘induced current’ mean?

Current made by moving a conductor relative to a magnetic
field.
2. What is a simple generator made of?
Coil of wire; magnetic field, movement.
3. How can the size of the induced potential difference/
current in a generator be increased?
More turns, stronger magnetic field, increase sped of
movement.
4. What factors affect the direction of the induced potential
difference/ current?
Direction of movement/ rotation; reversing the polarity.
5. What type of current is induced by an alternator? ac

6. What type of current is produced by a dynamo? dc

 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid – QuestionIT

7. Describe two ways of reversing the direction of current

flow on a dynamo.
Swap the polarity of both magnets.
Spin the coil of wire in the opposite direction.
8. At which point of the rotation does a dynamo induce the
greatest potential difference?
When the coil of wire is perpendicular to the magnetic
field; it is at this point that the magnetic field lines are
being cut at the greatest rate.
9. How do microphones use the generator effect?
Convert the pressure variations in sound waves into
variations in current.
10. What does a basic transformer contain?
Primary coil, secondary coil, iron core.
11. Why are cores made of iron? Easily magnetised.
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid – QuestionIT

12. What can be said about the potential difference in the

primary and secondary coils of a step-down transformer?
Vs < Vp
13. How do transformers work?
• Transformers have a primary coil of wire with an
alternating current (ac) flowing.
• This produces an alternating magnetic field in the iron
core.
• On the secondary side of the transformer there is a coil
of wire and an alternating magnetic field.
• So the magnetic field is moving relative to the coil of
wire.
• This induces a potential difference (and induces a
current if there is a complete circuit). This is the
generator effect.
 Induced Potential, Transformers and The National Grid – QuestionIT

14. A step-up transformer is used in a power station to

increase the potential difference output from 25,000 V to
400,000 V. The current through the overhead power lines
is 25 A. Work out the current in the primary coil.
Vs × Is = Vp × Ip
400 A
16 times more potential difference so 16 times less
current.
Vs × Is = Vp × Ip or correct substitution.
15. Why are transformers used when sending electricity
through the National Grid?
Increases potential difference; decreases current;
decreases loss of energy through heat.