IS 14458 (Part 9)

Draft Indian Standard

Retaining Wall for Hill Areas – Guidelines

Part 9 Reinforced earth retaining wall and slope

FOREWORD

(Formal clause will be added later)

Retaining walls are structures, which support the backfill and maintain the difference in
elevation of the two ground surfaces. They are generally located at the toe of cut slopes
on valley side of a hill road section or excavated platform. Retaining walls are effectively
utilized to tackle the problems of landslide in hill areas by providing support to the hill
slopes or cut slopes.

In general, 1 m of extra width in filling and requiring retaining wall at the end may cost
more than excavating the same width by cutting inside the hill. However, considering
maintenance cost, progressive slope instability and environmental degradation resulting
from unprotected excavation, the use of retaining walls becomes essential. This standard
(Part 5) is therefore formulated to provide necessary guidelines for construction of cement
stone masonry retaining walls for stability of hill slopes this standard is being published in
different parts. The following parts have already been published:

Part 1 : 1998 Selection of type of wall

Part 2 : 1997 Design of retaining/breast walls
Part 3 : 1998 Construction of dry stone walls
Part 4 : 2018 Construction of banded dry stone masonry walls

Other parts being formulated are:

a) Construction of gabion walls,

b) Construction of RCC crib walls,
c) Design of RCC cantilever walls/buttressed walls/L-type walls, and
d) Design and construction of reinforced earth retaining walls.
 IS 14458 (Part 9)

Draft Indian Standard

Retaining Wall for Hill Areas – Guidelines

Part 9 Reinforced Soil System

1 SCOPE

This standard covers the guidelines for design engineers, specification writers,
estimators, construction inspectors and maintenance personnel with the selection,
design, construction and maintenance of reinforced soil system for Hill infrastructure.

2 REFERENCES

The following standards contain provisions which through reference in this text constitute
provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid.
All standards are subject to revision and parties to agreements based on this standard
are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
standards indicated below.

IS No./Other
Title
Standards
BS 8006-1- Code of Practice for Strengthened/Reinforced Soils and other
2010+A1 2016 Fills
FHWA NHI-10- Design and construction of mechanically stabilized earth walls
024 (Volume-1) and reinforced soil slopes
FHWA NHI-10- Design and construction of mechanically stabilized earth walls
024 (Volume-2) & reinforced soil slopes

3 GENERAL

3.1 Reinforced soil systems can be defined as the inclusion of planar reinforcements
arranged in nearly horizontal planes in the reinforced soil/fill to resist outward movement
of the reinforced soil/ fill mass. Reinforced soil systems have been extensively used to
support stable or unstable earth masses in hilly areas. It is a composite construction
material, in which the strength of fill is enhanced through addition of planar reinforcements
(typically geosynthetics) arranged in nearly horizontal planes in reinforced soil/fill to resist
outward movement of the reinforced soil/fill mass. Reinforced Soil Walls (RSW) and
Reinforced Soil Slopes (RSSs) are the two major classifications of reinforced soil system.
Both RSW and RSS are flexible soil-retaining structures, which can tolerate much larger
settlements and lateral movements as compared to rigid retaining systems like reinforced
concrete walls RR masonry walls, diaphragm walls, etc. The technique of construction is
quite suitable for hilly areas mainly due to the following reasons.

The fill material which consists of mainly granular material is available in hilly areas from
cutting of the hill side during construction of roads/railways. Hence it will help to maintain
the balance in cut and fill.
 IS 14458 (Part 9)

These involve minimum alteration in natural slope since the emphasis is on avoiding the
cutting of natural slope.

a) The land width or actual embankment width required is less.

b) This is cost effective and environment friendly.

The flexibility of the system allows safer structures in high seismic zones.

4 TERMINOLOGY

For the purpose of this standard, following definitions shall apply.

4.1 Reinforced Soil Slope (RSS) — Reinforced soil structures with slope face angles
less than and equal to 700 are considered as reinforced soil slopes

4.2 Reinforced Soil Wall (RSW) — Reinforced soil structures with slope angles steeper
than 70° are categorized as reinforced soil walls

4.3 Reinforcing element - The reinforcement element enhances the stability of the
reinforced fill mass by mobilizing the axial tensile strength of the fill reinforcement by soil
interaction over its total length.

4.4 Facing – Facing is a component of the reinforced soil system used to prevent the soil
from raveling out between the rows of reinforcement.

4.5 Backfill – Backfill is the fill material located behind the reinforced soil zone.

4.6 Reinforced fill – Reinforced fill is the fill material in which the reinforcements are
placed.
5 SUITABILITY OF REINFORCED SOIL SYSTEM FOR HILL INFRASTUCTURE

The economic advantages of constructing a safe, steeper reinforced soil system than
would normally be possible are the result of material and right-of-way savings. It also
may be possible to decrease the quality of materials required for construction. For
example, in repair of landslides it is possible to reuse the slide debris rather than to import
higher quality backfill. Right-of-way savings can be a substantial benefit, especially for
road widening projects in urban areas where acquiring new right-of-way is always
expensive and, in some cases, unobtainable. Reinforced soil system also provide an
economical alternative to retaining walls. The use of vegetated-faced reinforced soil
systems that can be landscaped to blend with natural environments.

Generally, synthetic reinforcement materials made of PET, HDPE, PVA, PP and Polymer
composites in the form of grid or strip or strap or combination of metallic and synthetic or
any other proprietary material approved by the Engineer can be used. Any type of steel
or geosynthetic material used as a reinforcing element for the construction of a reinforced
 IS 14458 (Part 9)

slope shall meet all the requirements provided in the relevant clause of MORTH Section
3100 (Clause No.3103.7).
6 Facing/Facia systems

Steep slopes require a suitable facing to hold the reinforcement in-place as well as to
protect the slope from local instability and erosion adjacent to the face. In the case of
flatter slopes (≤450) also, facing may be called for, if the area is subjected to heavy rainfall
or if the vegetation growth is difficult due to soil type or climatic conditions. Depending
upon the properties of the fill and local climatic conditions of the area, suitable slope
erosion protection measures need to be adopted. The facia of reinforced soil system shall
be as per MoRTH 3107.3. The connection between the facia and reinforcement of
reinforced soil slope shall be as per MoRTH 3107.4 and BS 8006 Part-1.

Where wrap around facia is used for high slopes, the suitable batter needs to be provided
as per the design requirement. This batter may also be achieved through stepped offsets
in placing the facia elements if required as per the designs. It is desirable to avoid offset
as it will consume more land and maybe a constraint in choosing this technology.
However, the berm shall be provided as per MoRTH or IRC SP 102 requirements.

Facing shall enable the construction within specified tolerances of vertical and horizontal
alignment and it should perform over the design life. The facing system should be able to
meet the functional requirements such as rigidity, flexibility, aesthetics, environmental
considerations etc. depending on location, purpose and use of the structure as indicated
in MoRTH 3100.

For reinforced soil system of permanent nature, the durability of basic material
underexposed condition for facing shall be ensured. A suitable filter should be provided
behind the facia elements to avoid loss of selected fill material through the apertures or
gaps of the facia. For steeper slopes in high rainfall intensity and/or high seismicity areas,
a combination of woven and welded steel wire mesh elements with additional stiffening
elements and filter cloth shall be used to achieve flexibility, erosion prevention and
stiffness requirements as mentioned in MoRTH 3100.

Where geosynthetics are used as facing (wrap-around system) for permanent reinforced
soil slope (RSS) structures, outer facia elements are required to be protected against UV
degradation from sunlight. When vegetation is used as the facia cover, the face should
provide a suitable medium like coir, jute or synthetic mat or combination of it as per
MoRTH Section 700 or IRC 56 for the establishment and continued growth of vegetation.
For the specifications of erosion control mats reference shall be made to relevant clauses
and tables of MoRTH Section 700 to select the appropriate one as per steepness of slope
and rainfall intensity.

For a vegetated face, several interrelated aspects need to be considered, including the
climate, water requirements of plants and water availability, site location aspect, altitude,
amount and frequency of precipitation, exposure, form of facing and erosion resistance
capability to ensure permanent vegetative covering throughout the design life. If the
characteristics of backfill soil are not adequate to support vegetation, suitable topsoil
 IS 14458 (Part 9)

material may be placed at the front face separated from the fill by an appropriate separator
or hydroseeding may be adopted.
The contractor shall provide facing for the reinforced soil system as approved by the
designer and shown in the drawing plan.

The spacing of the reinforcement shall be established based on the design principles. To
provide a coherent reinforced soil mass, the vertical spacing of primary reinforcement
may vary between 0.6–1.6m provided that the suitable secondary reinforcement and the
connection is designed at suitable intervals to ensure the local stability.

6.1 Reinforced Fill

The fill material must be free of organic matter and other deleterious substances, as these
materials generally result in the poor performance of the structure and enhance
degradation of reinforcement. The materials containing mica, gypsum, smectite,
montmorillonite or other soft materials should be carefully evaluated as large strains are
typically required to reach peak strength and pull out capacity resulting in larger lateral
and vertical deformations than with higher quality granular fills.

The fill material used as the reinforcing fill in the reinforced soil system shall meet the
following requirement (Error! Reference source not found.):

The fill soil in the unreinforced zone shall conform to the requirements for embankment
construction as specified in Section 300 of MoRTH or as specified in the design.
6.2 Drainage Arrangement
Normally, reinforced soil systems are not designed for hydrostatic pressures on the
assumption that the major components like structural fill and facia are free-draining, and
drainage accessories like chimney drain will be provided. However, where the fill material
has high PI value as per FHWA then special drainage arrangements shall be designed
as per the design requirement and incorporated in the structure. Also, where hydrostatic
pressures are likely to occur due to submergence, the design should account for such
pressure. To ensure that these conditions are 5ealized in the field, adequate drainage
measures need to be designed and implemented as per IRC SP 42. Wherever drainage
geo-composites and Geosynthetics filter or separator are adopted, that should be
designed and implemented as per IRC 34, IRC SP 59 and MoRTH Section 700. The
chimney drain should be designed to carry the discharge and should be provided at the
back of the retained fill and continued in a horizontal extent to a depth well below the toe
of the Reinforced soil systems practically feasible and lead to toe drain meant to carry the
discharge away from the Reinforced soil systems. To ensure that the runoff and
subsurface water is drained, a drainage bay should be provided between the retained soil
and the reinforced soil to ensure proper drainage which is commonly referred to as a
chimney drain. A chimney drain of a minimum 600 mm width is commonly used for
conventional filter drain. There shall be a
 IS 14458 (Part 9)

Fig. 1 Generic cross sections of reinforced slope structures, reinforcements used to:
(9) increase stability of a slope; and (b) provide improved compaction and surficial
stability at edge of slopes

a)
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b)
Fig. 2 Subsurface drainage considerations – a) Ground water and drainage b) drain
details

Table 1 Reinforced Fill Specifications for Reinforced Soil System

Sieve Size Per cent Passing
75mm – 20mm 100
Gradation 4.75mm 100-20
0.425mm 0-60
0.075mm 0-15 (50)*
Plasticity Index (%) ≤ 6 (<20)*
The angle of internal friction (degree) ≥28
Notes:

The above fill material can be used after mixing an adequate percentage of
granular fill material like gravel, sand, stone dust, etc. to achieve PI < 6 as
per MoRTH requirement. The use of any mechanical mixing method is not
mandatory, mixing at a site or stoking yard using grader or excavator is an
acceptable method.

*FHWA NHI-10-024 permits Fines up to 50 % and PI up to 20 with ^careful

design considerations.
^Note on careful design considerations:
Wherever the frictional material is unavailable and blending may not be
practically feasible, in such cases, soil containing fines up to 50 % and PI up
to 20 can be selected as reinforced fill material. In such cases, internal,
external and global stability analysis need to be carried out for structural fill
and backfill as per the expected level of saturation.
In addition to that, the drainage measures need to be designed appropriately.
With good drainage measures such as the provision of additional
intermediate horizontal drainage systems along with chimney drain, careful
evaluation of soil and soil-reinforcement interaction characteristics, field
construction control, and performance monitoring, most indigenous soil can
be considered. Surface water infiltration into the retained fill and reinforced
fill should be minimized by providing an impermeable membrane and
adequate slopes to nearby surface drainpipes or paved ditches with outlets
to storm sewers or to natural drains. For further reference regarding the
different types of drainage measures, reference can be made of IRC SP 42.

Alternatively, drainage geocomposite may be used as specified in IRC SP 59, IRC 34 and
MORTH-Section 700 as a single composite product replacing 600 mm gravel and two
geotextile components. Any drainage material shall be designed as per IRC SP 59
satisfying hydraulic criteria and mechanical strength criteria to avoid loss of reinforced fill
or adjacent soil into the drain and to maintain its functionality under the forces it will be
 IS 14458 (Part 9)

subjected to. The drainage material shall conform to the specifications of the filter media
as per Clause no 2504.2.2 MoRTH, IRC SP 59 and IRC 34 Specifications.

7. DESIGN OF REINFORCED SOIL SYSTEMS

7.1 Failure Modes

There are three failure modes for reinforced slopes:

a) Internal, where the failure plane passes through the reinforcing elements.
b) External, where the failure surface passes behind and underneath the reinforced
zone.
c) Compound, where the failure surface passes behind and through the reinforced
soil zone.
7.2 Design of Reinforcement for Steepening Slopes and Slope Repair

The design for steepened reinforced slopes (face inclination up to 70 degrees) and slope
repair is based on modified versions of the classical limit equilibrium slope stability
methods as shown in Fig. 4. Various potential failure surfaces must be considered (refer
Fig. 3), including deep-seated surfaces through or behind the reinforced zone.

For the internal analysis, the critical slope stability factor of safety is taken from the internal
unreinforced failure surface requiring the maximum reinforcement. Detailed design of the
reinforced zone is performed by determining the factor of safety with successively
modified reinforcement layouts until the target factor of safety is achieved. The external
and compound stability of the reinforced zone is then evaluated.

For slope repair applications, it is also very important to identify the cause of the original
failure to make sure that the new reinforced soil slope will not have the same problems.
If a water table or erratic water flows exist, attention has to be paid to drainage. In natural
soils, it is also necessary to identify any weak seams that might affect stability.

The external stability of reinforced soil slopes depends on the ability of the reinforced
zone to act as a stable block and withstand all external loads without failure. Failure
possibilities as shown in Fig. 5 include wedge and block type sliding, global/compound/
deep-seated overall instability, local bearing capacity failure at the toe (lateral squeeze
type failure), as well as an excessive settlement from both short and long-term conditions.
The reinforced zone must be sufficiently wide at any level to resist wedge and block type
sliding. Evaluation of deep-seated failure does not automatically check for bearing
capacity of the foundation or failure at the toe of the slope. High lateral stress in a confined
soft stratum beneath the embankment could lead to a lateral squeeze type failure. The
shear forces developed under the embankment should be compared to the corresponding
shear strength of the soil. A settlement should be evaluated for both total and differential
movement.

While the differential settlement of the reinforced slope within permissible limit depending
on the type of facia is not of concern, adjacent structures or structures supported by the
slope may not tolerate such movements and global design of the reinforced soil slope
 IS 14458 (Part 9)

structure should take care of this phenomenon. Differential movements can also affect
the selection of facing elements. In areas subject to potential seismic activity, a simple
pseudo-static type analysis should also be performed. If any of the external stability safety
factors are less than the required factor of safety, suitable improvement options shall be
considered.

The design approach principally assumes that the slope is to be constructed on a stable
foundation. The method presented in this chapter uses the classic rotational, limit
equilibrium slope stability method. The parameters to be considered in the design of
reinforced soil slopes are given below.

Step 1. Establish the geometric, loading, and performance requirements for design

Geometric and loading requirements (refer Error! Reference source not found.)

 Slope Geometry- H, θ
 External (surcharge) loads
- Surcharge load, q
- Temporary live load, Δq
- Design seismic acceleration, Am

 Project Specifications (MORTH/IRC specifications based on project)

 Traffic Barrier (refer MORTH-Annexure to Section 3100)

a) Performance requirements
 External stability and settlement
- Sliding: F.S. ≥ 1.3
- Deep seated (overall stability): F.S. ≥ 1.4 as per IRC 75
- Sudden drawdown and steady seepage as per Table 3.1 of IRC 75
- Local bearing failure (lateral squeeze): F.S. ≥ 1.3
- Dynamic loading: F.S. ≥ 1.1
- Settlement-post construction magnitude and time rate based on project
requirements
 Compound failure: F.S. ≥ 1.3
 Internal slope stability: F.S. ≥ 1.3

Step 2. Determine the engineering properties of the in-situ soils.

 The foundation and retained soil (i.e., soil beneath and behind reinforced zone)
profiles.
 For failure repair, identify location of previous failure surface and cause of failure.
 Strength parameters for each soil layer of the retained soil and the foundation soil:
- Total / undrained soil strength parameters: cu and Φu, or effective /drained
soil strength parameters: c´ and Φ´ for each soil layer.
- γwet and γdry
- Consolidation parameters (Cc, Cr, cv and σ´p).
- Location of the groundwater table dw, and piezometric surfaces.
 IS 14458 (Part 9)

Fig. 3 Failure modes for reinforced soil slopes including internal failure within the
reinforced soil zone, external failure entirely outside the reinforced soil zone, and
compound failure starting behind and passing through the reinforced soil zone

Fig. 4 Limit Equilibrium approach

 IS 14458 (Part 9)

Fig. 5 External failure modes for reinforced soil slopes

 IS 14458 (Part 9)

FIG. 6 REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN OF REINFORCED SOIL SLOPES

Step 3. Determine the properties of reinforced fill.

 Gradation and plasticity index
 Compaction Results
 Compacted lift thickness
 cu and Φu, or c´ and Φ´ for each soil layer.
 Electro chemical properties of reinforced fill
- For geosynthetic reinforcement: pH
- For steel reinforcement: pH, resistivity, chlorides, sulfates, and organic
content

Step 4. Evaluate design parameters for the reinforcement.

a) Allowable design strength for Geosynthetics (Refer MORTH-Annexure to

Section 3100)
The long-term allowable design strength (Tal) of the geosynthetic reinforcement shall
be evaluated as per Annexure to section 3100 of MORTH Specification.

Step 5. Check unreinforced stability

Manual calculations for unreinforced stability checks, reinforcement design to provide a

stable slope (calculation of total reinforcement tension per unit width of a slope,
determination of total design tension per unit width of a slope, distribution of
reinforcement, determine reinforcement vertical spacing, determine the reinforcement
lengths required, checks for design lengths of complex designs), external stability checks
(sliding resistance, deep-seated global stability, local bearing failure at the toe, foundation
 IS 14458 (Part 9)

settlement), seismic stability checks are exhaustively given in FHWA NHI-10-025

Volume-II. However, the most commonly accepted method for reinforced soil system
design is to use a slope stability computer program which has been explained in clause
no. 7.6.2 g).

Step 6. Evaluate requirements for subsurface and surface water runoff control.

 Subsurface water control.

- Design of subsurface water drainage features should address flow rate,
filtration, placement, and outlet details.
- Drains are typically placed at the rear of the reinforced zone as shown in Fig.
2. Geocomposite drainage systems or conventional granular blanket and
trench drains/lateral and longitudinal drainage pipes could be used.
- Lateral spacing of outlets is dictated by site geometry, estimated flow, and
existing agency standards. Outlet design should address long-term
performance and maintenance requirements.
- Geosynthetic drainage composites can be used in subsurface water drainage
design. Drainage composites should be designed with consideration of:

 Geotextile filtration/clogging
 Long-term compressive strength of polymeric core
 Reduction of flow capacity due to intrusion of geotextile into the core
 Long-term inflow/outflow capacity
 The Geocomposite specifications shall be as per MORTH section 700.

- Slope stability analyses should account for interface shear strength along a
geocomposite drain. The geocomposite/soil interface will most likely have a
friction value that is lower than that of the soil. Thus, a potential failure surface
may be induced along the interface.
- Geotextile reinforcements (primary and intermediate layers) must be more
permeable than the reinforced fill material to prevent a hydraulic build up
above the geotextile layers during precipitation.
- Special emphasis on the design and construction of subsurface drainage
features is recommended for structures where drainage is critical for
maintaining slope stability. Redundancy in the drainage system is also
recommended for these cases.

 Surface water runoff.

- Surface water runoff should be collected above the reinforced slope and
channeled or piped below the base of the slope. Standard Agency drainage
details should be utilized.
- Wrapped faces and/or intermediate layers of secondary reinforcement may be
required at the face of reinforced slopes to prevent local sloughing. The
intermediate reinforcement should extend 1.2m (min.) back into the fill from
the face.
 IS 14458 (Part 9)

- Select a long-term facing system to prevent or minimize erosion due to rainfall

and runoff on the face.
- Calculate flow-induced tractive shear stress on the face of the reinforced slope
by:

where:
λ = tractive shear stress, kPa
d = depth of water flow, m
γw = unit weight of water, kN/m3
s = the vertical to horizontal angle of slope face, m/m
For λ < 100 Pa, consider vegetation with temporary or permanent erosion control mat
For λ > 100 Pa, consider vegetation with permanent erosion control mat or other armor
type systems

- Select vegetation based on local horticultural and agronomic considerations and

maintenance.

Step 7 Computer Aided Design

- The most commonly accepted method for reinforced slope design is to use a
conventional slope stability computer program that has been modified to account for
the stabilizing effect of reinforcement. Such programs should account for
reinforcement strength and pullout capacity, compute reinforced and unreinforced
safety factors automatically and have some searching routine to help locate critical
surfaces.

An alternative to reinforcement design is to develop a trial configuration of reinforcement

and analyze the reinforced slope with a computer program. The configuration includes
number, length, design strength, and vertical distribution of the geosynthetic
reinforcement. Analyze the reinforced soil slope with the trial geosynthetic reinforcement
configurations. The most economical reinforcement configuration must provide the
minimum required stability safety factors for internal, external, and compound failure
planes. External stability analysis will include an evaluation of local bearing capacity,
foundation settlement, and dynamic stability. The direct sliding checks can also be carried
out by using such a computer program.

8 CONSTRUCTION

The construction of RSS is considerably simpler compared to reinforced soil wall

construction. As the reinforcement layers are easily incorporated between the compacted
lifts of fill, construction of reinforced slopes is very similar to normal slope construction.
The elements of construction consist of simply:
 IS 14458 (Part 9)

 Placing the soil

 Placing the reinforcement
 Constructing the face

They are summarized as follows:

9 Site Preparation

 Clear and grub site.

 Remove all slide debris (for slope reinstatement projects).
 Prepare a level subgrade for placement of the first level of reinforcement.
 Proof-roll subgrade at the base of the slope with a roller or rubber-tired vehicle.
 Observe and approve foundation prior to fill placement.

9.1 Construct subsurface drainage features

 Place drainage features chimney/back drain directly behind or on the sides of the
reinforced section, as required. The trench drain or subsurface drainage pipes
(lateral and longitudinal) are laid in required angle and inclination. (refer Fig. 2).

9.2 Place reinforcement layer

 Reinforcement should be placed with the principal strength direction perpendicular

to the face of the slope.
 Secure reinforcement with retaining pins to prevent movement during fill
placement.
 A minimum overlap of 100 mm is recommended along the edges perpendicular to
the slope for geosynthetic reinforcement.

9.3 Place backfill on reinforcement

 The reinforcing elements shall be laid free from all kinks, damage and displacement
during placing, spreading, leveling and compaction of the fill. The programme of filling
shall be such that no construction equipment moves directly on the reinforcement.
 All construction plant having a mass exceeding 1500 kg shall be kept at least 1.5 m
away from the face of slope or wall.
 In the area up to 1.5 m from the face of slope or wall, the following compaction plant
shall be used:
- Vibratory roller having a weight per metre width not exceeding 1300 kg with total
weight not exceeding 1500 kg
- Vibratory plate compactor of maximum weight 1000 kg
- Vibro tamper having a weight not exceeding 75 kg
- Before allowing the movement of vehicles over the reinforcement, a minimum
compacted thickness of 150m shall be provided over the reinforcement and the speed
of the vehicles shall be restricted to 10 km/hr.
 IS 14458 (Part 9)

 During construction of reinforced fill, the retained material beyond the reinforcement
at the rear of the structure shall be maintained at the same level as reinforced fill.
 Fill shall not be placed on surface that contains mud, organic soil or area that have
not met compaction requirement. Compaction Control
- The thickness of compacted layer shall not be more than 200 mm, compacted to
95 per cent of modified proctor density/80 percent of relative density measured
as per IS: 2720 (Part 8).
 Face Construction
- Slope facing requirements will depend on soil type, slope angle and the
reinforcement spacing, and as per manufacturer details. Some of the typical facia
systems being used to provide different kind of slopes with primary and secondary
reinforcement arrangement are shown in Error! Reference source not found..
These cross sections and isometric views of wrap around face are only for the
purpose of information and guidance. The contractor may design his own system
suiting to the site, soil and type of reinforcement.
- Place subsequent facing, reinforcement, and reinforced similarly fill layers as
explained above until the finished top level of the slope is reached.
- Construct surface drainage features (eg: toe drain, drains at slope top, etc.)
- Steel reinforcement shall be appropriately designed and treated for corrosion
protection as per the provisions of IRC SP 80, IRC 112, and BS EN 1537
specifications depending upon the type of steel reinforcement, exposure
conditions, soil properties, etc.

Fig. 7 Example of typical face support showing a) wrap around face b) gabion
face
IS 14458 (Part 9)