en LESSON 3 Topic 1: Feeling and Moral Decision Making Topic 2: Reason Impartiality Topic 3: The 7 Steps: Moral Reasoning Model RYAN JAVIER Cl. IarscstTopic 1; Feeling and Moral Decision Making ETHiPERSONALITY * The sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, and social characteristics of an individual. - Psychology + Personality is the totality of habits, attitudes and traits that result from socialization and characterizes us in our relationship with others. - Anderson and Parker + Personality represents those structural and dynamic properties of an individual or individuals as they reflect themselves in characteristics response to situation. - Lawrence A PewinFEELING >the perception of events within the body, closely related to emotion. The term feeling is a verbal noun denoting the action of the verb to feel, which derives etymologically from the Middle English verb felen, “to perceive by touch, by palpation.” > the function or the power of perceiving by touch. » physical sensation not connected with sight, hearing, taste, or smell. >the general state of consciousness considered independently of particular sensations, thoughts, etc. eeETH Feelings cannot be solely relied upon but reason and feeli may complements each other.eT: EMOTION o that is to say feelings and intuitions — play a major role in most of the ethical decisions people make. Most people do not realize how much their emotions direct their moral choices. But experts think it is impossible to make any important moral judgments without emotions. o evoked by suffering, such as sympathy and empathy, often lead people to act ethically toward others. Indeed, empathy is the central moral emotion that most commonly motivates prosocial activity such as altruism, cooperation, and generosity.Characteristics of Emotions o The core of an emotion is feeling o Emotional experiences are associated with some instinets or biological drives. o Emotions are the products of perception. o Every emotional experience involves several physical and physiological changes in organism. o The basic ways of expressing emotions are inborn and it develops through maturation. o Emotions rise abruptly and die slowly. o Same emotion can be aroused by a number of different stimuli. o Emotions have the quality of displacement.Feeling are mental associations and reactions to emotion caused by emotions mental association and reactions can be hidden Versus Emotion | are physical states that arise as a response to external stimuli aroused before feelings physical states can be observed through physical reaction2 Related Models in Ethics subjectivis™ EmotivismEthical Subjectivism tt holds that the truth or falsity of ethical propositions is dependent on the feelings, attitudes, or standards of a person or group of person. it is based solely on EEELINGS.Emotivism Emotivism has earned the nickname the “Boo-Yay Theory of Ethics” An ethical theory which says that moral statements are just expressions of Feelings and/or Emotions. It is a Non-Cognitive theory eel statements cannot be proves true or alse . Therefore, objective moral laws do NOT exist.En MORALITY A choice made based on a person's ethics, manners, character, and what they believe is proper behavior.TYPES OF MORALITY *# COMMON MORALITY — generally universally accepted * PERSONAL MORALITY — rules or principles, rules or standards we accept as individuals but ave not necessarily shared by others. * PROFESSIONAL MORALITY — moral standards that apply to ones role as a member of a profession.MORAL DECISION YA choice made based on a person’s ethics, manners, character, and what they believe is proper behavior. Y making refers to the process of evaluating and choosing among alternatives in a manner consistent with ethical principles. In making ethical decisions, it is necessary to perceive and eliminate unethical options and select the best ethical alternative.ETH! Key ethical values can help you build character in yourself and others: v Trustworthiness v Respect ¥ Responsibility v Fairness v Caring ¥ Citizenship1) All decisions must take into account and reflect a concern for the interests and well being of all affected individuals ("stakeholders"). 2) Ethical values and principles always take precedence over nonethical ones. 3) It is ethically proper to violate an ethical principle only when it is clearly necessary to advance another true ethical principle, which, according to the decision-maker's conscience, will produce the greatest balance of good in the long run. -Josephson Institute of EthicsETH 1) All decisions must take into account and reflect a concern for the interests and well being of all affected individuals ("stakeholders"). 2) Ethical values and principles always take precedence over nonethical ones. 3) It is ethically proper to violate an ethical principle only when it is clearly necessary to advance another true ethical principle, which, according to the decision-maker's conscience, will produce the greatest balance of good in the long run. -Josephson Institute of EthicsPROCESS OF MAKING MORAL DECISIONS REQUIRES: » the desire to do the right thing regardless of the cost.PROCESS OF MAKING MORAL DECISIONS REQUIRES: CONSCIOUSNESS >» the awareness to act consistently and apply moral convictions to daily behavior.PROCESS OF MAKING MORAL DECISIONS REQUIRES: e oa r ps COMPETENCY, » the ability to collect and evaluate information, develop alternatives, and foresee potential consequences and risks.ET Good decision are both ethical and effective: Ethical Decision - generate and sustain trust; demonstrate respect, responsibility, fairness and caring; and are consistent with good citizenship. These behaviors provide a foundation for making better decisions by setting the ground rules for our behavior.Good decision are both ethical and effective: Effective Decision - are effective if they accomplish what we want accomplished and if they advance our purposes. A choice that produces unintended and undesirable results is ineffective. The key to making effective decisions is to think about choices in terms of their ability to accomplish our most important goals. This means we have to understand the difference between immediate and short-term goals. and longer-range goals.Traditionally, ethical decision- making process has been understood as an exclusively mental process; that our feelings have nothing to do with matters of right and wrong and good or bad, precisely because our emotions are very unstable.Topic 2: Reason ImpartialityREASON ° is the basis or motive for an action, decision, or conviction. As quality, it refers to the capacity for logical, rational, and analytic thought; for consciously making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts, applying common sense and logic, and justifying, and if necessary, changing practices, institutions, and beliefs based on exiting information.REASON ©) fe also apells the difference ef moral judgement fiom mere expressions of personal preference. In the case of moral judgments, they require backing by reasons. Thus a reason commends what it commends, regardless of our feelings, attitude, opinions and desire.IMPARTIALITY o Involves the idea that each individual's interests and point of view are equally important. It is a principle of justice holding that decisions ought to be based on objective critevia, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons.IMPARTIALITY o Impartiality in morality requires that we give equal and/or adequate consideration to the interests of all concerned parties. The principles of impartiality assumes that every person, generally speaking, is equally important; that is no one Is seen intrinsically more significant than anyone else.Topic 3: 7 Steps: Moral Reasoning Model1. GATHER THE FACTS © Don't jump to conclusions without the facts o Questions to ask: Who, what, where, when, how and why. o However, facts may be difficult to find because of the uncertainty often found around ethical issues. o Some facts are not available o Assemble as many facts a possible before proceeding o Clarify what assumptions you are making!2. DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUE(S) o Dowt jump to solutions without first identifying the ethical issue(s) in the situations. o Define the ethical basis for the issue you wan to focus on. o There may be multiple ethical issues — focus on one major one at a time.3. IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES o Identify all the stakeholders = Who are the primary or direct stakeholders? = Who are the secondary or indivect stakeholders? o Why are they stakeholders for the issue? " Perspective-taking -— try to see things through the eyes of those individuals affected4. IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES o Think about potential positive and negative consequences for affected parties by the decision. o What are the magnitude pf the consequences and the probability that the consequences will happen4. IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES o Broader systemic consequences — tied to symbolic and secrecy = Symbolic consequences -— each decision sends a message. = Secrecy consequences — what are the consequences if the decision or action becomes public?4. IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES o Did you consider relevant cognitive barviers/biases? o Consider what y our decision would be based only on consequences then move on and see if it is similar given other considerations.5. IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRICIPLES, RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES 0 Obligations should be thought of in terms of principles and rights involved a) What obligations are created because of particular ethical principles you might use in the situation5. IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRICIPLES, RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES 0 Obligations should be thought of in terms of principles and rights involved b) What obligations are created because of specific vights of the stakeholders?5. IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRICIPLES, RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES 0 Obligations should be thought of in terms of principles and rights involved - What types of rights are involves negative or positive? ¢) What concepts of justice (fairness) are velevant distributive or procedural justice?5. IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRICIPLES, RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES oDid you consider any relevant cognitive barviers / biases? o Formulate the appropriate decision or action based on the above analysis of these obligations.6. CONSIDER YOUR CHARACTER & INTEGRITY o Consider what your relevant community members would consider to be the kind of decision that an individual of integrity would make in this situation. o What specific virtues ave relevant in the situations?6. CONSIDER YOUR CHARACTER & INTEGRITY o Disclosure rule — what would you do if the New York Times reported your action and everyone was to read it. o Think about how your decision will be remembered when you are gone.6. CONSIDER YOUR CHARACTER & INTEGRITY oDid you consider any relevant cognitive biases/barviers? oWhat decision would you come to based solely on character considerations?