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TLW-Unit 1

The document discusses transmission line theory and concepts such as: 1. The primary constants (R, L, C, G) that make up the distributed elements of a transmission line. 2. Finite and infinite transmission lines, and that a finite line terminated in its characteristic impedance Z0 will act like an infinite line. 3. Types of waveform distortion including frequency distortion and delay/phase distortion that can occur on transmission lines. Equalizers can be used to reduce frequency distortion.

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Darwin R
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33 views

TLW-Unit 1

The document discusses transmission line theory and concepts such as: 1. The primary constants (R, L, C, G) that make up the distributed elements of a transmission line. 2. Finite and infinite transmission lines, and that a finite line terminated in its characteristic impedance Z0 will act like an infinite line. 3. Types of waveform distortion including frequency distortion and delay/phase distortion that can occur on transmission lines. Equalizers can be used to reduce frequency distortion.

Uploaded by

Darwin R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT I-TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY

1. What are the primary and secondary constants of a line? Why the line
parameters are called distributed elements?
The primary constants are the one which varies with frequency

1. Resistance(R) 2. Conductance (G) 3. Inductance (L) 4. Capacitance(C)

The secondary constants of a line are independent of frequency

1. Characteristic Impedance 2. Propagation Constant

Since the line constants R, L, C, G are distributed through the entire length
of the line, they are called as distributed elements. They are also called as primary
constants.

2. What is a finite line? Write down the significance of this line?

A finite line is a line having a finite length. A finite line, which is


terminated in its characteristic impedance, will act as infinite line, so the input impedance
of the finite line is equal to the characteristic impedance (Zs=Z0).

3. What is an infinite line?

An infinite line is a line in which the length of the transmission line is


infinite. The output impedance of an infinite line is termed as characteristic impedance
represented as Z0. So for an infinite line, the input impedance is equivalent to the
characteristic impedance.

4. What is waveform distortion? What are the types of line distortions?

If the output is not the exact replica of the input it is termed as


distortion. The distortions occurring in the transmission line are called waveform
distortion or line distortion. Waveform distortion is of two types:

a) Frequency distortion
b) Phase or Delay Distortion.

5. What is frequency distortion?

When a signal having many frequency components are transmitted


along the line, all the frequencies will not have equal attenuation and hence the received
end waveform will not be identical with the input waveform at the sending end because
each frequency is having different attenuation. This type of distortion is called frequency
distortion.

6. What is delay distortion?

When a signal having many frequency components are


transmitted along the line, all the frequencies will not have same propagation time, some
frequencies being delayed more than others. So the received end waveform will not be
identical with the input waveform at the sending end. This type of distortion is called
phase or delay distortion.

7. How to avoid the frequency distortion that occurs in the line?

In order to reduce frequency distortion occurring in the line

a) The phase constant _ should be made dependent of frequency.


b) The velocity of propagation is independent of frequency.
c) By using equalizers at the line terminals which minimize the frequency
distortion. Equalizers are networks whose frequency and phase
Characteristics are adjusted to be inverse to those of the lines, which Result in a uniform
frequency response over the desired frequency band, and hence the phase is equal for all
the frequencies.

8. What are the types of loading?

a) Continuous loading
b) Patch loading
c) Lumped loading

9. What is continuous loading?

Continuous loading is the process of increasing the inductance value


by placing a iron core or a magnetic tape over the conductor of the line.

10. What is lumped loading?

Lumped loading is the process of increasing the inductance value by


placing lumped inductors at specific intervals along the line, which avoids the distortion.

11. What is Impedance matching?

If the load impedance is not equal to the source impedance, then all
the power that is transmitted from the source will not reach the load end and hence some
power is wasted. This is called impedance mismatch condition. So for proper maximum
power transfer as per maximum power transfer theorem the impedances in the sending
and receiving end should be matched [Rs=RL]. This is called impedance matching.

12. Define the term insertion loss?

The insertion loss of a line or network is defined as the number of


nepers or decibels by which the current in the load is changed by the insertion of a block
or network to a line.
Insertion loss=Current flowing in the load without insertion of the network/Current
flowing in the load with insertion of the network.

13. What are the causes of reflection in a line?

Reflection occurs because of the following cases:

1) When the load end is open circuited


2) When the load end is short-circuited
3) When the line is not terminated in Z0

When the line is either open or short circuited, then there is not resistance at the
receiving end to absorb all the power transmitted from the source end. Hence all the
power incident on the load gets completely reflected back to the source causing
reflections in the line.

14. What are the conditions for a perfect line? What is a smooth line?

For a perfect line, the resistance and the leakage conductance


value were neglected. The conditions for a perfect line are R=G=0.
A smooth line is one in which the load is terminated by its characteristic
impedance and no reflections occur in such a line. It is also called as flat line.

15. A line operated at 1.6GHz has parameters of L=0.002uH/m, C=0.012pF/m,


R=0.015Ω/m and G=0.1mS/m, Find Z, Y and Z0.
Ans:

16. A line has parameters R=2Ω/m, G=0.5mS/m, L=8nH/m, and C=0.23pF/m.


Operation frequency is 1GHz. Find Z0 and γ

17. State the conditions for the distortion less line.

RC=LG

18. A 50 Ω distortion less line has α=0.01dB/m and C=100pF/m, Find R, L, G


and Vp.
19. Open and short circuit impedance measured through a 1.5m transmission
line are Zoc=-j54.6 Ω, Zsc= j105 Ω. Find Z0 and γ

20. What are the requirements of loading coils

A loading coil must meet a number of requirements other


than to provide a means of placing inductance in a circuit. The other
requirements are:

1. There must be a minimum resistance in the winding.


2. There must be minimum losses in the core.
3. The inductance created by both windings of the coil must be in
perfect balance.

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