Crowe 9edn, p-175

Munson 7edn
5.53: A vertical jet of water leaves a nozzle at a speed of 10 m/s and a diameter of 20 mm. It suspends a plate
having a mass of 1.5 kg as indicated in Fig. P5.53. What is the vertical distance h?

5.56 A vertical jet of water having a nozzle exit velocity of 15 ft/s with a diameter of 1 in. suspends a hollow
hemisphere as indicated in Fig. P5.56. If the hemisphere is stationary at an elevation of 12 in., determine its
weight.

5.65 A horizontal circular jet of air strikes a stationary flat plate as indicated in Fig. P5.65. The jet velocity is 40
m/s and the jet diameter is 30 mm. If the air velocity magnitude remains constant as the air flows over the plate
surface in the directions shown, determine: (a) the magnitude of FA, the anchoring force required to hold the plate
stationary; (b) the fraction of mass flow along the plate surface in each of the two directions shown; (c) the
magnitude of FA, the anchoring force required to allow the plate to move to the right at a constant speed of 10
m/s.
1. A water jet strikes normal to a fixed plate. Neglect gravity and friction, and compute the force 𝐹 in newtons
required to hold the plate fixed.

Solution: For a CV enclosing the plate and the impinging jet, we obtain:

2. A vane turns the water jet completely around. Find an expression for the maximum jet velocity 𝑉0 if the
maximum possible support force is 𝐹0 .

Solution: For a CV enclosing the vane and the inlet and outlet jets

3. When a jet strikes an inclined fixed plate, it breaks into two jets at 2 and 3 of equal velocity 𝑉 = 𝑉jet but unequal
fluxes 𝛼𝑄 at 2 and (1 − 𝛼)𝑄 at section 3, 𝛼 being a fraction. The reason is that for frictionless flow the fluid
can exert no tangential force 𝐹𝑡 on the plate. The condition 𝐹𝑡 = 0 enables us to solve for 𝛼. Perform this
analysis, and find 𝛼 as a function of the plate angle 𝜃. Why doesn’t the answer depend upon the properties of
the jet?
 Solution: Let the CV enclose all three jets and the surface of the plate. Analyze the force and momentum
balance tangential to the plate:

The jet mass flow cancels out. Jet (3) has a fractional flow

4. A liquid jet of velocity 𝑉j and diameter 𝐷j strikes a fixed hollow cone, and deflects back as a conical sheet at the
3
same velocity. Find the cone angle 𝜃 for which the restraining force 𝐹 = 2 𝜌𝐴j 𝑉j2 .

Solution: Let the CV enclose the cone, the jet, and the sheet. Then,
5. A liquid jet of velocity 𝑉j and area 𝐴j strikes a single 180° bucket on a turbine wheel rotating at angular velocity
Ω. Derive an expression for the power 𝑃 delivered to this wheel at this instant as a function of the system
parameters. At what angular velocity is the maximum power delivered? How would your analysis differ if there
were many, many buckets on the wheel, so that the jet was continually striking at least one bucket?

Solution: Let the CV enclose the bucket and jet and let it move to the right at bucket velocity 𝑉 = Ω𝑅, so that
the jet enters the CV at relative speed (𝑉j − Ω𝑅). Then,

Maximum power is found by differentiating this expression:

If there were many buckets, then the full jet mass flow would be available for work:

6. A jet strikes a vane which moves to the right at constant velocity 𝑉c on a frictionless cart. Compute (a) the force
𝐹x required to restrain the cart and (b) the power 𝑃 delivered to the cart. Also find the cart velocity for which (c)
the force 𝐹x is a maximum and (d) the power 𝑃 is a maximum.
 Solution: Let the CV surround the vane and cart and move to the right at cart speed. The jet strikes the vane at
relative speed 𝑉j − 𝑉c. The cart does not accelerate, so the horizontal force balance is

7. A water tank stands on a frictionless cart and feeds a jet of diameter 4 cm and velocity 8 m/s, which is deflected
60° by a vane. Compute the tension in the supporting cable.

Solution: The CV should surround the tank and wheels and cut through the cable and the exit water jet. Then the
horizontal force balance is

8. A 6-cm-diameter 20℃ water jet strikes a plate containing a hole of 4-cm diameter. Part of the jet passes through
the hole, and part is deflected. Determine the horizontal force required to hold the plate.
 Solution: First determine the incoming flow and the flow through the hole:

Then, for a CV enclosing the plate and the two jets, the horizontal force balance is

9. A uniform rectangular plate, 40 cm long and 30 cm deep into the paper, hangs in air from a hinge at its top, 30-
cm side. It is struck in its center by a horizontal 3-cmdiameter jet of water moving at 8 m/s. If the gate has a
mass of 16 kg, estimate the angle at which the plate will hang from the vertical.

Solution: The plate orientation can be found through force and moment balances,

10. A fluid jet of diameter 𝐷1 enters a cascade of moving blades at absolute velocity 𝑉1 and angle 𝛽1, and it leaves
at absolute velocity 𝑉2 and angle 𝛽2. The blades move at velocity 𝑢. Derive a formula for the power 𝑃 delivered
to the blades as a function of these parameters.
 Solution: Let the CV enclose the blades and move upward at speed 𝑢, so that the flow appears steady in that
frame, as shown at right. The relative velocity 𝑉0 may be eliminated by the law of cosines:

Then apply momentum in the direction of blade motion:

The power delivered is 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑢, which causes the parenthesis “ cos 𝛽 ” terms to cancel:

11. Revisit the turbine cascade system of Prob. 10, and derive a formula for the power 𝑃 delivered, using the
angularmomentum theorem.
Solution: To use the angular momentum theorem, we need the inlet and outlet velocity diagrams, as in the figure.
The Euler turbine formula becomes

since the blades are at nearly constant radius R. From the velocity diagrams, we find
 The normal velocities are equal by virtue of mass conservation across the blades. Finally,

12. A waterwheel is being driven at 200 r/min by a 150-ft/s jet of water at 208C. The jet diameter is 2.5 in. Assuming
no losses, what is the horsepower developed by the wheel? For what speed V r/min will the horsepower
developed be a maximum? Assume that there are many buckets on the waterwheel.

Solution: First convert Ω = 200 rpm = 20.9 rad/s. The bucket velocity = Vb = Ω𝑅 = (20.9)(4) = 83.8 ft/s.
If there are many buckets, the entire (absolute) jet mass flow does the work:

13. A model car weighs 17 N and is to be accelerated from rest by a 1-cm-diameter water jet moving at 75 m/s.
Neglecting air drag and wheel friction, estimate the velocity of the car after it has moved forward 1 m.
Solution: The CV encloses the car, moves to the left at accelerating car speed 𝑉(𝑡), and cuts through the inlet
and outlet jets, which leave the CS at relative velocity V𝑗 − 𝑉. The force relation is Eq. (3.50):

Except for the factor of “2,” this is identical to the “cart” analysis of Example 3.12 on page 140 of the text. The
solution, for 𝑉 = 0 at 𝑡 = 0, is given there:

The initial acceleration is 509 m/s 2 , quite large. Assuming the jet can follow the car without dipping, the car
reaches S = 1 m at t ≈0.072 s, where V ≈24.6 m/s. Ans.
Problems from the book of Modi