Review of Related Literature

This chapter provides a collection of related literatures, studies, and systems that researchers and
developers can use to create a dentistry and clinic information system.

Foreign Literature:

Schleyer, T. (2019). According to the study, 729 out of 991 P-Is replied (73.6 percent). 73.8 percent of
solo practitioners and 78.7% of group practitioners in the United States used a computer to manage
some patient information, while 14.3 percent and 15.9%, respectively, used a computer to manage all
patient information. U.S. practitioners stored appointments, treatment plans, completed treatment and
images electronically most frequently, and the periodontal charting, diagnosis, medical history, progress
notes and the chief complaint least frequently. More than 90 percent of Scandinavian practitioners
stored all information electronically. 50.8 percent of the P-Is agreed to utilize EDR data for study, while
63.1 percent preferred electronic data collection forms.

(1961) “The Department of Health and Social Security” London published Hospital Building Note 12 to
provide guidelines for the design of dental hospital facilities. The Department of Health and Social
Security in Britain (1970) published Health Centers a Design Guide. This guide had 2 main objectives:
first, to focus attention on those matters which should be considered at the briefing stage and secondly,
to offer guidance on certain design features. Health Centers a Design Guide was written as a guide for a
general hospital which included a dental facility. Also in the same year The Department of Health and
Social Security in Britain published Health Building Note 28 “Dental Department of Out-Patient
Department” which focused upon the standards of dental accommodation and dental services.

Web of Science—WoS database, (2020). The initial WoS search included multiple terms in TOPIC (title,
abstract, keywords), generating the following number of articles: “dentistry” “customer satisfaction”—7,
“dentistry” “quality assessment”—112, ”dentistry” “quality improvement”—43, “dentistry” “quality
assurance”—82, “dentistry” “quality management”—11, “dental” “customer satisfaction”—20, “dental”
“quality improvement”—142, “dental” “quality assessment”—359, “dental” “quality assurance”—273,
“dental” “quality management”—43 articles. This search led to 1092 sources, out of which 223
duplicates were removed, bringing the total to 869 unique sources. All our search terms, except for
"consumer satisfaction," were recognized as medical subject headings terms in a previous PubMed
search. This search yielded 1316 results, with 186 duplicates deleted, for a total of 1130 distinct sources.
These sources were later compared with those from WoS sources, and after excluding duplicates, 183
unique studies were added to the WoS ones. Given the nature of the topic, which falls under both
management and medicine, we believe that the two searches in WoS and PubMed will offer the most
relevant sources for our study, comparable to past studies. WoS was chosen due to its
comprehensiveness, as it includes a wide range of academic sources in the management field [32], while
PubMed is the mostly used database for medical literature [33]. Moreover, relevant articles referenced
in the previously selected articles have been included in our analysis in order to also cover grey
literature, as further described.

The screening of the 1052 sources’ titles and abstracts was conducted using three inclusion criteria: (I1)
the articles should present cases related to dental clinics; (I2) the topics addressed in these articles are
related to QMIs; (I3) all the papers are written in English. Furthermore, three exclusion criteria were
considered: (E1) papers that focus only on a specific part (pathology) of dental treatment (e.g., implant);
(E2) papers that focus only on a specific protocol or method related to dental treatment (e.g., radiology);
(E3) papers related to national strategies. Each source was analyzed by two of the authors and, in case
of doubt, the article was fully read and discussed until a common agreement was reached. The result of
screening was 129 eligible sources from both searches. Three reviewers examined the content of these
sources, with two reviewers evaluating each source. The same inclusion and exclusion criteria were
used, 32 sources related to the WoS search and 20 related to the PubMed search being validated. After
extracting the data from sources, 20 new articles, cited by initial sources, were also validated. Therefore,
72 sources were used in this systematic literature review.

Bouamrane, MM., Mair, F.S. (March 2014). “The 'High Impact Changes for Service Improvement and
Delivery” report recommended establishing day-case surgery as the preferred hospital admission route
for all eligible patients in order to make more efficient use of hospital resources [1]. A recent report by
the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) in the U.K. found that 16%
of the hospitals reviewed had no pre-admission anesthetic assessment clinic, 17% had no surgical
assessment clinic and that nearly 20% of elective high-risk patients were not seen in a preoperative clinic
prior to surgery. Patients undergoing surgery are increasingly older, often have complex chronic
morbidities and require careful preoperative planning. The NCEPOD report emphasized the importance
of high-quality preoperative assessment (POA) to ensure the early identification and effective clinical
management of 'higher-risk’ patients, in order to reduce surgical mortality rates. To establish day-case
surgery as the preferred hospital admission route for all eligible patients therefore requires the prior
assessment of all patients in order to quickly distinguish those who are suitable for day-case admission
from those who will require more extensive management and will need to be admitted as inpatients.
The NHS Modernizations Agency Preoperative Assessment Project (2001-2002) estimated that up to
two-thirds of day-case cancellations and half of inpatient cancellations were directly due to patient-
related factors and that more effective POA processes could significantly reduce cancellation rates.
Effective patient evaluation will depend upon the efficient collection of all appropriate medical
information, good data management and communication between the members of the multi-
disciplinary team (MDT) and the adequate use of actionable knowledge to decide on an appropriate
course of action for optimum patient management.

There is an overall lack of robust evidence in the literature about how preoperative services should be
organized in practice. A recent literature review of post-operative recovery following day-case surgery
has highlighted a lack of evidence on which to base innovative nursing care and education and
emphasized the importance of promoting a coordinated approach to the nurse-patient communication
and information provision throughout the patient surgical pathway.

Foreign Studies:

The Electronic Medical Record (EMR), according to Bruce Lieberthal, DDS, director of Product
Management for Henry Schein Practice Solutions, is an important aspect of the medical standard of care
today and in the future. EMR is also known as an Electronic Dental Record (EDR) or an Electronic Health
Record (EHR) (EHR). It helps you to concentrate important patient data, such as demographics,
medical/dental, social, and financial information, all within your practice management software.
Multiple paper charts are eliminated, and digital access to full information is restricted, secure, and
immediate. Some EMRs combine a variety of supporting technologies into the practice management
software, enabling even more access to crucial information at the point of treatment. This information
may be accessed from any protected workstation, ensuring that there are no interruptions to the
patient's visit. Everything is at your fingertips.
Atkinson, J. (2019). Based on “History of Medical/Electronic Record Keeping” historically the patient
medical record has required significant time to complete and has been almost exclusively on paper.
Medical events were noted as they occurred in this paper-based diary, together with patient data in
various charts and forms. Dr. Lawrence L. Weed, a physician, was the first to articulate the concept of
computerized, or electronic, medical records in the 1960s. Weed suggested a system for automating and
reorganizing patient medical records in order to optimize their use and, as a result, patient care. The
PROMIS project, which began in 1967 at the University of Vermont, was a collaboration between
physicians and information technology professionals to establish an automated electronic medical
record system. The goal was to develop a system that would provide physicians with timely and
sequential patient data and enable rapid data collection for epidemiological studies, medical audits, and
business audits. The group's efforts have led to the development of the Problem Oriented Medical
Record (POMR). In 1970, POMR was first used in the clinic of a medical center hospital in Vermont. By
this time, touch screen technology had been incorporated into the data entry procedure. Over the next
few years, drug information elements have been added to the core program, allowing physicians to
identify drug effects and interactions, dosages, side effects, and allergies. Diagnosis and treatment plans
for more than 600 common medical problems have also been developed. From the 1970s to the 1980s,
various academic and research institutes advanced electronic medical recording systems. Various
academic and research institutions refined electronic medical record systems in the 1970s and 1980s.
The Harvard COSTAR system had records for ambulatory treatment, while the Technicon system was
hospital-based. The HELP system and Duke’s “The Medical Record” are examples of early inpatient care
systems. The Regenstrief system in Indiana was one of the first to mix inpatient and outpatient care.
Advancements in computer and diagnostic applications aided the rise of electronic medical record
systems in medical practices throughout the 1990s technological boom of the 1990s, advancements in
computer and diagnostic applications helped spur the growth of electronic medical record systems in
medical practices.

(Atkinson, J. D.D. S, Zeller, G. D.D.S., M.S.; Chhaya S. B.A). “Abbreviated History of Electronic Patient
Records in Medicine”, According to this study, one of the biggest challenges for developers of electronic
medical records is the integration of narratives (all qualitative and semi-quantitative data gathered by
physicians). Ideally, the EPR should integrate descriptive clinical notes, dictated summaries, letters to
referring professionals, progress and procedure notes (including operative notes), and supporting
reports from pathology and clinical laboratories. This process is much more complicated when the data
is narrative text rather than categorized as a data element. The development of the EPR started in the
late 1960s.Early systems such as the Problem-Oriented Medical Information System (PROMIS) from the
Medical Center Hospital of Vermont structured the record according to a patient problem list using a
SOAP (subjective, objective, assessment, plan) format. The system guided physicians through a
structured eight-step format, which users complained was dogmatic. This problem ultimately led to the
demise of the system.

Bouamrane, MM., Mair, F.S. (March 2014). As part of a study to elucidate clinical and information
management processes within the patient surgical pathway in NHS Scotland, we conducted a total of 10
in-depth semi-structured interviews during 4 visits to the Dumfries & Galloway Royal Infirmary surgical
pre-assessment clinic. We modelled clinical processes using process-mapping techniques and analyses
interview data using qualitative methods. We used Normalisation Process Theory as a conceptual
framework to interpret the factors which were identified as facilitating or hindering information
elucidation tasks and communication within the multi-disciplinary team. The Dumfries & Galloway Royal
Infirmary's pre-assessment clinic opened in 2008 in response to clinical and workflow difficulties found
with previous patient management techniques along the surgical pathway. The preoperative clinic
currently follows well-defined processes and procedures. The use of a computerized system for
managing preoperative documentation substantially transformed clinical practices and facilitates
communication and information-sharing among the multi-disciplinary team.

Synthesis:

Some large inaccuracies are unavoidable due to the manual method. The automation of medical and
dental records is a kind of system that will help to alleviate the said problems and increases
performance of medical personnel. It gives advice and supports decisions in order to avoid errors and
improve service effectiveness. This system can also provide simple data retrieval, record keeping, a
quarterly and annual graphical health record report for decision making, and real-time records for
management. The offered literatures and studies, together with the application of this system, could
enable the institution's dentistry and medical clinic in developing new involvement and health programs
that provide precise and value services that are system supported decisions.

References:

https://www.inettutor.com/source-code/dental-and-clinic-information-system-review-of-related-
literature/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8582852/