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Logic and Set Theory Lesson 3

This document discusses logic and set theory concepts including: 1) Valid and invalid arguments - a valid argument is one where the premises being true means the conclusion must be true, while an invalid argument has true premises but a false conclusion. 2) Examples are given of valid and invalid arguments using mathematical premises and conclusions. 3) Converse, inverse, and contrapositive statements are defined - converse switches the hypothesis and conclusion, inverse negates both, and contrapositive negates and switches. 4) Rules of inference like modus ponens, modus tollens, hypothetical syllogism, and disjunctive syllogism are outlined.

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matain elementary School
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189 views3 pages

Logic and Set Theory Lesson 3

This document discusses logic and set theory concepts including: 1) Valid and invalid arguments - a valid argument is one where the premises being true means the conclusion must be true, while an invalid argument has true premises but a false conclusion. 2) Examples are given of valid and invalid arguments using mathematical premises and conclusions. 3) Converse, inverse, and contrapositive statements are defined - converse switches the hypothesis and conclusion, inverse negates both, and contrapositive negates and switches. 4) Rules of inference like modus ponens, modus tollens, hypothetical syllogism, and disjunctive syllogism are outlined.

Uploaded by

matain elementary School
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGIC and SET THEORY

Name: ______________________________________
Valid and Invalid Arguments

Valid: an argument is valid if and only if it is necessary that if all of the premises are true, then the conclusion is
true; if all the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true; it is impossible that all the premises are true
and the conclusion is false. Invalid: an argument that is not valid.

Example:

Premise 1: “All mammals are born alive.”


Premise 2: “Humans are born alive.”
Conclusion: “Therefore, humans are mammals.”

This statement is Valid, since the premise is TRUE and the conclusion is also TRUE.

Premise 1: “1, 3, 5, 7 are odd numbers.”


Premise 2: “1, 3, 5, 7 are prime numbers”
Conclusion: “Therefore odd numbers are also prime numbers.”

This statement is Invalid, since the premises are TRUE but the conclusion is also FALSE.

Important: We use the truth value of conjunction “and” to find the truth value of the two premises.

Your Turn!
Activity: Construct 2 examples of VALID and INVALID arguments. 5 points each.
(Note: Integrate mathematical concepts in doing your statements.)

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CONVERSE, INVERSE and CONTRAPOSITIVE STATEMENT

Converse – this is where the hypothesis becomes conclusion and conclusion becomes hypothesis

Example: Premise 1 (P) = I woke up early.


Conclusion (Q) = I go to work.
P Q “if P then Q”
“If I woke up early, then I go to work.”

In CONVERSE, “If I go to work, then I woke up early.”


Q P
P Q P Q Q P
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T
Inverse – this is where the hypothesis and conclusion with be negated

Example: Premise 1 (P) = I woke up early.


Conclusion (Q) = I go to work.
P Q “if P then Q”
“If I woke up early, then I go to work.”

In INVERSE, “If I woke up late, then I cannot go to work.”


~P ~Q
P Q ~P ~Q ~P ~Q
T T F F T
T F F T T
F T T F F
F F T T T

Contrapositive – this is where the hypothesis and conclusion with be negated and interchanged

Example: Premise 1 (P) = I woke up early.


Conclusion (Q)= I go to work.
P Q “if P then Q”
“If I woke up early, then I go to work.”

In CONTRAPOSITIVE, “If I cannot go to work, then I woke up late.”


~Q ~P
P Q ~P ~Q ~Q ~P
T T F F T
T F F T F
F T T F T
F F T T T

The Rule of Inference

#1 Modus Ponens (M.P.)


-If P then Q
-P
-Therefore Q

Example:
If the Pandemic continues, then the classes will be online.
P Q
The Pandemic continues.
P
∴ The classes will be online.
Q

#2 Modus Tollens (M.T.)


-If P then Q
-Not Q
-Therefore not P

Example:
If the Pandemic continues, then the classes will be online.
P Q
The Pandemic stops.
~P
∴ The classes will be not online.
~Q
Hypothetical Syllogism (H.S.)
-If P then Q
-If Q then R
Therefore if P then R

Disjunctive Syllogism (D.S.)


-P or Q
-Not P
-Therefore Q

Conjunction (Conj.)
-P
-Q
Therefore P and Q

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