DISASTER READINESS

AND RISK REDUCTION

Modified Strategic Intervention Materials

Quarter 1 Week 6
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 Title Card
Lesson 15: Earthquake Hazards

Guide Card
Introduction: What do I need to know?
a. How to develop a family emergency preparedness plan to guide them
on what to do before, during, and after an earthquake?
b. How to interpret different earthquake hazard maps?
c. How to use the different earthquake hazard maps and integrate this
information into the class disaster preparedness plan?

What is an Earthquake?
Most earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates.
They typically occur along fault planes, and most frequently along
boundaries of tectonic plates. There are three basic types of plate boundaries
— divergent, convergent and transform. Use your hands to show the
different ways that tectonic plates interact with each other. Plates moving
away from each other, (divergent) crashing into each other (convergent) or
sliding past each other (transform) all result in earthquakes.
Nobody can predict when earthquakes will happen, but earthquake scientists use historical
records combined with measurements of ongoing plate movement to guess how likely an earthquake is
in the future. The energy earthquakes release travels in the form of waves called seismic waves. Each
earthquake produces three basic types of seismic waves. Each seismic wave has a different type of
motion and travels through the earth at different speeds.
Scientists measure seismic waves produced by an earthquake using devices such as a
seismograph (or seismometer). A seismograph records ground vibration. With a sensor attached to the
ground, it records the arrival of seismic waves at that point. The height of the largest waves indicates the
size of an earthquake. Given the length of the earthquake record, and the arrival times of each wave, the
distance of the focus from the recording point can be determined. It takes data from at least three
seismographs to determine the location of an earthquake’s focus. By using seismographs all over the
world, scientists can pinpoint the location of an earthquake’s epicenter deep below the earth using
triangulation.
Do the lines created by the pen in the seismograph look like anything you’ve seen before?
Earthquake waves travel just like sound waves. In fact, earthquake waves can “echo” and be detected in
different parts of the world.
Learning Competency
Interpret different earthquake hazard maps

Learning Objectives
a. Develop a family emergency preparedness plan to guide them on what to do before,
during, and after an earthquake
b. Interpret different earthquake hazard maps
c. Use the different earthquake hazard maps and integrate this information into the class
disaster preparedness plan

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 Activity Card
DISCUSSION
Tectonics (from Latin tectonicus meaning 'pertaining to building’ is the process that controls the structure
and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time. In particular, it describes the processes of
mountain building, the growth and behavior of the strong, old cores of continents known as cratons, and the ways
in which the relatively rigid plates that constitute the Earth's outer shell interact with each other. Tectonics also
provide a framework for understanding the earthquake and volcanic belts that directly affect much of the global
population. Tectonic studies are important as guides for economic geologists searching for fossil fuels and ore
deposits of metallic and nonmetallic resources. An understanding of tectonic principles is essential to
geomorphologists to explain erosion patterns and other Earth surface features.

IMPORTANT POINTS
• Earthquake: a sudden rapid shaking of the ground caused by a rapid release of energy
• Epicenter: the point on the Earth’s surface that is vertically above the focus of an earthquake.
• Fault: a break or fracture in a rock mass across which movement has occurred.
• Focus (hypocenter): the point of origin of an earthquake.
• Seismograph: any of various instruments for measuring and recording the vibrations ofearthquakes.
• Tectonic plates: massive irregularly-shaped sections of Earth’s crust that are constantly inmotion.

I. Concepts of Magnitude and Intensity

A. Magnitude of an earthquake refers to the amount of energy released, measured by the amount of
ground displacement or shaking. It is calculated based on record of the earthquake (seismograph). It
is represented by Arabic numbers (ex. 4.8, 9.0)
B. Intensity is the strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by people in a certain locality. It is a
numerical rating based on relative effects to people, objects, environment and structures in the
surroundings. The intensity is generally higher near the epicenter. It is represented by Roman
Numerals (ex. II, IV, IX).
II. Hazard Maps - People and properties are affected by earthquake due to any or a combination of the
following: unsafe location, poor construction, people don’t believe or know that they can be affected,
people don’t know how they can be affected, people don’t know what to do, and there is lack of timely and
proper response.

Enrichment Card
Enrichment Activity 1
Jumbled Words
Arrange the jumbled letters to form the top ten provinces in the Philippines that are at risk to
earthquakes. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. ROUALDIEUSRSGD
2. INONUAL
3. ENBUEGT
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 4. NIPAAAGNSIN
5. GNAMPAAP
6. AACTRL
7. GUIFOA
8. TIENORALVADOA
9. YACIVZAEUNVA
10. VEUANIJECA
Discussion
Since 1968, PHIVOLCS has recorded twelve destructive earthquakes in the Philippines. This
record includes the infamous July 16,1990 Luzon earthquake which caused innumerable injuries and at
least 1,100 deaths. Seismicity (geographic and historical distribution of earthquake events) is all over the
country except in the Palawan region.

Assessment Card

Activity 1
Find the places possibly affected by western Philippine fault using the given map.

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 TAGUIG TARLAC MAKATI
PAMPANGA QUEZON CITY PASIG
BAGUIO MUNTINLUPA LEYTE
MAKATI MARIKINA TAGAYTAY
RIZAL CAVITE CALOOCAN
BULACAN NUEVA ECIJA AURORA

Assessment 2
Create an emergency plan during an earthquake using the jumbled procedures provided below.

a. What to Do Before an Earthquake

b. What to Do During an Earthquake

c. What to Do After an Earthquake

Jumbled Procedures:
a) Stay calm! If you're indoors, stay inside. If you're outside, stay outside.
b) If you're indoors, stand against a wall near the center of the building, stand in a doorway, or
crawl under heavy furniture (a desk or table). Stay away from windows and outside doors.
c) If you're outdoors, stay in the open away from power lines or anything that might fall. Stay
away from buildings (stuff might fall off the building or the building could fall on you).
d) Don't use matches, candles, or any flame. Broken gas lines and fire don't mix.
e) If you're in a car, stop the car and stay inside the car until the earthquake stops.
f) Don't use elevators (they'll probably get stuck anyway).

g) Make sure you have a fire extinguisher, first aid kit, a battery-powered radio, a flashlight, and
extra batteries at home.
h) Learn first aid.
i) Learn how to turn off the gas, water, and electricity.
j) Make up a plan of where to meet your family after an earthquake.
k) Don't leave heavy objects on shelves (they'll fall during a quake).
l) Anchor heavy furniture, cupboards, and appliances to the walls or floor.
m) Learn the earthquake plan at your school or workplace.

n) Check yourself and others for injuries. Provide first aid for anyone who needs it.
o) Check water, gas, and electric lines for damage. If any are damaged, shut off the valves. Check
for the smell of gas. If you smell it, open all the windows and doors, leave immediately, and
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 report it to the authorities (use someone else's phone).
p) Turn on the radio. Don't use the phone unless it's an emergency.
q) Stay out of damaged buildings.
r) Be careful around broken glass and debris. Wear boots or sturdy shoes to keep from cutting
your feet.
s) Be careful of chimneys (they may fall on you).
t) Stay away from beaches. Tsunamis and seiches sometimes hit after the ground has stopped
shaking.
u) Stay away from damaged areas.
v) If you're at school or work, follow the emergency plan or the instructions of the person in
charge.
w) Expect aftershocks.

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 Title Card
Lesson 16: Volcanic Hazards

Guide Card
Introduction: What do I need to know?
a. What is volcanic hazard?
b. How does it affect life if taken it for granted?
c. How is it important to know the potentials of volcanic hazards?
d. How will I understand the different volcanic hazards?
e. How will I prepare to be safe from volcanic hazards?

Learning Competency
Explain various volcano-related hazards
Learning Objectives
a. Define Volcanic hazards
b. Identify various volcanic hazards
c. Understand the potential signs of volcanic hazards
What is Volcanic Hazard?
It is very essential to determine what are the potential volcanic hazards today, for us to be prepared and
understand the possible effect of it in our environment and health.

A Volcanic hazard refers to any potential and significant danger process like lahar, ash falls, pyroclastic
flow, ballistic projectile, volcanic gasses, and lava flows.
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 While volcanic risk is any damage or possible loss as the result of the volcanic hazard that might be
incurred by persons, property, business establishments which has an impact to the productive capacity and
sustainability of a population.

According to (Tilling, 1980), over 200,000 people have lost their lives due to volcanic eruptions in the
past 500 years and an average of 845 people died each year between 1900 and 1986 from volcanic hazards. He
also added in (1991) that the number of deaths between these years is far greater than the number of deaths from
previous centuries is not due to increased volcanism but due to the people populating the flanks of the active
volcanoes and valley areas near those volcanoes (Tilling, 1991 and Hall, 1991).

Potential Volcano Related Hazard

1. Lahar
Lahar is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a
slurry of pyroclastic material, rocks debris, and water. Typically, this flows
down from a volcano, typically along a river valley.
Source: Volcano.si.edu
They are also destructive which can kill many lives and destroy
houses and establishments. It has an estimate of about 140 meters (460 feet)
deep and can destroy structures in its path. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo
of Zambales in 1991 killed about 722 people and even left more than
200,000 people homeless.

2. Ash falls
Ash formed when solid rocks from the volcano shatter and magma
separates into a minute particle during the explosive volcanic activity. This
very fine particles may be carried for many miles, settling out as a dust-like
or powder-like across the landscape, this is known as an ash fall.
Volcanic ash is hard and abrasive, not soft and fluffy unlike the ash
that forms from the burned woods and other combustible materials.
Sour
ce: serc.carletom.edu
3. Pyroclastic flow
Pyroclastic flow is a combination of a high-density mix of hot lava,
blocks, pumice, ash and volcanic gas. Pumice is a light-weighted, white in
color, and dead stone from the eruption of volcano.
Generally, it flows on valleys and other low-lying areas and
depending on the volume of rock debris carried by the flow, and can
deposit layers of loose rock fragments to depths ranging from less than one
meter to more than 200-m and can reach up to 700-feet.

Source : volcanoes.gov

Pyroclastic has three (3) types; Merapi, Pelean and Soufriere type.

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 4. Ballistic projectile
Ballistic projectiles are the results of volcano eruption
in hurling rocks in the air. These block and bombs are like a
fireball coming from a canyon and usually reach within 2km of
the vent and can reach up to 5km or even further, if the eruption is
very strong. This is potentially dangerous and can kill many lives
and destroyed establishments.
Ballistics are fragments of lava (bombs) or rock (blocks)
ejected in explosive eruptions. It is associated with all forms of
explosive eruptions but are considered major hazards of
hydrothermal, phreatic, phreatomagmatic, strombolian and
vulcanian eruptions.
Source: eos.org

5. Volcanic Gases
Volcanic gases are dissolved gases from magma which provide the driving force that causes volcanic eruptions.
As magma arises in the surface and pressure decreases, gases are released from the liquid portions of the magma (melted)
and continue to travel upward and eventually stays in the atmosphere. Large eruptions produce large amount of volcanic
gases in a very short time.
In 1991, during the Mount Pinatubo in Zambales erupted, it ejected
more than 250 megatons of gas into the upper atmosphere in a single day, and
these gases can escape continuously into the atmosphere from the soil,
volcanic vents and hydrothermal systems.
Water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2)
are the most common volcanic gases. Other gases that lesser in amount are
carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbonyl sulfide (COS),
carbon disulfide (CS2) hydrogen Chloride (HCl), hydrogen (H2) methane
(CH4), hydrogen fluoride (HF), boron, mercury (Hg), Hydrogen bromine
(HBr) vapor, organic compounds, even gold.
Source: universetoday.com
6. Lava Flows
Streams of molten rock that pour from an erupting vent is called Lava flows. Lava is from the erupted volcanoes
either no explosive activity or explosive lava fountains. The speed of the lava flows depends on several factors, such as
(1) type of lava erupted and its viscosity; (2) steepness of the ground over
which it flows; (3) the lava flows as a broad sheet via a confined channel, or
down a lava tube; and last (4) rate of lava production at the vent.
Fluid basalt flows may extend in kilometers probably tens, from the
eruption of volcano. It can flow over 10km/h or about 1 foot on gentle lopes,
but confined within a channel or lava tube on a steep slope, the main body of
the flow can reach velocities >30 km/h or equivalent to 19 mph.
Viscous andesite flows move only a few kilometers per hour or a
couple feet per second and rarely extend more than 8 kilometers or 5 miles
from the starting point, while viscous dacite and rhyolite flows often form
steep-sided mounds called lava domes and this domes grow by the extrusion
of many individual flows over 30 meter or equivalent to 98 feet thick over a
period of several months or years.
Source: National Geographic Society

Activity Card
What’s new?
Activity 1: Type of
Pyroclastic flows
Instructions: Identify correctly
the parts of volcanic hazards
according to the type of
pyroclastic flowfrom the given
pictures below.

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 Enrichment Card

GUIDED ACTIVITY #1

Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

Merapi

1. Ashes from erupted volcanoes are like a in form.

2. Streams of molten rock that pour from an erupting vent is called .
3. Lava domes grow by the extrusion of many individual flows over 30 meter or equivalent to
feet thick over a period of several months or years.
4. The following are most common Volcanic gases like water vapor ( ),
5. Carbon dioxide ( ) and
6. Sulfur dioxide ( ) are the most common volcanic gases.
7. Other gases that lesser in amount are carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbonyl sulfide
(COS), carbon disulfide (CS2) hydrogen Chloride (HCl), hydrogen (H2) methane (CH4), hydrogen
fluoride (HF), boron, and mercury ( ).
8. is a violent mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocks
debris, and water
9. are the results of volcanic eruption in hurling rocks in the air.
10. is a combination of a high-density mix of hot lava, blocks, pumice, ash and volcanicgas
11. is a light-weighted, white in color, and dead stone from the eruption of volcano.
12. is formed when the solid rocks from the volcano shatter and magma separates into aminute
particles during the explosion of volcanic activity.
13. refers to any potential and significant danger process like lahar, Ash falls,
pyroclastic flow, Ballistic projectile, volcanic gases, and lava flows.
14. is the first type of pyroclastic flows.
15. is dissolved gases from magma which provide the driving force that causes volcanic
eruptions

Assessment Card
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Instructions: Select the letter of the correct answer and write it on the blank provided before the
number.
1. It is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocks
debris, and water.
A. Pyroclastic flows
B. Ballistic projectile
C. Lahar
D. Volcanic gases
2. Lava is from the erupted volcanoes either no explosive activity or explosive lava fountains.
A. Lava
B. Lahar
C. Merapi type
D. Volcanic gas

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 3. Component of lava that flows may extend in kilometers probably tens, from the eruption of
volcano.
A. Rocks
B. Fluid basalt
C. Gases
D. Mudflow

4. Released from the liquid portions of the magma (melted) and continue to travel upward and
eventually stays in the atmosphere.
A. Smoke
B. Gases
C. Muds
D. Fluids

5. This are very fine particles which may be carried for many miles, settling out as a dust-like or
powder-like across the landscape.
A. Ash
B. Gases
C. Rocks
D. Fluids

INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT: WORD SEARCH

Directions: Find and circle the ten (10) words hidden in the puzzle . Words appear straight across,
backward straight across, up and down, down and up, and diagonally.

• www.nationalgeographic.org
• www.geo.mtu.edu.com

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Answer Card

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